Dissenting Opinion of Judge Sir Garfield Barwick

Document Number
059-19741220-JUD-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
059-19741220-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SIR GARFIELD BARWICK

1 have already expressed my reasons for being unable to join in the
Judgment of the Court in the case of Australia v. France.Al1those reasons
apply with equal force in this case and need not be repeated.

The analysis of the exchanges between New Zealand and France prior
to the lodgment of the Application results, in my opinion, inthe emergence
of a dispute between them as to their respective legal rights. It isapparent
from the letter written on 19 February 1973by theAmbassador of France
to the Prime Minister of New Zealand that France early recognized that

legal rights were involved in the matters which had been in discussion.
The reply of the Prime Minister, written on 9 March 1973, made it quite
clear in my opinion that New Zealand was asserting the existence of
rights under international law and that France's acts in connection with
the detonation of nuclear devices at Mururoa infringed those rights of
New Zealand. As the letter of the Prime Minister of New Zealand to the
President of France, written on 4 May 1973,points out, France disputed

the existence of and the alleged breach of those rights. Thus in my opinion
there was a legal dispute between the Parties prior to the lodging of the
Application.
The various bases of claim made by the Applicant are subsumed under
five headings in the Application (see para. 28) and in the Applicant's
Memorial (see para. 190).They are not expressly spelled out individually

in the pre-Application exchanges to the same extent but they are clearly
al1embraced in the formulae there employed. The basis of claim enum-
erated in these paragraphs of the Application and Memorial are al1
comprehended in the four bases of claim which are set out in my opinion
in the case ofAustralia v. France.Thus, what 1have said there asto those
four bases of claim, is wholly applicable to the five bases of claim which

the Applicant has enumerated in these proceedings. 1 need not specially
differentiate between the four bases in the one case and the five bases of
claim in the other.

Perhaps the emphasis respectively placed upon the unlawfulness of
the testing of nuclear weapons and upon the infringement of sovereignty
by the fall-out in New Zealand resulting from the detonation of nuclear

devices, differs slightly in the two cases. This, in my opinion, does not
require any special treatment in these reasons as the difference is not of
any substantial importance.
The Applicant however, unlike Australia, did not seek an order ofinjunction. Its only claim was for a declaration. Its claim is expressed
in its Application as follows:

"Accordingly, New Zealand asks the Court to adjudge and declare:
That the conduct by the French Government of nuclear tests in
the South Pacific region that give rise to radio-active fall-out consti-
tutes a violation of New Zealand's rights under international law,

and that these rights will be violated by any further such tests."

It is thus even more difficult in this case to support the view that the

Applicant's request for a declaration was but .as a reason or foundation
for an order of injunction or, as it is put, was merely a means to an end
and not an end in itself. Any suggestion that the claim must be regarded
as either a claim for a declaration or a claim for an injunction would be a
false dichotomy. In truth the claim could seek both, as in the case of
Australia but the claim of the Applicant does not.

In any case, as 1pointed out in my opinion in the case of Australia v.
France, it is only by a fallacious identification of the purpose being
pursued by the initiation of the litigation with the substance of the
claim actually made in the proceedings, is it concluded in the Judgment
that the Applicant by its claim did not seek a declaration of right as a
means of resolving its dispute with France as to the unlawfulness of the
French nuclear activity at Mururoa and of its consequences.

Whatever may be said as to its motivation, the Application is in respect
of a dispute as to the legality of the Respondent's actions in exploding
nuclear devices: so much isexpresslyconceded in the Judgment (see paras.
1and 16).The Application in terms sought an adjudicationupon questions
of legal right as the method of resolving that dispute. Such an adjudication
would result in res judicata binding both parties and, if the Applicant

were successful, forming the basis for further action either of a litigious
or diplomatic nature. A voluntary promise, even if binding, not to
exercise what the Respondent still maintained was its right cannot be the
equivalent or substitute for such an adjudication in these proceedings. It
cannot properly be said, in my opinion, that because France has volun-
tarily "assumed an obligation as to conduct, concerning the effective
cessation of nuclear tests, no further judicial action is required ... that

any further finding would have no raison d'être" (para. 59) or that :

