Separate Opinion of Judge Badawi (translation)

Document Number
033-19581128-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
033-19581128-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE BADAWI
[Translntionj

1 am in agreement both with the operative clause of and the
grounds for the Court's Judgment. As reasons for its decision,
however, the Court did not think it necessary to pronounce upon
the interpretation of the law on protective upbnnging as a law
of ordre public aiming to provide a social guarantee, nor of the
Convention of 1902 as containing an implied reservation author-
izing, on the ground of ordre public, the overruling of the application
of the foreign law recognized as the proper law to govern the legal
relationship in question. The Court confined itsel'f to giving a
careful and closelyreasoned analysis of the differences between the
purpose of the Convention and the purpose of the law. In view

of these differences, the Court considered that the Convention
could not overrule the law. au1te a~art from the fact that unless
the law prevailed, a negative solution would be arrived at, accord-
ing to which the infant would lose in Sweden, where she lives, both
the benefit of the law on protective upbnnging and of the corre-
sponding Dutch system of placing under supervision, this system
only being applicable in the Netherlands by the Dutch national
organs.
For my part, 1 take the view that this justification alone is not
decisive, since, apart from the differences between the Convention
and the law, there is the fact that the application of the latter
affects the effects of the former. There is thus opposition between
the two, and it is necessary to make one prevail over the other.

Now, the law is a national instrument, while the Convention is
an international instrument. In favour of the latter there is a
presumption of primacy and it has been established by many
judicial decisions that a State cannot evade the obligations imposed
by an international convention by invoking its oxvnlaw, or indeed
even its own constitution.
It is not enough, therefore, that the subject-matter of the law
should be different from the subject-matter of the Convention.
One must further take the view, either that this particular law
is superior to the Convention, or that the Convention should be
interpreted as embodying a tacit reservation which authorizes in
certain cases the preference being given to the Lexfori-in other

words, that the law constituting the lex fori is a law of ordre public.
The first alternative is clearly to be excluded. The second one
remains. Now, despite its apparent incongruity in the case of
international conventions, the concept of laws of ordre pubtic is a
common one in rivat te international Iaw.
It is universally recognized in national systeins of conflicts of
laws as inseparable from these systems, notwithstanding that thisgeneral formula of ordre public is considered a vague, indefinite
and relative concept and one that varies according to place and time.

1s the situation the same in international conventions relating to
the system of the conflict of laws? International conventions on

this subject are, in fact, simply designed to achieve the unification
of the sytem, without creating specific obligations. They merelj-
constitute an alignment of States upon a uniform solution, without
changing the nature of this solution as it is generally adopted in
national legal systems.
Some doubt however appears to have been cast upon the in-
variability of this conclusion in the case of international conven-
tions. Some take the view that, in the Convention of 1904 on suc-
cession, signed by the representatives of a large number of
States, Article 6 regarding ordre public, which was redrafted so
many times, made the Convention abortive, for it was never rati-
fied, and that in 1913 France denounced the three Conventions
of 1902, also for a reason ofordrepublic.
However that may be, it is somewhat significant to note that
recent conventions of private international law expressly provided

for the exception of ordrepublic.
During the drawing up of the Convention of 1902 on guardian-
ship, there were, indeed, lengthy discussions on the adoption of a
general formula of ordrepztblic.The trend of opinion opposed to its
inclusion in the Convention prevailed by invoking its vagueness
and generality, as well as the fear that national tribunals might
reduce the Convention to nothing in giving the formula a broad
interpretation. According to this view, the Convention adopted a
system of special treatment by providing for the only cases which
deserved to be regarded as exceptions to the general rule laid
down by the first article of the Convention.
Articles 3,6 and 7 of the Convention have been cited as cases in
which, on the grounds of ordrepublic, the national law is excluded.
According to this interpretation, a similar exception would not be
justified in any other case.

