Separate opinion of Judge Rezek (translation)

Document Number
089-19980227-JUD-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
089-19980227-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE REZEK

[Translation]

1. Sincethe respondent State,in challengingas it has both thejurisdic-
tion of the Court and the admissibility of the Application, has laid
emphasis on the binding and paramount nature of SecurityCouncil reso-
lutions 748 (1992)and 883(1993)in the light of Articles 25 and 103of the
Charter of the United Nations, in my opinion the Judgment, with which
1agree, would more fully convey the lines of argument advanced by the
Parties wereit to devote a fewcomments to the subject of thejurisdiction
of the Court in relation to that of the political organs of the Organiza-
tion.
2. Article 103 of the Charter is a rule for settling conflicts between
treaties:above al1 it postulates a conflict between the Charter of the
United Nations and another treaty obligation. It settlesthe conflict in the
Charter's favour, regardless of the chronology of the texts. However, it is
not designed to operate to the detriment of customary international law
and even less so to the detriment of the general principles of the law of

nations. Moreover, it is definitelythe Charter of the United Nations (not
a Security Council resolution, nor a General Assembly recommendation,
nor a jadgment of the International Court of Justice) which benefitsfrom
the primacy established in this nom: it is the Charter with the full sig-
nificance of its principles, its system and the division of powers which it
establishes.
3. Furthermore, the Court is the definitiveinterpreter of the Charter of
the United Nations. It is the Court's responsibility to determine the
meaning of each of its provisions and of the text as a whole, and this
responsibility becomes particularly serious when the Court finds itself
faced with a challenge to decisions taken by one of the Organization's
two principal political organs.Ensuring the primacy of the Charter in its
true and fullmeaning is one of the most eminent of the tasks which fa11to
the Court, and the Court, as of right and out of duty, acts to that end
whenever the occasion arises, even if this may in theory result incriticism
of another organ of the United Nations, or rather in disavowal of that
organ's analysis of the Charter.

At the time of the East Timor case, Judge Skubiszewskihad occasion
to recall that:

"The Court is competent, and this is shown by severaljudgments
and advisory opinions, to interpret and apply the resolutions of the
Organization. The Court is competent to make findingson their law-
fulness, in particular whether they were intra vires.This competence follows from its function as the principal judicial organ of the
United Nations. The decisions of the Organization (in the broad
sensewhich this notion has under the Charter provisions on voting)
are subject to scrutiny by the Court with regard to their legality,
validity and effect. The pronouncernents of the Court on these mat-
ters involve the interests of al1Member States or at any rate those
which are the addressees of the relevant resolutions. Yet these pro-
nouncements remain within the limits of Monetary Gold. By assess-
ing the various United Nations resolutions on East Timor in relation
to the rights and duties of Australia the Court would not be break-
ing the rule of the consensual basis of its jurisdiction." (Z.C.J.
Reports 1995, p. 251.)

In the past, judges asmeasuredas Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice have asserted
thisjurisdiction, and in this they were supported by the authority of doc-
trine. As Professor Oliver Lissitzyn wrote years ago:

"If the organization is to gain strength, theauthority to givebind-
ing interpretations of the Charter, at least in matters directly affect-
ing the rights and duties of States,must be lodged somewhere, pref-
erably in ajudicial organ. The long-range purposes and policieslaid
down in the Charter must be given some protection against the pos-

sible short-range aberrations of the political organs. Power without
law is despotism." (0. J. Lissitzyn, The International Courtof Jus-
tice, 1951,pp. 96-97.)

