Dissenting opinion of Judge Oda

Document Number
087-19950215-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
087-19950215-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE ODA

1. To my regret 1am unable to concur with the Court's Judgment. My
position has already been clearly stated in the dissenting opinion which
1 attached to the Judgment of 1 July 1994.1 shall now give my reasons

for having to disagree with the present Judgment and shall be unable to
avoid a certain amount of repetition of what was said in my previous
opinion.

2. The Court has before it the unilateral Application filedby Qatar on
8 July 1991 in which Qatar presented both an agreement of December
1987(a series of documents dating from December 1987)and an agree-
ment of December 1990(the Doha Minutes of the Tripartite Committee),
which it claimed to constitute the basis of the Court's jurisdiction(Judg-
ment, 1 July 1994, para. 3). Bahrain, in its letters of 14 July and
18 August 1991, contended that the Court's jurisdiction could not be

based on such documents (ibid., para. 4).
On 11October 1991the Court ordered that the written pleadings at the
first stage should be addressed to the questions of the jurisdiction of the
Court to entertain the dispute and to the admissibility of the Application
(ibid., para. 5). Upon the closure of the written proceedings, oral argu-
ments were heard in February-March 1994(ibid., para. Il).
On 1 July 1994the Court delivered a Judgment - Maritime Delimi-
tation and Territorial Questionsbetween Qatar and Bahrain, Jurisdiction
and Admissibility - which, however, did not seem to be addressed
either to the unilateral Application of Qatar orto the objection raised by
Bahrain, and which in my view was not so much a "Judgment" of the
Court as a record of the Court's attempted conciliation (cf. paras. 5 and
36 of my dissenting opinion appended to the Judgment of 1 July 1994).

The Court is now delivering a second Judgrnent entitled Maritime
Delimitation and Territorial Questionsbetween Qatar and Bahrain, Juris-
diction and Admissibility.What is one then to think of the "Judgment" of
1 July 1994,with exactly the same title?
3. The "Judgment" of July 1994 indicated that "[by 30 Novem-
ber 19941the Parties [were],jointly or separately, to take action to [effect
the submission] to the Court [ou the whole of the dispute between them,
as circumscribed by [the 'Bahraini formula']" (Judgment, 1 July 1994,
operative paragraph 41 (4), read in conjunction with 41 (2) and (3)).
1submit that the Court did not, in fact, have any competence to obligethe Parties to take any action until the Court had established its jurisdic-
tion to entertain the case.
By 30 November 1994the Parties had failed to take any action, either
jointly or separately, in response to the July 1994 "Judgment". It is

certainly obvious that, when it stated that the Parties were jointly or
separately to take action to effect the submission to the Court of the
whole of the dispute, the Court cannot have meant that any one Party
was to take independent action. If it were permissible for any Party to
simply take an independent action, then the Court would not have
suggested that "the Parties are, jointly or separately, to take action . . ."
(emphasis added).
On 30 November 1994,the Registry received from Qatar a document
entitled "Act to comply with paragraphs (3) and (4) of operative para-
graph 41 of the Judgment of the Court dated 1 July 1994"and from Bah-
rain a "Report of the State of Bahrain to the International Court of
Justice on the attempt by the Parties to implement the Court's Judgment
of 1st July, 1994".
4. 1 must now examine the legal effect of these two documents.
Bahrain's document is simply a report of what had previously been
attempted by the Parties and, as such, was not intended to have any legal
effect.

On the other hand, one may be led to wonder whether the "Act" of
Qatar was intended to modify the original submissions presented in the
Qatari Application which read:
"the State of Qatar requests the Court:

1. To adjudge and declare in accordance with international law
(A) that the State of Qatar has sovereignty over the Hawar
islands; and,
(B) that the State of Qatar has sovereign rights over Dibal and
Qit'at Jaradah shoals;
and

II. With due regard to the line dividing the sea-bed of the two States
as described in the British decision of 23 December 1947, to
draw in accordance with international law a single maritime
boundary between the maritime areas of sea-bed, subsoil and
superjacent waters appertaining respectivelyto the State of Qatar
and the State of Bahrain" (Application, para. 41),

or the submissions presented in the course of the written proceedings
which were identical to those presented in the later stage of the oral pro-
ceedings, reading:
"the State of Qatar respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and

declare . . that -
The Court has jurisdiction to entertain the dispute referred to in the Application filed by Qatar on 8 July 1991 and that Qatar's
Application is admissible." (See Judgment, 1 July 1994,para. 13.)

5. The Act of 30 November 1994of Qatar Statesthat:

"The following subjects fa11within the jurisdiction of the Court by
virtue of the rights and obligations created by the international
agreements of December 1987 and 25 December 1990 and are, by
virtue of Qatar's Application dated 5 July 1991and the present Act,
submitted to the Court:

1. The Hawar islands, including the island of Janan;
2. Fasht al Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah;
3. The archipelagic baselines;
4. Zubarah;
5. The areas for fishing for pearls and for fishing for swimrningfish
and any other matters connected with maritime boundaries."
Further to its Application, Qatar requests the Court

"to adjudge and declare that Bahrain has no sovereignty or other
territorial right over the island of Janan or over Zubarah, and that
any claim by Bahrain concerning archipelagic baselines and areas
for fishing for pearls and swimming fish would be irrelevant for the
purpose of maritime delimitation in the present case".

Qatar has suggested the following interpretation of these submissions:

"As a result the Court has before it 'anymatter of territorial right
or other title ornterest which may be a matter of differencebetween'
the Parties, and a request that it 'draw a single maritime boundary
between their respectivemaritime areas of seabed, subsoil and super-
jacent waters'."
6. The Court was confronted by the unilateral Application of Qatar
in July 1991and if there was any difference between the situation after
30November 1994and that prior to the July 1994"Judgment", it related

solely to the modijication of and addition to the original submissions of
Qatar. The basis of jurisdiction of the Court on which Qatar attempted
to rely remained the same.

In the event of any modification of or addition to its submissions by
Qatar, the Court should have formally notified Bahrain of that modifi-
cation or addition and should have given Bahrain an opportunity to
express its viewswithin a certain time. The Court does not seem to have
taken any such action.
What did happen was that the Court received Bahrain's "Comments"
on the "Act" of Qatar which were sent to the Registry on Bahrain's own
initiative on 5 December 1994, only a few days after it had received acopy of the "Act" of Qatar from the Registry. As no further oral pro-
ceedings were ordered by the Court, Bahrain was not given the opportu-
nity to express its forma1position on those modifications of or additions
to the Qatari submissions. The procedure was, 1believe, unfortunate, as
the Court proceeded instead to draft the present Judgment.

II. THE BASIS OF JURISDICTION

1. The Court S Interpretation of the Basis of Jurisdiction
7. In spite of the "Judgment" of July 1994, the Court is still con-

fronted with the unilateral Application of Qatar of July 1991.While the
Qatari Application now contains some amended or additional submis-
sions, the Court is still being asked to determine whether or not it has
jurisdiction to deal with the "disputes" unilaterally referred to it by
Qatar. The question of admissibility - or at least the confirmation of
admissibility - does not arise until the Court's jurisdiction is estab-
lished.
8. The Court seemsto me to be saying that the "1987 Documents" and
the "1990 Doha Minutes", together constitute an international agreement
containing a compromissory clause as contemplated by Article 36, para-
graph 1, of the Statute, and, in particular, that at the close of the 1990
Doha meeting the representatives of Qatar and Bahrain, together with
the representative of Saudi Arabia, signed the minutes of that tripartite
meeting and thereby concluded between the two countries an interna-

tional agreement as contemplated under that provision of the Statute
which confersjurisdiction upon theCourt in the event of a unilateral sub-
mission by one Party.
The Court seems to have found that the subject of the dispute to be
submitted to it, which was originally covered by the expression used in
the "1987 Documents", i.e., "al1the disputed matters", in fact meant "the
whole of the dispute". It now appears to consider that Qatar failed in its
1991 Application to satisfy the requirements of the "1990 Agreement"
simply on account of its not having submitted "the whole of the dispute",
but that "the whole of the dispute", as understood by Qatar, has now
been incorporated into the amended submissions as of 30 November
1994,so that the Application of Qatar now falls within the ambit of the
"1990Agreement".
9. This is the only interpretation of the Court's position from which

the operative paragraph of the present Judgment could be derived. In my
view, however, that position is totally unfounded, and 1should now like
to present my own interpretation with respect to the jurisdiction of the
Court. As my detailed analysis has already been given in the dissenting
opinion which 1 attached to the "Judgment" of July 1994, 1 will here
confine myself to giving the gist of that analysis in the expectation that
reference will bemade to my previous opinion. 2. The So-Called "Agreement of December 1987"

10. Qatar's Application takes the "Agreement of December 1987"as a
basis for the exercise ofjurisdiction by the Court (Application, para. 40).