But, leaving aside paragraph 2 of Article 6, the provisions of
Article 3 and 7 are, in fact, concerned with details of application
or with hypotheses in which the application of the national law
cannot be contemplated, not on grounds of ordre public, but on
account of factors inherent in those very hypotheses. Cnder Arti-
cle 3, it is as a result of the failurc of the national law that the local
law wil be applied, while Article 7 is concerned onlywith provision-
al measures taken pending the institution of guardianship under the
national law or measures taken in cases of urgency.
Apart from this argument drawn from the Conventioii ancl on thc
basis of the discussions at the Hague Conferences, must one con-
clude that in the absence of an exception of ordre pzl-blicexpressly
provided for in the Convention, no such exception should be ad-

24mitted? But no special provisions for individual cases could be
sufficient or adequate to meet the needs of every legal situation,
since the cases of ordrepublic cannot be fixed and listed in advance.
The human contingencies which may give rise to a divergence
between a rule determined by the system adopted for conflict of
laws and another rule of the lex fori are numerous and often un-
foreseeable, quite apart from the fact that new laws may give rise

to cases in which similar divergencies may be revealed.
The absence of a general formula of ordrepubliccannot, tl-ierefore,
be interpreted as a negation of this reservation. In fact, this tacit
reservation forms part of the technical structure of private inter-
national law which, by settling a conflict between two systems of
law by means of the all-inclusive acceptance of one of them, cannot
obviate another conflict between a particular rule of the system
chosen and a rule of the lex fori. And it is precisely the exception
of ordrepztblic, implied in any system of conflict of laws, that con-
stitutes the criterion for the settlement of conflict, which can be
foreseen but not determined in advance.
But, if the omission to provide for the exception of ordre pzrblic
in a convention does not mean that the convention denies its
existence, such an omission could, in the mind of its supporters,
have served as a means of minimizing the violations of the conven-

tion which would result from an abusive use of the exception. Per-
haps it was thought that, without an arbitration voluntarily
agreed to by the contracting parties to the Hague Conventions, in
case of the abusive use of the exception-a cumbersome, costly,
and not very appropriate method--the parties would have been
unable to obtain justice.
Notwithstanding this probable mental reservation, the fact that
the Convention is silent with regard to the exception cannot prop-
erly be construed as a denial of its existence. The view that it
would, in one form or another, be admissible has always been held,
because the exception is inseparable froin the system of conflict of
laws.

In fact, the exclusion of the exception of ordre public in the

application of an international convention on the conflict of laws
is only conceivable on the assumption that the contracting States
impliedly intended to accept the obligation not to reserve for their
own sovereign action any right to apply the rules of their own legis-
lation which might directly or indirectly run counter to the effects
of the application of the convention.
Such an interpretation is however neither admissible nor in
conformity with the facts. It is not admissible because it would
reject the implication of the exception of ordrepzbblicto substitute
for it a more serious implication. It is not in conformity with the facts because even the extremist
opponents of the exception cannot deny that certain limitations
to the application of the Convention do in fact exist, in particular
in penal matters, notwithstanding that these limitations have not
been expressly provided for and that they can only be the result
of an interpretation by implication. Without attempting a definition
of ordrepublic w hich the Conferences were not able to establish, it
is not difficult to admit that the limitations which may be justified
on grounds similar to or as valid as the limitation mentioned above
should benefit by the same treatment. They would involve a com-
parison between the obligation resulting from the Convention and
the local law. If the courts of a contracting State,der the possible
ultimate supervision of an international jurisdiction, hold that the
law, in view of its importance and its serious nature, should not be
applied only to nationals of the country, either as a right or a
privilege, or as an obligation or duty, but to all the inhabitants of
the country as being a law of ordrepublic they cannot be held to be

contravening the intentions of the contracting States in making
the law prevail over the Convention. It is, in fact, a question to
be decided in each -case, having regard to the convention and the
law involved. *
* *

