Dissenting Opinion of Judge Mosler

Document Number
068-19850603-JUD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
068-19850603-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE MOSLER

Having voted against the delimitation as determined in theJudgment, 1
feel bound to state the reasons which, to my regret, prevented me from
joining the majority of my colleagues. My doubts relate not only to the
resultreached by theCourt, but equallyto themethod usedinarrivingat it.
Sinceit cannot be the legitimate purpose of a separate opinion of ajudge
beingin the minority to offer an alternative decision,but rather to explain
why he is not able to followthe reasoning and result of the Judgment, my
remarks will concentrate only on the principal points of divergence of
views.

Forty years of development of international law regarding the delimi-
tation of maritime areas - sea-bed and subsoil, water column and surface

- have not yet brought about more concrete legalprinciples and rules on
this matter than themaximthat delimitation istobeeffectedin accordance
with equitable principles and taking account of al1relevant circumstances,
soastoarriveat an equitable result. It iswellknown that the Lawof theSea
Conventionhas not provided detailed criteria. 1welcometheexplanations
given by the Court on equity and equitable principles (Judgment, paras.
45-47). Thesefurnish a convincing description of the legalframework, but
further detailed developments must be left to the case-law, of which the
present Judgment is the fourth examplein theCourt'sjurisprudence - not
forgetting the arbitrations between Franceand Great Britain in 1977and,
in a different geographical situation, between Guinea-Bissau and Guinea
in 1985.The judicial task is to make the law more determinable by ob-
jective criteria, andthus more predictable to potential parties. This goal
can only be achieved by selecting, in each case, such facts and circum-
stances as are relevant to the solution because they possess a close rela-
tionshp to the area concerned, for the purpose of the delimitation and in
the respective interests of the parties involved. Reasons derived from

geographical situations and relationships characterizing the relevant
region are clearly to be taken account of. Facts and circumstances taken
into consideration must be as objective and intelligible as possible. It is
certainly not easy to define a precise criterion for this objectivity and
intelligibility. The nearest approximation to such a definition seemsto be
that the evaluation of facts and circumstances as relevant must be likelyto
persuade a neutral observer of the relationship 1 have referred to. It is
admitted that certain subjectiveelementsin evaluating and balancing facts
and circumstances can hardly be excluded.Butit istheduty of theCourt, ifit is not explicitly authorized by the parties tojudge ex aequo et bono,to
reduce these elements to a minimum.

The method chosen to pursue the task and achieve a solution is of
decisiveimportance, if one aims at developing in each concrete case more
precise criteria relevant to a delirnitation.

My view differs considerably from the approach chosen by the Court.
TheCourt starts with a general description of the geographical context of
the dispute. It emphasizes, however, that in doing so it does not intend to
define in geographical terms the area which is relevant to the delimitation
and the area in dispute between theParties. Nor is such adefinition found
in any later part of the Judgment.The Court thus departs, without giving
the reasons for that omission, from the previous jurisprudence in similar
caseswherean analogoussituation existed,and where the determination of
the area relevant to thelitigation was considered indispensable (Continen-
talShelf (Tunisia/LibyanArabJamahiriya),Judgment,I.C.J. Reports1982,
pp. 60-62,in connection with the examination of "equitable principles" ;

DelimitationoftheMaritime BoundaryintheGulfof MaineArea, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 268-278, in connection with the geographical
description of thearea in which thedelimitation was to becarried out). The
question asto which areas of the Central Mediterranean are subject to the
delimitation between the Parties is explicitly left open.It could have been
answered - and, in my view, the Court should have answered it - by an
assessment of the geographical relationship between the coasts of the
Parties. According to this criterion, the relevant area would extend to al1
maritime zones lying between coasts facing each other, including those
zones in which the coasts of third States are also situated in an opposite
position.
However, 1do not think that in al1cases of maritime delimitation the
relevant area must be determined by notional geographic lines drawn
between the coasts the seaward extensions of which overlap each other. In
geographical conditions where the coasts of two laterally neighbouring
States are not in a concave situation no definition of relevant maritime
areasispossible. In the Gulfof Maine casethe determination of the relevant

area was only partly made, namely for the Gulf region in the narrower
senseasfar asthe closinglineof the Gulf. In the outer areaextendingto the
open Atlantic Ocean, no such precision was needed for the fulfilment of
the judicial task nor was it even geographically possible. The Arbitral
Judgment between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau is another example of a
coastal relationship where the determination of a relevant area was not
required.
In the present case however, where the relatively small maritime region
of the Central Mediterranean is surrounded by several bordering States being in an opposite position to each other, anyattribution of areas to one
of these Statespresupposesthat the extension of its coast toward anyother
State of the region is determined. In this particular situation coastal
extensions overlap in many places, and not only with respect to the

extension of only one neighbouring State lying on the other shore. It is
obvious that difficulties arise therefrom if, as in the present case, the
Court's jurisdiction is confined to the delimitation between two States
only, while third States have claims which extend to areas which would
otherwise appertain to the parties to the dispute alone. The shortest lines
connecting the extreme points on the Maltese islands (Ras il-Wardija and
Delimara Point) with the Libyan coast are those to Ras Ajdir in the West
and the region of Benghaziin the east. In reply to ajudge's question put in
the debates on the Application by Italy for Permission to Inteniene given
after the hearings had been closed, Italy has specified, by geographical
CO-ordinates,its claims to jurisdictional maritime rights in areas mainly
east of Malta but also, toa smallerextent, Westof the island of Gozo, which
extend to regionslyingbetween opposite coasts of Libya and Malta. Asfar
as the more important eastern part is concerned, the 15" 10'meridian,
which runs from Cape Passero on Sicilysouthward to a point east of Ras
Zarruq, establishes up to the parallel of 34" 30'N the western limit of the

Italian claim in this part of the region disputed in the present case. On the
western side of the Maltese islands Italy defined its claims by reference to
the 13"50' meridian. The Court, which received officia1notice of these
claims in the proceedings just mentioned, is debarred from pronouncing
on them. According to Article 59 of the Statute, referred to by the Judg-
ment, decisions are binding only on the parties. Furthermore, in its Judg-
ment rejecting the permission to intervenethe Court explicitlypointed out
that

"The future Judgment will not merely be limited in its effects by
Article 59 of the Statute :it will be expressed, upon its face, to be
without prejudice to the rights and titles of third States." (I.C.J.
Reports 1984, pp. 26-27,para. 43).
The consideration that the Court, asaconsequence of having denied the
intervention, is without competence to deal with the Italian claims does
not, however, dispense the Court from examining the geographical rela-
tionship of the Libyan and Maltese coasts in the whole region. Without

determining this area, it is hardly possible to attribute parts of it to one or
the other Party. The Court circumvents the problem by taking the Italian
claims relating to the 13"50' meridian in the West and to the 15" 10'
meridian in the east as barriers where the Judgment has to stop. In doing
so, it does not - strictly speaking - involve itself with the rights of ltaly
but, on the other hand, it restricts to the area between these two meridians
suggestedby Italy thejurisdiction conferred upon it by Libya and Malta in
the Special Agreement. Moreover, the Court refers, even in the operative
part of the Judgment, to a point on the 15" 10'meridian from which the
delimitation line is measured. 1fail to seefor what reason theinformation givenby a third State to the
Court on its claims regarding maritime zones also claimed by oneorboth
parties to a pending dispute is taken as a fact restricting the Court's
jurisdiction and as a technical means to indicate the direction of the
delimitation line. It does not matter whether the claim of the third State is
prima facie not unreasonable, or that the parties did not comment on the
claims. These points were not among the factual and legal questions
involved in the dispute. The competence of the Court to decide on the

delimitation of the area lying between the coasts of the parties cannot
depend on the pretensions of a third State brought to the Court's notice.
On thecontrary, the Court, in myview,has no power to take into account a
line which it is not even entitled to examine. The legitimate goal of not
prejudicing Italy'srights must not have the effect that not the whole of the
case of the Parties is decided. The actual difficulties originate in the
rejection of theItalian request to intervene. 1donot criticizethat Judgment
(in which 1did not take part),but takeit as afact. However, 1think that its
consequences cannot be - if not in law but in fact - corrected in the

present phase of the proceedings.

