Separate opinion of Judge Valticos (translation)

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075-19920911-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
075-19920911-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE VALTICOS

[Translation]

The preceding Judgment relates, as willhavebeen seen, to several land
sectors (six,to be moreprecise) and to disputes bearing on the islands and
the legal régime of the maritime spaces. On most of the findings of the
Chamber 1 amin agreementwithitsmembers - or withthe majority ofits
members - at least v~ithregard to essentials. With respect to other find-

ings, 1havebeen unable to concur fullyin the opinion of the majority or
have been obliged to express certain reservations - to my regret, of
course.
The difficultiesencountered by the Chamber, particularly with regard
to the land sectors, dt:rive in part from the principle of utipossidetisjuris
that it was required tc~apply.
It was largely on tkiatsubject that 1felt unable to subscribe, in certain
respects, to the viewof the majority of the Chamber and it is accordingly
on that subject that 1must express an initial opinion.

The development of the principle of utipossidetis juris is well known.
Initially specific tothose American countries that had originally been
colonized by Spain, it has, since that time, also been applied in other
regions,albeit in coniiection with decolonizations of a much more recent
date and under considerably different conditions, as shown by the case
concerning the Fr~ntier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)
(Z.C.J.Reports 1986,l'p. 565et seq.,paras. 21 etseq.).
The application, in the present case, of the principle of uti possi-
detisjuris, which,as stated intheJudgment,had, as agreed by the Parties,
to guidethe workof the Chamber, together withwhat are known as "effecti-
vitésnandm , ore generally, the rules of international law,has encountered
serious difficulties.
These difficulties d.erived,in the first place,from the fact that the prin-
ciple is not easy to apply when one is dealing with rights that may well

date from three or four centuries ago(for, while, in principle, the "critical
date" is 1821,the rights and titlesinvoked bythe Parties wentback,in gen-
eral,a great deal furtller).
It was, however, above al1the probative character of those rights that
wasrendered uncertain bythe passage oftime. Which ofthe various rights
invokedwere those which had to be considered as relevant to the determi-
nation of the frontiers? It was neither simple nor sufficient to move back DISPUTE (ELSALVADOR/HONDUR (SAEP)OP. VALTICOS) 622

in time when one could not be certain of the source from which the right
had derived andat wliichthe processshouldtherefore be halted. Towhat
extent did one have to reach a decision on the terms of the administrative
divisions of the colonial era, when there was a lack of certainty asto both
their precise course and their significance, when al1 authority in fact
derivedfrom the King of Spain and lines of "administrativecontrol" were
frequently modified?' What was, in that uncertain framework, the scope
of what were knownas titulosejidales,which weregranted bytheauthori-
ties - more particularly to Indian communities, so that they could be

settled and "put to work" - and were those titles to have a special effect
uponthe delimitation ofthe frontiers?Thispoint wasdebated at lengthby
the Parties,at leastasregards the underlyingprinciple. What 1 wouldlike
quite simply to point out here, in order to explain the view 1 shall subse-
quently advance, is tliat in a very old system, where everythingderived
from the royal authority, itisdifficultto present what inthe context ofthe
case mentioned above (which, as 1have said, was a very different one2),
was called "a photogi-aph of the territory", as, in the context with which

we are dealing,the image would lie between the blurred and the kaleido-
scopic. In the presetit case, it is impossible to revive completely the
structures of the past or, conversely, to transpose to the past certain
legal concepts of the present day.
What can reasonably be accepted, at least as far as 1am concerned, is
that operations like the granting of titulos ejidales, which constituted a
measure subject to precise conditions, which was decided upon by a
higher authority of an administrative as much as a judicial character,

which was entrusted to highly responsible officiais and scrupulously
implemented, after ati investigation and survey, according to a complex
procedure, which wassubmittedfor the approval ofhigh-ranking authori-
ties, particularly the Real Audiencia of Guatemala3, which had in view
important political ol~jectivesand which was accomplished as an act of

' Theimportance of this "administrative control" wasstressed, in a general manner,
temala and Honduras, presided over by ChiefJustice Hughes and alsoincluL.Cas-en Gua-
tro Ureiia, of Guatemala, iindE.BelloCodesido, of Honduras(United Nations, Reports
of InternationalArbitralAwards,VoII,1949,pp. 1322-1324).
Aforementioned cast: concerning the FrontierDispute (BurkinaFaso/Republicof
Mali)(I.C.J.Reports1986.p. 568,para. 30).
In this regard, one may note the following passage in an authoritative work by an
eminent specialist, Michel Foucher (Frontsetfrontières,Fayard, Paris, 1988,p. 77):
"It is accepted that the chain of audiencias,the majorjudicial bodies of the colo-
nial administration, t:ndowed with autonomy at the highest level of the three vice-
royalties, provided the framework or rather the kernel of the entities that became
independent. Butthi; does not suffice fora definition of the whole framework, as
there existed boundary areas that could well 'shift' their allegiances."
Moreover, thisauthor describes as "very involved" the problems of the boundaries
between Honduras and El Salvador (op.cil.,p. 452).sovereignty involviiig the systematiccontrol of the subsequent activities
(particularly those of cultivation) of the administrativeunit by which the

operation had beeti ordered, that, in short, such operations of major
public interest wert: bound to have had, at least under specific circum-
stances, a certain t:ffect upon the administrative structures or, in any
event, the administrative relationships of the regions considered. This
accounts for the importance that has been attached to the scope of the
titulos ejidales,inatiy event insofar as those which did not merely grant
rights of private ownership are concerned. In the last analysisthe titulos
ejidalescannot, under certain conditions and particularly with respectto
their nature, the persons meant to be affected by them, the conditions
under which they weredrawnup,theirauthority,theirdegree ofprecision
and the waysinwhichtheycould be influenced byotherfactors, beleftout
of account when one isfaced with the task of deciding upon the delimita-

tion of theboundaries between El Salvador and Honduras.
In that regard, the position adopted by the Chamber1 has been to play
down, to an extent 1consider excessive,the presumable effects upon the
course ofboundaries oftitlesemanating fromthe Spanishauthorities and
determining the limits ofthe lands granted, interalia, to collective entities
(poblaciones) - for which provision is made in Article 26 of the General
Peace Treaty of 1980.The position of the Chamber is, of course,tenable
and inreality,as it haspointed out, that discussion, and moreparticularly
the distinctiondrawnbetweenthe differentkinds oftitlesinvoked (reduc-
cionor composition)weregenerally moretheoretical than practicalintheir
effectsupon the waj inwhich particular sectors - orat leastmost ofthose

sectors - weredeali:with. However,that positionultimatelyledto a com-
plicationratherthari a simplification ofthe establishment ofthe course of
theboundaries inthat itresulted - at leastat the outset- indisregardfor
the respective importance of the titles, in decisions of very unequal
importance being put on the same footing while account was even taken
of titles of no legal validity, as in the sector of Sazalapa-Arcatao (see
below).
Ata different level,apart fromthe very justified caseof Meanguera,the
role of "effectivités"i;eemtso meto have beenunduly reduced, even ifone
allows for the frequently inadequate nature of the elements invoked in
order tojustify theni.
One must, inanyevent, pay tribute to the care with which the Chamber

endeavoured to bring to light the successive layers of past territorial
boundaries, compai-ed the titles submitted to it, scrutinized maps, ana-
lysed reports and interpreted the recitals they contained as well as their
silences,put itselfintheshoes ofthe surveyors,followedintheirfootsteps,
measured the paths they took, determined - insofar as it could - the
rivers they crossed and those they did not seem to the Chamber to have

Judgment,introductionconcerningthe lanb doundary,paras.43-55.crossed, and identified watercourses and mountains - sometimes even
displacing or renaming them. All this involved assessments and options
that were not easy, particularly in the not infrequent cases where the evi-
dence was uncertain, its weight was debatable and the arguments of the
two Parties seemed to canceleach other out.
It is accordinglynot surprising that, given the frequent uncertainty of

the situations confronting them, the members of the Chamber were at
times unable to reacl?complete agreement. 1 shall therefore have to indi-
cate below, inconnection with some sectors,the various points on which 1
disagree,as well asthose myconcurrencein which has a particular expla-
nation.

