Separate opinion of Vice-President Schwebel

Document Number
087-19940701-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
087-19940701-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF VICE-PRESIDENT SCHWEBEL

1 have voted for the operative paragraphs of the Judgment because
their content is unobjectionable. At the same time, as a judgment on
jurisdiction and admissibility, the Judgment is novel - and disquieting.

The Judgment lacks an essential quality of ajudgment of this Court or
of any court: it does not adjudge the principal issue submitted to it.
Unlike the characteristic judgments of this Court, it does not respond to

the submissions of the Parties. It is - or until this Judgment, it was - a
commanding feature of the jurisprudence of this Court that the submis-
sions of the Parties define the parameters of a judgment. that it is the
function of the tli.spo.sitifof the judgment to rule upon and dispose of

those submissions (unless exceptional considerations rendered them
moot). That this Judgment fails to do.

The applicant State of Qatar requested the Court

"to adjudge and declare, rejecting al1 contrary claims and submis-
sions, that -

The Court has jurisdiction to entertain the dispute referred to in
the Application filed by Qatar on 8 July 1991 and that Qatar's
Application is admissible."

The Judgment adopted by the Court does neither. The respondent State
of Bahrain requested the Court

"to adjudge and declare, rejecting al1 contrary claims and submis-
sions, that the Court is without jurisdiction over the dispute brought
before it by the Application filed by Qatar on 8 July 1991".

The Court equally fails to accept or reject this submission.

The Court does make two findings, in the first and second op~rative
paragraphs, which have judgmental elements. But these are preliminary
decisions, which put the Court in a position to pass upon the submissions
of the Parties; which the Court then fails to do (at any rate, as yet). Thus,

the second operative paragraph, which makes a finding that is correct as
far as it goes - that the Parties agreed that the whole of their dispute
should be submitted to the Court - fails to draw what in my viewis the

proper conclusion from that holding, namely, that since not "the Parties"
but one Party submitted to the Court not "the whole of the disputebetween them, as circumscribed by the text" agreed between them, but
only part of that dispute. the Court lacks jurisdiction.

The Court rather proceeds, in the third operative paragraph, "to
afford the Parties the opportunity to submit to the Court the whole of the
dispute". But if the issue now before the Court is whether the Court lacks

jurisdiction, either because, by the purport of the agreements between
Qatar and Bahrain, the Court could be seised only by the two Parties
acting together, or because its material jurisdiction comprises only the
whole and not part of the dispute between them, or both, the Court
should rule upon that issue. That would be a proper decision in exercise
of its judicial function.

As it is, the Court has rather reserved, for a future time, its entire deci-
sion as to whether it has jurisdiction, whether the Parties move by what it
calls "a joint act" or "separate acts". Ifthe Parties together. or sepa-
rately, make no fresh motions at ail, the Court's ultimate position is
unstated and unclear.

The Rules of Court provide, in respect of Preliminary Objections (and
hence equally in respect of other ways of passing upon objections to juris-
diction or admissibility) that,

"After hearing the parties, the Court shall give its decision in the
form of a judgment, by which it shall either uphold the objection,
reject it. ordeclare that the objection does not possess, in the cir-
cumstances of the case, an exclusively preliminary character."

These are the three options afforded by Article 79, paragraph 7,of the
Rules, but with this Judgment, the Court has invented another.
1question whether the judicial function is served by such an innova-

tion. however well meant its purposes and however desirable it is that
Qatar and Bahrain realize their conimitment to submit their dispute to
the Court.

iSignc~l) Stephen M. SCHWEHEL..

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF VICE-PRESIDENT SCHWEBEL

1 have voted for the operative paragraphs of the Judgment because
their content is unobjectionable. At the same time, as a judgment on
jurisdiction and admissibility, the Judgment is novel - and disquieting.