III

Based on the uncertain ground of a non-defined area, the Judgment
cannot avoid defining any area whatever of relevance to the decision. A
definition was needed when the Judgment arrived at the point where the
proportion between the areas attributed to Libya and Malta, respectively,

had to be taken into account. The area established for this purpose is
defined by the coastlines of the Maltese islands - from Ras il-Wardija on
the island of Gozo to Delimara Point on theisland of Malta - and those of
Libya, from the Tunisian frontier at Ras Ajdir to RasZarruq, apoint near
the 15" 10'meridian. The purpose is to have points of reference on Malta
and Libya in order to measure - at least in a very global manner - the
proportion of the areas north and south of the delimitation line. These
coastlines do not, however,dominate even the whole of the area delimited
by the Judgment ; this area includes, east of the line Delimara Point-Ras

Zarruq, azoneextending on its eastern side to the 15" 10'meridian, which
the Court considersastheeastern limitof the delimitation. This zone isnot
confined by any plausible northern boundary - the reason being that the
Court made no attempt to define the entirety of the relevant coasts, which
comprise, in myview,al1the coastlines of the Parties facing each other (see
IVbelow). For this reason, theJudgment cannot take account of this zone
inconsideringthecircumstances relevant to proportionality. The proposa1
of Libya to draw a line due east from Delimara Point, which at its inter-
section with the 15" 10'meridian could form the northern closing boun-

dary of this zone, has no justification in law and, moreover, is not men-
tioned in the Judgment. If one maintains, as does the Court, that thelengths of the coasts are a relevant circumstance for the calculation of
proportionality, one must take account of more than merely a part of
Libya's coast lying opposite to Malta.

In seeking to determine the whole area involved, including those parts
which may be claimed by third States, one must begin with the definition
contained in the Judgment in the Tunisia/Libya case, when the Court
said :
"The coast of each of the Parties, therefore, constitutes the starting

line from which one has to set out in order to ascertain how far the
submarine areas appertaining to each of them extend in a seaward
direction, as wellas in relation to neighbouring States situated either
in an adjacent or opposite position." (1C.J. Reports 1982,p. 61,para.
74.)
While one can follow the concurring views of the Parties as far as the
western limit is concerned (Ras il-Wardija to Ras Ajdir), another solution
must be found in the east, which does not correspond to the proposals of

either Party. The Libyan proposa1 includes certain regions in the Escarp-
ment-FaultZone which certainly fa11outside any opposite situation of the
coasts of the Parties, while the Maltese geometric construction of a tra-
pezium (Fig. 7of Malta's oral presentation) also includes regions not lying
between coastsfacingeach other. However, Maltais right in arguing that it
follows from its geographical situation as an island State that submarine
areas adjacent to its coast extend in al1 directions and are, therefore,
relevant to the delimitation of these areas with regard to any opposite
State. Consequently, the whole coast of Malta from Ras il-Wardija to
Delimara Point isto be taken into account with regard to the Libyan coast.
The final eastern stretch of the Libyan coast facing the southeastern coast
of Malta is the region of the city of Benghazi.Obviously, this large area is,
to a considerable extent, overlapped by justifiable claims of Italy.

In order to exerciseitsjurisdiction to the fullest extent possible and, at
the same time, not to prejudice rights which may be claimed by third
States,the Court can define the principles, rules and methods for drawing

thedelimitation line between Libya and Malta. In doing so it must make a
reservation that the definitive attribution ofareas in which claims of third
States overlap with those of the Parties must await either an agreement
between the interested States or ajudicial decision according to law. It can
either content itself with the precise indication of principles, rules and
methods to be applied or, in addition, draw a delimiting line in the safe
area, where it is known that no other claims are to be expected, and mark
both ends with arrows in the direction in which the line should continue.
This isthe method followedby theCourt in the TunisialLibyacase,when itreserved the rights which Malta may have in the area relevant to the
delimitation between Libya and Tunisia.

1share the conclusions of the Court that no fundamental discontinuity
- as alleged by Libya - interrupts the sea-bed between the Parties and
that, even were it to exist, it would be irrelevant because the principle
enunciated in the second part of Article 76,paragraph 1,of the Law of the
Sea Convention, according to which a coastal State is entitled to conti-
nental shelf rights within a distance of 200 nautical miles, forms part of
general international law binding on the Parties.

As the Court emphasizes, in accordance with its previousjurisprudence,
there is no single method to be applied in the delimitation of submarine
areas. For the purpose of applying the law in a given situation, the
appropriate method will Varyaccording to the particular features of each
case. Although the law applicable to delimitations does not give prefer-
ence,inabstracto,to one method or another, arelationship certainly exists

between the principles and rules applicable in a given dispute and the
method or choice of methods resulting from the determination of the
principles and rules applicable in aconcrete case.The determination of the
method is therefore indicated by the applicable principles and rules, even
when the choice of one method does not logically or necessarily follow
from the definition of the principles and rules. If the principles and rules
can be carried into effect by more than one method, the choice between
them is a matter of judicial propriety.
The rule of equity requires equal treatment of the Parties. In disputes
concerning territorial boundaries, including submarine areas, equal treat-
ment does not necessarily mean the attribution of equal shares. A delimi-
tation according to equal areas on either side isin conformity with the rule
of equity only in so far as the relevant criteria and circumstances in their
totality in fact indicatethis result. If this is the situation in agivencase. the
equidistance method suggestsitself as the technical means which is first to
be applied. If this method fails in the particular facts and circumstances of
the case, it must be supplemented or even replaced by another method.

The Parties agree that, in accordance with the continuousjurisprudence
of the Court since the North Sea ContinentalSheijJudgment, equidistance
is not a principle imposed by law, but a method to be applied if called for
by the particular facts of the case. The equitable character of an equidis-
tance line is, however, more manifest between opposite States than
between laterally adjacent States.

When the Court stated in 1969that equidistance was not a principle. it 120 CONTINENTAL SHELF (DISS. OP. MOSLER)

drew attention to the different situation of lateral and opposite delimita-
tions ; recalling the difficulties experienced in the International Law
Commission in drafting the Convention on the Continental Shelf, it
observed :

"The continental shelf area off, and dividing, opposite States, can
be claimed by each of them to be a natural prolongation of its terri-
tory. Theseprolongations meet and overlap, and can thereforeonlybe
delimited by means of a median line ;and, ignoring the presence of
islets, rocks and minor coastal projections, the disproportionally dis-
torting effect of which can be eliminated by other means, such a line
must effect an equal division of the particular area involved." (I.C.J.
Reports 1969, p. 36, para. 57.)

According to thisJudgment, the areas in which the conflicting claims of
coastalStates overlap shallbe equally divided. Sincein thepresent case the
distance from theoppositecoastsgeneratesthe title, a median linebetween
the coasts of the Parties suggests itself as the principal consideration for
arriving at an equitable result. The first step of the delimitation process is
therefore to draw a median line between the baselines of the Parties. With
regard to thispoint 1am able to agree with the delimitation method of the

Judgment.

The question remains, however, whether this line is equitable without
further adjustment or whether a transposition isneeded because of facts or
circumstances whichhave tobe taken into account. Sincethe median lineis
thenormal method of arriving atan equitable result in the division of areas
between oppositecoasts, thislineshouldbeconsiderednot onlyasthefirst
step in the delimitation process but also, as a rule, as its final result.
Admittedly, there may beparticular circumstancesrequiring a correction.
Anomalies in one or the other coastline may exercise such an influence on
thecourse of thelinethat an adjustment isneeded. If one discards, with the

Judgment, the Rock of Filfla in front of the Maltese Coast,there isnoother
factor which, by reason of an unusual configuration of thecoasts, callsfor
a correction of the median line.