With regard to the present case, it is sufficient to recall that
the Netherlands, notwithstanding the omission of any allusion
in the Convention to the exception, recognize that the Convention
cannot be invoked with regard to the custody of a child under
guardianship against the carrying out of a penalty or of a measure
of reformation pronounced against the child for an offence which it
has committed, in the same way as they would recognize that the
protective upbringing exercised in cases (b), (c) and (d) referred to
in Article 22 of the Swedish Law of June 6th, 1924, would override
the application of the Convention, but not case (a)-which is
that of Elisabeth Boll-because that case only relates to the private
interests of the child and thus constitutes a case ofguardianship and
hence a rival guardianship to that provided for in the first article
of the Convention.
But it is arbitrary, where the law has put the different grounds
on a footing of equality, to consider that one of them is connected
with the private interests of the child, while the othershave in view
the interests of society-especially bearing in mind the evolution
that has taken place in ideas concerning children and young people.

How, moreover, on what basis, is the respective seriousness of
the grounds laid down in Article 22 to be determined, when the
law establishes and puts at the disposa1 of the Board measures
which are not determined by the differences in those grounds-a
certain measure being applied for a certain ground-but only by
the appropriateness of the measure in regard to the specific case?
26A case (a) may be more serious than a case (c), and may call for a
graver measure; and the contrary can also be true.

In order to contest the exception of ordrepublic, the vagueness and
generality of the concept have often been invoked, as also the fear
that it may be abusively or arbitrarily applied; but, apart from
the fact that that is a hypothetical. and exaggerated danger, the
objection is notvalid to exclude a rule of law of which it postulates
the truth in principle. At the most, the only value of the objection
would be to call for greater circumspection in its application.
In the present case, the issue does not in reality bear on the
principle of the exception of ordre public, nor on the fact that it
constitutes an implied reservation to the first Article of the Con-
vention of 1902, nor on the general scope of the law on protective
upbringing, but on the application of one of its provisions to the
case submitted to the Court, by detaching the first paragraph of
Article 22 of the law of June 6th, 1924, from the system as a whole
and by contesting its character of ordrepublic.
The presence of the element of a substantive link considered
as a condition of the exception of ordre public has also been dis-
puted, but the uninternipted residence of the infant in Sweden
leaves no doubt, in the present case, of the existence of such an
element .
* * *

From the foregoing considerations it may be concluded that the
law on protective upbringing is a law of ordrepublic and that, as
such, it overrides the application of the Convention of 1902.
This reason should therefore be added to the reasons adopted
by the Court, of which it is a necessary complement.
The rejection of the Submissions of the Netherlands arrived at
on the basis of the arguments of the Parties themselves would then
be even more convincing.

(Signed) A. BADAWI.

Bilingual Content

OPINION IKDIVIDUELLE DE M. BADAWI

Je suis d'accord tant sur le dispositif que sur les motifs de l'arrêt
de la Cour. Pour motiver sa décision,la Cour n'a pas estiménéces-
saire de se prononcer sur l'interprétation de la loi sur l'éducation
protectrice comme une loi d'ordre public ayant un but de garantie

sociale, ainsi que de la Convention de 1902 comme comportant
une réserve tacite autorisant à faire échec, pour motif d'ordre
public, à l'application de la loi étrangère reconnue compétente
pour régir lerapport de droit considéré. Elles'est contentée d'établir
une analyse serréeet approfondie des différencesentre l'objet de la
Convention et celui de la loi. Vu ces différences,la Cour a considéré
que la Convention ne pouvait pas mettre la loi en échec,sans comp-
ter que sans la prévalence de la loi, on aboutirait à une solution
négative suivant laquelle la mineure perdrait en Suède, où elle a
sa résidence, à la foisle bénéficede la loi sur l'éducation protectrice
ainsi que celui du système néerlandais correspondant de mise sous
surveillance, ce système ne s'appliquant qu'aux Pays-Bas par les
organes nationaux néerlandais.

