Declaration of Judge Oda

Document Number
102-20021217-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
102-20021217-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ODA

1voted in favour of the Judgrnent, in whichthe Court finds that "sov-
ereignty over milau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan belongs to Malaysia"
(para. 150).The present case isa rather "weak" one in that neither Party
has made a strong showing in support of its claim to title to the islands
on any basis. While Malaysia has made a more persuasive case on the
basis of "effectivit issar,uments are still not very strong in absolute
terms. The Court, however, has been requested to choose between the
two Parties in adjudging "whether sovereignty over [the two islands]
belongs to . . . Indonesia or to Malaysia" (Special Agreement of
31 May 1997, Art. 2) and, given that choice, the Court has come to a
reasonable decision.

In my view, a full understanding of the present case requires anaware-
ness of the underlying facts and circumstances. The existence of the
islands of Ligitan and Sipadan has been known since the nineteenth cen-
tury. However, neither Great Britain nor the Netherlands manifested an
interest in sovereignty over or territorial title to the islands in the period
before the Second World War and neither Indonesia nor Malaysia took
any steps in the post-war period to claim sovereignty over the islands
until the late 1960s.Prior to that time, there was no dispute between the
two States concerning sovereignty over the islands. If there was any dis-
pute in the late 1960sconcerning sovereignty over the islands, it could
well have derived from conflicting interests in the exploitation of under-
sea oil resources. In fact, any dispute which may have arisen in this
period concerned only the delimitation of the continental shelf between

the two States, which had becomeof interest because of the abundance of
submarine oil reserves, but not sovereignty over the islands.

In the mid-1960s, ten years after the adoption of the Geneva Conven-
tion on the Continental Shelfin 1958,agreements between neighbouring
States to delimit the continental shelf wereentered into inl1parts of the
world where prospecting had pointed to the existence ofrich oil reserves:
the North Sea, the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic, the Adriatic Sea, the(Persian) Gulf, the Gulf of Paria, etc. (For a comprehensive survey, see
Oda, The Interttatiotlal Laivof Ocean Developrnent,Vol. 1,1972,pp. 373-
435; Vol. II, 1975, pp. 63-110.) There was one instance in the 1960s in
which a dispute concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf was
submitted jointly to this Court after negotiation had proved fruitless: the
North Sea Continental Shelf cases (I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 3).

In those days Indonesia, which was blessed with an abundance of oil
both on land and offshore, initiated negotiations with its neighbours for
an agreed delimitation of the continental shelf. Indonesia concluded
agreements with Australia in 1971 and 1972 to divide the continental
shelf between them in the area of Timor and the Arafura Sea.

Indonesia's negotiations with Malaysia had started earlier. They
resulted in the 1969Agreement relating to the delimitation of the conti-
nental shelf in the Malacca Straits and the South China Sea (off the east
coast of West Malaysia and the coast of Sarawak) and the 1971Tripar-
tite Agreement (withThailand) covering the northern part of the Malacca
Straits but, concerning the area to the east of Borneo, they became dead-
locked in September 1969.The Parties then agreed to suspend negotia-
tions on this question. The Parties have chosen to consider the date of the

breakdown of their negotiations over the delimitation of the continental
shelf to be the "critical date" in respect of their dispute concerning
sovereignty.

Prier to these negotiations, Indonesia and Malaysia had granted Japa-
nese oil companies (Japex and Sabah Teiseki, respectively) concessions
for oil exploration and exploitation in thisrea. The concession areas did
not overlap, as the southern limit of the Malaysian concession lay along
4" 10'30"latitude north and the northern limit of the Indonesian conces-
sion along 4O09'30"latitude north. Furthermore, Ligitan and Sipadan
did not lie in either concession area. Neither Indonesia nor Malaysia
claimed that its concessionarea had been violated by the other Party (see

Judgment, para. 31).