1 do not exclude the possibility that, in certain cases, there may be
particular geographical circumstances which make a median line inequi-
table. But such circumstancesmust be eligibleto be taken into account on
the basis of calculablecriteria, not on the basis of unspecified impressions
of equitableness. The Judgment arrives at an overall shift of 18'northwards from the

median line, which surprisingly - as 1 have already emphasized - is
calculated on the 15" 10'meridian. This transposition is justified by a
comparison of the lengths of the respective coasts and by the general
macro-geographic situation and the specialposition of the Maltese islands
in the Central Mediterranean.
1fail to seehow either of these circumstances can provide criteria which
can be used to calculate results.
Taking first the comparison of the lengths of the coasts, one has to bear
in mind that the respectivelengths are already reflected by theproportions
between the two zones se~arated bv the median line. Thenorthern Dartof
the delimited area is conSiderably smaller than the southern part &cause
of the much shorter coast of the Maltese islands and the much longer
extension of the Libyan coast. This whole areaforms almost a triangle, its
vertex formed bv the Maltese islands and its baseline bv the Libvan coast.

The disproportion between the coastlines is even Geater thian Libya
asserts, and theJudgment confirms, because the coast east of Ras Zarruq
to the point near Benghazi - whichliesinan opposite position to Delimara
Point - is excluded from consideration as part of the relevant area, con-
trary to my view expressed in IV above. On the other hand, in making a
comparison of al1the coastlines as a relevant circumstance requiring cor-
rection of the median line in favour of Libya, one must take account of the
fact that the larger part of the entire relevant area (including the seaward
extension of the Libyan coast east of Ras Zarruq) is subject to a delimi-
tation to be effected later with Italy. For this reason 1do not think that the
lengths of the coasts of the Parties may be treated às a relevant circum-
stance in the sense in which the Court in 1982,and its Chamber in 1984,

used thiscriterion as aqualifyingelement forthe final determination of the
delimiting line.

The second circumstance which has been examined tojustify the result
of theJudgment is the geographic position of the small Maltese islands in
the relatively limited, semi-enclosed area of the Central Mediterranean,
which is surrounded by a number of States with opposite coasts and
consequent conflicting claims. It is however hardly possible to find a
reasonable method of evaluating ths circumstance in the present case,
deriving from it somemethod of calculation to reduce, on the basis of this
geographical relationship, the area attributed to Malta. To my regret, 1
cannot agreewith the Court's assessmentof thiscircumstance asonewhich
is relevant in the present case.

The Judgment rightlyrejects theidea that acomparison of thelandmass
of States can form anycriterion to be respected in arriving atan equitable
delimitation. This statement certainly reflects the development of the law
of the sea in this respect ; its consequences should not be diminished, as
they areto someextent, by areference to the geographicposition of a small
group ofislands in themidst ofsurroundingcoastal States. Ths iscertainly
not the Court's intention, but 1 am afraid that the extent of the 18'northward transposition of the median line can be misunderstood in that
sense.
My conclusion is therefore that there is no convincing reason to depart
from the median line, whch 1think is the equitablesolution of thedispute
in the circumstances of the case.

(Signed H)ermann MOSLER.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE MOSLER

Having voted against the delimitation as determined in theJudgment, 1
feel bound to state the reasons which, to my regret, prevented me from
joining the majority of my colleagues. My doubts relate not only to the
resultreached by theCourt, but equallyto themethod usedinarrivingat it.
Sinceit cannot be the legitimate purpose of a separate opinion of ajudge
beingin the minority to offer an alternative decision,but rather to explain
why he is not able to followthe reasoning and result of the Judgment, my
remarks will concentrate only on the principal points of divergence of
views.

Forty years of development of international law regarding the delimi-
tation of maritime areas - sea-bed and subsoil, water column and surface

- have not yet brought about more concrete legalprinciples and rules on
this matter than themaximthat delimitation istobeeffectedin accordance
with equitable principles and taking account of al1relevant circumstances,
soastoarriveat an equitable result. It iswellknown that the Lawof theSea
Conventionhas not provided detailed criteria. 1welcometheexplanations
given by the Court on equity and equitable principles (Judgment, paras.
45-47). Thesefurnish a convincing description of the legalframework, but
further detailed developments must be left to the case-law, of which the
present Judgment is the fourth examplein theCourt'sjurisprudence - not
forgetting the arbitrations between Franceand Great Britain in 1977and,
in a different geographical situation, between Guinea-Bissau and Guinea
in 1985.The judicial task is to make the law more determinable by ob-
jective criteria, andthus more predictable to potential parties. This goal
can only be achieved by selecting, in each case, such facts and circum-
stances as are relevant to the solution because they possess a close rela-
tionshp to the area concerned, for the purpose of the delimitation and in
the respective interests of the parties involved. Reasons derived from

geographical situations and relationships characterizing the relevant
region are clearly to be taken account of. Facts and circumstances taken
into consideration must be as objective and intelligible as possible. It is
certainly not easy to define a precise criterion for this objectivity and
intelligibility. The nearest approximation to such a definition seemsto be
that the evaluation of facts and circumstances as relevant must be likelyto
persuade a neutral observer of the relationship 1 have referred to. It is
admitted that certain subjectiveelementsin evaluating and balancing facts
and circumstances can hardly be excluded.Butit istheduty of theCourt, if OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. MOSLER

[Traduction]

Ayant votécontre ladélimitation indiquéedans l'arrêt, je m'estimteenu
d'exposer lesraisons pour lesquelles, à mon grand regret, je n'ai pu me
joindre à la majoritéde mes collègues. Mes réservesne portent pas seu-
lement sur le résultat auquel aboutit la Cour, mais aussi sur la méthode
utiliséepour yparvenir. Comme il n'appartient pas àunjuge qui se trouve
dans laminoritédeproposer sous forme d'opinion une décisiondifférente,
mais d'expliquer pour quelles raisons il ne peut accepter la logique et la
conclusion del'arrêtj,e m'attacherai essentiellement auxprincipaux points
sur lesquelsje m'écartede celui-ci.

Malgréson évolutiondepuis quarante ans, le droit international appli-
cable à la délimitation deszones maritimes - fond de la mer et sous-sol,
colonne d'eau etsurface - n'apas encore produit de principes ou de règles
juridiques plus concrets que la maxime qui veut que la délimitation soit
effectuéeconformément àdesprincipes équitables,compte tenu de toutes
les circonstances pertinentes, de façon à aboutir à un résultat équitable.
Chacun sait que la convention sur ledroit de la mer ne fournit à cet égard
aucun critèreprécis. Certes,je souscris aux explications quedonne la Cour
surla nature de l'équitéetdesprincipes équitables(arrêt,par.45-47) :c'est
làune descriptionconvaincante du cadrejuridique d'ensemble. Maisonne
peut attendre de précisionsque de lajurisprudence, dont le présent arrêt

est le quatrième élémentpour ce qui est de la Cour - sans oublier l'arbi-
trage de 1977entre la France et la Grande-Bretagne ni, dans une situation
géographiquedifférente,l'arbitragede 1985entre la Guinéeet la Guinée-
Bissau.C'esten effet aux tribunaux qu'ilappartient de rendre ledroit plus
certain, grâce à des critères objectifs,et, partant, plus prévisiblepour les
parties éventuelles.Etonne peut atteindre cetobjectif qu'ensélectionnant,
dans chaque affaire, les faits et les circonstances que leur rapport étroit
avec la zoneen causerend pertinents pour la délimitation,dans le respect
desintérêtr sespectifsdesparties. Detoute évidence,lesfacteursdécoulant
de la situation et des relations géographiquesqui caractérisent la région

doivent êtreprisenconsidération ;etlesfaits etcirconstances ainsiretenus
doivent êtreaussi objectifs et intelligibles que possible. Sans doute n'est-il
pas facile de définirun critère précispour cette objectivitéet cette intel-
ligibilité.Ce qui s'en rapproche le plus me semble être l'aptitude de
l'évaluationdes faits et des circonstances pertinentes à convaincre un
observateur impartial de l'exactitude de la relation avancée.J'admets qu'il
est difficile d'exclurecertains éléments subjectifsde cette évaluationet deit is not explicitly authorized by the parties tojudge ex aequo et bono,to
reduce these elements to a minimum.