Pour ma part, j'estime que cette seule justification n'est pas
décisive,car en dehors des différencesentre la convention et la loi,
il y a que l'application de celle-ci affecte les effets de la convention.
Il y a donc opposition entre les deux actes et nécessitéde faire
prévaloir l'un sur l'autre.
Or, la loi est un acte national, alors que la Convention est un
acte international. Celle-ci jouit d'une préçomption de primauté, et
il est de jurisprudence constante qu'un Etat ne peut se soustraire
aux obligations établies par une convention internationale en
invoquant sa propre loi, fût-ce mêmesa propre constitution.

Il ne sufit donc pas que l'objet de la loi soit différent de celui
de la Convention. Il faut, en outre, considérer soit que cette loi
particulière serait supérieureà la Convention, soit que la Conven-
tion devrait s'interpréter comme comportant une réserve implicite
autorisant dans certains cas de donner la préférence à la lex fori,

en d'autres termes, que la loi constituant la lex fori soit une loi
d'ordre public.
La première explication est évidemment à exclure. Resterait la
deuxième. Or, malgré son incongruité apparente en matière de
conventions internationales, la notion des lois d'ordre public est une
notion courante en droit international privé.
Elle est universellement reconnue dans les systèmes fiationaux
des conflits de lois comme inséparable de ces systèmes, nonobstant SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE BADAWI
[Translntionj

1 am in agreement both with the operative clause of and the
grounds for the Court's Judgment. As reasons for its decision,
however, the Court did not think it necessary to pronounce upon
the interpretation of the law on protective upbnnging as a law
of ordre public aiming to provide a social guarantee, nor of the
Convention of 1902 as containing an implied reservation author-
izing, on the ground of ordre public, the overruling of the application
of the foreign law recognized as the proper law to govern the legal
relationship in question. The Court confined itsel'f to giving a
careful and closelyreasoned analysis of the differences between the
purpose of the Convention and the purpose of the law. In view

of these differences, the Court considered that the Convention
could not overrule the law. au1te a~art from the fact that unless
the law prevailed, a negative solution would be arrived at, accord-
ing to which the infant would lose in Sweden, where she lives, both
the benefit of the law on protective upbnnging and of the corre-
sponding Dutch system of placing under supervision, this system
only being applicable in the Netherlands by the Dutch national
organs.
For my part, 1 take the view that this justification alone is not
decisive, since, apart from the differences between the Convention
and the law, there is the fact that the application of the latter
affects the effects of the former. There is thus opposition between
the two, and it is necessary to make one prevail over the other.

Now, the law is a national instrument, while the Convention is
an international instrument. In favour of the latter there is a
presumption of primacy and it has been established by many
judicial decisions that a State cannot evade the obligations imposed
by an international convention by invoking its oxvnlaw, or indeed
even its own constitution.
It is not enough, therefore, that the subject-matter of the law
should be different from the subject-matter of the Convention.
One must further take the view, either that this particular law
is superior to the Convention, or that the Convention should be
interpreted as embodying a tacit reservation which authorizes in
certain cases the preference being given to the Lexfori-in other

words, that the law constituting the lex fori is a law of ordre public.
The first alternative is clearly to be excluded. The second one
remains. Now, despite its apparent incongruity in the case of
international conventions, the concept of laws of ordre pubtic is a
common one in rivat te international Iaw.
It is universally recognized in national systeins of conflicts of
laws as inseparable from these systems, notwithstanding that thisqu'on estime que cette formule généraled'ordre public est une
notion vague, indéfinie, relative et variable selon les lieux et les
temps.
En est-il de mêmedans les conventions internationales relatives

au système de conflit de lois? A la vérité,les conventions inter-
nationales en cette matière ne tendent qu'à l'unification du système,
sans créer des oblig?tions spécifiques. Elles constituent simplement
un alignement des Etats sur une solution uniforme, sans changer la
nature de cette solution, telle qu'elle est généralementadoptée dans
les législations nationales.
On semble toutefois mettre en doute la constance de cette conclu-
sion dans les conventions internationales. D'aucuns estiment 1 ,.
dans la Convention de 1904 sur le? successions,signéepar les repré-
sentants d'un grand nombre d'Etats, l'article 6 relatif à l'ordre
public, élaborétant de fois, aurait fait échouer la convention, car