Even though the Special Agreement Statesthat "a dispute has arisen
between [Indonesia and Malaysia] regarding sovereignty over Pulau Ligi-
tan and Pulau Sipadan" (Special Agreement of 31 May 1997,preface), in
fact the only dispute which existed in or around 1969was one concerning
the delimitation of the continental shelf. That delimitation dispute would
have been referred more properly to the Court by joint agreement, as in
the North Sea Continental Shelfcases.
It should also be noted that the Application by the Philippines in 2001for permission to intervene in the present case did not concern either
Party's title to the two islands but the delimitation of the continental
shelf between the Parties. In other words, the Philippines showed its
concern as to the effect which the delimitation of the continental shelf
between Indonesia and Malaysia would have on its own interests.

In the 1960s, the prevailing rule concerning the delimitation of the
continental shelf was the one set out in the 1958Convention on the Con-
tinental Shelf:
"the boundary of the continental shelf . .. shall be determined by
agreement . . . In the absence of agreement, and unless another
boundary line is justified by special circumstances, the boundary is
the median line [in the case of opposite States]" (Art. 6, para. 1).

This provision is extremely arnbiguous because it neither makes clear the
baselines (Le., whether or not offshore or mid-ocean islands should be
included) from which the median line should be measured nor does it
explain the "special circurnstances" whichjustify departing from a median
line in connection with certain islands: namely, whether and to what
extent the very existence of islands, their size, their social or economic
characteristics, their distance from the mainland, etc., could be con-
sidered "special circumstances".

1suspect that the main concern of both Parties in their negotiations on
the delimitation of their respectivecontinental shelves related to the defi-
nition of the baselines and the role in terms of the "special circum-
stances" test to be played by the scattered islandsjust south of the north-
eastern coast of Borneo. The Parties mightthen have realized thepotential
significance of the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan - over which neither
Party had claimed sovereignty. In fact, they might have concluded that
sovereignty over these islands would entitle them to a much wider con-

tinental shelf.Particularly in Indonesia's case, sovereignty over these
islands, situated at some distance from its own coast might have gained
for it amuch wider share of the continental shelf.

In my view, it is significant that each State (and particularly Indo-
nesia), which prior to the 1960shad shown no interest in sovereignty over
these two islands, suddenly realized that sovereignty would strengthen its
hand in respect of the continental shelf negotiations. The issue of
sovereignty arose only as a result of the Parties' manŒuvring for better
bargaining positions in the continental shelf delimitation. This resulted from a misconception on the part of the Parties, who
failed to understand that, in accordance with the "special circumstances"
rule, a delimitation line could well have been drawn disregarding these
two extremely small, socially and economically insignificant islands.

It is important to keep in mind that sovereignty over two tiny, un-
inhabited islands, on the one hand, and those islands' influenceon the
delimitation of the continental shelf, on the other, are twouite different
matters.
Though Malaysia has now been awarded sovereignty over the islands,

the impact of the Court's Judgment on the delimitation of the continental
shelf - which has been the leading issue in the negotiations between the
two States since the 1960s- should be considered from a different angle.
Today, the rule concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf is set
out in Article 83 of the 1982United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea calling for "an equitable solution". The main question remains
how "equitable" considerations apply to these tiny islands for the pur-
pose of the delimitation of the continental shelf.

In conclusion, 1submit that the present Judgment determining sover-
eignty over the islands does not necessarily have a direct bearing on the
delimitation of the continental shelf, which has been a subject of dispute
between the two States since the late 1960s.

(Signed S)higeru ODA.

Bilingual Content

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ODA

1voted in favour of the Judgrnent, in whichthe Court finds that "sov-
ereignty over milau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan belongs to Malaysia"
(para. 150).The present case isa rather "weak" one in that neither Party
has made a strong showing in support of its claim to title to the islands
on any basis. While Malaysia has made a more persuasive case on the
basis of "effectivit issar,uments are still not very strong in absolute
terms. The Court, however, has been requested to choose between the
two Parties in adjudging "whether sovereignty over [the two islands]
belongs to . . . Indonesia or to Malaysia" (Special Agreement of
31 May 1997, Art. 2) and, given that choice, the Court has come to a
reasonable decision.