The method chosen to pursue the task and achieve a solution is of
decisiveimportance, if one aims at developing in each concrete case more
precise criteria relevant to a delirnitation.

My view differs considerably from the approach chosen by the Court.
TheCourt starts with a general description of the geographical context of
the dispute. It emphasizes, however, that in doing so it does not intend to
define in geographical terms the area which is relevant to the delimitation
and the area in dispute between theParties. Nor is such adefinition found
in any later part of the Judgment.The Court thus departs, without giving
the reasons for that omission, from the previous jurisprudence in similar
caseswherean analogoussituation existed,and where the determination of
the area relevant to thelitigation was considered indispensable (Continen-
talShelf (Tunisia/LibyanArabJamahiriya),Judgment,I.C.J. Reports1982,
pp. 60-62,in connection with the examination of "equitable principles" ;

DelimitationoftheMaritime BoundaryintheGulfof MaineArea, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 268-278, in connection with the geographical
description of thearea in which thedelimitation was to becarried out). The
question asto which areas of the Central Mediterranean are subject to the
delimitation between the Parties is explicitly left open.It could have been
answered - and, in my view, the Court should have answered it - by an
assessment of the geographical relationship between the coasts of the
Parties. According to this criterion, the relevant area would extend to al1
maritime zones lying between coasts facing each other, including those
zones in which the coasts of third States are also situated in an opposite
position.
However, 1do not think that in al1cases of maritime delimitation the
relevant area must be determined by notional geographic lines drawn
between the coasts the seaward extensions of which overlap each other. In
geographical conditions where the coasts of two laterally neighbouring
States are not in a concave situation no definition of relevant maritime
areasispossible. In the Gulfof Maine casethe determination of the relevant

area was only partly made, namely for the Gulf region in the narrower
senseasfar asthe closinglineof the Gulf. In the outer areaextendingto the
open Atlantic Ocean, no such precision was needed for the fulfilment of
the judicial task nor was it even geographically possible. The Arbitral
Judgment between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau is another example of a
coastal relationship where the determination of a relevant area was not
required.
In the present case however, where the relatively small maritime region
of the Central Mediterranean is surrounded by several bordering Statescette comparaison des faits et des circonstances, mais il appartient à la
Cour, si elle n'est pas expressément autoriséepar les parties à juger ex
aequoet bono, de réduireces élémentsau minimum.
Le choix de la méthode utilisée pour procéder à l'opérationde délimi-
tation et pour arriver finalementàun résultat estd'une importance déci-
sive,si l'on veut élaborer pour chaque cas concret des critèresde délimi-
tation plus précis.

Ma façon de voir diffère considérablementde la démarche adoptéepar
la Cour. Celle-ci commence par une description généraledu contexte
géographique dudifférend. Ce faisant, cependant, elle souligne que son
propos n'estpas de définiren termes géographiques la région à prendre en
considération aux fins de la délimitation, ni la zone en litige entre les
Parties. D'ailleurscette définitionn'estpas non plus donnéedans la suite
de l'arrêt.La Cour s'écartedonc, sans en donner la raison, de sajurispru-
dence antérieuredans des affaires similaires, caractériséespar une situa-
tion analogue, où la définitionde lazone pertinente auxfins de sadécision
étaitjugée indispensable(affaire du Plateau continental(Tunisie/Jamahi-
riya arabe libyenne), arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1982, p. 60-62, à propos de
l'analysedes <<principes équitables));Délimitationdelafrontièremaritime
dans larégiondu golfedu Maine, arrêtC , .I.J. Recueil 1984,. 268-278, à
propos dela description géographiquedelazone à délimiter). Leproblème

de la définition deszonesdela Méditerranée centralequi font l'objetde la
délimitationentre lesParties est,demanière expresse,laisséensuspensO . r
ileût étépossibledelerésoudre - et,à mon avis,laCour aurait dû lefaire -
en s'appuyant surlescaractéristiquesde la relation géographiqueentre les
côtes des Parties. Sil'on avaitappliquécecritère,la zone pertinente aurait
compris toutes les étendues maritimes situéesentre les côtes opposées,y
compris les secteurs où les côtes de certains Etats tiers se trouvent elles
aussi dans une situation d'opposition.
Non pas queje croie indispensable dans tous les cas de délimitation
maritime de déterminerla zone pertinente par une ligne géographique
hypothétiquetracéeentre lescôtesdont lesprolongements sechevauchent.
Dans les situations géographiques où les côtesde deux Etats limitrophes
n'ont pasune configuration concave, toute définitionde la zone maritime

pertinente est impossible. Dans l'affaire duGolfedu Mains la zone per-
tinente n'a étédéterminéeque de manière partielle,pour le golfe pris au
sens strict du terme, c'est-à-dire jusqu'à la lignede fermeture. Dans la
partiedu golfedébouchantsur l'océanAtlantique, une telleprécisionétait
inutile pourlebon déroulementdel'opérationde délimitation,et d'ailleurs
elle eût étégéographiquement impossible.La décisionarbitrale rendue
entre la Guinéeet la Guinée-Bissauestun autre cas où la relation entre les
côtes rendait inutile la déterminationde la zone pertinente.
Mais dans la présente affaire, la régionmaritime relativement réduite
que constitue la Méditerranéecentrale est entourée de plusieurs Etats being in an opposite position to each other, anyattribution of areas to one
of these Statespresupposesthat the extension of its coast toward anyother
State of the region is determined. In this particular situation coastal
extensions overlap in many places, and not only with respect to the

extension of only one neighbouring State lying on the other shore. It is
obvious that difficulties arise therefrom if, as in the present case, the
Court's jurisdiction is confined to the delimitation between two States
only, while third States have claims which extend to areas which would
otherwise appertain to the parties to the dispute alone. The shortest lines
connecting the extreme points on the Maltese islands (Ras il-Wardija and
Delimara Point) with the Libyan coast are those to Ras Ajdir in the West
and the region of Benghaziin the east. In reply to ajudge's question put in
the debates on the Application by Italy for Permission to Inteniene given
after the hearings had been closed, Italy has specified, by geographical
CO-ordinates,its claims to jurisdictional maritime rights in areas mainly
east of Malta but also, toa smallerextent, Westof the island of Gozo, which
extend to regionslyingbetween opposite coasts of Libya and Malta. Asfar
as the more important eastern part is concerned, the 15" 10'meridian,
which runs from Cape Passero on Sicilysouthward to a point east of Ras
Zarruq, establishes up to the parallel of 34" 30'N the western limit of the

Italian claim in this part of the region disputed in the present case. On the
western side of the Maltese islands Italy defined its claims by reference to
the 13"50' meridian. The Court, which received officia1notice of these
claims in the proceedings just mentioned, is debarred from pronouncing
on them. According to Article 59 of the Statute, referred to by the Judg-
ment, decisions are binding only on the parties. Furthermore, in its Judg-
ment rejecting the permission to intervenethe Court explicitlypointed out
that