Thefirstsectorto bedealt with,that ofTepangüisir,raised severalofthe
significant issues of the dispute submitted to the Chamber: the scope of
the titulos ejidale- with, in this case, the further complication of their
effects from one sector to the other; the directions taken by the survey-

ors - with the special problem that they were working in a mountainous
area where pathways were frequently tortuous, involving changes in
direction; the contested location of the principal geographical features,
more particularly the top of the hill of Tepangüisir,as well as the course
and even the source of the river Pomola.
Theelements of those problems are clearly set forth in the correspond-
ing passages of the Jiidgment. 1 accordinglyseeno point in going back to
them, other than to riaythat in various respects - for example the rela-
tivelyminor matter of the appurtenance of a triangular zone to the lands
of Citala - 1unhesitatinglysubscribe to the viewstaken by the Chamber.
However, 1feeldifferently aboutthe frontierdrawn to the WestofTalque-
zalar and which runs, more orlessdirectly,towards the Cerro Montecristo
rather than following a north-westerly direction towards what is most

probably the river Pomola (i.e., towards the Cerro Oscuro),before con-
tinuing ina south-westerly directiondowntowards the tripoint of Monte-
cristo.That would have seemedto me more in accordance withthe reasons
behind the ejidoof 1776,whereby the lands of the massif of Tepangüisir
were granted to the Indian community, namely that the people of Citala-
Tepangüisir should be allowed to cultivatethe lands of that area.
The Chamber felt1:hatit should adopt the arguments of Honduras with
respect to the course and the location of the source of the river Pomola,
although in fact the arguments of both Parties were equivalent, giventhat
the references in the 1766Titleto the high peaks and thick vegetation of
the mountain and to the source of the river Pomola being reached
"through a deep gully and precipices" reflect, rather, the mountainous
area claimed by El Salvador. In short, more weight should have been
given to these substantive reasons than to uncertain maps and shifting

orientations. DISPUTE (El,SALVADOR/HONDUR (SAEP)OP.VALTICOS) 625

On the whole, 1can concur with the line adopted.

This is a complex sector in which a number of more or less solid titles
comeinto conflict - asituation which,first and foremost,raisedtheques-
tion of therelevancc:of those titles. My main objection to the findings of
the Chamber on thispoint isthat itbased itsreasoning upon titles thatare

questionable on a niimber of grounds, such as those of San Juan El Cha-
pulin, Concepcion clelas Cuevas, Hacienda (or San Francisco) of Saza-
lapa, Gualcimaca and Colopele. Anadditional difficulty wasthe location,
frequently various or even multiple,of the various placesto which refer-
ence was made.
Asa consequence, El Salvador'sclaimswere either set aside or limited,
particularly to the north and the east of the linefixed.
Moreover, the Chamber decided not to accept El Salvador's claimto a
smallquadrilateral to the north-west of the areaattributed to it- and to
thenorth ofthe river Sazalapa - with respect to which it deemedthe two
States' arguments to be of equal weight. One element that the Chamber
finallysawassignificantto itsrejection ofthe claim was thatthe surveyor
did not expressly st;ite whether he had crossed the Sazalapa river. The

argument isofcoursenot without weight,butthere are others which strike
me as more convincing and gothe other way.
The Chamber also found that it could not accept El Salvador'sclaim to
another protmsion, extending to the north-east of that sector as far as the
Cerro El Fraileand whichseemstocorrespond, moreparticularly, tothetop
ofcertainvery high h:llsthat ismentionedinthetitle-deed ofArcatao(toSay
nothing of the somevrhatmysteriousreferenceto a "guanacaste" tree).
With respect to the eastern frontier running from north to south, the
central (slightly concave) part on thesame levelas the old "title-deed" of
Gualcimaca seems to me to take undue account of that "title-deed" -
which 1have already mentioned asbeing invalid, since it was rejected by
the Real Audiencia of Guatemala.
Lastly,and withrespect tothe linelocated tothe south-east, theadopted
delimitation is, inyview, acceptable.

In short, theectol-that the Chamber has decided to attribute to El Sal-
vador constitutes an appreciablydiminished part ofthat country's claims.
1 consider that it couId properly have beenfilled out somewhat,but that it
corresponds to the essential. That is why 1 finally gave it my support,
albeitnot without somehesitation.

The sector of Naguaterique was the largest in area. The main question
was whether that sectorshould be split up into two parts, divided by the DISPUTE (E.LSALVADOR/HONDUR (SESP).OP.VALTICOS) 626

river Negro-Quiagara, the northern part being attributed to Honduras
and the southern oneto El Salvador, orwhether the whole ofthat sector -
i.e.,asfrom, to thenorth,the Cerro La Ardilla line - should be attributed
to El Salvador.
Themajority of the Chamber found - interms which bear witness to a
certain initialhesitation - in favour of a frontier line following the river
Negro-Quiagara. 1\vasunable to subscribe to that view, as the title-deed
of Arambala-Perquin - which had been the subject (within the frame-
work ofthejurisdiction of San Miguel) of a survey effectedin 1769with a

viewto the replacenient of a 1745title-deed destroyed by fire, and which
was expressly confirmed in 1815 by the Juez Privativo de Tierrasof the
Real Audiencia of Guatemala - established the line from the Cerro La
Ardilla, where, moreover, the surveyor,Castro, had begun his operations.
This solid title-deed should, in my view, have taken precedence over the
distinctly less convincing considerations advanced in support of the
Rio Negro line.
Three elementswliichwereinvokedagainst the Cerro LaArdilla linedo
not seemto me to be convincing.
In the first place,eference was made to a tract of land known as Joco-
ara which had been left out of the above-mentioned land grant; but, in
addition to being d.ifferent, the corresponding terms only relate to a
distant area ofrelatively small dimensions (2V2caballerias).

Reference wasalsomade to the line oftheriverSalalamuya, which had
been invoked by El Salvador as limiting the Cerro La Ardilla line and
which, admittedly,could not be located on any map. Theobjection isnot
without weight - but it isnot decisive,asthe maps submitted by the Par-
ties are far from being accurate in every case. What is more, the doubt
that subsists as to the exact course of the boundary should not without
more resultin a Statelosing a whole piece of territory.
Lastly, to say nothing of the convenientbut sometimes excessivepull
that the certainties of watercoursesexert,in certain cases, upon whoever
has to draw a boundary line, a third consideration advanced in favour of
the river boundary aas that ithad been envisaged during the negotiations
of 1861but rejectecl shortly thereafter by El Salvador. However, it is
accepted that proposais made during negotiations cannot be taken into
account when a decision based on law isto be made, and the same should

hold good for provisional agreements within the framework of negotia-
tions. In sucha context,thenotion ofacquiescencewouldbe too elusiveas
well as conditional to be acceptable. The Chamber may not, moreover,
reach decisions exaequo etbon0 - even if one wereto consider,although
the point is by no rrieans free of doubt, that equity is served by such a
decision, which, in addition, takes no account ofthe presence of Salvado-
rian nationals withp:ropertiesinthe contested part ofthearea, whose situ-
ation could well become precarious as a result of the attribution of that
area to Honduras.
Thissector iscertainly theone in which 1have the greatestreservations
aboutthe Chamber's findings. In a different field, i.e., as regards the south-westernsection - which

raised some particularly complex issues - the solution finally adopted,
eventhough it does riottake account of some ofthe effectivitésmentioned
by ElSalvador - as itcouldhave done - does not,as awhole,lack logic,
since the availableelements were, in the main, scarcely probative.