In my view, a full understanding of the present case requires anaware-
ness of the underlying facts and circumstances. The existence of the
islands of Ligitan and Sipadan has been known since the nineteenth cen-
tury. However, neither Great Britain nor the Netherlands manifested an
interest in sovereignty over or territorial title to the islands in the period
before the Second World War and neither Indonesia nor Malaysia took
any steps in the post-war period to claim sovereignty over the islands
until the late 1960s.Prior to that time, there was no dispute between the
two States concerning sovereignty over the islands. If there was any dis-
pute in the late 1960sconcerning sovereignty over the islands, it could
well have derived from conflicting interests in the exploitation of under-
sea oil resources. In fact, any dispute which may have arisen in this
period concerned only the delimitation of the continental shelf between

the two States, which had becomeof interest because of the abundance of
submarine oil reserves, but not sovereignty over the islands.

In the mid-1960s, ten years after the adoption of the Geneva Conven-
tion on the Continental Shelfin 1958,agreements between neighbouring
States to delimit the continental shelf wereentered into inl1parts of the
world where prospecting had pointed to the existence ofrich oil reserves:
the North Sea, the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic, the Adriatic Sea, the[Traduction]

J'ai votéen faveur de l'arrêt,dans lequel la Cour déclareque «la sou-
verainetésur Pulau Ligitan et Pulau Sipadan appartient à la Malaisie))
(par. 150). La présente affaire manque quelque peu de consistance,

aucune des Parties n'étant parvenue à démontrer de façon véritablement
convaincante le bien-fondéde ses prétentions à un titre sur les îles. La
Malaisie a certes plaidé une thèseplus convaincante sur le fondement des
effectivités,mais, considérédans l'absolu, sesarguments n'en demeurent
pas moins faibles. Cela étant,les deux Etats ont prié laCour de trancher
entre elles en déterminant «si la souveraineté sur Pulau Ligitan et
Pulau Sipadan appartient à la Républiqued'Indonésieou à la Malaisie))
(compromis du 31 mai 1997,art. 2) et, face au choix qui lui étaitconfié,
la Cour est parvenue à une décisionraisonnable.

Pour comprendre pleinement la présente affaire, il faut selon moi
connaître les faits et circonstances qui la sous-tendent. L'existencedes îles
de Ligitan et de Sipadan est connue depuis le XIXesiècle.Cependant, ni
la Grande-Bretagne ni les Pays-Bas ne manifestèrent le moindre intérêt
pour la souveraineté ou le titre territorial sur ces îles avant la seconde
guerre mondiale, pas plus que l'Indonésie ou la Malaisie ne prirent
ensuite de mesures aux finsd'en revendiquer la souveraineté,etcejusqu'à
la fin des annéessoixante. Avant cette époque, aucun différend n'existait
entre les deux Etats concernant la souveraineté sur les îles. A supposer
qu'un tel différend soit véritablementapparuà la fin des années soixante,
celui-ci pouvait fort bien découlerde conflits d'intérêtdans l'exploita-
tion des ressources pétrolièresdes fonds marins. Mais en vérité,tout dif-

férend susceptible d'avoir effectivementvu lejourà cette époque n'aurait
pu concerner que la question de la délimitation du plateau continental
entre les deux Etats, d'un grand intérêtdepuis la découverte d'abon-
dantes réservespétrolières sous-marinese,tnon cellede la souverainetésur
les îles.

Au milieu des annéessoixante, une dizaine d'annéesaprès l'adoption
de la convention de Genève sur le plateau continental de 1958, des
accords de délimitation du plateau continental commencèrent à être
conclus entre Etats voisins dans toutes les régionsdu monde où les acti-
vitésde prospection avaient dévoilél'existence de riches réservespétro-(Persian) Gulf, the Gulf of Paria, etc. (For a comprehensive survey, see
Oda, The Interttatiotlal Laivof Ocean Developrnent,Vol. 1,1972,pp. 373-
435; Vol. II, 1975, pp. 63-110.) There was one instance in the 1960s in
which a dispute concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf was
submitted jointly to this Court after negotiation had proved fruitless: the
North Sea Continental Shelf cases (I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 3).

In those days Indonesia, which was blessed with an abundance of oil
both on land and offshore, initiated negotiations with its neighbours for
an agreed delimitation of the continental shelf. Indonesia concluded
agreements with Australia in 1971 and 1972 to divide the continental
shelf between them in the area of Timor and the Arafura Sea.