"The future Judgment will not merely be limited in its effects by
Article 59 of the Statute :it will be expressed, upon its face, to be
without prejudice to the rights and titles of third States." (I.C.J.
Reports 1984, pp. 26-27,para. 43).
The consideration that the Court, asaconsequence of having denied the
intervention, is without competence to deal with the Italian claims does
not, however, dispense the Court from examining the geographical rela-
tionship of the Libyan and Maltese coasts in the whole region. Without

determining this area, it is hardly possible to attribute parts of it to one or
the other Party. The Court circumvents the problem by taking the Italian
claims relating to the 13"50' meridian in the West and to the 15" 10'
meridian in the east as barriers where the Judgment has to stop. In doing
so, it does not - strictly speaking - involve itself with the rights of ltaly
but, on the other hand, it restricts to the area between these two meridians
suggestedby Italy thejurisdiction conferred upon it by Libya and Malta in
the Special Agreement. Moreover, the Court refers, even in the operative
part of the Judgment, to a point on the 15" 10'meridian from which the
delimitation line is measured.situésen relation d'opposition, et l'attribution de zones de plateau conti-
nental à l'un quelconque de ces Etats supposeque soit déterminé le pro-
longement de sa côte dans la direction de tous les autres Etats intéressés.
Dans une situationde cetype, en effet,leschevauchements sont multiples,
et ne touchent pas le prolongement d'un Etat seul sur l'autre rive. Il en
résulteévidemmentdes difficultéssi,comme c'estle casici,la compétence
de la Cour est réduiteà la délimitationentre deux Etats, alorsquecertains
Etats tiers ont des prétentions sur des zones étendues qui, sans cela, ne

relèveraientque desparties aulitige. En l'espèce,lesdroites lespluscourtes
reliant les points extrêmes desîles maltaises (Ras il-Wardija et la pointe
Delimara) à la côte libyenne sont celles qui aboutissent à Ras Ajdir à
l'ouest, et dans la régionde Benghazi à l'est. Et l'Italie, répondaàtune
question posée par un juge au cours des débats sur la demande d'inter-
vention italiennequiont suivilesaudiences, aprécisé par descoordonnées
géographiquessesprétentionssurcertaines zones - situéesprincipalement
à l'estde Malte, mais aussi, dans une moindre mesure, à l'ouest de l'îlede
Gozo - qui s'étendentjusque dans les régions situéesentre les côtes
opposéesdelaLibye etdeMalte. Al'est,oùsont lesprincipalesprétentions
italiennes, la limite occidentalede ces prétentionsest constituée,jusqu'au

parallèle 34" 30' N, par le méridien 15" 10',qui va du cap Passero, en
Sicile,jusqu'à un point situéà l'estde Ras Zarrouk. A l'ouest, la limite de
cesprétentionsest leméridien13"50'.La Cour, à laquelleces prétentions
ont été officiellement notifiéesau cours de la procédure que je viens
d'évoquer, ne pouvaitseprononcer àleur sujet. En vertu de l'article 59 du
Statut, auquel se réfèrel'arrêt,les décisionsnesont obligatoiresquepour
les Parties. De plus, la Cour avait expressémentdéclaré,dans l'arrêt par
lequel elle rejetait la requêtà fin d'intervention de l'Itali:

(<L'arrêtfutur ne sera pas seulement limité dans ses effets par
l'article59du Statut ;il seraexprimésanspréjudicedes droits et titres
d'Etats tiers))(C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 26-27,par. 43).

Cependant, le fait que la Cour, ayant rejetécette demande d'interven-
tion, était sanscompétencepour statuer sur les prétentions italiennes, ne
la dispensait pas d'examiner la relation géographique entre les côtes
libyennes et maltaises par rapport à l'ensemble de la région.Il n'est pas
possible en effet de partager cette régionentre les Pàrties sans en définir
leslimites. La Courcontourneladifficulté en donnant comme bornes à sa
décisionles prétentions italiennes, délimitéespar le méridien 13" 50' à
l'ouestet leméridien15" 10' àl'est.Cefaisant, ellen'invoquepas àstricte-
ment parler les droits de l'Italie, mais elle restreànla zone situéeentre

les deux méridiensindiquéspar cet Etat la compétenceque lui confère le
compromisentre la Libye et Malte. En outre, dans le dispositif mêmede
son arrêt,elleseréfèreà un point situésur leméridien15" IO', àpartir du-
quel la ligne de délimitation est mesurée. 1fail to seefor what reason theinformation givenby a third State to the
Court on its claims regarding maritime zones also claimed by oneorboth
parties to a pending dispute is taken as a fact restricting the Court's
jurisdiction and as a technical means to indicate the direction of the
delimitation line. It does not matter whether the claim of the third State is
prima facie not unreasonable, or that the parties did not comment on the
claims. These points were not among the factual and legal questions
involved in the dispute. The competence of the Court to decide on the

delimitation of the area lying between the coasts of the parties cannot
depend on the pretensions of a third State brought to the Court's notice.
On thecontrary, the Court, in myview,has no power to take into account a
line which it is not even entitled to examine. The legitimate goal of not
prejudicing Italy'srights must not have the effect that not the whole of the
case of the Parties is decided. The actual difficulties originate in the
rejection of theItalian request to intervene. 1donot criticizethat Judgment
(in which 1did not take part),but takeit as afact. However, 1think that its
consequences cannot be - if not in law but in fact - corrected in the

present phase of the proceedings.

III

Based on the uncertain ground of a non-defined area, the Judgment
cannot avoid defining any area whatever of relevance to the decision. A
definition was needed when the Judgment arrived at the point where the
proportion between the areas attributed to Libya and Malta, respectively,

had to be taken into account. The area established for this purpose is
defined by the coastlines of the Maltese islands - from Ras il-Wardija on
the island of Gozo to Delimara Point on theisland of Malta - and those of
Libya, from the Tunisian frontier at Ras Ajdir to RasZarruq, apoint near
the 15" 10'meridian. The purpose is to have points of reference on Malta
and Libya in order to measure - at least in a very global manner - the
proportion of the areas north and south of the delimitation line. These
coastlines do not, however,dominate even the whole of the area delimited
by the Judgment ; this area includes, east of the line Delimara Point-Ras

Zarruq, azoneextending on its eastern side to the 15" 10'meridian, which
the Court considersastheeastern limitof the delimitation. This zone isnot
confined by any plausible northern boundary - the reason being that the
Court made no attempt to define the entirety of the relevant coasts, which
comprise, in myview,al1the coastlines of the Parties facing each other (see
IVbelow). For this reason, theJudgment cannot take account of this zone
inconsideringthecircumstances relevant to proportionality. The proposa1
of Libya to draw a line due east from Delimara Point, which at its inter-
section with the 15" 10'meridian could form the northern closing boun-

dary of this zone, has no justification in law and, moreover, is not men-
tioned in the Judgment. If one maintains, as does the Court, that the Je ne vois pas comment une information donnéepar un Etat tiers, à
proposde sesprétentions surdes zones maritimes également revendiquées
par une partie ou les deux parties a une instance en cours,peut êtretenue
comme une limitation de la compétencede la Cour, ni comme un moyen
techniqued'indiquer la direction d'une ligne de délimitation.Peu importe
que ces prétentions de l'Etat tiers ne soient àapremière vue déraison-
nables,ou que lesparties n'aient pas pris positàoce sujet. Cesquestions
ne faisaient pas partie des moyens de fait ou de droit en l'espèce.La

compétencequ'ala Courpour statuer sur la délimitationd'unezone située
entre les côtes des Etats partiea l'instance ne peut pas dépendre des
prétentionsque peut lui notifier un Etat tiers. Je crois mêmequela Cour
n'a pas autorité pour appuyer son raisonnement sur une ligne qu'ellen'a
pasà examiner. Le désirlégitimedenepas préjuger desdroitsde l'Italiene
devait pas la conduireàne rendre qu'une décisionpartielle dans le litige
qui lui étaitsoumis par les Parties. Les difficultés,en réalité,proviennent
du rejet de la requêtàfin d'intervention de l'Italie. Je ne critique pas cet
arrêt (auquelje n'aipaspris part), maisje constate unfait. Etje pensequ'en
fait, sinon en droit, sesconséquences ne pouvaientpas êtrecorrigéesdans
la présente phase de la procédure.