A problem to some extent similar to that of Naguaterique arose in the
followingsector, Do lores.Inthat sectorthe Chamber wasalsoconfronted
by a conflict between, on the one hand, a title-deed of an incontestable
legal weight,Le.,the 1760onerelatingto Poloros, whichwas approved by
the Real Audiencia of Guatemala but whose geographical scope was
uncertain, and, on the other hand, a watercourse - the river Torola -

which offered the advantage of conveniencebut had no strong support in
either the title-deeds or practice.
Itwill suffice in tlniscontext to bear in mind that an earlier territory,
known as Sapigre,shouldnot be taken intoaccount in thepresent caseas,
after itspeople had died out at the beginning ofthe 18thcentury,the terri-
tory reverted to the SpanishCrown, which disposed of it as it deemed fit.
One cannot, of course,enterhere into details concerning the title-deeds of
unequal value that wereinvoked by one and the other Party,but itfollows
from them that the tii:le-deedof Polorosshouldbe givenprimacy and that
itextends to the north of the river Torola. The question is, then, one of
decidingwhat shoultl bethe extent oftheterritory to be seen asbelonging
to El Salvador. The latter maintained that that territory, purportedly
shaped rather like a trapezium,had as its apex,to the West,the Cerro de

Lopez, from whence a straight line would lead, to the east, to the Cerro
Ribita, withthe boundary at that point swinginground towardsthe south-
east and then to the south, along the river Unire. This formula raised a
number of objections, particularly with respect to the area covered, the
distances mentioned in the title-deed of Poloros and the somewhat dubi-
ous geographicaldata. In order to take account ofthese differentfactors,
the Chamber gaveitssupport to a constructionaccording to which El Sal-
vador would indeed be entitled to a sort of quadrilateral to the north of
the river, but in proportions reduced so as to take account of the above-
mentioned distancesin the title-deed of Poloros.
While this ingenious solution may be deemed satisfactory from the
standpoint ofprinciple and ofthedistancesinvolved, itpresents the draw-
back of entailing cha.ngesof names, as compared to the traditional topo-
nymy,with respect to the peaks and rivers in question, and ofthus imply-

ing an alternativeCerro de Lopez and another river Mansupucagua. This
result is not unusual in the present case(ashas been noted, in particular,
for the third sector),but one has to admit that it is not fully satisfactory.
However,for want of'amoreconvincingsolution, ithastobeaccepted asa
consequence of the available data. Theissue of the maritime spacescomprises,onthe one hand, the ques-
tion of the waters vlrithinthe Gulf and, on the other, that of the waters
outside it.These are two differentproblems,each of which raises specific
questions,but constituteextensions of each other.
Forthe waters withintheGulf, 1 havenodifficultyin sharingthe Cham-
ber'sview.
As for the waters outside the Gulf, the problems that arose were
undoubtedly complrx ones. They wereparticularly complex because one
was dealing with the extension of a particularhistoricbay having three
riparian States, witfirespect to which the generalinternational law of the
sea does not contai11any specific noms. The particular situation of that
bay and the factthat the coasts of Hondurasare locatedat the back ofit -

together with the fact that most of those coasts were already taken into
account in 1900 in the agreements concluded with Nicaragua -, the
screen formed, at least in part, by the island of Meanguera, which the
Chamber attributes to El Salvador, and the objectionsraised against the
construction of a closing line of the bay between Cape Arnapala and
Cape Cosigüina, are:so many elements that must carry some weight in the
consideration of thif;problem. Al1inall, however, those arguments do not
strike me as decisivi:and 1 take the view that the line of argument of the
majority of the Chamber - which need not be recapitulated at this
stage - is accepta1)lefrom a legal standpoint, given the very peculiar
character ofthe GulFof Fonseca asan historic bay withthree riparians, as
has alreadybeen pointed out.Theconclusionsdrawn bythe Chamber are
a consequence ofthat particular situation and cannot, of course,be given
a moregeneral scopein circumstances of a differentkind.

(Signed) Nicolas VALTICOS.

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. VALTICOS

L'arrêtqui précède concerne, commeon l'aura vu, plusieurs secteurs

terrestres (six, plus précisément) ainsique des différendsportant sur les
îles et sur le régimejuridique des espaces maritimes. Sur la plupart des
conclusions de laChambre je partage l'avisdesmembres - ou de lamajo-
rité des membres - de celle-ci, du moins quant à l'essentiel. Pour
d'autres, je n'ai pas étéen mesure de me rallier pleinement à l'opinion de
la majoritéou ai dû exprimer certaines réserves etje l'ai naturellement
regretté.
Les difficultés rencontrées par la Chambre, notamment quant aux
secteursterrestres,tiennent en partie au principe utipossidetisjuris qu'elle
étaitappelée àsuivre.
C'est dans une large mesure à ce sujet que je ne me suis pas senti en

mesure de partager, à certains égards,le pointde vue de la majoritéde la
Chambre et c'est donc a ce sujet que je dois exprimer une opinion limi-
naire.

On connaît le développementdu principe utipossidetisjuris qui,initia-
lement propre aux paysd'Amérique relevant àl'origine de lacolonisation
espagnole, a été,depuis, utilisé aussià propos d'autres régions, maisa la
suite de décolonisations bien plus récentes etdans des conditions sensi-
blement différentes, comme l'a montré l'affaire du Différendfrontalier

(Burkina Faso/Républiquedu Mali) (C.I.J. Recueil 1986,p. 565 et suiv.,
par. 21et suiv.).
L'application, dans le cas présent, du principe utipossidetis juris qui,
comme cela est indiquédans leprésentarrêt,devait, a la suite de l'accord
des Parties, guider lestravaux de laChambre - ainsi que cequ'on appelle
les effectivités » et, plus généralement,les normes du droit internatio-
nal - a rencontréde sérieuses difficultés.
Celles-ci provenaient d'abord du fait que le principe en question n'est
pas aisé à appliquer lorsqu'il s'agitde droits pouvant dater de trois ou
quatre siècles(car si,en principe, la «date critique>)est 1821,les droits et
titres invoqués étaient en générablien plus anciens).

C'était,cependant, surtout le caractère probatoire des droits que le
passage du temps rendait plus incertain. Quels étaient, parmi les divers
droits invoqués,ceux qui devaient êtreconsidéréscommp eertinents pour
la détermination des frontières? Remonter le temps n'étaitni simple ni SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE VALTICOS

[Translation]

The preceding Judgment relates, as willhavebeen seen, to several land
sectors (six,to be moreprecise) and to disputes bearing on the islands and
the legal régime of the maritime spaces. On most of the findings of the
Chamber 1 amin agreementwithitsmembers - or withthe majority ofits
members - at least v~ithregard to essentials. With respect to other find-

ings, 1havebeen unable to concur fullyin the opinion of the majority or
have been obliged to express certain reservations - to my regret, of
course.
The difficultiesencountered by the Chamber, particularly with regard
to the land sectors, dt:rive in part from the principle of utipossidetisjuris
that it was required tc~apply.
It was largely on tkiatsubject that 1felt unable to subscribe, in certain
respects, to the viewof the majority of the Chamber and it is accordingly
on that subject that 1must express an initial opinion.