The argument that judicial scrutiny of a political organ's interpretation
of the Charter can only take place in the exerciseof advisoryjurisdiction
is totally without scientificfoundation. What is true is only that the sys-
tem does not authorize any State either to consult the Court on a con-
stitutional issueinvolvingthe United Nations orto raise such an issueby
means of direct action against the Organization or against an organ such
as the Security Council. However, the constitutional issue - relating,
Say,to a case of excèsdepouvoir - can perfectly wellarise in the context
of a dispute between States. It is quite natural, within such a framework,
that an application should be directed against a State which, for some
reason, has taken it upon itself to executethe Council'sact although that
act was challenged from the viewpoint of the Charter or of any rule of
general international law. The respondent in the proceedings, therefore,
is not the legislatorbut the immediateexecutor of the law, as is normally

the case in domesticjurisdictions within the framework of a procedure of
habeas corpus and in the context of civil actions for the protection of
rights other than individual freedoms.

4. The Court has full jurisdiction to interpret and apply the law in acontentious case, even when the exerciseof suchjurisdiction might entai1

the critical scrutiny of a decision of another organ of the United Nations.
It does not directly represent the States Members of the Organization
(this fact has been stated before the Court and attempts have been made
to infer from it the consequence that the Court is not competent to
undertake a reviewof resolutions of the Council),but precisely because it
is impermeable to political injunctions the Court is the interpreter par
excellence of the law and the natural forum for reviewing the acts of
political organs in the name of the law, as is the rule in democratic
régimes.It would be surprising indeed if the Security Council of the
United Nations were to enjoy absolute and unchallengeable power in
respect of therule of law, a privilegenot enjoyed, in domestic law, by the
political organs of most of the founding Members and other Members of
the Organization, starting with the respondent State.
It is the States Members of the United Nations, within the General
Assembly and the Security Council, which have the power to legislate, to
change if they so wish the rules that govern the working of the Organiza-
tion. In the exercise of their legislative function they may decide, for
example, that the Organization can do without a judicial organ, or that

this organ, contrary to national models, is not the ultimate interpreter of
the legal order of the Organization in matters which touch upon the
validity of adecision of another organ of the system. To my knowledge,
they have never even considered doing so and the Court should not,
1think, hold back from asserting a prerogative it enjoys on the basis of
the presumed will of the United Nations.

(Signed) Francisco REZEK.

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. REZEK

1. Puisque 1'Etatdéfendeur,en contestant ainsi tant la compétencede
la Cour que la recevabilitéde la requête, amis l'accent sur la force obli-
gatoireet la primauté des résolutions748 (1992)et 883(1993)du Conseil
de sécurité à la lumièredes articles 25 et 103 de la Charte des Nations
Unies, je suis d'avis que l'arrêt auquelje souscris rendrait plus complète-
ment compte de l'argumentation des Parties s'il consacrait quelques

lignes au thèmede la compétencede la Cour par rapport à celle des or-
ganes politiques de l'Organisation.

2. L'article 103de la Charte est une règle desolution de conflit entre
traités: il présuppose avant tout l'existence d'une opposition entre la
Charte des Nations Unies et un autre engagement .conventionnel. Il
résoutle conflit en faveur de la Charte, sans égardà la chronologie des
textes. Mais il n'entend pas opérer au détrimentdu droit international
coutumier et moins encore au préjudice des principes généraux du droit
des gens. Et c'est bienla Charte des Nations Unies (non une résolution
du Conseil de sécuritéu, ne recommandation de l'Assembléegénéraleou
un arrêtde la Cour internationale de Justice) qui bénéficiee la primauté

établiedans cette norme: c'est la Charte avec tout le poids de ses prin-
cipes, de son systèmeet de la répartition de compétencesqu'elle réalise.