Indonesia's negotiations with Malaysia had started earlier. They
resulted in the 1969Agreement relating to the delimitation of the conti-
nental shelf in the Malacca Straits and the South China Sea (off the east
coast of West Malaysia and the coast of Sarawak) and the 1971Tripar-
tite Agreement (withThailand) covering the northern part of the Malacca
Straits but, concerning the area to the east of Borneo, they became dead-
locked in September 1969.The Parties then agreed to suspend negotia-
tions on this question. The Parties have chosen to consider the date of the

breakdown of their negotiations over the delimitation of the continental
shelf to be the "critical date" in respect of their dispute concerning
sovereignty.

Prier to these negotiations, Indonesia and Malaysia had granted Japa-
nese oil companies (Japex and Sabah Teiseki, respectively) concessions
for oil exploration and exploitation in thisrea. The concession areas did
not overlap, as the southern limit of the Malaysian concession lay along
4" 10'30"latitude north and the northern limit of the Indonesian conces-
sion along 4O09'30"latitude north. Furthermore, Ligitan and Sipadan
did not lie in either concession area. Neither Indonesia nor Malaysia
claimed that its concessionarea had been violated by the other Party (see

Judgment, para. 31).

Even though the Special Agreement Statesthat "a dispute has arisen
between [Indonesia and Malaysia] regarding sovereignty over Pulau Ligi-
tan and Pulau Sipadan" (Special Agreement of 31 May 1997,preface), in
fact the only dispute which existed in or around 1969was one concerning
the delimitation of the continental shelf. That delimitation dispute would
have been referred more properly to the Court by joint agreement, as in
the North Sea Continental Shelfcases.
It should also be noted that the Application by the Philippines in 2001lières: lamer du Nord, le golfe de Finlande, les mers Baltique et Adria-
tique, le Golfe (Persique), le golfedeParia, etc. (une étudeplus exhaustive
figure dans mon ouvrage intitulé The International Law of Ocean Deve-
lopment, vol. 1, 1972, p. 373-435; vol. II, 1975,p. 63-110). A une occa-
sion, dans les années soixante, les négociationsn'ayant pas abouti, un
différend relatifà une délimitation du plateau continental fut porté
conjointement devant la Cour (affaires du Plateau continental de la mer
du Nord, C.I.J. Recueil 1969, p. 3).
Ce fut à cette époque quel'Indonésie,qui regorgeait de pétroletant en
mer que sur terre, engagea des négociations avec ses voisinsen vue de

convenir d'une délimitation du plateau continental. En 1971 et 1972,
l'Indonésieet l'Australie conclurent des accords aux fins de diviser leur
plateau continental commun dans la région du Timor et de la mer
d'Arafura.
Les négociations entre l'Indonésieet la Malaisie avaient débutéplus
tôt. Elles débouchèrent surl'accord de 1969portant délimitation du pla-
teau continental dans le détroit deMalacca et la mer de Chine méridio-
nale (au large de la côte est de la Malaisie occidentale et de la côte du
Sarawak) ainsi que sur l'accord tripartite de 1971 (avec la Thaïlande)
couvrant la zone septentrionale du détroitde Malacca; toutefois, en sep-
tembre 1969,les négociations concernant la zone située à l'est de Bornéo
se terminèrent dans l'impasse. Les Parties convinrent alors de suspendre

les négociations sur cette question. C'est cette date de rupture de leurs
négociationssur la délimitationdu plateau continental qu'elles ont choisi
de considérer comme «date critique)) dans leur différend relatàla sou-
veraineté.