". .. since the Court now finds that a commitment in this respect has
been entered into by France, there is no occasion for a pronounce-
ment in respect of rightsand obligations of the Parties concerning the
past-which in other circumstances the Court would be entitled and even obliged to make-whatever the date by reference to which such

pronouncement might be made" (para. 54).
Such statements in theJudgment are in my opinion on their face erroneous

and indicative of a failure on the part of the Court to perform its judicial
duty of decision (Art. 38 of the Statute).
Of course, such a promise by France if accepted by the Applicant might
well result in a compromise of the litigation. Despite, and with due
respect to the assertion to the contrary in the Judgment (para. 57), it is,
in my opinion, with the compromise of the litigation rather than with the

settlement of the dispute between the Parties that the Court in this case
as in the case ofAustralia v.France has, erroneously as 1think, concerned
itself.
The terms of the Applicant's request seem wide enough to embrace
tests which had occurred before the Application was lodged. The claim

then proceeds that any further tests will violate French rights under inter-
national law. But this circumstance does not cal1in my opinion for any
different reasoning from that which 1have used nor any qualifications of
the opinion 1have expressed in the case of Australia v. France.
It should be mentioned however that throughout the pre-Application

exchanges, the Applicant expressly and consistently reserved its "right
to hold the French Government responsible for any damage or losses
incurred bv New Zealand or the Pacific Islands for which New Zealand
has special responsibility or concern, as a result of the weapons tests",
which France intended to conduct. As consistently and as expressly,
France denied that the Applicant had any such right. The fact of this

reservation mav be added to the other considerations to which 1adverted
in my opinion in the case of Australia v. France, for concluding that the
Applicant is not debarred from seeking compensation from France for
the results of the atomic detonations at Mururoa. It could clearly have
done so in my opinion in these proceedings as to the results of the 1973

and 1974 series of tests, in the latter of which the Applicant has asserted
that the "fall-out levels recorded for the 1974test series have been signi-
ficantly higher than those measured in 1972 and 1973". Whether the
Applicant in its final submission could have sought compensation in
respect of these pre-Application detonations need not be decided but it is

to my mind clear that if a declaration of unlawfulness had been made the
Applicant would have been able to make it the basis for claims upon
France for compensation in respect of such explosions.

My comments made in the case of Australia v. France as to the use
sought to be made intheJudgment of the introduction and of a comment

made upon the communiqué of 8 June 1974 by the Applicant, apply
equally to this case. Such introduction and comment were in no sense
related to the question the Court has decided. Further, nothing in the
statement of the Prime Minister of New Zealand made on 1 November
1974 was directed to that question. Neither the observations of theApplicant on the communiqué of 8 June 1974nor the said statement of
the Prime Minister afford in my opinionany justification for not notifying
and hearing the Applicant upon the questionthe Court has now decided.

Here, as in the case of Australia v. France, the Court in my opinion
has failed ina basic respect to comply with the requirements of itsjudicial
process. It has decided a question of which the Applicant has had no
notice and by the use of material which the Applicant was unaware had
been introduced into evidence in the proceedings. The injustice of this
course is obvious. Further, unaided by analysis and argument which
undoubtedly could have contributed in my opinion to a right conclusion
of fact and a proper understanding of the substance of the Applicant's
claims, the Court has reached what in my opinion is an insupportable
conclusion. It has failed to decide the questions of jurisdiction and of
admissibilitv. isolated bv itsrder of 22 June 1973 in order that there
should be ai early deci;ion upon them.
As in the case of Australia v.France, 1am unable to join in the Judg-

ment which follows from an unjust procedure and which produces a
result which 1 cannot accept as right and proper in the circumstances.

(Signed) G. E. BARWICK.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SIR GARFIELD BARWICK

1 have already expressed my reasons for being unable to join in the
Judgment of the Court in the case of Australia v. France.Al1those reasons
apply with equal force in this case and need not be repeated.