On 19December 1987the King of Saudi Arabia addressed to the Amir of
Qatar and to the Amir of Bahrain, respectively, identical letters in which
he made certain proposals to serve as a basis for a settlement of the
disputes between Qatar and Bahrain. A reply was given by Qatar on
21 December 1987,in which it expressed its full agreement with the pro-
posals set out in the King's letter, but Bahrain's response was not sent
until 26 December 1987.
It is important to note that there was no exchange of letters directly
between Bahrain and Qatar at that time. How could the two separate
exchanges of letters, as described above, constitute a "legally binding
international agreement concluded ... in written form" (Vienna Conven-
tion on the Law of Treaties, Art. 2 (1) (a)) between Qatar and Bahrain?
1 would also refer to a "draft of the announcement made public on
21 December 1987". It is not known whether this announcement, which
is reported simply as a draft, was actually made or not. If it was in fact
made on 21 December 1987, this was, strange to relate, five days in
advance of the despatch of a letter from Bahrain to Saudi Arabia on
26 December 1987in which Bahrain agreed to accept the Saudi Arabian
offer. The "draft of the announcement" certainly was not signed by either

Qatar or Bahrain and cannot constitute a legally binding document.
11. One may ask how "an international agreement concluded between
States in written form and governed by international law" (Vienna Con-
vention on the Law of Treaties, Art. 2 (1) (a)) came to be concluded
between Qatar and Bahrain solely on the basis of this chain of events?
1fail to understand how the "Agreement of December 1987",relied upon
by Qatar as conferring jurisdiction upon the Court, can be regarded as
one of the "treaties [or]conventions in force" contemplated by Article 36,
paragraph 1,of the Statute. 1 am rather confirmed in my view that there
was, in December 1987, no treaty or convention within the meaning of
Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute.
It may further be noted that Qatar, which regards the "Agreement
of December 1987" as a basis of the Court's jurisdiction, did not register
that "agreement" with the United Nations Secretariat. While there is no
need at this juncture to discuss the effect of the registration of "every
treaty and every international agreement" with the United Nations
Secretariat (Charter, Art. 102),this fact may lead one to doubt whether
Qatar has always regarded the December 1987Agreement as a treaty in
the true sense of the word.

12. Reference may also be made to "Qatar's draft letter to the Regis-
trar of the Court dated 27 December 1987", which is included in the
documents submitted by Qatar to the Court, and according to which the
Court was to be informed of certain differences between Qatar and
Bahrain (which incidentally did not include the question of Zubarah)and of the agreement between the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of both

Qatar and Bahrain, to the effect that they were
"1. To submit their aforesaid differences, to the International
Court of Justice (or a chamber composed of fivejudges thereof), for
settlement in accordance with International Law.
2. To open negotiations between them with a view to preparing
the necessary Special Agreement in this respect, and transmitting

to you a certified copy thereof when it is concluded." (Emphasis
added.)
The letter was not, in fact, receivedby the Registrar of the Court. One is,
however, led to conclude that both Qatar and Bahrain recognized that
they would have to prepare jointly a specialagreement for the submission
of the dispute to the Court.

13. In my view, if any mutual understanding was reached between
Qatar and Bahrain in December 1987(albeit not in the form of a treaty
or convention) this was simply an agreement to form a Tripartite Com-
mittee of representatives of Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Bahrain

"for the purpose of approaching the International Court of Justice,

and satisfying the necessary requirements to have the dispute sub-
mitted to the Court in accordance with its regulations and instruc-
tions" (Saudi Arabian letter of 19 December 1987).
In fact, at the firstmeeting of the Tripartite Committee which hadhus
been constituted, which was held on 17January 1988,Bahrain drew up a
draft "procedural agreement concerning the formation of the joint com-

mittee" of which the relevant passage reads as follows:
"1. A Committee shall be formed of [Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi
Arabia] with the aim of reaching a special agreement to submit the
disputed matters between the parties to the International Court of
Justice for a finaljudgment binding upon the Parties." (Emphasis
added.)

3. The So-Called "Agreement of December 1990"

14. Qatar's Application also takes the "Agreement of December 1990"
as a basis for the exercise of jurisdiction by the Court (Application,
para. 40). Qatar uses the term "1990 Agreement" to denote the Minutes
of a meeting held on 25 December 1990between the respective Ministers
for Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Bahrain, which took
place during the 1990 session of the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC)
summit in Doha (Application, Ann. 6).
Qatar did register the "1990 Agreement" with the United Nations Sec-
retariat on 28June 1991,just a fewweeks before it filedits Application in

the Registry of the Court. Bahrain, which did not regard this documentas an international agreement, protested against that registration on
9 August 1991and that protest was also dulyregistered.

15. Whether the adoption by the participants of the minutes of a
multilateral meeting can constitute an international agreement on the
part of oneparticipating State in its relations with any other participating
State may well bearguable.
In fact, while the three Foreign Ministers, in attestation of the agree-
ment reached, did signthe Minutes of the meeting (Le.,the agreed record
of the discussion that had taken place during that tripartite meeting), in
my view,they certainly did so without the slightest idea that they were
signing a tripartite treaty or convention. It is clear from the statement
made by the Foreign Minister of Bahrain on 21 May 1992and subse-
quently presented to the Court, that at least the Minister for Foreign
Affairs of Bahrain never thought that he was signing an international
agreement (Counter-Memorial of Bahrain, Ann. 1.25).
Given what we know of "the preparatory work of the treaty and the
circumstances of its conclusion" which, according to the Vienna Conven-
tion on the Law of Treaties (Art. 32) are to be used as supplementary
means of interpretation of a treaty, and given the way in which those
"circumstances" are reflected in the statement made by the Minister for

Foreign Affairs of Bahrain, these Minutes cannot be interpreted as fall-
ing within the category of "treaties and conventions in force" which
specially provide for certain matters to be referred to the Court for
a decision by means of a unilateral application under Article 36, para-
graph 1, of the Statute.
16. To what did the signatories then in fact agree in Doha in Decem-
ber 1990?The indications provided by the Doha Minutes are that:

"The following was agreed:
(1) to reaffirm what was agreed previously between the two
parties;
(2) to continue the good officesof [SaudiArabia] between the two
countries till the month of.. .May of the next year 1991.After the
end of this period,theparties ["al-tarafan "1may submit the matter
to the International Court of Justice in accordance with the Bahraini

formula, which has been accepted by Qatar, and the proceedings
arising therefrom. Saudi Arabia's good officeswill continue during
the submission of the matter to arbitration;
(3) should a brotherly solution acceptable to the two parties be
reached, the case will be withdrawn from arbitration." (Translation
supplied byQatar: Memorial of Qatar, Ann. 11.32.;emphasisadded.)

It was understood from the minutes of that session that the parties
seemedto have agreed on the inclusion of Zubarah but to have remainedundecided as to how that matter would be included within the subject of
the disputes to be submitted to the Court.

17. The Bahrainiformula. It may be pertinent at this stage to look
back at the events which had led to the signing of the 1990 Doha
Minutes, particularly in relation to the "Bahraini formula".
In the course of the successivemeetings of the Tripartite Committee in
1988, both Qatar and Bahrain prepared draft special agreements on
15 March 1988and 19 March 1988, respectively, in relation to the mat-
ters which each Government wanted the Court to decide. Those matters
seem to have been quite different in each case. In particular, different
views were expressed as to whether or not the question of Zubarah
should be included.
At the fourth meeting of the Tripartite Committee on 28 June 1988,
two different texts of a revised Article II for the draft special agreements
were presented by Qatar and Bahrain respectively. The Amir of Qatar
gave the King of SaudiArabia some explanations regarding this situation

in a letter dated 9 July 1988which points out that:
"Article Two in the Draft Special Agreements presented by the
Governments of the State of Oatar and Bahrain is the basicarticle in
both drafts, which states tha<upon referring the subjects of dispute
to the Court it has been agreed that eachsidewould come forth with
proposals for the amendment of this article in the light of the dis-
cussions on it which were recorded in the minutes of the Tripartite
Committee, and in such a manner as to close the gap between the
viewpoints through the exclusion from this article in either draft of
any provisions that are unacceptable due to their being contrary to

the principles on which this article must be based, namely history,
right, logic and law, and the consideration of remarks expressed on
them on the basis of those principles." (Memorial of Qatar,
Ann. 11.28;first emphasis added.)
18. Some months elapsed after the fourth meeting and then, on
26 October 1988, Bahrain proposed what became known as the "Bah-
raini formula" which was related to Article II of either Qatar's draft or
Bahrain's draft of aspecialagreement - an essential point overlooked in
the present Judgment - or, in other words, to the matters in dispute to

be referred to the Court by a special agreement, and which read:
"The Parties request the Court to decide any matter of territorial
right or other title or interest which may be a matter of difference
between them; and to draw a single maritime boundary between
their respective maritime areas of seabed, subsoil and superjacent
waters." (Application, Ann. 5.)

At the fifth meeting held in Riyadh on 15November 1988,Qatar wel-
comed the opportunity to discussthe Bahraini formula as a possible basisfor negotiations but expressed strong reservations as to whether Bah-
rain's claimto Zubarah should be considered as fallingwithin the frame-
work of the dispute. In other words, it was still difficult for Qatar and
Bahrain to agree on the subject of the disputes to be referred by a special
agreement to the International Court of Justice - even at the fifth meet-
ing of the Tripartite Committee in November 1988.

At the sixth meeting on 6 December 1988Qatar proposed an amend-
ment of the Bahraini formula so that it would read as follows:

"The Governments of the State of Qatar and the State of Bahrain
submit to the International Court of Justice, under its Statute and
the Rules of Court, for decision in accordance with international
law, the existingdispute between them concerning sovereignty,terri-
torial rights or other title or interest, and maritime delimitation."
(Memorial of Qatar, Ann. 11.31 .)

19. It is important to note that the task of the Tripartite Committee in
1988related to the fonn of words of a special agreement which certainly
ought to have defined the matters in dispute to be referred to the Court.