Avant ces négociations,l'Indonésieet la Malaisie avaient accordé à des
compagnies pétrolières japonaises (Japex et Sabah Teiseki, respective-
ment) des concessions à des fins d'exploration et d'exploitation pétro-
lièresdans ce secteur. Les zones de concession ne se chevauchaient pas, la
limite méridionale de la concession malaisienne suivant le parallèle
4" 10'30" de latitude nord et la limite septentrionale de la concession

indonésienne suivant le parallèle 4O09'30"de latitude nord. En outre,
Ligitan et Sipadan ne se trouvaient dans aucune des zones de concession.
Ni l'Indonésieni la Malaisie n'ont invoquéde violation de leur zone de
concession par l'autre Partie (voir arrêt, par.31).
Bien que le compromis indique «qu'un différend s'estélevéentre
[l'Indonésieet la Malaisie] concernant la souverainetésur Pulau Ligitan
et Pulau Sipadan)) (compromis du 31 mai 1997,préambule), enréalitél,e
seul différendqui existait en 1969ou aux environs de cette date avait trait
à la délimitation du plateau continental. C'està ce titre que les Parties
auraient dû saisir la Cour par leur compromis, comme dans les affaires
du Plateau continental de la mer du Nord.
Il convient également derelever que la requête à fin d'intervention enfor permission to intervene in the present case did not concern either
Party's title to the two islands but the delimitation of the continental
shelf between the Parties. In other words, the Philippines showed its
concern as to the effect which the delimitation of the continental shelf
between Indonesia and Malaysia would have on its own interests.

In the 1960s, the prevailing rule concerning the delimitation of the
continental shelf was the one set out in the 1958Convention on the Con-
tinental Shelf:
"the boundary of the continental shelf . .. shall be determined by
agreement . . . In the absence of agreement, and unless another
boundary line is justified by special circumstances, the boundary is
the median line [in the case of opposite States]" (Art. 6, para. 1).

This provision is extremely arnbiguous because it neither makes clear the
baselines (Le., whether or not offshore or mid-ocean islands should be
included) from which the median line should be measured nor does it
explain the "special circurnstances" whichjustify departing from a median
line in connection with certain islands: namely, whether and to what
extent the very existence of islands, their size, their social or economic
characteristics, their distance from the mainland, etc., could be con-
sidered "special circumstances".

1suspect that the main concern of both Parties in their negotiations on
the delimitation of their respectivecontinental shelves related to the defi-
nition of the baselines and the role in terms of the "special circum-
stances" test to be played by the scattered islandsjust south of the north-
eastern coast of Borneo. The Parties mightthen have realized thepotential
significance of the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan - over which neither
Party had claimed sovereignty. In fact, they might have concluded that
sovereignty over these islands would entitle them to a much wider con-

tinental shelf.Particularly in Indonesia's case, sovereignty over these
islands, situated at some distance from its own coast might have gained
for it amuch wider share of the continental shelf.

In my view, it is significant that each State (and particularly Indo-
nesia), which prior to the 1960shad shown no interest in sovereignty over
these two islands, suddenly realized that sovereignty would strengthen its
hand in respect of the continental shelf negotiations. The issue of
sovereignty arose only as a result of the Parties' manŒuvring for better
bargaining positions in the continental shelf delimitation. PULAU LIGITAN ET PULAU SIPADAN (DÉCL .DA) 689

l'espèce,introduite en 2001 par les Philippines, ne concernait pas le titre
de I'une ou l'autre des Parties sur les deux îles mais la délimitation du
plateau continental entre celles-ci.En d'autres termes, les Philippines ont
montré leur préoccupation quant à l'effet que la délimitation du plateau
continental entre l'Indonésieet la Malaisie allait avoir sur les intérêts
philippins.

Dans les annéessoixante,la règlequi présidait à la délimitationdu pla-
teau continentalétait celleénoncée dans la convention de Genèvede 1958
sur le plateau continental :

«la délimitationdu plateau continental ...est déterminée par accord ...
A défautd'accord, et à moins que des circonstances spécialesnejus-
tifient une autre délimitation, celle-ci est constituée par la ligne
médiane[dans le cas d'Etats se faisant face].))(Art. 6, par.1.)