III

Faute d'une base sûre, la régionen cause restant indéterminée, laCour
ne pouvait cependant évitertoute définitionde la zone pertinentepour sa
décision :la nécessité d'une telldéfinitionapparaît dans l'arrêtlorsqu'il
s'agit de prendre en considération le rapport centre les zones attribuées
respectivement àla Libye età Malte. L'espaceretenu à cet effet est limité
par les côtes de Malte (de Ras il-Wardija, sur l'île de Gozo,àla pointe
Delimara) et de la Libye (de Ras Ajdir, point frontière avec la Tunisià,
Ras Zarrouk, non loin du méridien 15" IO') l,but recherché étant de
disposer de points de référencesur les côtes de Malte et de la Libye pour
mesurer, au moins de manière générale,le rapport entre les zones de
plateau situéesrespectivementaunord et au sud delalignede délimitation.
Cependant cesdeux côtesnecommandent mêmepas latotalitéde larégion
délimitée dans l'arrêt.Celle-cicomprend en effetà l'estde la ligne reliant

la pointe Delimara à Ras Zarrouk, un secteur qui s'étend àl'est jusqu'au
méridien15" IO',pris par la Cour comme limite orientale de la délimita-
tion. Et il n'existe aucune frontière septentrionalà ce secteur, pour la
raison que la Cour n'a pas essayéde définirl'ensemble des côtes perti-
nentes - qui, àmon avis,comprend touteslescôtes des Parties qui se font
face(voirsection IVci-après).LaCour ne peut donc pas tenir comptede ce
secteur dans son analysedes circonstancespertinentes en matière de pro-
portionnalité. Quant à la proposition libyenne de tracerà partir de la
pointe Delimara une ligne plein estjusqu'au méridien 15" lof, ligne qui
servirait de frontière septentrionalàce secteur, elle est dénuéede base
juridique, et d'ailleursl'arrêtn'enparle pas. Sil'on soutient, comme lefaitlengths of the coasts are a relevant circumstance for the calculation of
proportionality, one must take account of more than merely a part of
Libya's coast lying opposite to Malta.

In seeking to determine the whole area involved, including those parts
which may be claimed by third States, one must begin with the definition
contained in the Judgment in the Tunisia/Libya case, when the Court
said :
"The coast of each of the Parties, therefore, constitutes the starting

line from which one has to set out in order to ascertain how far the
submarine areas appertaining to each of them extend in a seaward
direction, as wellas in relation to neighbouring States situated either
in an adjacent or opposite position." (1C.J. Reports 1982,p. 61,para.
74.)
While one can follow the concurring views of the Parties as far as the
western limit is concerned (Ras il-Wardija to Ras Ajdir), another solution
must be found in the east, which does not correspond to the proposals of

either Party. The Libyan proposa1 includes certain regions in the Escarp-
ment-FaultZone which certainly fa11outside any opposite situation of the
coasts of the Parties, while the Maltese geometric construction of a tra-
pezium (Fig. 7of Malta's oral presentation) also includes regions not lying
between coastsfacingeach other. However, Maltais right in arguing that it
follows from its geographical situation as an island State that submarine
areas adjacent to its coast extend in al1 directions and are, therefore,
relevant to the delimitation of these areas with regard to any opposite
State. Consequently, the whole coast of Malta from Ras il-Wardija to
Delimara Point isto be taken into account with regard to the Libyan coast.
The final eastern stretch of the Libyan coast facing the southeastern coast
of Malta is the region of the city of Benghazi.Obviously, this large area is,
to a considerable extent, overlapped by justifiable claims of Italy.

In order to exerciseitsjurisdiction to the fullest extent possible and, at
the same time, not to prejudice rights which may be claimed by third
States,the Court can define the principles, rules and methods for drawing

thedelimitation line between Libya and Malta. In doing so it must make a
reservation that the definitive attribution ofareas in which claims of third
States overlap with those of the Parties must await either an agreement
between the interested States or ajudicial decision according to law. It can
either content itself with the precise indication of principles, rules and
methods to be applied or, in addition, draw a delimiting line in the safe
area, where it is known that no other claims are to be expected, and mark
both ends with arrows in the direction in which the line should continue.
This isthe method followedby theCourt in the TunisialLibyacase,when itla Cour, que la longueur descôtes est un facteur pertinent pour lescalculs
deproportionnalité, ilnefautpas tenir compted'unepartie seulement dela
côte libyenne située face à Malte.

Il convient, pour définirl'ensemblede la régionen cause, y compris les
secteursquipeuventfaire l'objetdeprétentionsde lapart des Etats tiers,de
partir de la définition qui figure dans l'arrêtrendu par la Cour dans
l'affaire Tunisie/Libye :

((C'est donc en partant de la côte des Parties qu'ilfaut rechercher
jusqu'où les espaces sous-marins relevant de chacune d'elles s'éten-
dent vers le large, ainsi que par rapport aux Etats qui leur sont limi-
trophes ou leur font face. ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1982, p. 61, par. 74.)

Sil'onpeut s'entenir aux vuesconcordantes des Parties pour ce qui est de
la limite occidentale (de Ras il-Wardija à Ras Ajdir), à l'est, en revanche,
où les propositions des Parties ne coïncidaient pas, il fallait trouver une
autre solution. La proposition libyenne englobait en effet, dans la zone
d'escarpements, desétendues qui n'entrent certainement pas dans la rela-
tion d'opposition entre lescôtesdes Parties ;et letrapèze maltais(figure 7
de la procédure oralede Malte) comprenait égalementdes régionsqui ne
sont pas situéesentre les côtes opposéesde l'un et l'autre Etat. Malte,
cependant, avait raison d'affirmer que,vu sasituation géographiqued'Etat
insulaire, les étenduessous-marineslimitrophes de sescôtes seprolongent

dans toutes les directions et sont, par conséquent, pertinentes pour toute
délimitationaveclesEtats qui luifont face.Ilconvenait donc deprendre en
considération, face à la côte libyenne, toute la côte de Malte entre Ras
il-Wardijaet la pointe Delimara. Quant au secteur par lequel se termine à
l'estla côte libyennequi fait face à la côte sud-est de Malte, c'est la région
de la villede Benghazi,et de toute évidenceil existe dans cette vaste zone
un chevauchement considérableavec les prétentions plausiblesde l'Italie.
La Cour, pour exercersacompétencede la manièrelaplus largepossible
tout en évitant de préjuger lesdroits éventuelsdes Etats tiers, pouvait
définirlesprincipes, règles et méthodesqui permettent de tracer lalignede
délimitationentre la Libye et Malte. Ce faisant, elle devait formuler une

réserveprécisantque I'dttribution définitivedes zones où les prétentions
des Etats tiers chevauchent cellesdesParties attendrait un accord entre les
Etats intéressés,ou une décision judiciaire. Et ellepouvait, ou bien se
contenter de l'indication précisedes principes, règleset méthodes à appli-
quer, ou bien tracer une ligne de délimitationdans la régionsur laquelle
aucun Etat tiers ne formulait de prétention,en indiquant par des flèches à
chaque extrémitéde cette ligne la direction suivant laquelle celle-ci se
prolongerait. Telle est la méthodeque la Cour avait adoptéeen 1982pourreserved the rights which Malta may have in the area relevant to the
delimitation between Libya and Tunisia.

1share the conclusions of the Court that no fundamental discontinuity
- as alleged by Libya - interrupts the sea-bed between the Parties and
that, even were it to exist, it would be irrelevant because the principle
enunciated in the second part of Article 76,paragraph 1,of the Law of the
Sea Convention, according to which a coastal State is entitled to conti-
nental shelf rights within a distance of 200 nautical miles, forms part of
general international law binding on the Parties.