The development of the principle of utipossidetis juris is well known.
Initially specific tothose American countries that had originally been
colonized by Spain, it has, since that time, also been applied in other
regions,albeit in coniiection with decolonizations of a much more recent
date and under considerably different conditions, as shown by the case
concerning the Fr~ntier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali)
(Z.C.J.Reports 1986,l'p. 565et seq.,paras. 21 etseq.).
The application, in the present case, of the principle of uti possi-
detisjuris, which,as stated intheJudgment,had, as agreed by the Parties,
to guidethe workof the Chamber, together withwhat are known as "effecti-
vitésnandm , ore generally, the rules of international law,has encountered
serious difficulties.
These difficulties d.erived,in the first place,from the fact that the prin-
ciple is not easy to apply when one is dealing with rights that may well

date from three or four centuries ago(for, while, in principle, the "critical
date" is 1821,the rights and titlesinvoked bythe Parties wentback,in gen-
eral,a great deal furtller).
It was, however, above al1the probative character of those rights that
wasrendered uncertain bythe passage oftime. Which ofthe various rights
invokedwere those which had to be considered as relevant to the determi-
nation of the frontiers? It was neither simple nor sufficient to move back622 DIFFÉREND (ELSALVADOR/HONDUR (APSIND.VALTICOS)

suffisant quand il n'étaitpas clair quelle était la source dont le droit était
issu età laquelle ilconvenait donc de s'arrêter.Dans quelle mesure devait-
on se détermineren fonction des divisions administratives de l'èrecolo-

niale, alors qu'une incertitude existait tant quant à leur tracéprécisque
quant à leur signification, que toute autorité provenait en réalitédu roi
d'Espagne et que les lignes du «contrôle administratif )>étaient souvent
modifiées?' Quelle était, dans ce cadre incertain, la portée des titres
dits ejidales accordés par les autorités, notamment aux communautés
d'Indiens en vue de leur établissementet deleur «mise au travail »,et ces
titres devaient-ilsavoir un effet spécialsur la délimitationdesfrontières?

Ce point a étélonguement débattupar les Parties, du moins quant à son
principe. Ceque je souhaite simplement indiquer icipour expliquer I'opi-
nion qui suivra, c'estque, dans un système trèsancien et où tout dérivait
de l'autoritéroyale, il est difficile de présenter, comme on l'a dit dans
l'affaire (fort différente, avons-nous dit) mentionnée plus haut2, «un
instantané territorial » car l'image serait, ici, tantôt floue et tantôt kaléi-
doscopique. Iln'estpossible, dans leprésent cas,ni de faire revivrepleine-

ment les structures du passé,ni, inversement, de projeter sur le passé des
notions juridiques actuelles.

Ce qu'on peut raisonnablement accepter, du moins en ce qui me
concerne, c'estque desopérations comme la délivrancede titres ejidales,
qui constituait une mesure subordonnée à des conditions précises,qui
étaitdécidép earuneautoritésupérieurede caractèreadministratif autant

que judiciaire, qui étaitconfiée à des fonctionnaires hautement respon-
sableset menéede manière minutieuse, aprèsenquête,arpentageet selon
une procédure complexe, qui était soumise a l'approbation d'autoritésde
haut rang, notamment de la Real Audiencia de Guatemala3, et visait des
objectifs politiques importants, et qui était accomplie comme un acte de

' L'importance de ce «contrôle administratif » a été soulignéed,'une manière géné-
rale, par le tribunal arbitral chargé de l'affaire des frontières entre le Guatemala et le
Honduras, que présidait leief JusticeHughes et qui comprenait aussi M. L. Castro
Recueildes sentencesarbitrales,vol. II, 1949,p. 1322-1324).voir Nations Unies,
Arrêtprécitédu Dflerend frontalier (BurkinaFaso/Republique du Mali) (C.I.J.
Recueil19861,p. 568,par. 30.
On peut notercesujet qu'un spécialisteéminent,Michel Foucher, a écritdans son
ouvrage qui fait autorité(Frontsetfrontières,Fayard, Paris, 1988,p. 77):
«L'onadmetque lachaîne des audiencias,juridictions majeures de I'administra-
tion coloniale,dotées d'autonomie par rapport au niveau supérieurdes trois vice-
royaumes, a fourni lecadre ou plutôt lenoyau des entitésdevenuesindépendantes.
Mais cela ne suffisait pasfinirla totalitédu cadre, car les frangesfrontalières
pouvaient être((mouvantes»dans leur appartenance. »
Et cet auteur qualifie de «très enchevs les problèmesdes frontières Honduras-El
Salvador(op. rit., p. 452). DISPUTE (ELSALVADOR/HONDUR (SAEP)OP. VALTICOS) 622

in time when one could not be certain of the source from which the right
had derived andat wliichthe processshouldtherefore be halted. Towhat
extent did one have to reach a decision on the terms of the administrative
divisions of the colonial era, when there was a lack of certainty asto both
their precise course and their significance, when al1 authority in fact
derivedfrom the King of Spain and lines of "administrativecontrol" were
frequently modified?' What was, in that uncertain framework, the scope
of what were knownas titulosejidales,which weregranted bytheauthori-
ties - more particularly to Indian communities, so that they could be

settled and "put to work" - and were those titles to have a special effect
uponthe delimitation ofthe frontiers?Thispoint wasdebated at lengthby
the Parties,at leastasregards the underlyingprinciple. What 1 wouldlike
quite simply to point out here, in order to explain the view 1 shall subse-
quently advance, is tliat in a very old system, where everythingderived
from the royal authority, itisdifficultto present what inthe context ofthe
case mentioned above (which, as 1have said, was a very different one2),
was called "a photogi-aph of the territory", as, in the context with which

we are dealing,the image would lie between the blurred and the kaleido-
scopic. In the presetit case, it is impossible to revive completely the
structures of the past or, conversely, to transpose to the past certain
legal concepts of the present day.
What can reasonably be accepted, at least as far as 1am concerned, is
that operations like the granting of titulos ejidales, which constituted a
measure subject to precise conditions, which was decided upon by a
higher authority of an administrative as much as a judicial character,

which was entrusted to highly responsible officiais and scrupulously
implemented, after ati investigation and survey, according to a complex
procedure, which wassubmittedfor the approval ofhigh-ranking authori-
ties, particularly the Real Audiencia of Guatemala3, which had in view
important political ol~jectivesand which was accomplished as an act of

' Theimportance of this "administrative control" wasstressed, in a general manner,
temala and Honduras, presided over by ChiefJustice Hughes and alsoincluL.Cas-en Gua-
tro Ureiia, of Guatemala, iindE.BelloCodesido, of Honduras(United Nations, Reports
of InternationalArbitralAwards,VoII,1949,pp. 1322-1324).
Aforementioned cast: concerning the FrontierDispute (BurkinaFaso/Republicof
Mali)(I.C.J.Reports1986.p. 568,para. 30).
In this regard, one may note the following passage in an authoritative work by an
eminent specialist, Michel Foucher (Frontsetfrontières,Fayard, Paris, 1988,p. 77):
"It is accepted that the chain of audiencias,the majorjudicial bodies of the colo-
nial administration, t:ndowed with autonomy at the highest level of the three vice-
royalties, provided the framework or rather the kernel of the entities that became
independent. Butthi; does not suffice fora definition of the whole framework, as
there existed boundary areas that could well 'shift' their allegiances."
Moreover, thisauthor describes as "very involved" the problems of the boundaries
between Honduras and El Salvador (op.cil.,p. 452).souveraineté et entraînait le contrôle systématique des activités(notam-
ment de culture) ultérieures qu'effectuait l'unité administrativequi avait
ordonnél'opération,bref, que de telles opérationsd'intérêt public majeur
ne pouvaient qu'avoir, du moins dans des conditions déterminées, un
certain effet sur lesstructuresou entout caslesrapports administratifs des
régionsconsidérées.D'où I'importance qui s'estattachée à la portéedes
titres ejidales, en tout cas s'agissant de ceux qui ne se bornaient pas à

conférersimplementdesdroits de propriétéprivés.Endéfinitive,lestitres
ejidales ne peuvent, sous certaines conditions, notamment quant a leur
nature, a leurs destinataires, aux conditions dans lesquelles ils ont été
établis,à leur autorité,à leur degréde précisionet au concours éventuel
d'autres facteurs, êtreignoréslorsqu'ils'agitde seprononcersur ladélimi-
tation des frontières entre El Salvador et le Honduras.