3. D'autre part, la Cour est l'interprète définitifde la Charte des
Nations Unies. C'est à la Cour qu'il appartient de procéder àla détermi-
nation du sens de chacune de ses prescriptions et de l'ensembledu texte,
et il s'agitlà d'une responsabilitéqui devient particulièrement grave lors-
que la Cour est confrontée à la mise en question de décisionsde l'un des
deux organes politiques principaux de l'organisation. Veillerà assurer la
primautéde la Charte dans son senspréciset complet est parmi lestâches
incombant à la Cour une des plus éminenteset la Cour, de plein droit et
par devoir, fait en sorte qu'il en soit ainsi chaqueois que l'occasion se

présente,mêmesi cela peut en théorieconduire à la critique d'un autre
organe des Nations Unies, ou plutôt au désaveude l'exegésede la Charte
que fait cet organe.
Lors de l'affairedu Timororiental,M. Skubiszewskia eu l'occasionde
rappeler :

«La Cour est compétente,ainsi que le montrent plusieurs arrêtset
avis consultatifs, pour interpréter et appliquer les résolutions de
l'Organisation. Elle est compétentepour se prononcer sur leur léga-
lité,et notamment sur la question de savoir si ellessontintra vires. SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE REZEK

[Translation]

1. Sincethe respondent State,in challengingas it has both thejurisdic-
tion of the Court and the admissibility of the Application, has laid
emphasis on the binding and paramount nature of SecurityCouncil reso-
lutions 748 (1992)and 883(1993)in the light of Articles 25 and 103of the
Charter of the United Nations, in my opinion the Judgment, with which
1agree, would more fully convey the lines of argument advanced by the
Parties wereit to devote a fewcomments to the subject of thejurisdiction
of the Court in relation to that of the political organs of the Organiza-
tion.
2. Article 103 of the Charter is a rule for settling conflicts between
treaties:above al1 it postulates a conflict between the Charter of the
United Nations and another treaty obligation. It settlesthe conflict in the
Charter's favour, regardless of the chronology of the texts. However, it is
not designed to operate to the detriment of customary international law
and even less so to the detriment of the general principles of the law of

nations. Moreover, it is definitelythe Charter of the United Nations (not
a Security Council resolution, nor a General Assembly recommendation,
nor a jadgment of the International Court of Justice) which benefitsfrom
the primacy established in this nom: it is the Charter with the full sig-
nificance of its principles, its system and the division of powers which it
establishes.
3. Furthermore, the Court is the definitiveinterpreter of the Charter of
the United Nations. It is the Court's responsibility to determine the
meaning of each of its provisions and of the text as a whole, and this
responsibility becomes particularly serious when the Court finds itself
faced with a challenge to decisions taken by one of the Organization's
two principal political organs.Ensuring the primacy of the Charter in its
true and fullmeaning is one of the most eminent of the tasks which fa11to
the Court, and the Court, as of right and out of duty, acts to that end
whenever the occasion arises, even if this may in theory result incriticism
of another organ of the United Nations, or rather in disavowal of that
organ's analysis of the Charter.

At the time of the East Timor case, Judge Skubiszewskihad occasion
to recall that:

"The Court is competent, and this is shown by severaljudgments
and advisory opinions, to interpret and apply the resolutions of the
Organization. The Court is competent to make findingson their law-
fulness, in particular whether they were intra vires.This competence Cette compétencedécoule dela fonctiondela Cour en tant qu'organe
judiciaire principal de l'Organisation des Nations Unies. Les déci-
sions de l'Organisation (au senslargeque cettenotion a en vertu des
dispositions de la Charte relatives au vote) peuvent êtreexaminées

par la Cour du point de vue deleur légalitéd,eleur validitéet de leur
effet. Les conclusions de la Cour sur ces questionsmettent en cause
lesintérêtdse tous les Etats Membres, ou du moins de ceux qui sont
viséspar les résolutionsen question. Mais ces conclusions restent
dans les limites fixéespar la règle énoncéedans l'affaire de l'Or
monétaire.En évaluantlesdiversesrésolutionsde l'organisation des
Nations Unies concernant le Timor oriental par rapport aux droits
et aux devoirs de l'Australie, la Cour ne contreviendrait pas à la
règledu fondement consensuel de sa compétence.» (C.I.J. Recueil
1995, p. 251.)