elle ne fut jamais ratifiée, et qu'en 1913 la France aurait dénoncé
les trois conventions de 1902, également pour une question d'ordre
public.
Quoi qu'il en soit, il est assez significatif de constater que les
conventions récentes de droit international privé prévoient expres-
sément l'exception de l'ordre public. .
Certes, lors de l'élaboration de la Convention de 1902 sur la
tutelle, il y eut de longs débats sur l'adoption d'une formule géné-
rale d'ordre public. Le courant d'opinion opposé à son inclusion
dans la convention l'a remporté en invoquant son vague et sa
généralitéainsi que la crainte que les tribunaux nationaux ne
réduisent la convention à néant en donnant à la formule une inter-

prétation large. Suivant cette opinion, la convention aurait adopté
un système de spécialisation en prévoyant les seuls cas qui méritent
d'être retenus comme exception à la règle généraleétablie par
l'article premier de la Convention.
On a cité les articles 3, 6 et 7 de la Convention comme des cas
où, en vertu de l'ordre public, la loi nationale serait exclue. Suivant
.ett.- interprétation, en aucun autre cas pareille exception ne se
justifierai.
A la vérité, en dehors de l'alinéa 2 de l'article6, il ne s'agit, dans
les dispositionsdes articles 3 et 7,que de modalités ou d'hypothèses
où on ne pourrait pas envisager l'application de la loi nationale, non

pour des raisons d'ordre public, mais pour les données afférentes
aux hypothèses elles-mêmes.Dans l'article 3, c'est par suite du
défaut de la loi nationale que la loi du lieu serait appliquée, alors
que dans l'article 7 il ne s'agit que des mesures provisoires prises
en attendant l'organisation de la tutelle conformément à la loi
nationale ou des mesures prises dans les cas d'urgence.
Abstraction faite de cet argument tiré de la Convention et sur
la base des débats des Conférences de La Hzye, faut-il conclure
qu'en l'absence d'une exception d'ordre public expressément prévue
dans la convention, pareille exception ne devrait pas être admise?general formula of ordre public is considered a vague, indefinite
and relative concept and one that varies according to place and time.

1s the situation the same in international conventions relating to
the system of the conflict of laws? International conventions on

this subject are, in fact, simply designed to achieve the unification
of the sytem, without creating specific obligations. They merelj-
constitute an alignment of States upon a uniform solution, without
changing the nature of this solution as it is generally adopted in
national legal systems.
Some doubt however appears to have been cast upon the in-
variability of this conclusion in the case of international conven-
tions. Some take the view that, in the Convention of 1904 on suc-
cession, signed by the representatives of a large number of
States, Article 6 regarding ordre public, which was redrafted so
many times, made the Convention abortive, for it was never rati-
fied, and that in 1913 France denounced the three Conventions
of 1902, also for a reason ofordrepublic.
However that may be, it is somewhat significant to note that
recent conventions of private international law expressly provided

for the exception of ordrepublic.
During the drawing up of the Convention of 1902 on guardian-
ship, there were, indeed, lengthy discussions on the adoption of a
general formula of ordrepztblic.The trend of opinion opposed to its
inclusion in the Convention prevailed by invoking its vagueness
and generality, as well as the fear that national tribunals might
reduce the Convention to nothing in giving the formula a broad
interpretation. According to this view, the Convention adopted a
system of special treatment by providing for the only cases which
deserved to be regarded as exceptions to the general rule laid
down by the first article of the Convention.
Articles 3,6 and 7 of the Convention have been cited as cases in
which, on the grounds of ordrepublic, the national law is excluded.
According to this interpretation, a similar exception would not be
justified in any other case.