Cette disposition est extrêmementambiguë, parce qu'elle ne préciseni
à partir de quelles lignes de base la ligne médiane doit êtremesurée
(faut-il ou non inclure les îles situéesau large de la côte ou au cŒur de
l'océan?), ni quelles seraient les «circonstances spéciales))qui justifie-
raient de s'écarterd'une ligne médianedans le cas de certaines îles :autre-
ment dit, si, et dans quelle mesure, l'existence même d'îles, leur taille,
leurs caractéristiques sociales ou économiques, la distance qui les sépare
du continent, etc., peuvent êtreconsidérées comme des«circonstances
spéciales».
Selon moi, la principale préoccupation des Parties dans leurs négocia-

tions sur la délimitation deleurs parts respectives de plateau continental
touchait à la définition deslignes de base et au rôle que les îles éparses
situéesjuste au sud de la côte nord-est de Bornéo devaient jouer au
regard du critère des «circonstances spéciales)).Peut-êtreles Parties se
sont-elles alors rendu compte de l'importance potentielle des îles de Ligi-
tan et de Sipadan - dont ni I'une ni I'autre n'avait revendiquéla souve-
raineté.II se peut en fait que les Parties aient alors conclu qu'en obtenant
la souveraineté sur ces îles elles obtiendraient du mêmecoup une part
bien plus grande du plateau continental. Cela valait spécialementpour
l'Indonésie qui,si elle sevoyait reconnaître la souveraineté sur ces îles

situéesà une certaine distance de sa propre côte, pouvait obtenir une part
bien plus grande du plateau continental.
Il esà mon sens particulièrement révélateuq rue l'un et l'autre Etat (et
surtout l'Indonésie), bien que n'ayant manifesté aucun intérêtpour la
souverainetésur ces deux îlesavant les années soixante,ait soudain com-
pris que disposer de cette souverainetérenforcerait sa position dans les
négociationsrelatives au plateau continental. Ainsi la question de la sou-
veraineté ne s'est-elle poséqeue secondairement, comme conséquencedes
tentatives des Parties visant à gagner du terrain dans les négociations
relativesà la délimitation du plateau continental. This resulted from a misconception on the part of the Parties, who
failed to understand that, in accordance with the "special circumstances"
rule, a delimitation line could well have been drawn disregarding these
two extremely small, socially and economically insignificant islands.

It is important to keep in mind that sovereignty over two tiny, un-
inhabited islands, on the one hand, and those islands' influenceon the
delimitation of the continental shelf, on the other, are twouite different
matters.
Though Malaysia has now been awarded sovereignty over the islands,

the impact of the Court's Judgment on the delimitation of the continental
shelf - which has been the leading issue in the negotiations between the
two States since the 1960s- should be considered from a different angle.
Today, the rule concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf is set
out in Article 83 of the 1982United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea calling for "an equitable solution". The main question remains
how "equitable" considerations apply to these tiny islands for the pur-
pose of the delimitation of the continental shelf.

In conclusion, 1submit that the present Judgment determining sover-
eignty over the islands does not necessarily have a direct bearing on the
delimitation of the continental shelf, which has been a subject of dispute
between the two States since the late 1960s.

(Signed S)higeru ODA. Mais ce fut là le résultat d'uneméprisede la part des Parties, qui ne
saisirent pas que, en application de la règledes circonstances spéciales,
une ligne de délimitation pouvait parfaitement êtretracée sans tenir
compte de ces deux îles, minuscules et insignifiantes sur le plan social
aussi bien qu'économique.

Il importe de garder à l'esprit que la souverainetésur deux îles minus-
cules et inhabitées etl'incidencede cesîles sur la délimitationdu plateau
continental sont deux choses totalement distinctes.

Bien que la Malaisie se soit vu reconnaître la souverainetésur les îles,
l'incidenceque l'arrêt de laCour peut avoir sur la délimitation du plateau
continental - question qui se trouve au cŒurdes négociations entreles
deux Etats depuis les annéessoixante - doit êtreconsidéréesous un
angle différent.Aujourd'hui, la règleen matière de délimitationdu pla-
teau continental est celle énoncée à l'article 83 de la convention des

Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer de 1982, qui impose la recherche
d'une «solution équitable)).Reste la question, fondamentale, de savoir
comment des considérations ((équitables))peuvent s'appliquer à ces îles
minuscules aux fins de la délimitationdu plateau continental.
J'estimeen conclusion que le présentarrêt déterminantla souveraineté
sur les îlesn'a pas nécessairement d'incidencedirecte sur la délimitation
du plateau continental, objet d'un différendqui oppose les deux Etats
depuis la fin des années soixante.

(Signé) Shigeru ODA.

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Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Oda

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