The Tripartite Committee was unable to produce an agreed draft of such
a specialagreement to be notified to the Court. After the sixth meeting of
the Tripartite Committee in December 1988, very little progress was
made until the end of the year 1990 - the time of the signature of the
Doha Minutes of the tripartite meeting in December.

20. This leads us to the Doha Minutes of December 1990,as referred

to above. It was agreed at the Doha meeting of the Tripartite Committee,
in what becameknown as the "Agreement of December 1990"(as quoted
in paragraph 16 above), that the good officesof Saudi Arabia were to be
continued until May 1991but that thereafter the parties ("al-tarafan")
could submit the case to the International Court of Justice in accordance
with the "Bahraini formula". This should be interpreted as meaning that,
in the event of a failure of the good offices of Saudi Arabia for the
settlement of the dispute, the Parties could come before the International
Court of Justice, and this is confirmed in the letter of Qatar addressed to
Saudi Arabia on 30 December 1990, in which Qatar stressed its confi-
dence that its dispute with Bahrain could be settled "whether through
your good offices or through the International Court of Justice".

In other words, the submission to the International Court of Justice
could have been an alternative to the good officesof Saudi Arabia prior

to May 1991.However, this could not be taken to authorize a unilateralapplication by either Party, failing to take account of the fact that the
"Bahraini formula" could have constituted Article II of a special agree-
ment as explained in paragraph 18 above.
21.In May 1991,i.e., after the lapse of this five-monthperiod allowed
for the continued good officesof Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Bahrain could
have resumed negotiations to work out a draft of aspecialagreement.In
fact, in September 1991,Saudi Arabia suggested a draft special agree-

ment to both countries and a draft special agreementwas also drawn up
by Bahrain on 20 June 1992.
Qatar arrived at a different interpretation of th1990 Doha Minutes
and took steps to seisethe Court by unilaterally filing a written applica-
tion in the Registry of the Court on July1991, and requesting the Court
to adjudge and declare what it had already asserted in Article II of
its March 1988 draft special agreement. It seems to me that Qatar took
this action without due regard to the discussioneld with Bahrain on the
text of Article II of both Qatar's and Bahrain's draft special agreements,
at the ensuing session of the Tripartite Committee.

III. CONCLUSIONS

22. TheJudgment seemsto implythat no evidencecould be found that
in the meetings of the Tripartite Committee the Parties had expressly
ruled out the possibility of unilateral seisin by either ofem. 1 would
rather question whether the Court really found and indicated in the
present Judgment any evidence to show that in the meetings of the
Tripartite Committee the two Parties conferred jurisdiction upon the

Court to deal with their dispute as unilaterally submitted by either one of
them.

23. 1 am convinced that neither the "Agreement of December 1987"
nor the "Agreement of December 1990n, which were relied upon by
Qatar as constituting a basis of the Court's jurisdiction, in fact confer
jurisdiction upon the Court in the event of a unilateral application under
Article38, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, and that the Court is not
empowered to exercise jurisdiction in respect of the relevant disputes
unless they arejointly referred to the Court by a special agreement under

Article 39,paragraph 1,of the Rules - which has not been done in this
case.
24. 1 must also add that, even if the"1990 Agreement" can constitute
a basis on which the Court may be seisedof the dispute, there seemsto be
nothing in the present Judgment to show that the amended or additional
submissions of Qatar filed on 30 November 1994 in fact comprise "the
whole of the dispute" - an expression used inthe 1994 "Judgrnent" (see
para. 8 above) - as compared to the opposite position which seemsto
have been taken by Bahrain (note: Bahrain has not had an opportunity
to give any officia1expression to its views on this point other than in its"Comments" of 5 December 1994,which it voluntarily and hastily sent to
the Registry, as already stated in paragraph above).

25. While 1must reject the unilateral Application of Qatar, 1am, how-
ever, second to none in urging that the relevant disputes between Qatar
and Bahrain should be settled by the International Court of Justice
through their joint submission (as agreed in the 1990Doha Minutes),
after they have reached a common understanding of what constitutes
"the whole of the dispute".

(Signed Shigeru ODA.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE ODA

1. To my regret 1am unable to concur with the Court's Judgment. My
position has already been clearly stated in the dissenting opinion which
1 attached to the Judgment of 1 July 1994.1 shall now give my reasons

for having to disagree with the present Judgment and shall be unable to
avoid a certain amount of repetition of what was said in my previous
opinion.

2. The Court has before it the unilateral Application filedby Qatar on
8 July 1991 in which Qatar presented both an agreement of December
1987(a series of documents dating from December 1987)and an agree-
ment of December 1990(the Doha Minutes of the Tripartite Committee),
which it claimed to constitute the basis of the Court's jurisdiction(Judg-
ment, 1 July 1994, para. 3). Bahrain, in its letters of 14 July and
18 August 1991, contended that the Court's jurisdiction could not be

based on such documents (ibid., para. 4).
On 11October 1991the Court ordered that the written pleadings at the
first stage should be addressed to the questions of the jurisdiction of the
Court to entertain the dispute and to the admissibility of the Application
(ibid., para. 5). Upon the closure of the written proceedings, oral argu-
ments were heard in February-March 1994(ibid., para. Il).
On 1 July 1994the Court delivered a Judgment - Maritime Delimi-
tation and Territorial Questionsbetween Qatar and Bahrain, Jurisdiction
and Admissibility - which, however, did not seem to be addressed
either to the unilateral Application of Qatar orto the objection raised by
Bahrain, and which in my view was not so much a "Judgment" of the
Court as a record of the Court's attempted conciliation (cf. paras. 5 and
36 of my dissenting opinion appended to the Judgment of 1 July 1994).

The Court is now delivering a second Judgrnent entitled Maritime
Delimitation and Territorial Questionsbetween Qatar and Bahrain, Juris-
diction and Admissibility.What is one then to think of the "Judgment" of
1 July 1994,with exactly the same title?
3. The "Judgment" of July 1994 indicated that "[by 30 Novem-
ber 19941the Parties [were],jointly or separately, to take action to [effect
the submission] to the Court [ou the whole of the dispute between them,
as circumscribed by [the 'Bahraini formula']" (Judgment, 1 July 1994,
operative paragraph 41 (4), read in conjunction with 41 (2) and (3)).
1submit that the Court did not, in fact, have any competence to oblige OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. ODA

[Traduction]

1. Je suis au regret de ne pouvoir souscrire à l'arrêtde la Cour. J'ai
déjàclairement exprimé ma position dans l'opinion dissidente que j'ai

jointe à l'arrêtdu le' juillet 1994.Je me propose d'exposer ici les raisons
pour lesquellesje ne puis me rallier au présentarrêtet je ne pourrai pas
toujours éviterles redites par rapport à ma précédente opinion.

1. LES PROCÉDURES AYANT ABOUTI AU PRÉSENT ARRÊT

2. La Cour a devant elle la requête unilatérale déposé e 8juillet 1991
par Qatar, dans laquelle ce dernier présentait à la fois un accord de
décembre1987 (une sériede documents remontant à décembre1987) et

un accord de décembre 1990 (leprocès-verbal de Doha de la commission
tripartite), dont il prétendait qu'ilsfondaient la compétence de la Cour
(arrêtdu le' juillet 1994, par. 3). Dans ses lettres du 14 juillet et du
18août 1991, Bahreïn a fait valoir que la compétence de la Cour ne sau-
rait reposer sur de tels documents (ibid., par. 4).
Le 11octobre 1991,la Cour a ordonné que les écritures de la première
phase de la procédure soient consacréesaux questions de la compétence
de la Cour pour connaître du différendet de la recevabilité de la requête
(ibid., par. 5). A l'expiration du délaiimparti pour le dépôt des pièces
écrites, des audiences ont eu lieu en février etmars 1994 (ibid., par. 11).
Le le' juillet 1994, la Cour a rendu un arrêt - intitulé Délimitation

maritime et questions territoriales entre Qatar et Bahreïn, compétenceet
recevabilité- qui ne semblait porter toutefois ni sur la requête unilaté-
rale de Qatar ni sur l'exception soulevéepar Bahreïn et qui, à mon avis,
ne constituait pas tant un«arrêt»qu'un compte rendu de la tentative de
conciliation faite par la Cour (voir l'opinion dissidente que j'ai jointe
l'arrêtdu le'juillet 1994,par. 5 et 36).
La Cour rend maintenant un deuxième arrêt intitulé Délimitation
maritime et questions territoriales entre Qatar et Bahreïn, compétence et
recevabilité.Que doit-on, en ce cas, penser de l'«arrêt»du le'juillet 1994,
qui portait exactement le mêmetitre?
3. Par son «arrêt»de juillet 1994, la Cour a invitéles Parties à «agir

conjointement ou individuellement» avant le 30novembre 1994pour lui
soumettre ((l'ensemble du différendqui les oppose, tel que circonscrit»
dans la formule bahreïnite (arrêtdu le' juillet 1994,par. 41, point 4, rap-
prochédes points 2 et 3).
A mon avis, la Cour n'était pas en mesure d'obliger les Parties àthe Parties to take any action until the Court had established its jurisdic-
tion to entertain the case.
By 30 November 1994the Parties had failed to take any action, either
jointly or separately, in response to the July 1994 "Judgment". It is

certainly obvious that, when it stated that the Parties were jointly or
separately to take action to effect the submission to the Court of the
whole of the dispute, the Court cannot have meant that any one Party
was to take independent action. If it were permissible for any Party to
simply take an independent action, then the Court would not have
suggested that "the Parties are, jointly or separately, to take action . . ."
(emphasis added).
On 30 November 1994,the Registry received from Qatar a document
entitled "Act to comply with paragraphs (3) and (4) of operative para-
graph 41 of the Judgment of the Court dated 1 July 1994"and from Bah-
rain a "Report of the State of Bahrain to the International Court of
Justice on the attempt by the Parties to implement the Court's Judgment
of 1st July, 1994".
4. 1 must now examine the legal effect of these two documents.
Bahrain's document is simply a report of what had previously been
attempted by the Parties and, as such, was not intended to have any legal
effect.