The analysis of the exchanges between New Zealand and France prior
to the lodgment of the Application results, in my opinion, inthe emergence
of a dispute between them as to their respective legal rights. It isapparent
from the letter written on 19 February 1973by theAmbassador of France
to the Prime Minister of New Zealand that France early recognized that

legal rights were involved in the matters which had been in discussion.
The reply of the Prime Minister, written on 9 March 1973, made it quite
clear in my opinion that New Zealand was asserting the existence of
rights under international law and that France's acts in connection with
the detonation of nuclear devices at Mururoa infringed those rights of
New Zealand. As the letter of the Prime Minister of New Zealand to the
President of France, written on 4 May 1973,points out, France disputed

the existence of and the alleged breach of those rights. Thus in my opinion
there was a legal dispute between the Parties prior to the lodging of the
Application.
The various bases of claim made by the Applicant are subsumed under
five headings in the Application (see para. 28) and in the Applicant's
Memorial (see para. 190).They are not expressly spelled out individually

in the pre-Application exchanges to the same extent but they are clearly
al1embraced in the formulae there employed. The basis of claim enum-
erated in these paragraphs of the Application and Memorial are al1
comprehended in the four bases of claim which are set out in my opinion
in the case ofAustralia v. France.Thus, what 1have said there asto those
four bases of claim, is wholly applicable to the five bases of claim which

the Applicant has enumerated in these proceedings. 1 need not specially
differentiate between the four bases in the one case and the five bases of
claim in the other.

Perhaps the emphasis respectively placed upon the unlawfulness of
the testing of nuclear weapons and upon the infringement of sovereignty
by the fall-out in New Zealand resulting from the detonation of nuclear

devices, differs slightly in the two cases. This, in my opinion, does not
require any special treatment in these reasons as the difference is not of
any substantial importance.
The Applicant however, unlike Australia, did not seek an order of OPINION DISSIDENTE DE SIR GARFIELD BARWICK

[Traduction]

J'ai déjà exposémes raisons pour ne pas souscrire à l'arrêt de
la Cour dans l'affaire Australie c. France.Ces raisons s'appliquent avec
la mêmeforce dans la présenteespèceet il n'y a pas lieu de les répéter
ici.
L'analyse des échanges qui se sont déroulésentre la Nouvelle-Zélande

et la France avant le dépôtde la requêtemontre comment un différenda
pris corps entre ces deux Etats au sujet de leurs droits réciproques. La
lettre que l'ambassadeur de France a adressée au premier ministre de
Nouvelle-Zélande le 19 février 1973 atteste que la France a reconnu
assez tôt que les problèmes en discussion mettaient en jeu des droits au
sens juridique. La réponse du premier ministre, en date du 9 mars 1973,
montre bien à mon avis que la Nouvelle-Zélande se réclamede droits
consacrés par le droit international, et soutient que ces droits ont été
enfreints par les activités françaises se rattachant l'explosion d'engins
nucléaires à Mururoa. Ainsi que le souligne la lettre du premier ministre
de Nouvelle-Zélande au président de la République française, datéedu
4 mai 1973, la France contestait aussi bien l'existence de ces droits que
leur violation. Anion avis il existait donc un différendjuridique entre'les
Parties avant le dépôtde la requête.

Les diverses bases de la demande sont énoncées sous cinqrubriques
dans la requête (voirpar. 28) et dans le mémoire du demandeur (voir
par. 190).Iln'en estpas fait étatséparémentnid'une manièreaussi détaillée
dans les échanges qui ont précédé le dépôtde la requête, maisil est clair
qu'elles sont globalement viséespar les formules employées à l'époque.
Les chefs de demande mentionnésdans ces paragraphes de la requêteet
du mémoire sont tous compris dans les quatre bases de la demande
énumérées dans mon opinion en l'affaire Australie c. France. Ainsi, ce
que j'ai écritdans cette opinion au sujet de ces quatre fondements de la
demande s'applique en totalitéaux cinq chefs de demande que le requé-
rant a énoncésdans la présente instance. 11me paraît inutile de distinguer
spécialemententre les quatre bases existant dans une affaire et les cinq
qui sont invoquéesdans l'autre.

II existe peut-êtreune certaine différenceentre les deux affaires en ce
qui concerne l'importance accordée dans chaque cas à I'illicéides armes
nucléaires etaux violations de souveraineté qu'entraînent les retombées
produites par I'explosion d'engins nucléaires.Je ne crois pas qu'il vaille
la peine de s'y arrêterspécialement, cette différencen'ayant à mon avis
aucune portée essentielle.
II reste que le demandeur n'a sollicitéaucune injonction, contrairement

72injunction. Its only claim was for a declaration. Its claim is expressed
in its Application as follows:

"Accordingly, New Zealand asks the Court to adjudge and declare:
That the conduct by the French Government of nuclear tests in
the South Pacific region that give rise to radio-active fall-out consti-
tutes a violation of New Zealand's rights under international law,

and that these rights will be violated by any further such tests."