Dans le passé, desjuges aussi pondérésque sir Gerald Fitzmaurice ont
fait état de cette compétence, et l'autorité de la doctrine allait dans le
mêmesens. Il y a bien longtemps que M. Oliver Lissitzynproposait:

«Si l'organisation veut s'affirmer,ilfaut que le pouvoir de donner
des interprétations contraignantes de la Charte, du moins dans les
matières intéressantdirectement les droits et obligations des Etats,
réside quelquepart, de préférenceentre les mains d'un organe judi-
ciaire. Les objectifset politiqueslong terme énoncés dans la Charte
doivent êtreprotégéscontre les éventuels égarementstemporaires
des organes politiques. Le pouvoir sans le droit, c'est ledespotisme.
(0. J. Lissitzyn, The International Court of Justice, 1951,p. 96-97.
[Traduction du Greffe. 1)

La thèsesuivant laquelle le contrôle judiciaire de l'interprétation de la
Charte auquel a procédéun organe politique ne peut se faire que dans
l'exercicede la compétenceconsultative est totalement dénuéede fonde-
ment scientifique.Il est seulement vrai qu'aucun Etat n'est autoriséparle
système à consulter la Cour sur une questionconstitutionnelle desNations

Unies ni à soulever une telle question par le biais d'une action directe
contre l'organisation ou contre un organe comme le Conseil de sécurité.
Mais la question constitutionnelle - ayant trait, par exemple, à un cas
d'excèsde pouvoir - peut parfaitement se poser dans le contexte du
contentieux entre Etats. Il est fort naturel, dans un tel cadre, que la
requête soitdirigéecontre 1'Etatqui, pour une raison quelconque, aurait
prisà sa charge d'exécuterl'acte du Conseil,bien que cet acte fut contesté
au regard de la Charte ou de n'importe quelle norme du droit internatio-
nal général. Le sujeptassif de l'action n'estpoint donc le législateur,mais
l'exécuteur immédiad te la loi, tel que cela se produit d'ordinaire, devant
lesjuridictions internes,dans le cadre d'une procédured'habeas corpuset
dans le contexte d'actions civilespour la protection de droits autres que
la libertéindividuelle.
4. La Cour jouit d'une pleine compétence pour l'interprétation et follows from its function as the principal judicial organ of the
United Nations. The decisions of the Organization (in the broad
sensewhich this notion has under the Charter provisions on voting)
are subject to scrutiny by the Court with regard to their legality,
validity and effect. The pronouncernents of the Court on these mat-
ters involve the interests of al1Member States or at any rate those
which are the addressees of the relevant resolutions. Yet these pro-
nouncements remain within the limits of Monetary Gold. By assess-
ing the various United Nations resolutions on East Timor in relation
to the rights and duties of Australia the Court would not be break-
ing the rule of the consensual basis of its jurisdiction." (Z.C.J.
Reports 1995, p. 251.)

In the past, judges asmeasuredas Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice have asserted
thisjurisdiction, and in this they were supported by the authority of doc-
trine. As Professor Oliver Lissitzyn wrote years ago:

"If the organization is to gain strength, theauthority to givebind-
ing interpretations of the Charter, at least in matters directly affect-
ing the rights and duties of States,must be lodged somewhere, pref-
erably in ajudicial organ. The long-range purposes and policieslaid
down in the Charter must be given some protection against the pos-

sible short-range aberrations of the political organs. Power without
law is despotism." (0. J. Lissitzyn, The International Courtof Jus-
tice, 1951,pp. 96-97.)