On the other hand, one may be led to wonder whether the "Act" of
Qatar was intended to modify the original submissions presented in the
Qatari Application which read:
"the State of Qatar requests the Court:

1. To adjudge and declare in accordance with international law
(A) that the State of Qatar has sovereignty over the Hawar
islands; and,
(B) that the State of Qatar has sovereign rights over Dibal and
Qit'at Jaradah shoals;
and

II. With due regard to the line dividing the sea-bed of the two States
as described in the British decision of 23 December 1947, to
draw in accordance with international law a single maritime
boundary between the maritime areas of sea-bed, subsoil and
superjacent waters appertaining respectivelyto the State of Qatar
and the State of Bahrain" (Application, para. 41),

or the submissions presented in the course of the written proceedings
which were identical to those presented in the later stage of the oral pro-
ceedings, reading:
"the State of Qatar respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and

declare . . that -
The Court has jurisdiction to entertain the dispute referred to in DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP.DISS.ODA) 41

agir avant d'avoir elle-mêmeétabli sa compétence pour connaître de
l'affaire.
Le 30 novembre 1994, les Parties n'étaient pas parvenues à entre-
prendre une action, que ce soit conjointement ou individuellement, enré-
ponse àl'«arrêt>)de juillet 1994. Il ne fait aucun doute que, lorsque la
Cour a invitéles Partiesàagir conjointement ou individuellementpour lui
soumettre l'ensembledu différend,elle n'a pas pu vouloir dire que l'une

ou l'autre Partie devrait agir de façon indépendante.S'ilétaitadmissible
que l'une des Parties agisse simplement de façon indépendante, la Cour
n'aurait pas invitéles Parties «agir conjointementou individuellement))
(les italiques sont de moi).
Le 30 novembre 1994,le Greffe a reçu de Qatar un document intitulé
((Démarchetendant à donner effet aux points 3 et 4 du paragraphe 41 de
l'arrêt rendu parla Cour le le'juillet 1994», et de Bahreïn un «Rapport
de 1'Etatde Bahreïn à la Cour internationale de Justice sur la tentative
faite par les Parties pour donner effet à l'arrêtrendu par la Cour le
le'juillet 1994)).
4. Il me faut maintenant examiner l'effet juridique de ces deux do-
cuments. Celui de Bahreïn est simplement un rapport sur ce qui avait
été tentépar les Parties et il n'était pas,e titre, destinà déployerle
moindre effetjuridique.

En revanche, on peut êtreamené à se demander si la «démarche» de
Qatar entendait modifier les conclusions initiales présentées comme suit
dans la requêteqatarie:
«17Etatde Qatar prie la Cour de:

1. Dire et juger conformément au droit international
A) que 1'Etatde Qatar a souverainetésur les îlesHawar; et

B) que 1'Etat de Qatar a des droits souverains sur les hauts-
fonds de Dibal et de Qit'at Jaradah;

II. Compte dûment tenu de la ligne de partage des fonds marins des
deux Etats décritedans la décisionbritannique du 23 décembre
1947, tracer conformément au droit international une limite
maritime unique entre les zones maritimes comprenant les fonds
marins, le sous-sol et les eaux surjacentes qui relèvent respecti-
vement de 1'Etat de Qatar et de 1'Etat de Bahreïn)) (requête,

par. 41),
ou bien les conclusions soumises au cours de la procédure écrite,qui
étaient identiquesà cellesprésentées comme suitau stade ultérieurde la
procédureorale:

«l'Etat de Qatar prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger, ...
que:
La Cour a compétencepour statuer sur le différendqui lui a été the Application filed by Qatar on 8 July 1991 and that Qatar's
Application is admissible." (See Judgment, 1 July 1994,para. 13.)

5. The Act of 30 November 1994of Qatar Statesthat:

"The following subjects fa11within the jurisdiction of the Court by
virtue of the rights and obligations created by the international
agreements of December 1987 and 25 December 1990 and are, by
virtue of Qatar's Application dated 5 July 1991and the present Act,
submitted to the Court:

1. The Hawar islands, including the island of Janan;
2. Fasht al Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah;
3. The archipelagic baselines;
4. Zubarah;
5. The areas for fishing for pearls and for fishing for swimrningfish
and any other matters connected with maritime boundaries."
Further to its Application, Qatar requests the Court

"to adjudge and declare that Bahrain has no sovereignty or other
territorial right over the island of Janan or over Zubarah, and that
any claim by Bahrain concerning archipelagic baselines and areas
for fishing for pearls and swimming fish would be irrelevant for the
purpose of maritime delimitation in the present case".

Qatar has suggested the following interpretation of these submissions:

"As a result the Court has before it 'anymatter of territorial right
or other title ornterest which may be a matter of differencebetween'
the Parties, and a request that it 'draw a single maritime boundary
between their respectivemaritime areas of seabed, subsoil and super-
jacent waters'."
6. The Court was confronted by the unilateral Application of Qatar
in July 1991and if there was any difference between the situation after
30November 1994and that prior to the July 1994"Judgment", it related

solely to the modijication of and addition to the original submissions of
Qatar. The basis of jurisdiction of the Court on which Qatar attempted
to rely remained the same.

In the event of any modification of or addition to its submissions by
Qatar, the Court should have formally notified Bahrain of that modifi-
cation or addition and should have given Bahrain an opportunity to
express its viewswithin a certain time. The Court does not seem to have
taken any such action.
What did happen was that the Court received Bahrain's "Comments"
on the "Act" of Qatar which were sent to the Registry on Bahrain's own
initiative on 5 December 1994, only a few days after it had received a DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP.DISSO. DA) 42

soumis dans la requête déposépear Qatar le 8juillet 1991et que la
requête deQatar est recevable.)) (Voir arrêtdu le' juillet 1994,
par. 13.)

5. Dans sa démarchedu 30 novembre 1994,Qatar affirme que:
((Conformément aux droits et obligations crééspar les accords
internationaux de décembre1987et du 25 décembre1990,les ques-

tions suivantes relèventde la compétencede la Cour, et lui sont sou-
mises en vertu de la requêteintroduite par Qatar le 5juillet 1991 et
du présentdocument:
1. Les îles Hawar, y compris l'îlede Janan;
2. Fasht al Dibal et Qit'at Jaradah;
3. Les lignes de base archipélagiques;
4. Zubarah;

5. Les zones désignées pour la pêchedes perles et pour la pêche des
poissons et toutes autres questions liéesaux limites maritimes.))
Comme suite à sa requête,Qatar prie la Cour:

«de dire etjuger que Bahreïn n'a aucune souveraineté niaucun autre
droit territorial sur l'îlede Janan et sur Zubarah, et que toute reven-
dication de Bahreïn concernant les lignes de base archipélagiqueset
les zones désignéespour la pêchedes perles ou des poissons serait
dénuée de pertinenceaux fins de la délimitation maritime dans la
présenteinstance)).

Qatar a affirmé queces conclusions devaient s'entendre comme suit:

«En conséquence, laCour est saisie de «toute question relative à
un droit territorial ouà tout autre titre ou intérêtqui peut faire
l'objet d'un différendntre)) les Parties et d'une demande «de tracer
une limite maritime unique entre leurs zones maritimes respectives,
comprenant les fonds marins, le sous-sol et les eaux surjacentes.»

6. La Cour a étémise en présencede la requête unilatéralede Qatar
en juillet 1991et, si tant est que la situation après le 30 novembre 1994
ait fait l'objet d'un changement par rapport à celle qui prévalait avant
l'«arrêt»de juillet 1994,celui-citient uniquement au fait que les conclu-
sions initiales de Qatar ont étmod$ées et complétéesL . a base de com-
pétence de la Cour dont Qatar a essayéde se prévaloir est restée la
même.
Du moment que Qatar a modifiéou complétésesconclusions, la Cour
devait en informer officiellementBahreïn et lui donner l'occasion d'expri-
mer son point de vue dans un certain délai.Or, la Cour ne semble pas

avoir pris des telles mesures.

En fait, la Cour a reçu les ((commentaires)) bahreïnites sur la «dé-
marche)) de Qatar que Bahreïn a envoyésau Greffe, de sa propre initia-
tive, le5 décembre 1994, quelques jours seulement après avoir reçu ducopy of the "Act" of Qatar from the Registry. As no further oral pro-
ceedings were ordered by the Court, Bahrain was not given the opportu-
nity to express its forma1position on those modifications of or additions
to the Qatari submissions. The procedure was, 1believe, unfortunate, as
the Court proceeded instead to draft the present Judgment.