It is thus even more difficult in this case to support the view that the

Applicant's request for a declaration was but .as a reason or foundation
for an order of injunction or, as it is put, was merely a means to an end
and not an end in itself. Any suggestion that the claim must be regarded
as either a claim for a declaration or a claim for an injunction would be a
false dichotomy. In truth the claim could seek both, as in the case of
Australia but the claim of the Applicant does not.

In any case, as 1pointed out in my opinion in the case of Australia v.
France, it is only by a fallacious identification of the purpose being
pursued by the initiation of the litigation with the substance of the
claim actually made in the proceedings, is it concluded in the Judgment
that the Applicant by its claim did not seek a declaration of right as a
means of resolving its dispute with France as to the unlawfulness of the
French nuclear activity at Mururoa and of its consequences.

Whatever may be said as to its motivation, the Application is in respect
of a dispute as to the legality of the Respondent's actions in exploding
nuclear devices: so much isexpresslyconceded in the Judgment (see paras.
1and 16).The Application in terms sought an adjudicationupon questions
of legal right as the method of resolving that dispute. Such an adjudication
would result in res judicata binding both parties and, if the Applicant

were successful, forming the basis for further action either of a litigious
or diplomatic nature. A voluntary promise, even if binding, not to
exercise what the Respondent still maintained was its right cannot be the
equivalent or substitute for such an adjudication in these proceedings. It
cannot properly be said, in my opinion, that because France has volun-
tarily "assumed an obligation as to conduct, concerning the effective
cessation of nuclear tests, no further judicial action is required ... that

any further finding would have no raison d'être" (para. 59) or that :

". .. since the Court now finds that a commitment in this respect has
been entered into by France, there is no occasion for a pronounce-
ment in respect of rightsand obligations of the Parties concerning the
past-which in other circumstances the Court would be entitled andà ce qu'avait fait l'Australie. Il ne cherche à obtenir qu'une déclaration.
Dans la requête,sa conclusion est formuléeen ces termes:

((En conséquencel,a Nouvelle-Zélandeprie la Cour dire etjuger que
les essais nucléaires provoquant des retombées radioactives effectués
par le Gouvernement français dans la régiondu Pacifique Sud cons-

tituent une violation des droits de la Nouvelle-Zélande au regard
du droit international et que ces droits seront enfreints par tout
nouvel essai. 1)

II est donc encore plus difficile en l'espècede soutenir que la déclaration
demandée par le requérant ne servirait qu'à motiver ou à fonder une
injonction ou, comme on l'a dit, ne serait qu'un simple moyen en vue
d'une fin et non pas une finen soi. Cen'est que par une dichotomie abusive

qu'on peut prétendre que la demande tend ou bien à une déclaration ou
bien à une injonction. En réalité,la demande peut viser les deux objectifs
ensemble, comme dans l'affaire australienne, encore que ce ne soit pas le
cas ici.
De toute manière, ainsi que je l'ai soulignédans mon opinion en I'af-

faire Australie c. France, ce n'est que par une assimilation fallacieuse du
dessein poursuivi en introduisant l'instance et de la substance de la
demande effectivement présentéeque l'arrêt peut arriver à conclure que
le demandeur ne sollicitait pas une déclaration sur les droits en cause
comme moyen de résoudre son différend avec la France au sujet de I'illi-

céité desactivités nucléaires françaises à Mururoa et des conséquences
qu'elles comportent.
Quelle que soit l'interprétation qu'on puisse donner de ses mobiles, la
requête concerne un différendsur la licéité desactes du défendeur consis-
tant à faire exploser des engins nucléaiies: l'arrêtle reconnaît d'ailleurs

expressément (voir par. 1et 16). 11ressort des termes mêmesde la requête
qu'elle tendait à obtenir une décision sur des questions de droits au sens
juridique et que c'est par cetteméthode que le différenddevait êtreréglé.
Une telle décision aurait force de chose jugée et lierait les deux parties;
rendue en faveur du demandeur, elle servirait de base à toute action

future - contentieuse ou diplomatique. Une promesse volontaire, même
obligatoire, de ne pas exercer ce que le défendeur continue à considérer
comme un droit ne saurait représenter l'équivalent ou le substitut d'une
décision semblable en la présente instance. A mon avis, on ne peut pas
légitimement prétendre que, parce que la France a volontairement