The argument that judicial scrutiny of a political organ's interpretation
of the Charter can only take place in the exerciseof advisoryjurisdiction
is totally without scientificfoundation. What is true is only that the sys-
tem does not authorize any State either to consult the Court on a con-
stitutional issueinvolvingthe United Nations orto raise such an issueby
means of direct action against the Organization or against an organ such
as the Security Council. However, the constitutional issue - relating,
Say,to a case of excèsdepouvoir - can perfectly wellarise in the context
of a dispute between States. It is quite natural, within such a framework,
that an application should be directed against a State which, for some
reason, has taken it upon itself to executethe Council'sact although that
act was challenged from the viewpoint of the Charter or of any rule of
general international law. The respondent in the proceedings, therefore,
is not the legislatorbut the immediateexecutor of the law, as is normally

the case in domesticjurisdictions within the framework of a procedure of
habeas corpus and in the context of civil actions for the protection of
rights other than individual freedoms.

4. The Court has full jurisdiction to interpret and apply the law in al'application du droit dans une affaire contentieuse, mêmequand l'exer-
cice de cette compétencepeut entraîner l'examen critique d'une décision

d'un autre organe des Nations Unies. Elle ne représente pas directement
lesEtats Membres de l'organisation (on l'a rappelé devantla Cour, et on
a voulu en tirer comme conséquence l'incompétence de la Cour pour pro-
céder à l'examen des résolutionsdu Conseil), mais c'est justement son
imperméabilité à l'injonction politique qui fait de la Cour l'interprètepar
excellencedu droit et le for naturel de la revision, au nom du droit, des
actes des organes politiques, tel qu'il est de rigueur dans les régimes
démocratiques.Ce serait bien une source d'étonnement si le Conseil de
sécurité desNations Unies devaitjouir d'un pouvoir absolu et incontes-
table à l'égardde la règlede droit, privilègedont ne jouissent pas, en
droit interne, les organes politiques de la plupart des fondateurs et des
autres membres de l'organisation, àcommencer par 1'Etatdéfendeur.
C'est aux Etats Membres des Nations Unies, au sein de l'Assemblée

généraleet du Conseil de sécurité, qu'appartientle pouvoir de légiférer,
de changer s'ilsle veulent les règlesqui présidentau fonctionnement de
l'organisation. Dans l'exercicede la fonction législative,ils peuvent déci-
der, par exemple, que l'organisation peut se passer d'un organe judi-
ciaire, ou que celui-ci, contrairement aux modèlesnationaux, n'est pas
l'interprète ultime de l'ordre juridique del'organisation, lorsque se pose
la question de la validitéd'une décisiond'un autre organe du système.
ce que l'on sait, ils n'ont jamais songéàagir ainsi, etje pense que la Cour
ne devrait pas êtretimide dans l'affirmation d'une prérogative qui lui
revient de par la volontéprésumée desNations Unies.

(SignéF )rancisco REZEK.contentious case, even when the exerciseof suchjurisdiction might entai1

the critical scrutiny of a decision of another organ of the United Nations.
It does not directly represent the States Members of the Organization
(this fact has been stated before the Court and attempts have been made
to infer from it the consequence that the Court is not competent to
undertake a reviewof resolutions of the Council),but precisely because it
is impermeable to political injunctions the Court is the interpreter par
excellence of the law and the natural forum for reviewing the acts of
political organs in the name of the law, as is the rule in democratic
régimes.It would be surprising indeed if the Security Council of the
United Nations were to enjoy absolute and unchallengeable power in
respect of therule of law, a privilegenot enjoyed, in domestic law, by the
political organs of most of the founding Members and other Members of
the Organization, starting with the respondent State.
It is the States Members of the United Nations, within the General
Assembly and the Security Council, which have the power to legislate, to
change if they so wish the rules that govern the working of the Organiza-
tion. In the exercise of their legislative function they may decide, for
example, that the Organization can do without a judicial organ, or that

this organ, contrary to national models, is not the ultimate interpreter of
the legal order of the Organization in matters which touch upon the
validity of adecision of another organ of the system. To my knowledge,
they have never even considered doing so and the Court should not,
1think, hold back from asserting a prerogative it enjoys on the basis of
the presumed will of the United Nations.

(Signed) Francisco REZEK.

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Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Rezek (translation)

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