A cet égard, la position de la Chambre' a consistéa relativiser, à mon
avis un peu trop, les effets que devraient avoir, sur letracédesfrontières,
les titres émanantdesautorités espagnoles et déterminantles limites des
territoires concédés notamment a des collectivités (poblaciones),que
prévoitdu reste l'article 26 du traitégénéralde paix de 1980.La position

de la Chambre peut, certes, sesoutenir et en réalitéc,omme elle l'aremar-
qué,cette discussion, et notamment la distinction selon la nature (reduc-
cion ou composicidn) des titres invoqués, ont été généralement plus
théoriquesqu'elles n'onteu d'effets pratiques dans l'examen des secteurs
particuliers, ou du moins de la plupart d'entre eux.Cependant, cette posi-
tion a finalementabouti a compliquer plus qu'à simplifier l'établissement
du tracédes frontières,du fait qu'elle a abouti - du moins au départ - a
ignorer I'importance respective des titres, à mettre sur le même pieddes
décisionsd'importance fort inégaleet même à prendre en considération
des titres dépourvusde validitéjuridique comme dans lesecteur de Saza-
lapa-Arcatao (voir ci-après).

Sur un plan différent,lapart faiteaux effectivités meparaît, a part le
cas fort justifiéde Meanguera, avoir été excessivement réduite,mêmeen

tenant compte du caractère souvent insuffisant des élémentsproduits
pour lesjustifier.
Il faut, de toute manière, rendre hommage au soin avec lequel la
Chambre s'est efforcéede dégager les couches successives des limites
territoriales du passé,acomparélestitres qui lui ont étésoumis,scruté des
cartes, analyséles rapports et interprétéles relations aussi bien que les
silences des arpenteurs, chaussé leursbottes, suivi leurs pas, mesuré les
chemins parcourus, apprécié - autant qu'elle a pu - les rivières traver-
séeset cellesqui ne lui paraissaient pas l'avoirétéetidentifié- etparfois

' Arrêcti-dessus, introduction concernantla frontièreterrestre, par.43-55.sovereignty involviiig the systematiccontrol of the subsequent activities
(particularly those of cultivation) of the administrativeunit by which the

operation had beeti ordered, that, in short, such operations of major
public interest wert: bound to have had, at least under specific circum-
stances, a certain t:ffect upon the administrative structures or, in any
event, the administrative relationships of the regions considered. This
accounts for the importance that has been attached to the scope of the
titulos ejidales,inatiy event insofar as those which did not merely grant
rights of private ownership are concerned. In the last analysisthe titulos
ejidalescannot, under certain conditions and particularly with respectto
their nature, the persons meant to be affected by them, the conditions
under which they weredrawnup,theirauthority,theirdegree ofprecision
and the waysinwhichtheycould be influenced byotherfactors, beleftout
of account when one isfaced with the task of deciding upon the delimita-

tion of theboundaries between El Salvador and Honduras.
In that regard, the position adopted by the Chamber1 has been to play
down, to an extent 1consider excessive,the presumable effects upon the
course ofboundaries oftitlesemanating fromthe Spanishauthorities and
determining the limits ofthe lands granted, interalia, to collective entities
(poblaciones) - for which provision is made in Article 26 of the General
Peace Treaty of 1980.The position of the Chamber is, of course,tenable
and inreality,as it haspointed out, that discussion, and moreparticularly
the distinctiondrawnbetweenthe differentkinds oftitlesinvoked (reduc-
cionor composition)weregenerally moretheoretical than practicalintheir
effectsupon the waj inwhich particular sectors - orat leastmost ofthose

sectors - weredeali:with. However,that positionultimatelyledto a com-
plicationratherthari a simplification ofthe establishment ofthe course of
theboundaries inthat itresulted - at leastat the outset- indisregardfor
the respective importance of the titles, in decisions of very unequal
importance being put on the same footing while account was even taken
of titles of no legal validity, as in the sector of Sazalapa-Arcatao (see
below).
Ata different level,apart fromthe very justified caseof Meanguera,the
role of "effectivités"i;eemtso meto have beenunduly reduced, even ifone
allows for the frequently inadequate nature of the elements invoked in
order tojustify theni.
One must, inanyevent, pay tribute to the care with which the Chamber

endeavoured to bring to light the successive layers of past territorial
boundaries, compai-ed the titles submitted to it, scrutinized maps, ana-
lysed reports and interpreted the recitals they contained as well as their
silences,put itselfintheshoes ofthe surveyors,followedintheirfootsteps,
measured the paths they took, determined - insofar as it could - the
rivers they crossed and those they did not seem to the Chamber to have

Judgment,introductionconcerningthe lanb doundary,paras.43-55.624 DIFFÉREND (ELSALVADOR/HONDUR (OAS.)ND.VALTICOS)

mêmedû déplacer ou débaptiser - des cours d'eau et des montagnes.
Tout cela appelait des évaluations et des choix qui n'étaient pasfaciles,

surtout dans les cas, qui n'ont pas étérares, dans lesquels les preuves
étaient incertaines, leur poids discutable et où les arguments des deux
Parties paraissaient s'équilibrer.
Il n'est donc pas surprenant que, dans des conditions souvent incer-
taines, l'accord n'aitparfois pas pu êtretotal entre les membres de la
Chambre. Par conséquent,je devrai, ci-dessous, et a propos de différents
secteurs, indiquer les divers points de mon dissentiment autantque ceux
de mon accord, lorsque celui-ci appelle une explication particulière.

PREMIES RECTEUR. TEPANGÜISIR

Le premier secteur à examiner, celui de Tepangüisir, posait plusieurs
des problèmes significatifs du différend soumisa la Chambre :la portée
des titres ejidal-s avec,en l'occurrence, lacomplication supplémentaire
de leurs effets d'un secteuà l'autre-, lesdirections suiviespar lesarpen-
teurs - avecleproblème spécialqu'il s'agissaitd'une régiondemontagne
aux chemins souvent tortueux, donc aux orientations variables -,
l'emplacement contestédesprincipaux lieux géographiques,notamment
le sommet de la colline de Tepangüisir, ainsi que le cours et la source
mêmede la rivièrePomola.
Les élémentsde ces problèmes sont exposés clairement dans les

passages correspondants de l'arrêtJ .e n'estime donc pas utile d'yrevenir,
sinon pour dire qu'a divers égards - par exemple la question, relative-
ment mineure, de l'appartenance d'une zone triangulaire aux terres de
Citala -,je partagesans hésitationlepoint de vuede laChambre. Ilen est
autrement, cependant, en ce qui concerne la frontière tracéea l'ouest de
Talquezalar et qui se dirige, plus ou moins directement, vers le mont
Montecristo plutôt que de suivrel'orientation nord-ouest, vers ce qui est
plus vraisemblablement la rivièrePomola (en direction du Cerro Oscuro)
et de redescendre ensuite (direction sud-ouest) vers le tripoint de Monte-
cristo. Cela m'aurait paru plus conforme aux motivations de I'ejidode
1776,par lequel lesterres du massif de Tepangüisir ont étéattribuées àla

communauté indienne, et qui étaient de permettre aux habitants de
Citala-Tepangüisir de cultiver lesterres de cette région.
LaChambre a cru devoirretenir lesarguments du Honduras au sujetdu
cours et de l'emplacement de la sourcede la rivièrePomola, mais en fait
les arguments de part et d'autre étaient équivalents,alors que les réfé-
rences contenues dans le titre de 1776sur les ((hauts pics et la végétation
épaissede la montagne)) ainsi que sur la source de la rivière Pomola
((remontée a travers une gorge profonde et des précipices » sont encore
plus significatives de larégionmontagneuse revendiquéepar ElSalvador.
En définitive, un plusgrand poids aurait dû êtreattaché à ces raisons de
fond qu'à descartesincertaines et desorientations changeantes.crossed, and identified watercourses and mountains - sometimes even
displacing or renaming them. All this involved assessments and options
that were not easy, particularly in the not infrequent cases where the evi-
dence was uncertain, its weight was debatable and the arguments of the
two Parties seemed to canceleach other out.
It is accordinglynot surprising that, given the frequent uncertainty of

the situations confronting them, the members of the Chamber were at
times unable to reacl?complete agreement. 1 shall therefore have to indi-
cate below, inconnection with some sectors,the various points on which 1
disagree,as well asthose myconcurrencein which has a particular expla-
nation.