((assumé une obligation de comportement sur la cessation effective
des expériences atmosphériques, aucune autre action judiciaire n'est
nécessaire [et]qu'aucune autre constatation n'aurait de raison d'être ))
(par. 59), ni que:

((Puisque la Cour conclut qu'une obligation a étéassuméepar la
France à cet égard,il n'y a pas lieu qu'elle se prononce sur les droits
et les obligations des Parties dans le passé - ce que la Cour aurait le

droit et mêmele devoir de faire en d'autres circonstances - quelle even obliged to make-whatever the date by reference to which such

pronouncement might be made" (para. 54).
Such statements in theJudgment are in my opinion on their face erroneous

and indicative of a failure on the part of the Court to perform its judicial
duty of decision (Art. 38 of the Statute).
Of course, such a promise by France if accepted by the Applicant might
well result in a compromise of the litigation. Despite, and with due
respect to the assertion to the contrary in the Judgment (para. 57), it is,
in my opinion, with the compromise of the litigation rather than with the

settlement of the dispute between the Parties that the Court in this case
as in the case ofAustralia v.France has, erroneously as 1think, concerned
itself.
The terms of the Applicant's request seem wide enough to embrace
tests which had occurred before the Application was lodged. The claim

then proceeds that any further tests will violate French rights under inter-
national law. But this circumstance does not cal1in my opinion for any
different reasoning from that which 1have used nor any qualifications of
the opinion 1have expressed in the case of Australia v. France.
It should be mentioned however that throughout the pre-Application

exchanges, the Applicant expressly and consistently reserved its "right
to hold the French Government responsible for any damage or losses
incurred bv New Zealand or the Pacific Islands for which New Zealand
has special responsibility or concern, as a result of the weapons tests",
which France intended to conduct. As consistently and as expressly,
France denied that the Applicant had any such right. The fact of this

reservation mav be added to the other considerations to which 1adverted
in my opinion in the case of Australia v. France, for concluding that the
Applicant is not debarred from seeking compensation from France for
the results of the atomic detonations at Mururoa. It could clearly have
done so in my opinion in these proceedings as to the results of the 1973

and 1974 series of tests, in the latter of which the Applicant has asserted
that the "fall-out levels recorded for the 1974test series have been signi-
ficantly higher than those measured in 1972 and 1973". Whether the
Applicant in its final submission could have sought compensation in
respect of these pre-Application detonations need not be decided but it is

to my mind clear that if a declaration of unlawfulness had been made the
Applicant would have been able to make it the basis for claims upon
France for compensation in respect of such explosions.

My comments made in the case of Australia v. France as to the use
sought to be made intheJudgment of the introduction and of a comment

made upon the communiqué of 8 June 1974 by the Applicant, apply
equally to this case. Such introduction and comment were in no sense
related to the question the Court has decided. Further, nothing in the
statement of the Prime Minister of New Zealand made on 1 November
1974 was directed to that question. Neither the observations of the que soit la date par rapport à laquelle un tel prononcé pourrait être
fait.))(Par. 54.)

A mon avis ces déclarations qui figurent dans l'arrêtsont de toute évidence
erronéeset montrent que la Cour ne s'est pas acquittée de son obligation
judiciaire de statuer (art.38 du Statut).
Bien sûr, si le demandeuraivairacceptéune telle promesse de la part de la
France, cela aurait fort bien pu se traduire par un compromis. Malgré
cela, et en dépit de l'assertion contraire qui figure dans l'arrêt(par. 57),

c'est plutôt d'une solution de compromis que du règlement du différend
entre les Parties que la Cour s'est préoccupée,à tort selon moi, dans la
présente espècecomme dans I'affaire Australie c. France.

Les termes de la conclusion précitéeparaissent sufisamment larges
pour englober les essais effectués avant le dépôt de la requête.Il est dit

ensuite que les droits de la Nouvelle-Zélande au regard du droit inter-
national seront enfreints par tout nouvel essai. Mais ce facteur, selon moi,
ne doit pas m'inciter à suivre ici un raisonnement différent ni à modifier
l'opinion que j'ai expriméedans I'affaire Australie c. France.
II convient cependant de relever que, tout au long des échanges qui ont
précédé larequête, le demandeur a toujours réservéexpressément son