II. THE BASIS OF JURISDICTION

1. The Court S Interpretation of the Basis of Jurisdiction
7. In spite of the "Judgment" of July 1994, the Court is still con-

fronted with the unilateral Application of Qatar of July 1991.While the
Qatari Application now contains some amended or additional submis-
sions, the Court is still being asked to determine whether or not it has
jurisdiction to deal with the "disputes" unilaterally referred to it by
Qatar. The question of admissibility - or at least the confirmation of
admissibility - does not arise until the Court's jurisdiction is estab-
lished.
8. The Court seemsto me to be saying that the "1987 Documents" and
the "1990 Doha Minutes", together constitute an international agreement
containing a compromissory clause as contemplated by Article 36, para-
graph 1, of the Statute, and, in particular, that at the close of the 1990
Doha meeting the representatives of Qatar and Bahrain, together with
the representative of Saudi Arabia, signed the minutes of that tripartite
meeting and thereby concluded between the two countries an interna-

tional agreement as contemplated under that provision of the Statute
which confersjurisdiction upon theCourt in the event of a unilateral sub-
mission by one Party.
The Court seems to have found that the subject of the dispute to be
submitted to it, which was originally covered by the expression used in
the "1987 Documents", i.e., "al1the disputed matters", in fact meant "the
whole of the dispute". It now appears to consider that Qatar failed in its
1991 Application to satisfy the requirements of the "1990 Agreement"
simply on account of its not having submitted "the whole of the dispute",
but that "the whole of the dispute", as understood by Qatar, has now
been incorporated into the amended submissions as of 30 November
1994,so that the Application of Qatar now falls within the ambit of the
"1990Agreement".
9. This is the only interpretation of the Court's position from which

the operative paragraph of the present Judgment could be derived. In my
view, however, that position is totally unfounded, and 1should now like
to present my own interpretation with respect to the jurisdiction of the
Court. As my detailed analysis has already been given in the dissenting
opinion which 1 attached to the "Judgment" of July 1994, 1 will here
confine myself to giving the gist of that analysis in the expectation that
reference will bemade to my previous opinion. DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP. DISS.ODA) 43

Greffe un exemplaire de la «démarche»de Qatar. Puisque la Cour n'a pas
ordonné la tenue de nouvelles audiences, Bahreïn n'a pas eu l'occasion
d'exprimer officiellement sa position sur ces modifications ou ajouts aux
conclusions qataries. A mon sens, la Cour ayant préféré entreprendre la
rédaction du présentarrêt,la procédure étaitregrettable.

II. LA BASE DE COMPÉTENCE

1. L'interprétationde la basede compétencepar laCour

7. Malgré son «arrêt» de juillet 1994, la Cour se trouve toujours en
présencede la requête unilatérale deQatar de juillet 1991. Bien que la

requête qatarie contienne maintenant certaines conclusions mod$ées
et complétéesl,a Cour est toujours priéede déterminer si elle est com-
pétente ou non pour connaître des «différends» qui lui ont unilatérale-
ment été soumispar Qatar. La question de la recevabilité - ou tout au
moins la confirmation de la recevabilité - ne se pose pas tant que la
compétence de la Cour n'est pas établie.
8. La Cour affirme - me semble-t-il - que les «documents de 1987))
et le «procès-verbal de Doha de 1990))constituent ensemble un accord
international contenant une clause compromissoire telle qu'envisagée

par le paragraphe 1 de l'article 36 du Statut et, plus précisément, qu'à
l'issue de la réunion de Doha de 1990 les représentants de Qatar et de
Bahreïn, de mêmeque celui de l'Arabie saoudite, ont signéle procès-
verbal de cette réunion multilatérale et ont conclu par là mêmeun
accord international entre les deux pays au sens de la disposition du
Statut qui confère compétence à la Cour en cas de dépôt d'une requête
unilatérale.
La Cour semble avoir estiméque l'objetdu différend qui devait luiêtre

soumis - désigné à l'origine dans les ((documents de 1987 ))par I'expres-
sion ((toutes les questions en litige- étaiten fait ((l'ensembledu diffé-
rend)). Elle paraît maintenant considérerque la requête deQatar déposée
en 1991ne satisfaisait pas aux exigences de l'«accord de 1990))unique-
ment parce qu'elle ne portait pas devant la Cour «l'ensemble du diffé-
rend)), mais que ((l'ensemble du différend)),tel que l'entend Qatar, fait
maintenant partie des conclusions amendées au 30 novembre 1994, de
sorte que la requête deQatar s'inscrit maintenant dans le cadre de l'«ac-

cord de 1990)).
9. Il s'agit là de la seule interprétation de la position de la Cour qui
puisse expliquer le dispositif du présent arrêt.Néanmoins, à mon avis,
cette position est totalement dénuée de fondement et je souhaiterais
maintenant présenter mapropre interprétation quant à la compétence de
la Cour. Puisque l'opinion dissidente que j'ai jointe à l'«arrêt»dejuillet
1994contient déjàune analyse détaillée,je me contenterai ici de restituer
l'essencede cette analyse, comptant que l'on sereportera à ma précédente
opinion. 2. The So-Called "Agreement of December 1987"

10. Qatar's Application takes the "Agreement of December 1987"as a
basis for the exercise ofjurisdiction by the Court (Application, para. 40).

On 19December 1987the King of Saudi Arabia addressed to the Amir of
Qatar and to the Amir of Bahrain, respectively, identical letters in which
he made certain proposals to serve as a basis for a settlement of the
disputes between Qatar and Bahrain. A reply was given by Qatar on
21 December 1987,in which it expressed its full agreement with the pro-
posals set out in the King's letter, but Bahrain's response was not sent
until 26 December 1987.
It is important to note that there was no exchange of letters directly
between Bahrain and Qatar at that time. How could the two separate
exchanges of letters, as described above, constitute a "legally binding
international agreement concluded ... in written form" (Vienna Conven-
tion on the Law of Treaties, Art. 2 (1) (a)) between Qatar and Bahrain?
1 would also refer to a "draft of the announcement made public on
21 December 1987". It is not known whether this announcement, which
is reported simply as a draft, was actually made or not. If it was in fact
made on 21 December 1987, this was, strange to relate, five days in
advance of the despatch of a letter from Bahrain to Saudi Arabia on
26 December 1987in which Bahrain agreed to accept the Saudi Arabian
offer. The "draft of the announcement" certainly was not signed by either

Qatar or Bahrain and cannot constitute a legally binding document.
11. One may ask how "an international agreement concluded between
States in written form and governed by international law" (Vienna Con-
vention on the Law of Treaties, Art. 2 (1) (a)) came to be concluded
between Qatar and Bahrain solely on the basis of this chain of events?
1fail to understand how the "Agreement of December 1987",relied upon
by Qatar as conferring jurisdiction upon the Court, can be regarded as
one of the "treaties [or]conventions in force" contemplated by Article 36,
paragraph 1,of the Statute. 1 am rather confirmed in my view that there
was, in December 1987, no treaty or convention within the meaning of
Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute.
It may further be noted that Qatar, which regards the "Agreement
of December 1987" as a basis of the Court's jurisdiction, did not register
that "agreement" with the United Nations Secretariat. While there is no
need at this juncture to discuss the effect of the registration of "every
treaty and every international agreement" with the United Nations
Secretariat (Charter, Art. 102),this fact may lead one to doubt whether
Qatar has always regarded the December 1987Agreement as a treaty in
the true sense of the word.

12. Reference may also be made to "Qatar's draft letter to the Regis-
trar of the Court dated 27 December 1987", which is included in the
documents submitted by Qatar to the Court, and according to which the
Court was to be informed of certain differences between Qatar and
Bahrain (which incidentally did not include the question of Zubarah) DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP.DISS.ODA) 44

2. Le prétendu((accord de décembre1987»

10. Dans sa requête,Qatar présente l'«accord de décembre 1987))
comme un titre de compétence dela Cour (requête,par. 40). Le 19 dé-
cembre 1987,le roi d'Arabie saoudite a adresséaux émirs deQatar et de
Bahreïn des lettres rédigéeen termes identiques, dans lesquellesil faisait
certaines propositions devant servir de base de règlement des différends
entre Qatar et Bahreïn. Dans une réponse endate du 21 décembre1987,
Qatar a exprimé sa pleine adhésion aux propositions contenues dans
la lettre du roi, alors que Bahreïn n'a pas envoyé de réponseavant le
26 décembre1987.
Il est important de relever qu'à cette époque Bahreïn et Qatar n'ont
échangé aucune lettre directement. Commentles deux échanges de lettres
distincts que nous venons de décrire pourraient-ils constituer un ((accord

international conclu par écrit))(convention de Vienne sur le droit des
traités,art. 2, par. 1 a)) liant juridiquement Qatar et Bahreïn?
Je voudrais égalementme référer à un ((projet de..déclarationrendue
publique le 21décembre1987)).On ne sait pas si cette déclaration, qua-
lifiéesimplementde projet, a effectivement été rendue publique.Si elle l'a
étéle 21 décembre1987, cela est advenu, par une étrange coïncidence,
cinqjours avant que Bahreïn accepte l'offre de l'Arabiesaoudite par une
lettre adresséeà cette dernière le 26 décembre1987. Il est certain que le
((projet de...déclaration))n'a été signé npiar Qatar ni par Bahreïn, et il
ne saurait constituer un document juridique contraignant.
11. Comment pourrait-on, uniquement sur la base de cet enchaîne-
ment de circonstances, affirmer que Qatar et Bahreïn ont conclu un
«accord international conclu par écritentre Etats et régipar le droit
international)) (convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités, art. 2,

par. 1 a))? Je ne vois pas comment on peut considérer l'«accord de
décembre 1987», sur lequel Qatar fait reposer la compétencede la Cour,
comme un «traité» ou une ((convention en vigueur)) au sens du para-
graphe 1 de l'article 36 du Statut. Je suis plutôt conforté dans mon
opinion qu'il n'existait, en décembre1987,aucun traité ou convention au
sens du paragraphe 1 de l'article 36 du Statut.
On peut aussi faire observer que Qatar, qui considère l'«accord de
décembre 1987))comme un titre de compétence de laCour, ne l'a pas fait
enregistrer au Secrétariat del'organisation des Nations Unies. Sans qu'il
soit besoin de commenter ici leseffets de l'enregistrement de «tout traité
ou accord international)) au Secrétariat del'organisation des Nations
Unies (article 102de la Charte), on peut voir dans ce fait une raison de
douter que Qatar ait toujours considéré l'accord de décembre1987

comme un traitéau sens propre du terme.
12. On peut égalementfaireréférenced ,'unepart,a ((unprojet de lettre
de Qatar au Greffier de la Cour, daté du 27 décembre 1987», inclus dans
les documents soumis à la Cour, qui devait porterà la connaissance de
la Cour les différendsentre Qatar et Bahreïn (dans lequel, soit dit inci-
demment, la question de Zubarah n'étaitpas mentionnée), et, d'autreand of the agreement between the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of both