Thefirstsectorto bedealt with,that ofTepangüisir,raised severalofthe
significant issues of the dispute submitted to the Chamber: the scope of
the titulos ejidale- with, in this case, the further complication of their
effects from one sector to the other; the directions taken by the survey-

ors - with the special problem that they were working in a mountainous
area where pathways were frequently tortuous, involving changes in
direction; the contested location of the principal geographical features,
more particularly the top of the hill of Tepangüisir,as well as the course
and even the source of the river Pomola.
Theelements of those problems are clearly set forth in the correspond-
ing passages of the Jiidgment. 1 accordinglyseeno point in going back to
them, other than to riaythat in various respects - for example the rela-
tivelyminor matter of the appurtenance of a triangular zone to the lands
of Citala - 1unhesitatinglysubscribe to the viewstaken by the Chamber.
However, 1feeldifferently aboutthe frontierdrawn to the WestofTalque-
zalar and which runs, more orlessdirectly,towards the Cerro Montecristo
rather than following a north-westerly direction towards what is most

probably the river Pomola (i.e., towards the Cerro Oscuro),before con-
tinuing ina south-westerly directiondowntowards the tripoint of Monte-
cristo.That would have seemedto me more in accordance withthe reasons
behind the ejidoof 1776,whereby the lands of the massif of Tepangüisir
were granted to the Indian community, namely that the people of Citala-
Tepangüisir should be allowed to cultivatethe lands of that area.
The Chamber felt1:hatit should adopt the arguments of Honduras with
respect to the course and the location of the source of the river Pomola,
although in fact the arguments of both Parties were equivalent, giventhat
the references in the 1766Titleto the high peaks and thick vegetation of
the mountain and to the source of the river Pomola being reached
"through a deep gully and precipices" reflect, rather, the mountainous
area claimed by El Salvador. In short, more weight should have been
given to these substantive reasons than to uncertain maps and shifting

orientations. Dans l'ensemble,je peux me rallierà la ligne retenue.

TROISIÈMS EECTEURS.AZALAPA-ARCA(T OAUOLAVIRTUD)

Il s'agit d'un secteur complexe qui met en opposition de nombreux
titres, plus ou moins solides, et pour lesquels la premièr- et impor-
tante - question étaitcelle de leur pertinence. Ma principale objection
aux conclusions de la Chambre sur ce point est de s'êtrefondéesur des
titres contestables pour différents motifs, comme ceux de San Juan
El Chapulin, Concepcion de la Cuevas, Hacienda (ou San Francisco) de
Sazalapa,Gualcimaca et Colopele.Une difficultésupplémentaireétait la
localisation souvent différente ou même multiple des divers lieux
mentionnés.
Le résultat a été d'écarter oue limiter les demandes d'El Salvador,
notamment au nord et à l'estde la ligne qui lui a reconnue.

En outre, la Chambre a décidéde ne pas admettre la demande
d'El Salvadoren cequiconcerne un petit quadrilatèreau nord-ouest de la
zone qui lui a étéattribuée- et au nord de la rivière Sazalapa- et au
sujet duquel elleavaitestiméque lesthèsesdesdeux Etats s'équilibraient.
Un élémentque la Chambre a finalement considéréimportant pour reje-
ter cette demande aétéque l'arpenteur n'apas indiquéexpressémentqu'il
avaittraversécetterivière.L'argument n'estcertes pas sans valeur mais il
en est d'autres, a mon avis plus convaincants, dans lesens opposé.
LaChambre aégalementestiménepas devoirreconnaître àElSalvador
uneautreprotubérance,allant au nord-estde cesecteurjusqu'au Cerro El
Fraile et qui semblecorrespondre notamment au sommet de très hautes
collines qui est mentionnédans le titre'Arcatao (sans parler de la réfé-

rence quelque peu mystérieuse àun arbre «guanacaste »).
Pour ce qui est de la frontière orientaleallant du nord au sud, la partie
centrale - légèrement concave - à la hauteur de l'ancien «titre» de
Gualcimaca me paraît tenir compte de manière excessive de ce «titre»
dont j'ai déjàsignalé plus haut qu'il est dépourvu de validité,ayant été
rejetépar la Real Audiencia de Guatemala.
Enfin, en ce qui concerne la ligne situéeau sud-est,ladélimitation rete-
nue me paraît acceptable.
En définitive,lesecteur que la Chambre a décidéd'attribuerà ElSalva-
dor constitue une partie sensiblement réduite des demandes de ce pays.
Elle auraità mon sens,mérité d'être plufsournie, mais elle correspondà
l'essentiel. C'estpourquoi je m'y suis ralliéfinalement, mais non sans

quelque hésitation.

Lesecteur de Naguatériqueétaitleplusimportant quant àlasuperficie.
La principale question étaitde décidersi ce secteur devait être scindé en DISPUTE (El,SALVADOR/HONDUR (SAEP)OP.VALTICOS) 625

On the whole, 1can concur with the line adopted.

This is a complex sector in which a number of more or less solid titles
comeinto conflict - asituation which,first and foremost,raisedtheques-
tion of therelevancc:of those titles. My main objection to the findings of
the Chamber on thispoint isthat itbased itsreasoning upon titles thatare

questionable on a niimber of grounds, such as those of San Juan El Cha-
pulin, Concepcion clelas Cuevas, Hacienda (or San Francisco) of Saza-
lapa, Gualcimaca and Colopele. Anadditional difficulty wasthe location,
frequently various or even multiple,of the various placesto which refer-
ence was made.
Asa consequence, El Salvador'sclaimswere either set aside or limited,
particularly to the north and the east of the linefixed.
Moreover, the Chamber decided not to accept El Salvador's claimto a
smallquadrilateral to the north-west of the areaattributed to it- and to
thenorth ofthe river Sazalapa - with respect to which it deemedthe two
States' arguments to be of equal weight. One element that the Chamber
finallysawassignificantto itsrejection ofthe claim was thatthe surveyor
did not expressly st;ite whether he had crossed the Sazalapa river. The

argument isofcoursenot without weight,butthere are others which strike
me as more convincing and gothe other way.
The Chamber also found that it could not accept El Salvador'sclaim to
another protmsion, extending to the north-east of that sector as far as the
Cerro El Fraileand whichseemstocorrespond, moreparticularly, tothetop
ofcertainvery high h:llsthat ismentionedinthetitle-deed ofArcatao(toSay
nothing of the somevrhatmysteriousreferenceto a "guanacaste" tree).
With respect to the eastern frontier running from north to south, the
central (slightly concave) part on thesame levelas the old "title-deed" of
Gualcimaca seems to me to take undue account of that "title-deed" -
which 1have already mentioned asbeing invalid, since it was rejected by
the Real Audiencia of Guatemala.
Lastly,and withrespect tothe linelocated tothe south-east, theadopted
delimitation is, inyview, acceptable.

In short, theectol-that the Chamber has decided to attribute to El Sal-
vador constitutes an appreciablydiminished part ofthat country's claims.
1 consider that it couId properly have beenfilled out somewhat,but that it
corresponds to the essential. That is why 1 finally gave it my support,
albeitnot without somehesitation.