But, leaving aside paragraph 2 of Article 6, the provisions of
Article 3 and 7 are, in fact, concerned with details of application
or with hypotheses in which the application of the national law
cannot be contemplated, not on grounds of ordre public, but on
account of factors inherent in those very hypotheses. Cnder Arti-
cle 3, it is as a result of the failurc of the national law that the local
law wil be applied, while Article 7 is concerned onlywith provision-
al measures taken pending the institution of guardianship under the
national law or measures taken in cases of urgency.
Apart from this argument drawn from the Conventioii ancl on thc
basis of the discussions at the Hague Conferences, must one con-
clude that in the absence of an exception of ordre pzl-blicexpressly
provided for in the Convention, no such exception should be ad-

24Mais aucune spécialisation ne saurait êtresuffisante ou adéquate
pour répondre aux besoins de la vie juridique, car les cas d'ordre
public ne peuvent êtredéterminéspar voie d'énumération anticipée.
Les contingenceshumaines qui peuvent créer une opposition entre
une règle déterminéepar le système adopté sur les conflits des lois
et une autre règle du lexfori sont nombreuses et souvent impré-
visibles, sans compter que des législations nouvelles pourraient

créer des cas où pareille opposition peut se vérifier.
L'absence d'une formule généraled'ordre public ne saurait donc
êtreinterprétée comme une négation de cette réserve. En effet,
cette réserve implicite fait partie de la structure technique du droit
international privé qui, en réglant le conflit entre deux systèmes de
droit par une acceptation globale de l'un d'eux, ne peut éviter un
autre conflit entre une règle particulière du système choisi et une
autre du lex Jori.Or c'est précisément l'exception de l'ordre public
impliquée dans tout système de conflits de lois qui constitue le
critère du règlement de ce dernier conflit, prévisible mais non déter-
minable à l'avance.
Mais si l'abstention de prévoir l'exception de l'ordre public dans
une convention ne signifie pas que celle-ci en nie l'existence, l'omis-
sion aurait pu, dans l'esprit de ses protagonistes, servir comme

moyen de minimiser les violations de la convention qui résulte-
raient d'une utilisation abusive de l'exception. Peut-êtrepensait-on
que sans un arbitrage volontairement consenti par les parties
contractantes des conventions de La Haye, en cas d'abus d'emploi
de l'exception, procédééminemment encombrant, coûteux et peu
approprié, celles-ci n'auraient pu obtenir justice.

Nonobstant cette réserve mentale probable, le silence de la
Convention sur l'exception n'a à aucun moment pu s'entendre
comme une négation de son existence. La conviction qu'elle serait
admissiblesousune forme ou sousune autre n'a pas cesséparce que
l'exception est inséparable du système de conflit des lois.

En fait, exclure l'exception d'ordre public dans l'application
d'une convention internationale sur le conflit des lois ne se conçoit
qu'en prêtant aux Etats contractants l'intention implicite d'accep-
ter l'obl"eation de ne réserver Dour leur DrIDreIaction souveraine
aucun droit d'appliquer des règles de leur propre législation qui
puissent directement ou indirectement aller à l'encontre des effets
de l'application de la convention.
Or, pareille interprétation n'est ni admissible ni conforme à la
réalité des faits. Elle n'est pas admissible parce qu'elle tend à
refuser l'implication de l'exception de l'ordre public pour lui subs-
tituer une implication plus grave.mitted? But no special provisions for individual cases could be
sufficient or adequate to meet the needs of every legal situation,
since the cases of ordrepublic cannot be fixed and listed in advance.
The human contingencies which may give rise to a divergence
between a rule determined by the system adopted for conflict of
laws and another rule of the lex fori are numerous and often un-
foreseeable, quite apart from the fact that new laws may give rise