Qatar and Bahrain, to the effect that they were
"1. To submit their aforesaid differences, to the International
Court of Justice (or a chamber composed of fivejudges thereof), for
settlement in accordance with International Law.
2. To open negotiations between them with a view to preparing
the necessary Special Agreement in this respect, and transmitting

to you a certified copy thereof when it is concluded." (Emphasis
added.)
The letter was not, in fact, receivedby the Registrar of the Court. One is,
however, led to conclude that both Qatar and Bahrain recognized that
they would have to prepare jointly a specialagreement for the submission
of the dispute to the Court.

13. In my view, if any mutual understanding was reached between
Qatar and Bahrain in December 1987(albeit not in the form of a treaty
or convention) this was simply an agreement to form a Tripartite Com-
mittee of representatives of Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Bahrain

"for the purpose of approaching the International Court of Justice,

and satisfying the necessary requirements to have the dispute sub-
mitted to the Court in accordance with its regulations and instruc-
tions" (Saudi Arabian letter of 19 December 1987).
In fact, at the firstmeeting of the Tripartite Committee which hadhus
been constituted, which was held on 17January 1988,Bahrain drew up a
draft "procedural agreement concerning the formation of the joint com-

mittee" of which the relevant passage reads as follows:
"1. A Committee shall be formed of [Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi
Arabia] with the aim of reaching a special agreement to submit the
disputed matters between the parties to the International Court of
Justice for a finaljudgment binding upon the Parties." (Emphasis
added.)

3. The So-Called "Agreement of December 1990"

14. Qatar's Application also takes the "Agreement of December 1990"
as a basis for the exercise of jurisdiction by the Court (Application,
para. 40). Qatar uses the term "1990 Agreement" to denote the Minutes
of a meeting held on 25 December 1990between the respective Ministers
for Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Bahrain, which took
place during the 1990 session of the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC)
summit in Doha (Application, Ann. 6).
Qatar did register the "1990 Agreement" with the United Nations Sec-
retariat on 28June 1991,just a fewweeks before it filedits Application in

the Registry of the Court. Bahrain, which did not regard this document DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP.DISS.ODA) 45

part,à l'accord entre lesministres des affaires étrangères de Bahreïnet de
Qatar selon lequel les deux Etats étaient convenus:

«1. De soumettre lesdits différends à la Cour internationale de
Justice (ou à une chambre de celle-cicomposée de cinqjuges) pour
qu'ils soient réglconformémentau droit international.
2. D'entamer des négociationsentre eux afin de rédigerle com-
promis nécessaire à cet égard et de vous en remettre une copie
certifiéeconforme lorsqu'il sera conclu.)) (Les italiques sont de
moi.)

En fait, le Greffier de la Cour n'a pas reçu la lettre. On est toutefois
amené à conclure que Qatar et Bahreïn reconnaissaient tous deux qu'ils
devaient préparerensemble un compromispour soumettre leur différend
à la Cour.
13. A mon sens, siune entente est intervenue entre Qatar et Bahreïn en
décembre 1987, sans toutefois revêtir la forme d'un traité ou d'une
convention, il s'agissait simplement d'un accord visantàconstituer une
commission tripartite formée de représentants del'Arabie saoudite, de

Qatar et de Bahreïn
((envue d'entrer enrapport avec la Cour internationale de Justice et
d'accomplir les formalités requisespour que le différend soit soumis
àla Cour conformément à son Règlement et à ce qu'elle prescrira))

(lettre du 19 décembre1987de l'Arabie saoudite).
Le 17janvier 1988,lors de la première@union de la commission tripar-
tite ainsi constituée, Bahreïna effectivementélaboré un projetd'«accord
de procédure concernant la constitution de la commission conjointe)),
dont le passage pertinent se lit comme suit:

«1. Il est constitué une commission composée de représentantsde
[Qatar, Bahreïn et l'Arabie saoudite], dans le but de conclure un
compromis en vue de soumettre les questions en litige à la Cour
internationale de Justice afin que celle-ci rende une décisiondéfini-

tive et obligatoire pour les parties.es italiques sont de moi.)

3. Le prétendu((accordde décembre1990»

14. La requête deQatar présente aussi l'«accord de décembre1990))
comme un titre de compétence de laCour (requête,par. 40). Par l'expres-
sion «accord de 1990», Qatar désignele procès-verbal d'une réunion
entre les ministres des affaires étrangères de l'Arabiesaoudite, de Qatar
et de Bahreïn, tenue le25 décembre1990lors de la réunion de 1990du

sommet du Conseil de coopération du Golfe (CCG), à Doha (requête,
annexe 6).
Qatar a fait enregistrer l'«accord de 1990))au Secrétariat del'organi-
sation des Nations Unies le 28 juin 1991, quelques semaines seulement
avant de déposer sa requêteau Greffe de la Cour. Bahreïn, qui ne consi-as an international agreement, protested against that registration on
9 August 1991and that protest was also dulyregistered.

15. Whether the adoption by the participants of the minutes of a
multilateral meeting can constitute an international agreement on the
part of oneparticipating State in its relations with any other participating
State may well bearguable.
In fact, while the three Foreign Ministers, in attestation of the agree-
ment reached, did signthe Minutes of the meeting (Le.,the agreed record
of the discussion that had taken place during that tripartite meeting), in
my view,they certainly did so without the slightest idea that they were
signing a tripartite treaty or convention. It is clear from the statement
made by the Foreign Minister of Bahrain on 21 May 1992and subse-
quently presented to the Court, that at least the Minister for Foreign
Affairs of Bahrain never thought that he was signing an international
agreement (Counter-Memorial of Bahrain, Ann. 1.25).
Given what we know of "the preparatory work of the treaty and the
circumstances of its conclusion" which, according to the Vienna Conven-
tion on the Law of Treaties (Art. 32) are to be used as supplementary
means of interpretation of a treaty, and given the way in which those
"circumstances" are reflected in the statement made by the Minister for

Foreign Affairs of Bahrain, these Minutes cannot be interpreted as fall-
ing within the category of "treaties and conventions in force" which
specially provide for certain matters to be referred to the Court for
a decision by means of a unilateral application under Article 36, para-
graph 1, of the Statute.
16. To what did the signatories then in fact agree in Doha in Decem-
ber 1990?The indications provided by the Doha Minutes are that:

"The following was agreed:
(1) to reaffirm what was agreed previously between the two
parties;
(2) to continue the good officesof [SaudiArabia] between the two
countries till the month of.. .May of the next year 1991.After the
end of this period,theparties ["al-tarafan "1may submit the matter
to the International Court of Justice in accordance with the Bahraini

formula, which has been accepted by Qatar, and the proceedings
arising therefrom. Saudi Arabia's good officeswill continue during
the submission of the matter to arbitration;
(3) should a brotherly solution acceptable to the two parties be
reached, the case will be withdrawn from arbitration." (Translation
supplied byQatar: Memorial of Qatar, Ann. 11.32.;emphasisadded.)