The sector of Naguaterique was the largest in area. The main question
was whether that sectorshould be split up into two parts, divided by thedeux, de part etd'autre du fleuve Rio Negro-Quiagara, lenord étantattri-
bué au Honduras et le sud à El Salvador, ou si l'ensemble du secteur en
question, c'est-à-direà partir de la ligne, au nord, du Cerro La Ardilla,
devait être reconnu à El Salvador.
Lamajoritéde la Chambre s'estprononcée,dans des termes quitémoi-
gnent d'une certaine hésitation initiale,enfaveurd'une ligne frontièrequi

suive le fleuve Negro-Quiagara. Il ne m'a pas été possiblede partager ce
pointde vue, car letitre d'hambala-Perquin, qui avait fait l'objet,dans le
cadre de la juridiction de San Miguel, d'un arpentage en 1769 - pour
remplacer un titre de 1745détruitpar le feu - et qui avait été formelle-
ment confirméen 1815par le JuezPrivativode Tierrasde la Real Audien-
cia de Guatemala, consacrait la ligne de Cerro La Ardilla où, du reste,
l'arpenteur Castro avaitcommencésesopérations.Cetitresolide aurait, à
mon sens, dû l'emporter sur lesconsidérations,bien moinsconvaincantes,
qui ont étéinvoquéespour justifier la ligne Rio Negro.

Troisélémentsquiont été utiliséscontre la ligne du Cerro LaArdilla ne
me semblent pas convaincants.

En premier lieu, il a étéquestion d'un terrain de Jocoara qui avait été
exclu de l'attribution précitée,mais, outre que lestermes en étaientdiffé-
rents, ils ne concernaient qu'une localité éloignéeet de dimensions
réduites(2 caballeriaset demie).
On s'est aussi référéà la ligne de la rivière Salalamuya, qui avait été
invoquée par El Salvador comme une limite de la ligne du Cerro La
Ardilla et qui, il est vrai, n'a pas pu être sisur une carte. L'objection
n'estpas dépourvuede valeur,mais ellen'estpas décisive,d'autant que les
cartes présentéespar les Parties sont loin d'êtretoujours précises. En
outre, le doute existant sur le tracéexact de la limite ne saurait suffire
amputerun pays d'un territoire entier.
Enfin,sans parler ici de l'attrait commode maisparfois excessif que les

traceurs de frontières éprouventdans certains cas pour les certitudesdes
cours d'eau, une troisième considération avancée en faveur de la limite
fluviale étaitqu'elle avait étéenvisagéelors des négociations menées en
1861maisrejetéepeuaprèspar ElSalvador. Or ilest admis que lespropo-
sitions faites au cours de négociations ne peuvent entrer en ligne de
compte lorsqu'ils'agitde statuer en droit etildevraitenêtrede mêmepour
des accords provisoires dans le cadre de négociations. Ici la notion
d'acquiescement serait trop fugace et du reste conditionnelle pour être
retenue. La Chambre ne saurait, par ailleurs, statuer ex aequoet bono, à
supposer même, cequi est loin d'êtrecertain, que l'équitétrouve son
compte dans une telle décision, qui,du reste, ignore l'existence de natio-

naux salvadoriens ayant des propriétésdans la partie contestée de la
région etdont la situation risquerait d'être précaireavec l'attribution de
cette régionau Honduras.

Ce secteur est certainement celui au sujet duquel j'éprouvele plus de
réserves àl'égarddes conclusions de la Chambre. DISPUTE (E.LSALVADOR/HONDUR (SESP).OP.VALTICOS) 626

river Negro-Quiagara, the northern part being attributed to Honduras
and the southern oneto El Salvador, orwhether the whole ofthat sector -
i.e.,asfrom, to thenorth,the Cerro La Ardilla line - should be attributed
to El Salvador.
Themajority of the Chamber found - interms which bear witness to a
certain initialhesitation - in favour of a frontier line following the river
Negro-Quiagara. 1\vasunable to subscribe to that view, as the title-deed
of Arambala-Perquin - which had been the subject (within the frame-
work ofthejurisdiction of San Miguel) of a survey effectedin 1769with a

viewto the replacenient of a 1745title-deed destroyed by fire, and which
was expressly confirmed in 1815 by the Juez Privativo de Tierrasof the
Real Audiencia of Guatemala - established the line from the Cerro La
Ardilla, where, moreover, the surveyor,Castro, had begun his operations.
This solid title-deed should, in my view, have taken precedence over the
distinctly less convincing considerations advanced in support of the
Rio Negro line.
Three elementswliichwereinvokedagainst the Cerro LaArdilla linedo
not seemto me to be convincing.
In the first place,eference was made to a tract of land known as Joco-
ara which had been left out of the above-mentioned land grant; but, in
addition to being d.ifferent, the corresponding terms only relate to a
distant area ofrelatively small dimensions (2V2caballerias).

Reference wasalsomade to the line oftheriverSalalamuya, which had
been invoked by El Salvador as limiting the Cerro La Ardilla line and
which, admittedly,could not be located on any map. Theobjection isnot
without weight - but it isnot decisive,asthe maps submitted by the Par-
ties are far from being accurate in every case. What is more, the doubt
that subsists as to the exact course of the boundary should not without
more resultin a Statelosing a whole piece of territory.
Lastly, to say nothing of the convenientbut sometimes excessivepull
that the certainties of watercoursesexert,in certain cases, upon whoever
has to draw a boundary line, a third consideration advanced in favour of
the river boundary aas that ithad been envisaged during the negotiations
of 1861but rejectecl shortly thereafter by El Salvador. However, it is
accepted that proposais made during negotiations cannot be taken into
account when a decision based on law isto be made, and the same should

hold good for provisional agreements within the framework of negotia-
tions. In sucha context,thenotion ofacquiescencewouldbe too elusiveas
well as conditional to be acceptable. The Chamber may not, moreover,
reach decisions exaequo etbon0 - even if one wereto consider,although
the point is by no rrieans free of doubt, that equity is served by such a
decision, which, in addition, takes no account ofthe presence of Salvado-
rian nationals withp:ropertiesinthe contested part ofthearea, whose situ-
ation could well become precarious as a result of the attribution of that
area to Honduras.
Thissector iscertainly theone in which 1have the greatestreservations
aboutthe Chamber's findings.627 DIFFÉREND (ELSALVADOR/HONDUR (AS.IND. VALTICOS)

Par ailleurs, pour lasection sud-ouest, qui soulevait des questions parti-
culièrement complexes, la solution finalement retenue, bien que ne
prenant pas en considération, comme elle aurait pu le faire, certaines des
effectivitésmentionnéespar El Salvador, ne manque pas, dans I'ensemble,
delogique,lesélémentsdisponibles n'étandtans I'ensembleguèreprobants.

Un problème analogue, àcertains égards,àcelui de Naguaterique s'est
présentédans le secteur suivant, celui de Dolores. La aussi, il s'agissait

d'un conflit entre, d'une part, un titre de valeur juridique incontestable,
celui de 1760,concernant Poloros, qu'avait approuvé la Real Audiencia
de Guatemala, mais dont la portéegéographique n'étaitpas certaine, et,
d'autre part,un coursd'eau, la rivièreTorola, qui offrait l'avantage de la
commodité, mais ne trouvait d'appui sérieuxni dans les titres ni dans la
pratique.
Il suffira ici de rappeler qu'un ancien territoire, dit de Sapigre, ne
saurait êtrepris enconsidération enl'occurrence, aprèsl'extinction de ses
habitants,au début du XVIIIe siècle,ceterritoire étantalors retournà la
Couronne d'Espagne qui en avait disposé à son gré.On ne peut, certes,
entrer ici dans le détaildes titres de valeur inégale,invoquésde part et
d'autre, mais il en ressort que, finalement, le titre de Poloros devrait
s'imposer et qu'ils'étendau nordde la rivièreTorola. Laquestion estalors
de déciderquelle devrait êtrel'extension du territoirà retenir en ce qui

concerne El Salvador. Cet Etat soutenait que ledit territoire, qui aurait
pris la forme approximative d'un trapèze, aurait eu pour sommet, à
l'ouest, le Cerro de Lopez, d'où une ligne droite aboutirait,à l'est, au
Cerro Ribita, la limite se dirigeant ensuite vers le sud-est, puis le sud, en
suivant la rivièreUnire. Cette formule rencontrait un certain nombre
d'objections, notamment du point de vue de la superficie couverte, des
distances mentionnées dans le titre de Poloros et desdonnées géographi-
quesquelque peu douteuses. Pour tenir compte de ces différentsfacteurs,
la Chambre s'est ralliée a une construction aux termes de laquelle
El Salvador aurait bien droit a une sorte de quadrilatère au nord du
fleuve, mais dans desproportions réduitesde manière à tenircompte des
distances susmentionnées dans le titre de Poloros.