As the Court emphasizes, in accordance with its previousjurisprudence,
there is no single method to be applied in the delimitation of submarine
areas. For the purpose of applying the law in a given situation, the
appropriate method will Varyaccording to the particular features of each
case. Although the law applicable to delimitations does not give prefer-
ence,inabstracto,to one method or another, arelationship certainly exists

between the principles and rules applicable in a given dispute and the
method or choice of methods resulting from the determination of the
principles and rules applicable in aconcrete case.The determination of the
method is therefore indicated by the applicable principles and rules, even
when the choice of one method does not logically or necessarily follow
from the definition of the principles and rules. If the principles and rules
can be carried into effect by more than one method, the choice between
them is a matter of judicial propriety.
The rule of equity requires equal treatment of the Parties. In disputes
concerning territorial boundaries, including submarine areas, equal treat-
ment does not necessarily mean the attribution of equal shares. A delimi-
tation according to equal areas on either side isin conformity with the rule
of equity only in so far as the relevant criteria and circumstances in their
totality in fact indicatethis result. If this is the situation in agivencase. the
equidistance method suggestsitself as the technical means which is first to
be applied. If this method fails in the particular facts and circumstances of
the case, it must be supplemented or even replaced by another method.

The Parties agree that, in accordance with the continuousjurisprudence
of the Court since the North Sea ContinentalSheijJudgment, equidistance
is not a principle imposed by law, but a method to be applied if called for
by the particular facts of the case. The equitable character of an equidis-
tance line is, however, more manifest between opposite States than
between laterally adjacent States.

When the Court stated in 1969that equidistance was not a principle. itréserver lesdroits éventuelsde Malte dans la zone pertinente pour la
délimitationentre la Libye et la Tunisie.

Je suis d'accord avec les conclusions de la Cour quand elle dit que,
contrairement à ce que prétendait la Libye, aucune discontinuité fonda-
mentale n'interrompt le fond de la mer dans la régionsituéeentre les
Parties et que,à supposer qu'il y en ait une, une telle discontinuité serait
dénuée depertinence, vuqueleprincipeénoncédans ladeuxièmepartiede
l'article 76,paragraphe 1,de la convention sur le droit de la mer, suivant
lequel les droits de 1'Etat côtier sur le plateau continental s'étendent
jusqu'à une distance de 200millesmarins, faitpartie du droitinternational
généralayant force obligatoire pour les Parties.
Ainsi que le souligne la Cour conformément àsajurisprudence anté-

rieure, il n'ypas de méthode unique en matièrede délimitation des éten-
dues sous-marines. La méthode à retenir pour appliquer le droit dans un
casdonnévarieenfonctiondesparticularités de l'affaire.Mais siledroitde
la délimitation n'accorde pas de préférencein abstracto à telle méthode
plutôt qu'à telle autre, il existe néanmoins un lien entre, d'une part, les
principes et les règlesapplicables dans un différend et, d'autre part, la
méthodeoulechoixde méthodesrésultantde la définitiondesprincipes et
des règlesapplicables. Ladéterminationde la méthodeest donc comman-
déepar les principes et les règlesapplicables, même lorsquece choix ne
découlenilogiquement ni nécessairementdeladéfinitiondesdits principes
et règles.Silesprincipes et règlespeuventêtreappliqués suivant plusieurs
méthodes, le choixentre celles-ci relèvede la faculté d'appréciation du
tribunal.
La règle d'équité exige l'égalitdée traitement des parties. Dans les
différends intéressantles frontières territoriales, y compris les frontières
sous-marines, cette égalitéde traitement ne signifie pas nécessaire-

ment l'attribution departs égales.Une délimitation par parts égalesn'est
conforme à la règle d'équitque si l'ensemble des critèreset des circons-
tances pertinentesjustifie un tel résultat.Sitelleestlasituation dans un cas
particulier, l'équidistanceest sansdoute la premièreméthode technique à
appliquer. Si, compte tenu des faits et des circonstances de l'espèce,
l'équidistancene donne pas un résultat satisfaisant, elle doit êtrecomplé-
tée,voire remplacée,par une autre méthode.
En l'espèce,les Parties étaient d'accordpour considérer que, conformé-
ment à lajurisprudence constante de la Cour depuis lesaffaires du Plateau
continental dela mer du Nord, l'équidistancen'est pas un principe obliga-
toire en droit, mais une méthode àappliquer si les circonstances particu-
lièresde l'espècesemblent le demander. Encore le caractère équitablede
l'équidistanceest-ilplus manifeste quand lesEtats en question se font face
que lorsqu'il s'agitd'Etats limitrophes.
La Cour, en déclarant en 1969que l'équidistancen'estpas un principe, 120 CONTINENTAL SHELF (DISS. OP. MOSLER)

drew attention to the different situation of lateral and opposite delimita-
tions ; recalling the difficulties experienced in the International Law
Commission in drafting the Convention on the Continental Shelf, it
observed :

"The continental shelf area off, and dividing, opposite States, can
be claimed by each of them to be a natural prolongation of its terri-
tory. Theseprolongations meet and overlap, and can thereforeonlybe
delimited by means of a median line ;and, ignoring the presence of
islets, rocks and minor coastal projections, the disproportionally dis-
torting effect of which can be eliminated by other means, such a line
must effect an equal division of the particular area involved." (I.C.J.
Reports 1969, p. 36, para. 57.)

According to thisJudgment, the areas in which the conflicting claims of
coastalStates overlap shallbe equally divided. Sincein thepresent case the
distance from theoppositecoastsgeneratesthe title, a median linebetween
the coasts of the Parties suggests itself as the principal consideration for
arriving at an equitable result. The first step of the delimitation process is
therefore to draw a median line between the baselines of the Parties. With
regard to thispoint 1am able to agree with the delimitation method of the

Judgment.

The question remains, however, whether this line is equitable without
further adjustment or whether a transposition isneeded because of facts or
circumstances whichhave tobe taken into account. Sincethe median lineis
thenormal method of arriving atan equitable result in the division of areas
between oppositecoasts, thislineshouldbeconsiderednot onlyasthefirst
step in the delimitation process but also, as a rule, as its final result.
Admittedly, there may beparticular circumstancesrequiring a correction.
Anomalies in one or the other coastline may exercise such an influence on
thecourse of thelinethat an adjustment isneeded. If one discards, with the

Judgment, the Rock of Filfla in front of the Maltese Coast,there isnoother
factor which, by reason of an unusual configuration of thecoasts, callsfor
a correction of the median line.

1 do not exclude the possibility that, in certain cases, there may be
particular geographical circumstances which make a median line inequi-
table. But such circumstancesmust be eligibleto be taken into account on
the basis of calculablecriteria, not on the basis of unspecified impressions
of equitableness.avait d'ailleurs signaléla différencequi existe entre la délimitationentre
Etats limitropheset la délimitation entreEtats sefaisant face. Aprèsavoir
rappeléles difficultéséprouvées parla Commission du droit international
lors de la préparation de la convention sur le plateau continental, elle
observait que :

<En effet les zones de plateau continental se trouvant au large
d7Etatsdont les côtes se font face et séparantces Etats peuvent être
réclaméespar chacun d'eux à titre de prolongement naturel de son
territoire. Ces zones se rencontrent, se chevauchent et ne peuvent
donc êtredélimitéesquepar une ligne médiane ;si l'on ne tient pas
compte desîlots, desrochersou des légerssaillants de la côte, dont on

peut éliminer l'effet exagéréde déviationpar d'autres moyens, une
telle ligne doit diviser également l'espacedont il s'agit. ))(C.I.J.
Recueil1969, p. 36, par. 57.)

Aux termes de cet arrêt,les zones où se chevauchaient les prétentions
rivalesdes Etats côtiersdevaient êtrediviséesenparties égales.Comme, en
la présenteespèce,c'est la distance à partir des côtes opposéesqui est la
sourcedu titre, leprincipal élémentà prendre enconsidérationpour arriver
à unrésultat équitableétaitapparemment une lignemédianeentre lescôtes
des Parties, et la premièreétape del'opérationde délimitation consistait
donc à tracer une ligne médianeentre les lignes de base de Malte et de la
Libye. Je suis d'accord sur cepoint avecla méthodede délimitationsuivie

dans l'arrêt.