The Judgment lacks an essential quality of ajudgment of this Court or
of any court: it does not adjudge the principal issue submitted to it.
Unlike the characteristic judgments of this Court, it does not respond to

the submissions of the Parties. It is - or until this Judgment, it was - a
commanding feature of the jurisprudence of this Court that the submis-
sions of the Parties define the parameters of a judgment. that it is the
function of the tli.spo.sitifof the judgment to rule upon and dispose of

those submissions (unless exceptional considerations rendered them
moot). That this Judgment fails to do.

The applicant State of Qatar requested the Court

"to adjudge and declare, rejecting al1 contrary claims and submis-
sions, that -

The Court has jurisdiction to entertain the dispute referred to in
the Application filed by Qatar on 8 July 1991 and that Qatar's
Application is admissible."

The Judgment adopted by the Court does neither. The respondent State
of Bahrain requested the Court

"to adjudge and declare, rejecting al1 contrary claims and submis-
sions, that the Court is without jurisdiction over the dispute brought
before it by the Application filed by Qatar on 8 July 1991".

The Court equally fails to accept or reject this submission.

The Court does make two findings, in the first and second op~rative
paragraphs, which have judgmental elements. But these are preliminary
decisions, which put the Court in a position to pass upon the submissions
of the Parties; which the Court then fails to do (at any rate, as yet). Thus,

the second operative paragraph, which makes a finding that is correct as
far as it goes - that the Parties agreed that the whole of their dispute
should be submitted to the Court - fails to draw what in my viewis the

proper conclusion from that holding, namely, that since not "the Parties"
but one Party submitted to the Court not "the whole of the dispute OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. SCHWEBEL,
VICE-PRÉSIDENT

J'ai votéen faveur des paragraphes du dispositif de l'arrêt,car leur
teneur ne prêtepas à contestation. Cependant, l'arrêt est insolite-- et
troublant - en ce qui concerne les questions de compétence et de rece-
vabilité.
IIest dépourvu de ce qui constitue une caractéristique essentielle d'un

arrêt dela Cour ou clen'importe quelle juridiction: il ne statue pas sur la
question principale soumise à la Cour. A la différencedes arrêtshabituels
de la Cour, ilne répond pasaux conclusions des Parties. Jusqu'au présent
arrêtà tout le moins, l'une des caractéristiques déterminantes de la juris-
prudence de la Cour a étéque ce sont les conclusions des Parties qui défi-

nissent le cadre d'un arrêt;c'est-à-dire que le dispositif de l'arrêta pour
fonction de statuer sur ces conclusions en les retenant ou en les rejetant
(sauf si des circonstances exceptionnelles les ont privéesd'objet). Ce n'est
pas ce que fait cet arrêt-ci.
Qatar, Etat requérant, a prié laCour

«de dire et juger, rejetant toutes revendications et conclusions con-
traires. que:

La Cour a compétence pour statuer sur le différend qui lui a été
soumis dans la irequêtedéposéepar Qatar le 8juillet 1991 et que la
requêtede Qatar est recevable. »

L'arrêtadopté par la Cour ne fait ni l'un, ni l'autre. Bahreïn, Etat défen-

deur. a priéla Cour

«de dire et juger, rejetant toutes reveridications et conclusions
contraires, qu'elle n'a pas compétence pour statuer sur le différend
qui lui a été soumisdans la requête déposée par Qatar le 8 juillet
199 1P.

De même,la Cour ne retient ni ne rejette cette conclusion.
Dans le premier eitle deuxième paragraphe du dispositif, la Cour for-

mule deux conclusioi~squi comportent des éléments d'un jugement.Mais
ils'agit de décisions préliminairesqui placent la Cour en position de se
prononcer sur les conclusions des Parties; ce qu'elle omet ensuite de faire
(jusqu'à présenten tout cas). Ainsi, le deuxième paragraphe du dispositif,
qui formule une conclusion en elle-mêmecorrecte - suivant laquelle les
Parties étaient convenues de soumettre à la Cour l'ensemble du diffé-

rend , omet de tirer ce qui, à mon avis, est la conclusion appropriée, à
savoir que puisque ce ne sont pas «les Parties)) mais une Partie, qui abetween them, as circumscribed by the text" agreed between them, but
only part of that dispute. the Court lacks jurisdiction.