((droit de rendre leGouvernement français responsable de tous dommages
ou de toutes pertes que viendraient à subir la Nouvelle-Zélande ou les îles
du Pacifique dont elle a spécialement la responsabilité ou la charge à la
suite des essais d'armes)) que la France se proposait d'effectuer. La
France a niétout aussi expressément et avec la mêmeconstance que le

demandeur possédât ce droit. Cette réserve est à prendre en considération
en plus de tous les autres élémentsdont j'ai fait état dans mon opinion en
I'affaire Australie c. France et qui m'amènent à conclure que rien n'em-
pêcherait le requérant de demander à la France réparation des consé-
quences des explosions atomiques de Mururoa. II est clair que dans la
présente instance il aurait pu formuler une telle demande à raison des

essais de 1973 et de 1974, dont les derniers, selon lui, ont provoqué des
((niveaux de retombées ... sensiblement plus élevésque ceux qui avaient
étémesurésen 1972et 1973». II est inutile de rechercher si, dans sa con-
clusion finale, le demandeur aurait pu prétendre à réparation au titre des
explosions qui ont précédé le dépôtde la requête,mais ilest évident,selon
moi, que si la Cour avait déclaréles essais illicites, le demandeur aurait

pu s'en prévaloir pour chercher à obtenir de la France le versement de
dommages-intérêtsà raison de ces explosions.
Ce que j'ai dit dans I'affaire Australie c. France du parti que l'arrêt
prétend tirer de laréférencefaiteparledemandeuraucommuniqué du 8juin
1974 et des observations qu'il lui a inspirées s'applique également ici.
Cette référence et cesobservations du demandeur ne se rapportaient en

aucune façon à la question que la Cour a tranchée. De plus,-rien dans la
déclaration du premier ministre de la Nouvelle-Zélande faite le 1" no-
vembre 1974ne concernait cette question. Ni les observations du deman-Applicant on the communiqué of 8 June 1974nor the said statement of
the Prime Minister afford in my opinionany justification for not notifying
and hearing the Applicant upon the questionthe Court has now decided.

Here, as in the case of Australia v. France, the Court in my opinion
has failed ina basic respect to comply with the requirements of itsjudicial
process. It has decided a question of which the Applicant has had no
notice and by the use of material which the Applicant was unaware had
been introduced into evidence in the proceedings. The injustice of this
course is obvious. Further, unaided by analysis and argument which
undoubtedly could have contributed in my opinion to a right conclusion
of fact and a proper understanding of the substance of the Applicant's
claims, the Court has reached what in my opinion is an insupportable
conclusion. It has failed to decide the questions of jurisdiction and of
admissibilitv. isolated bv itsrder of 22 June 1973 in order that there
should be ai early deci;ion upon them.
As in the case of Australia v.France, 1am unable to join in the Judg-

ment which follows from an unjust procedure and which produces a
result which 1 cannot accept as right and proper in the circumstances.

(Signed) G. E. BARWICK. ESSAIS NUCLÉAIRES (OP. DISSBARWICK) 528

deur sur le communiqué du 8 juin 1974 ni ladite déclaration du premier
ministre ne sauraient justifier selon moi que le demandeur n'ait pas été
aviséde la question que la Cour vient de trancher et n'ait pas étéentendu
à ce sujet.
Dans la présente instance, comme dans l'affaire Australie c. France,
je pense que, sur un point fondamental, la Cour n'a pas satisfait aux

exigences de sa fonction judiciaire. Elle a statué sur une question dont le
demandeur n'avait pas étéinformé et en utilisant des éléments dont le
demandeur ignorait qu'ils eussent étéintroduits en tant que preuves.
L'injustice du procédéest patente. De plus, sans le bénéfice desanalyses
et des arguments qui, j'en suis sûr, auraient facilité une bonne inter-
prétation des faits et une compréhension exacte de la substance des

prétentions du demandeur, la Cour est parvenue selon moi à une conclu-
sion que rien ne justifie. Elle ne s'est pas prononcée sur les questions de
compétence et de recevabilité, que son ordonnance du 22 juin1973 avait
mises à part pour que la Cour puisse les trancher rapidement.
Comme dans l'affaire Australie c. France, je ne puis m'associer à un
arrêtqui est le fruit d'une procédure injuste et qui a abouti à un résultat

que je ne saurais tenir pour exact et approprié dans les circonstances de
l'espèce.

(Signé G). E.BARWJCK.

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Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Sir Garfield Barwick

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