Si cette solution ingénieuse peut êtreconsidérée comme satisfaisante

du point de vue du principe et des distances, elle présentel'inconvénient
de comporter un changement d'appellation, par rapport aux dénomina-
tions traditionnelles, pour les sommets et les rivières en cause et de
comporter ainsi un autre mont Lopez et uneautre rivièreMansupucagua.
Ce phénomènen'estpas rare dans laprésente affaire(on l'aainsiconstaté
en particulier dans le troisième secteur), mais il faut admettre qu'il n'est
pas pleinement satisfaisant. Cependant, à défaut de solution plus
convaincante, on doit bien l'accepter comme une conséquence des
donnéesdisponibles. In a different field, i.e., as regards the south-westernsection - which

raised some particularly complex issues - the solution finally adopted,
eventhough it does riottake account of some ofthe effectivitésmentioned
by ElSalvador - as itcouldhave done - does not,as awhole,lack logic,
since the availableelements were, in the main, scarcely probative.

A problem to some extent similar to that of Naguaterique arose in the
followingsector, Do lores.Inthat sectorthe Chamber wasalsoconfronted
by a conflict between, on the one hand, a title-deed of an incontestable
legal weight,Le.,the 1760onerelatingto Poloros, whichwas approved by
the Real Audiencia of Guatemala but whose geographical scope was
uncertain, and, on the other hand, a watercourse - the river Torola -

which offered the advantage of conveniencebut had no strong support in
either the title-deeds or practice.
Itwill suffice in tlniscontext to bear in mind that an earlier territory,
known as Sapigre,shouldnot be taken intoaccount in thepresent caseas,
after itspeople had died out at the beginning ofthe 18thcentury,the terri-
tory reverted to the SpanishCrown, which disposed of it as it deemed fit.
One cannot, of course,enterhere into details concerning the title-deeds of
unequal value that wereinvoked by one and the other Party,but itfollows
from them that the tii:le-deedof Polorosshouldbe givenprimacy and that
itextends to the north of the river Torola. The question is, then, one of
decidingwhat shoultl bethe extent oftheterritory to be seen asbelonging
to El Salvador. The latter maintained that that territory, purportedly
shaped rather like a trapezium,had as its apex,to the West,the Cerro de

Lopez, from whence a straight line would lead, to the east, to the Cerro
Ribita, withthe boundary at that point swinginground towardsthe south-
east and then to the south, along the river Unire. This formula raised a
number of objections, particularly with respect to the area covered, the
distances mentioned in the title-deed of Poloros and the somewhat dubi-
ous geographicaldata. In order to take account ofthese differentfactors,
the Chamber gaveitssupport to a constructionaccording to which El Sal-
vador would indeed be entitled to a sort of quadrilateral to the north of
the river, but in proportions reduced so as to take account of the above-
mentioned distancesin the title-deed of Poloros.
While this ingenious solution may be deemed satisfactory from the
standpoint ofprinciple and ofthedistancesinvolved, itpresents the draw-
back of entailing cha.ngesof names, as compared to the traditional topo-
nymy,with respect to the peaks and rivers in question, and ofthus imply-

ing an alternativeCerro de Lopez and another river Mansupucagua. This
result is not unusual in the present case(ashas been noted, in particular,
for the third sector),but one has to admit that it is not fully satisfactory.
However,for want of'amoreconvincingsolution, ithastobeaccepted asa
consequence of the available data. La question des espacesmaritimes comprendd'une part celle deseaux
à l'intérieurdu golfe et, d'autre part, celle des eaàl'extérieurde celui-
ci.Cesdeux problèmessont naturellement différentsmaisilsconstituent à
plus d'un titre le prolongement l'unde l'autretout en soulevant des ques-
tions spécifiques.
Pour les eaux àl'intérieurdu golfe,je n'ai pas de difficultéàpartager

l'avisde la Chambre.
Quant aux eaux a l'extérieurdu golfe, les problèmes qu'ils posaient
étaientindiscutablement complexes. Ilsl'étaient,notamment, du fait que,
s'agissant du prolongement d'une baie historique particulièreayant trois
Etats riverains, le droit international généralde la mer n'offre pas de
normes de référence spécifique en la matière.La situation particulière de
cettebaie etlefait que lescôtes du Hondurassont situéesaufondde celui-
ci, que la plupart de ses côtes ont déjà étéprises en considération en900
dans les accords conclus avec le Nicaragua, l'écranque constitue - du

moins en partie - l'îlede Meanguera que laChambreattribue à ElSalva-
dor et les objections présentées contre la construction d'une ligne de
clôture de labaie entrele cap Amapala etlecap Cosigüina,constituent des
éléments quinemanquent pasd'un certain poids dans laconsidérationde
ce problème. En définitive, cependant, ces arguments ne paraissent
pas décisifs etil m'est apparu que l'argumentation de la majoritéde la
Chambre - qu'il estinutile de reprendre ic- est acceptable du point de
vue du droit, compte tenu du caractère tout à fait spécialdu golfe de
Fonseca comme baie historique à trois riverains, ainsi qu'on l'a dit plus
haut. Les conclusions qui en sont tiréespar la Chambre sont la consé-

quence de cette situation particulière et ne sauraient naturellement avoir
de portéeplus généraledans des conditions qui seraient différentes.

(Signé)Nicolas VALTICOS. Theissue of the maritime spacescomprises,onthe one hand, the ques-
tion of the waters vlrithinthe Gulf and, on the other, that of the waters
outside it.These are two differentproblems,each of which raises specific
questions,but constituteextensions of each other.
Forthe waters withintheGulf, 1 havenodifficultyin sharingthe Cham-
ber'sview.
As for the waters outside the Gulf, the problems that arose were
undoubtedly complrx ones. They wereparticularly complex because one
was dealing with the extension of a particularhistoricbay having three
riparian States, witfirespect to which the generalinternational law of the
sea does not contai11any specific noms. The particular situation of that
bay and the factthat the coasts of Hondurasare locatedat the back ofit -

together with the fact that most of those coasts were already taken into
account in 1900 in the agreements concluded with Nicaragua -, the
screen formed, at least in part, by the island of Meanguera, which the
Chamber attributes to El Salvador, and the objectionsraised against the
construction of a closing line of the bay between Cape Arnapala and
Cape Cosigüina, are:so many elements that must carry some weight in the
consideration of thif;problem. Al1inall, however, those arguments do not
strike me as decisivi:and 1 take the view that the line of argument of the
majority of the Chamber - which need not be recapitulated at this
stage - is accepta1)lefrom a legal standpoint, given the very peculiar
character ofthe GulFof Fonseca asan historic bay withthree riparians, as
has alreadybeen pointed out.Theconclusionsdrawn bythe Chamber are
a consequence ofthat particular situation and cannot, of course,be given
a moregeneral scopein circumstances of a differentkind.

(Signed) Nicolas VALTICOS.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Valticos (translation)

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