The Court rather proceeds, in the third operative paragraph, "to
afford the Parties the opportunity to submit to the Court the whole of the
dispute". But if the issue now before the Court is whether the Court lacks

jurisdiction, either because, by the purport of the agreements between
Qatar and Bahrain, the Court could be seised only by the two Parties
acting together, or because its material jurisdiction comprises only the
whole and not part of the dispute between them, or both, the Court
should rule upon that issue. That would be a proper decision in exercise
of its judicial function.

As it is, the Court has rather reserved, for a future time, its entire deci-
sion as to whether it has jurisdiction, whether the Parties move by what it
calls "a joint act" or "separate acts". Ifthe Parties together. or sepa-
rately, make no fresh motions at ail, the Court's ultimate position is
unstated and unclear.

The Rules of Court provide, in respect of Preliminary Objections (and
hence equally in respect of other ways of passing upon objections to juris-
diction or admissibility) that,

"After hearing the parties, the Court shall give its decision in the
form of a judgment, by which it shall either uphold the objection,
reject it. ordeclare that the objection does not possess, in the cir-
cumstances of the case, an exclusively preliminary character."

These are the three options afforded by Article 79, paragraph 7,of the
Rules, but with this Judgment, the Court has invented another.
1question whether the judicial function is served by such an innova-

tion. however well meant its purposes and however desirable it is that
Qatar and Bahrain realize their conimitment to submit their dispute to
the Court.

iSignc~l) Stephen M. SCHWEHEL..soumis à la Cour nori pas <<l'ensembledu différendqui les oppose, tel que
circonscrit par le texte)) convenu entre elles. mais seulement une partie de
ce différend, la Cour n'a pas compétence.
Au lieu de cela, la Cour poursuit, au troisième paragraphe du disposi-
tif. en décidant <<dedonner aux Parties l'occasion de soumettre à la Cour
I'ensemble tlu différend)). Mais si la question sur laquelle la Cour doit

statuer act~iellement est de savoir si elle n'a pas compétence, ou bien
parce qu'en raison (les accords conclus entre Qatar et Bahreïn elle ne
pouvait êtresaisie que par les deux Parties ensemble. ou bien parce que sa
compétence rutione ilnutcriuene peut s'étendrequ'à l'ensemble et non à
une partie du différendqui oppose les Parties, ou bien pour ces deux rai-
sons à la fois, la Cour devrait trancher cette questionIls'agirait-là d'une

décisioncorrecte daris l'exercice de sa fonction judiciaire.
Dans l'étatactuel des choses, la Cour a préféré réserveerntièrement à
plus tard sa décision complète quant à sa compétence. que les Parties
agissent au moyen dt: ce qu'elle appelle «une démarche conjointe)) ou des
((démarches individ~ielles)).Si les Parties, agissant ensemble ou séparé-
ment, ne prennent aucune initiative nouvelle, la position finale de la Cour

reste inexprimée et obscure.
Le Règlement de la Cour dispose, pour ce qui est des exceptions pré-
liminaires (et donc égalementpour les autres moyens de se prononcer sur
les exceptions à la compétence ou à la recevabilitéd'une requête),que:

((La Cour. après avoirentendu les parties, statue dans un arrêtpar
lequel elle retient l'exception, la rejette ou déclareque cette exception
n'a pas dans les circonstances de l'espèceun caractère exclusivement
préliminaire.)>

Ce sont-là les trois options offertes par le paragraphe7 de l'article 79 du
Règlement; mais la Cour en a inventéune autre dans le présent arrêt.
Je doute qu'une telle innovation rende service à la fonction judiciaire,

quelque excellentes que soient ses justifications et aussi souhaitable qu'il
soit que Qatar et Ba~hreïnmettent A exécution leur engagement de sou-
mettre leur différend à la Cour.

(SiLqrzc; ]tephen M. SCHWEBEL.

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Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Vice-President Schwebel

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