Reste à savoir si cette ligne était équitablesans modification, ou s'il
fallait la déplacer pour tenir compte de certains faits ou de certaines
circonstances. Comme en effet la ligne médianeest la méthodenormale
pour obtenir un résultat équitabledans le partage des zones situéesentre
côtes se faisant face, cette ligne ne doit pas seulement êtreconsidérée
comme la premièreétape del'opérationde délimitation,mais, obligatoi-
rement, comme son résultat final. Bien entendu, certaines circonstances

particulières pourraient exiger une correction. Certaines anomalies, sur
l'une oul'autre descôtes,pourraient avoir surletracéde laligneun effet tel
qu'il soitnécessaired'opérer un ajustement.Mais si,commelefait la Cour,
onne tient pas compte du rocher de Filfla, situédevant lacôte de Malte,je
ne vois en l'espèceaucun facteur justifiant une correction de la ligne
médiane enraison d'une particularité inhabituelle des côtes.
Je n'exclus pas que, dans certains cas, certaines circonstances géogra-
phiquesparticulièrespuissent rendre inéquitablela lignemédiane.Mais les
circonstances de cette nature doivent pouvoir êtreprises en considération
suivant des critères calculables, et non en fonction de conceptions non
préciséessur la nature de l'équité. The Judgment arrives at an overall shift of 18'northwards from the

median line, which surprisingly - as 1 have already emphasized - is
calculated on the 15" 10'meridian. This transposition is justified by a
comparison of the lengths of the respective coasts and by the general
macro-geographic situation and the specialposition of the Maltese islands
in the Central Mediterranean.
1fail to seehow either of these circumstances can provide criteria which
can be used to calculate results.
Taking first the comparison of the lengths of the coasts, one has to bear
in mind that the respectivelengths are already reflected by theproportions
between the two zones se~arated bv the median line. Thenorthern Dartof
the delimited area is conSiderably smaller than the southern part &cause
of the much shorter coast of the Maltese islands and the much longer
extension of the Libyan coast. This whole areaforms almost a triangle, its
vertex formed bv the Maltese islands and its baseline bv the Libvan coast.

The disproportion between the coastlines is even Geater thian Libya
asserts, and theJudgment confirms, because the coast east of Ras Zarruq
to the point near Benghazi - whichliesinan opposite position to Delimara
Point - is excluded from consideration as part of the relevant area, con-
trary to my view expressed in IV above. On the other hand, in making a
comparison of al1the coastlines as a relevant circumstance requiring cor-
rection of the median line in favour of Libya, one must take account of the
fact that the larger part of the entire relevant area (including the seaward
extension of the Libyan coast east of Ras Zarruq) is subject to a delimi-
tation to be effected later with Italy. For this reason 1do not think that the
lengths of the coasts of the Parties may be treated às a relevant circum-
stance in the sense in which the Court in 1982,and its Chamber in 1984,

used thiscriterion as aqualifyingelement forthe final determination of the
delimiting line.

The second circumstance which has been examined tojustify the result
of theJudgment is the geographic position of the small Maltese islands in
the relatively limited, semi-enclosed area of the Central Mediterranean,
which is surrounded by a number of States with opposite coasts and
consequent conflicting claims. It is however hardly possible to find a
reasonable method of evaluating ths circumstance in the present case,
deriving from it somemethod of calculation to reduce, on the basis of this
geographical relationship, the area attributed to Malta. To my regret, 1
cannot agreewith the Court's assessmentof thiscircumstance asonewhich
is relevant in the present case.

The Judgment rightlyrejects theidea that acomparison of thelandmass
of States can form anycriterion to be respected in arriving atan equitable
delimitation. This statement certainly reflects the development of the law
of the sea in this respect ; its consequences should not be diminished, as
they areto someextent, by areference to the geographicposition of a small
group ofislands in themidst ofsurroundingcoastal States. Ths iscertainly
not the Court's intention, but 1 am afraid that the extent of the 18' L'arrêt conclutàune translation généralede la lignemédianede 18'vers
lenord - translation curieusement mesurée, ainsiqueje l'aidéjàsouligné,
sur le méridien 15" 10'.Et la Cour justifie ce déplacement par une com-
paraison entre leslongueursdes côtes desParties,ainsi quepar la situation
macrogéographiquegénérale eltasituation spécialedesîlesmaltaises dans
la Méditerranéecentrale.
Je ne vois pas comment on peut tirer de l'une ou l'autre de ces circons-
tanc6.sdes critères utilisables pour calculer un résultat.
Pour commencer par la comparaison entre les côtes, il faut se rappeler
que cette différencede longueur sefait déjà sentirdans lerapport entre les
deux zones délimitéespar la ligne médiane.Si en effet la partie septen-

trionale de la région ainsi délimitée esntettement plus petite que la partie
méridionale,c'estque lacôtedes îlesmaltaises est beaucoup pluscourte,et
cellede la Libye beaucoup plus longue. Toute cette régionforme presque
un triangle, dont les îles maltaises seraient le sommet et dont la côte
libyenne serait la base. La disproportion entre les façades côtières est
mêmeplus grandequene leprétend laLibye et que ne le confirmel'arrêt,
car lacôte quivade RasZarroukaupoint situéprèsde Benghazi - faceà la
pointe Delimara - est, contrairement à cequi aurait dû êtrefaitselon moi
(voir section IV ci-dessus), exclue par la Cour de la zone pertinente.
D'autre part, si c'est la comparaison entre toutes les façades côtièresqui
intervient comme circonstance pertinente appelant une correction de la
ligne médiane,on ne doit pas perdrede vue que la plus grandepartie de la

zonepertinente ainsiprise dans satotalité(ycomprisleprolongement dela
côte libyenne à l'estde Ras Zarrouk) est sujetteà une délimitationfuture
avec l'Italie. Pour cette raison, je pense que la longueur des côtes des
Parties ne pouvait pasjouer le mêmerôle de circonstance pertinente que
dans l'arrêtdela Courde 1982ou dans l'arrêtde la Chambre de 1984,où ce
critèreservait de facteur de correction pour la définition finalede la ligne
de délimitation.
La seconde circonstance invoquée pour justifier l'arrêtest la position
géographique des petites îles maltaises, dans la région semi-ferméeet
relativement restreinte de la Méditerranée centrale, entouréede plusieurs
Etats dont les côtes sont opposéeset qui peuvent donc émettre des pré-
tentions concurrentes. Il est cependant difficile en l'espècede trouver le
moyen d'apprécierraisonnablement cette circonstanceparticulière et d'en

tirer une méthode de calcul qui permette de réduirela zone attribuée à
Malte en raison de larelationgéographique.Amon grand regret,je nepuis
donc m'associer à la décisionde la Cour de voir dans ce fait une circons-
tance pertinente en l'espèce.
C'est àjuste titre que l'arrêtrejette l'idéeque la comparaison des masses
terrestres puisse êtreun critèrà observer pour arriver à une délimitation
équitable.Cette position correspond à l'étatdu droit de la mer dans ce
domaine ; mais sesconséquencesn'auraient pas dû êtreaffaiblies, comme
elles le sont dans une certaine mesure, par une référence à la situation
géographique d'un petit groupe d'îles, entouré d'Etats côtiers. Ce n'est
certainement pas là l'idéede la Cour. Mais je crains que le déplacementnorthward transposition of the median line can be misunderstood in that
sense.
My conclusion is therefore that there is no convincing reason to depart
from the median line, whch 1think is the equitablesolution of thedispute
in the circumstances of the case.

(Signed H)ermann MOSLER.de 18' de la ligne médianevers le nord ne prêtea malentendu sur ce
point.
Ma conclusion est donc qu'il n'y avait pas de raison convaincante de
s'écarterde la ligne médiane,qui, pour moi, était lasolution équitabledu

différenddans les circonstances de l'espèce.

(Signé)Hermann MOSLER.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Mosler

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