It was understood from the minutes of that session that the parties
seemedto have agreed on the inclusion of Zubarah but to have remained DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP.DISSO. DA) 46

déraitpas ce document comme un accord international, a fait objection à
cet enregistrement le 9 août 1991 et cette objection a elle-mêmeété
dûment enregistrée.
15. On peut se demander si le procès-verbal d'une réunion multilaté-
rale, qui a étéapprouvépar les participantsà cette dernière, peut consti-
tuer un accord international entre deux participants applicable à leurs
relations.
Pour attester l'accord intervenu, les trois ministres des affaires étran-
gères ont effectivement signéle procès-verbal (c'est-à-dire le compte

rendu approuvéde la discussion qui s'était dérouléaeu cours de cette réu-
nion tripartite). Mais, mon avis, ilsl'ont certainement fait sans avoir la
moindre idéequ'ils signaient là un traitéou une convention tripartite. Il
ressort clairement de la déclaration faitepar leministre des affaires étran-
gèresde Bahreïn, le 21 mai 1992, et ultérieurement soumise à la Cour,
que ce dernier n'avait, pour sa part, jamais pensésigner un accord inter-
national (contre-mémoirede Bahreïn, annexe 1.25).
A la lumière dece que nous savons des ((travaux préparatoires et [des]
circonstances dans lesquellesle traité aétéconclu» qui, selon l'article 32
de la convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités, doivent servir de
moyens complémentaires d'interprétation d'un traité, et vu la manière
dont la déclarationdu ministre des affaires étrangères de Bahreïnreflète
ces «circonstances», on ne saurait considérerque ce procès-verbal relève
de la catégorie des«traités et conventions en vigueur))prévoyant spéci-

fiquement la soumission de certaines questions à la décision de laCour
au moyen d'une requête unilatérale, conformément à l'article 36, para-
graphe 1, du Statut de la Cour.
16. Sur quoi les signataires se sont-ils donc effectivementmis d'accord
à Doha, en décembre1990?Le procès-verbal de Doha nous fournit les
indications suivantes:

«Il a été convenu dece qui suit:
1) réaffirmerce dont les deux parties étaient convenues précédem-
ment;
2) poursuivre les bons offices exercésentre les deux pays par

[l'Arabie saoudite]jusqu'au mois de..mai de l'année1991.A l'expi-
ration de ce délai,esparties [((al-tarp aofaro)nt]soumettre la
question àla Cour internationale de Justice conformément à la for-
mule bahreïnite, qui a été acceptéear Qatar, et à la procédurequi
en résulte.Les bons officesde l'Arabie saoudite se poursuivront pen-
dant que la question sera soumise àl'arbitrage;
3) si l'on parvientà une solution fraternelle acceptable par les
deux parties, l'affaire sera retirée de l'arbitrage.)) (Traduction en
français du texte anglais fourni par Qatar, mémoire de Qatar,
annexe 11.32;les italiques sont de moi.)

Il semble ressortir du procès-verbal de cette séance que les Parties
seraient convenues d'inclure la question de Zubarah, mais nourrissaientundecided as to how that matter would be included within the subject of
the disputes to be submitted to the Court.

17. The Bahrainiformula. It may be pertinent at this stage to look
back at the events which had led to the signing of the 1990 Doha
Minutes, particularly in relation to the "Bahraini formula".
In the course of the successivemeetings of the Tripartite Committee in
1988, both Qatar and Bahrain prepared draft special agreements on
15 March 1988and 19 March 1988, respectively, in relation to the mat-
ters which each Government wanted the Court to decide. Those matters
seem to have been quite different in each case. In particular, different
views were expressed as to whether or not the question of Zubarah
should be included.
At the fourth meeting of the Tripartite Committee on 28 June 1988,
two different texts of a revised Article II for the draft special agreements
were presented by Qatar and Bahrain respectively. The Amir of Qatar
gave the King of SaudiArabia some explanations regarding this situation

in a letter dated 9 July 1988which points out that:
"Article Two in the Draft Special Agreements presented by the
Governments of the State of Oatar and Bahrain is the basicarticle in
both drafts, which states tha<upon referring the subjects of dispute
to the Court it has been agreed that eachsidewould come forth with
proposals for the amendment of this article in the light of the dis-
cussions on it which were recorded in the minutes of the Tripartite
Committee, and in such a manner as to close the gap between the
viewpoints through the exclusion from this article in either draft of
any provisions that are unacceptable due to their being contrary to

the principles on which this article must be based, namely history,
right, logic and law, and the consideration of remarks expressed on
them on the basis of those principles." (Memorial of Qatar,
Ann. 11.28;first emphasis added.)
18. Some months elapsed after the fourth meeting and then, on
26 October 1988, Bahrain proposed what became known as the "Bah-
raini formula" which was related to Article II of either Qatar's draft or
Bahrain's draft of aspecialagreement - an essential point overlooked in
the present Judgment - or, in other words, to the matters in dispute to

be referred to the Court by a special agreement, and which read:
"The Parties request the Court to decide any matter of territorial
right or other title or interest which may be a matter of difference
between them; and to draw a single maritime boundary between
their respective maritime areas of seabed, subsoil and superjacent
waters." (Application, Ann. 5.)

At the fifth meeting held in Riyadh on 15November 1988,Qatar wel-
comed the opportunity to discussthe Bahraini formula as a possible basis DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP.DISS.ODA) 47

encore des doutes sur la manière d'inscrire cette questiondans le cadre de
l'objet des différendsà soumettre à la Cour.

17. La formule bahreïnite. Il peut être pertinentà ce stade de revenir
sur les événements quiont conduit à la signature du procès-verbal de
Doha de 1990,en particulier eu égard à la ((formule bahreïnite)).
Au cours des réunionssuccessivesque la commission tripartite a tenues
en 1988,Qatar et Bahreïn ont tous deux élaborés des projets decompro-
mis, les 15et 19mars 1988,respectivement, concernant les questions que
chacun des gouvernements voulait voir tranchées par la Cour. Ces ques-

tions semblent avoir été nettement distinctesdans les deux cas. En ~arti-
culier, des points de vue divergents ont été expriméssur l'inclusion de la
question de Zubarah.
Lors de la quatrième réunion de la commission tripartite, tenue le
28juin 1988,Qatar et Bahreïn ont présenté chacun une versionreviséede
l'article II des projets deompromis. Dans une lettre datée du 9 juillet
1988,l'émirde Qatar a donnéau roi de l'Arabie saoudite certaines expli-
cations à l'égard de cettesituation:

((Commedans lesprojets de compromisprésentés par le Gouverne-
ment de 1'Etatde Qatar et celui de Bahreïn, l'article II est la disposi-
tionfondamentale des deux textes - après avoir soumisles questions
en litigà la Cour, chaque partie auraità proposer des amendements
à cet articleà la lumière des débats qu'il aurait suscités,tels que
consignésau procès-verbal de la commission tripartite - on pour-
rait rapprocher les points de vue en excluant de cet article dans les

deux projets toute disposition inacceptable parce que contraire
aux principes sur lesquels cet article doit êtrefondé,à savoir l'his-
toire, le droit, la logique et la loi, ouuse des commentaires dont
elle aura fait l'objet du point de vue des principes en question))
(mémoire de Qatar, annexe 11.28; les premiers italiques sont de
moi).

18. Quelques mois se sont écoulés après la quatrième réunion,quand,
le 26 octobre 1988, Bahreïn a présentéce qui est devenu la ((formule
bahreïnite)), qui serapportaitàl'articleII de l'un ou l'autre desprojets de
compromis de Qatar et de Bahreïn - un point essentiel dont le présent
arrêt n'a pastenu compte - c'est-à-dire aux questions en litigà sou-
mettre à la Cour par voie de compromis; elle était ainsi libellée:

«Les parties prient la Cour de trancher toute question relative à
un droit territorial ou à tout autre titre ou intérêt quipeut faire
l'objet d'un différendentre elles; et de tracer une limite maritime
unique entre leurs zones maritimes respectives,comprenant les fonds
marins, le sous-sol et les eauxurjacentes.)) (Requête, annexe5.)

Lors de la cinquième réunion, tenue à Riyadh le 15 novembre 1988,
Qatar a accueilli favorablement l'occasion de discuter de la formulefor negotiations but expressed strong reservations as to whether Bah-
rain's claimto Zubarah should be considered as fallingwithin the frame-
work of the dispute. In other words, it was still difficult for Qatar and
Bahrain to agree on the subject of the disputes to be referred by a special
agreement to the International Court of Justice - even at the fifth meet-
ing of the Tripartite Committee in November 1988.

At the sixth meeting on 6 December 1988Qatar proposed an amend-
ment of the Bahraini formula so that it would read as follows:

"The Governments of the State of Qatar and the State of Bahrain
submit to the International Court of Justice, under its Statute and
the Rules of Court, for decision in accordance with international
law, the existingdispute between them concerning sovereignty,terri-
torial rights or other title or interest, and maritime delimitation."
(Memorial of Qatar, Ann. 11.31 .)

19. It is important to note that the task of the Tripartite Committee in
1988related to the fonn of words of a special agreement which certainly
ought to have defined the matters in dispute to be referred to the Court.

The Tripartite Committee was unable to produce an agreed draft of such
a specialagreement to be notified to the Court. After the sixth meeting of
the Tripartite Committee in December 1988, very little progress was
made until the end of the year 1990 - the time of the signature of the
Doha Minutes of the tripartite meeting in December.

20. This leads us to the Doha Minutes of December 1990,as referred

to above. It was agreed at the Doha meeting of the Tripartite Committee,
in what becameknown as the "Agreement of December 1990"(as quoted
in paragraph 16 above), that the good officesof Saudi Arabia were to be
continued until May 1991but that thereafter the parties ("al-tarafan")
could submit the case to the International Court of Justice in accordance
with the "Bahraini formula". This should be interpreted as meaning that,
in the event of a failure of the good offices of Saudi Arabia for the
settlement of the dispute, the Parties could come before the International
Court of Justice, and this is confirmed in the letter of Qatar addressed to
Saudi Arabia on 30 December 1990, in which Qatar stressed its confi-
dence that its dispute with Bahrain could be settled "whether through
your good offices or through the International Court of Justice".

In other words, the submission to the International Court of Justice
could have been an alternative to the good officesof Saudi Arabia prior

to May 1991.However, this could not be taken to authorize a unilateral DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP.DISSO . DA) 48

bahreïnite comme d'un point de départpossible pour des négociations,
mais a aussi exprimé defortes réservessur le point de savoir s'il fallait
considérer que la prétentionde Bahreïn relativeàZubarah entrait dans le
cadre du différend. Autrementdit, Qatar et Bahreïn éprouvaient encore
des difficultés s'entendre sur la nature des différendsà soumettre à la
Cour internationale de Justice par voie decompromis - mêmelors de la

cinquième réunion de la commissiontripartite, en novembre 1988.
Lors de la sixièmeréunion,le 6 décembre1988,Qatar a proposéun
amendement à la formule bahreïnite dans le sens suivant:

«Les Gouvernements de 1'Etat de Qatar et de 1'Etat de Bahreïn
soumettent le différendqui les oppose actuellement au sujet de la
souveraineté,des droits territoriaux et autres droits et intéainsi
que du tracédes limitesmaritimes à la Cour internationale de Justice
conformément à son acte constitutif et aux procédures de décision
selon les dispositions du droit international.)) (Mémoire deQatar,
annexe II.31.)

19. Il est important de noter qu'en 1988la commission tripartite était
chargée de formuler un compromis qui aurait dû assurémentdéfinirles

questions en litige soumettre à la Cour. La commission tripartite n'est
pas parvenue à élaborer un projet agréé decompromis à notifierà la
Cour. Après lasixièmeréunion de la commissiontripartite, en décembre
1988,trèspeu de progrèsont été accomplis jusqu'à la fin de l'année1990
- date de la signature du «procès-verbal deDoha)) de la réuniontripar-
tite de décembre.

20. Cela nous amène au procès-verbal de Doha de décembre 1990,
auquel je me suis référé ci-dessus.ors de la réunion deDoha de la com-
mission tripartite, il a été convenupar ce que l'on a appelé l'«accordde
décembre1990 » (citéau paragraphe 16ci-dessus),que les bons officesde
l'Arabie saoudite devaient sepoursuivre jusqu'en mai 1991,mais que par
la suite les parties(((al-tarafan») pourraient soumettre l'affaire à la

Cour internationale de Justice, conformément à la ((formulebahreïnite».
Il faudrait entendre par-là qu'en cas d'échec des bonsofficesde l'Arabie
saoudite en vue du règlementdu différendles Parties pourraient se pré-
senter devant la Cour internationale de Justice. Ceci est corroboré par la
lettre du 30 décembre1990adressée à l'Arabie saoudite par Qatar, dans
laquelle ce dernier se déclare convaincuque son différend avec Bahreïn
pourrait êtreréglé«par vos bons officesou par l'intermédiaire de laCour
internationale de Justice.
Autrement dit, la saisine de la Cour internationale de Justice aurait
pu constituer une solution de rechange aux bons officesdel'Arabie saou-

dite avant mai 1991.Toutefois, il n'y a là aucune autorisation pour l'uneapplication by either Party, failing to take account of the fact that the
"Bahraini formula" could have constituted Article II of a special agree-
ment as explained in paragraph 18 above.
21.In May 1991,i.e., after the lapse of this five-monthperiod allowed
for the continued good officesof Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Bahrain could
have resumed negotiations to work out a draft of aspecialagreement.In
fact, in September 1991,Saudi Arabia suggested a draft special agree-

ment to both countries and a draft special agreementwas also drawn up
by Bahrain on 20 June 1992.
Qatar arrived at a different interpretation of th1990 Doha Minutes
and took steps to seisethe Court by unilaterally filing a written applica-
tion in the Registry of the Court on July1991, and requesting the Court
to adjudge and declare what it had already asserted in Article II of
its March 1988 draft special agreement. It seems to me that Qatar took
this action without due regard to the discussioneld with Bahrain on the
text of Article II of both Qatar's and Bahrain's draft special agreements,
at the ensuing session of the Tripartite Committee.

III. CONCLUSIONS

22. TheJudgment seemsto implythat no evidencecould be found that
in the meetings of the Tripartite Committee the Parties had expressly
ruled out the possibility of unilateral seisin by either ofem. 1 would
rather question whether the Court really found and indicated in the
present Judgment any evidence to show that in the meetings of the
Tripartite Committee the two Parties conferred jurisdiction upon the

Court to deal with their dispute as unilaterally submitted by either one of
them.

23. 1 am convinced that neither the "Agreement of December 1987"
nor the "Agreement of December 1990n, which were relied upon by
Qatar as constituting a basis of the Court's jurisdiction, in fact confer
jurisdiction upon the Court in the event of a unilateral application under
Article38, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, and that the Court is not
empowered to exercise jurisdiction in respect of the relevant disputes
unless they arejointly referred to the Court by a special agreement under

Article 39,paragraph 1,of the Rules - which has not been done in this
case.
24. 1 must also add that, even if the"1990 Agreement" can constitute
a basis on which the Court may be seisedof the dispute, there seemsto be
nothing in the present Judgment to show that the amended or additional
submissions of Qatar filed on 30 November 1994 in fact comprise "the
whole of the dispute" - an expression used inthe 1994 "Judgrnent" (see
para. 8 above) - as compared to the opposite position which seemsto
have been taken by Bahrain (note: Bahrain has not had an opportunity
to give any officia1expression to its views on this point other than in itsdes parties de s'adresserà la Cour par la voie d'une requête unilatérale,

qui ignorerait que la ((formule bahreïnite)) aurait pu constituer l'ar-
ticle II d'uncompromis,comme expliquéau paragraphe 18 ci-dessus.
21. En mai 1991, c'est-à-dire une fois écouléecette période de cinq
mois réservée à la reprise des bons officesde l'Arabie saoudite, Qatar et
Bahreïn auraient pu poursuivre les négociationspour rédigerun projet de
compromis. De fait, en septembre 1991, l'Arabie saoudite a suggéréun
projet de compromis aux deux Etats et Bahreïn en a également rédigé un
autre le 20juin 1992.
Qatar est arrivé à une interprétation différentedu procès-verbal de
Doha de 1990et a entrepris de saisir la Cour par une requête unilatérale,
qu'ila déposée au Greffe de la Cour le 8juillet 1991,en priant la Cour de

dire etjuger ce qu'il avait déjàaffirméà l'article II de son projet de com-
promis de mars 1988. Il m'apparaît que Qatar a pris cette mesure sans
tenir dûment compte des discussionsqu'il a tenues avec Bahreïn en ce qui
concerne le texte de l'article II de leurs projets dempromis respectifs,
lors de la réunion de la commissiontripartite qui a suivi.

III. CONCLUSIONS

22. L'arrêtsemble sous-entendre qu'il n'a pas pu être établiqu'au
cours des réunions de la commission tripartite les Parties avaient

expressément exclu la possibilité d'une saisine unilatérale par l'une
ou l'autre d'entre elles. Je m'interrogerais sur le point de savoir si la
Cour a vraiment trouvé, et indiquédans le présent arrêt,des éléments
de preuve établissant qu'au cours des réunionsdela commission tripar-
tite les Parties lui avaient conféré compétence pour connaître de leur
différend, tel qu'il lui serait unilatéralement soumis par l'une d'entre
elles.
23. Je suis convaincu, d'une part, que ni l'«accord de décembre1987))
ni l'«accord de décembre1990», que Qatar a invoqués comme base de
compétence de laCour, ne confèrent en fait compétence à cette dernière
en cas de requête unilatéraleen vertu du paragraphe 1 de l'article 38 du

Règlement de la Cour et, d'autre part, que la Cour n'est pas habilitée à
exercer sa compétence à l'égarddes différendsen question, à moins que
ceux-ci ne lui soient soumis conjointement par la notification d'un com-
promis conformémentau paragraphe 1 de l'article 39 du Règlement dela
Cour, ce qui n'a pas étéle cas en l'espèce.
24. Je dois ajouter également que,mêmesi l'«accord de 1990))peut
constituer un titre sur la base duquel la Cour pourrait êtresaisie du dif-
férend, riendans le présentarrêtne semble indiquer que les conclusions
amendées ou complétées soumisep sar Qatar le 30 novembre 1994cou-
vrent effectivement«l'ensembledu différend )- une expression employée
dans l'«arrêt»de 1994(voir par. 8 ci-dessus) - contrairement à la posi-

tion que Bahreïn semble avoir adoptée (il convient de noter que Bahreïn
n'a pas eu l'occasion d'exprimer officiellementson point de vue sur cette"Comments" of 5 December 1994,which it voluntarily and hastily sent to
the Registry, as already stated in paragraph above).

25. While 1must reject the unilateral Application of Qatar, 1am, how-
ever, second to none in urging that the relevant disputes between Qatar
and Bahrain should be settled by the International Court of Justice
through their joint submission (as agreed in the 1990Doha Minutes),
after they have reached a common understanding of what constitutes
"the whole of the dispute".

(Signed Shigeru ODA. DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP. DISSO. DA) 50

question, si ce n'est dans sescommentaires» du 5 décembre1994,qu'il
s'estdélibérément empressdée faireparvenir au Greffe, comme exposéau

paragraphe 6 ci-dessus).
25. Bien qu'il me faille rejeter la requête unilatéralede Qatar, je serai
toutefois le premier recommander que les différends enquestion entre
Qatar et Bahreïn soient régléspar la Cour internationale de Justice sur
notification par voie de compromis (comme convenu dans le procès-
verbal de Doha de 1990),lorsque les Parties seront convenues de ce qui
constitue ((l'ensembledu différend.

(SignéS )higeru ODA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Judge Oda

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