to cases in which similar divergencies may be revealed.
The absence of a general formula of ordrepubliccannot, tl-ierefore,
be interpreted as a negation of this reservation. In fact, this tacit
reservation forms part of the technical structure of private inter-
national law which, by settling a conflict between two systems of
law by means of the all-inclusive acceptance of one of them, cannot
obviate another conflict between a particular rule of the system
chosen and a rule of the lex fori. And it is precisely the exception
of ordrepztblic, implied in any system of conflict of laws, that con-
stitutes the criterion for the settlement of conflict, which can be
foreseen but not determined in advance.
But, if the omission to provide for the exception of ordre pzrblic
in a convention does not mean that the convention denies its
existence, such an omission could, in the mind of its supporters,
have served as a means of minimizing the violations of the conven-

tion which would result from an abusive use of the exception. Per-
haps it was thought that, without an arbitration voluntarily
agreed to by the contracting parties to the Hague Conventions, in
case of the abusive use of the exception-a cumbersome, costly,
and not very appropriate method--the parties would have been
unable to obtain justice.
Notwithstanding this probable mental reservation, the fact that
the Convention is silent with regard to the exception cannot prop-
erly be construed as a denial of its existence. The view that it
would, in one form or another, be admissible has always been held,
because the exception is inseparable froin the system of conflict of
laws.

In fact, the exclusion of the exception of ordre public in the

application of an international convention on the conflict of laws
is only conceivable on the assumption that the contracting States
impliedly intended to accept the obligation not to reserve for their
own sovereign action any right to apply the rules of their own legis-
lation which might directly or indirectly run counter to the effects
of the application of the convention.
Such an interpretation is however neither admissible nor in
conformity with the facts. It is not admissible because it would
reject the implication of the exception of ordrepzbblicto substitute
for it a more serious implication. 77 CO~\~ENTION DE 1902 (OPIN.INDIV. DE M. BADAWI)

Elle n'est pas conforme à la réalité desfaits parce que mêmele
plus extravagant des adversaires de l'exception ne peut contester
que certaines limitations à l'application de la convention existent
en fait, notamment en matière pénale,nonobstant queceslimitations
n'ont pas étéexpressément prévues et qu'elles ne peuvent résulter
que d'une interprétation par implication. Sans tenter une définition

de l'ordre public, que les conférences n'ont pas réussi à établir,
il n'est pas difficile d'admettre que les limitations qui peuvent se
justifier par des raisons analogues ou aussi valables que la limi-
tation précitéedevraient bénéficierdu mêmetraitement. Il s'agirait
d'une comparaison entre I'obligatipn résultant de la convention et
la loi locale. Si les tribunaux d'un Etat contractant, sous le contrôle
éventuel d'une juridiction internationale, estiment que la loi, vu
son importance et sa gravité, ne devrait pas s'appliquer aux seuls
nationaux, soit comme droit ou privilège, soit comme obligation
ou charge. mais à tous les habitants du territoire en tant aue loi
d'ordre Piblic, pn ne saurait considérer qu'ils contreviennent aux

intentions des Etats contractants en faisant ré valoirla loi sur la
convention. En fait, c'est une question d'espèce de convention et
de loi.

Il suffit, en ce qui concerne l'affaire actuelle, de rappeler que les
Pays-Bas reconnaissent, nonobstant l'omission de toute allusion à
l'exception dans la Convention, qu'il n'y a pas lieu d'invoquer
celle-ci au nom de la garde d'un enfant sous tutelle contre l'exécu-
tion d'une peine ou d'une mesure de réforme prononcée contre

lui pour une infraction qu'il aurait commise, de mêmequ'ils recon-
naîtraient que l'éducation protectrice exercée dans les cas b), c)
et d), visésà l'article 22 de la loi suédoise du 6 juin 1924, ferait
échec à l'application de la Convention mais non le cas a), qui est
celui d'Elisabeth Boll, parce que ce cas ne vise que l'intérêt privé
de l'enfant et qu'ainsi il constituerait un cas de tutelle et partant
une tutelle rivale de celle prévue à l'article premier de la Conven-
tion.

Mais il est arbitraire, où la loi a traité les divers motifs sur un
même piedd'égalité, deconsidérer que l'un se rattache à l'intérêt

privé de l'enfant, alors que les autres visent les intérêtsde la
société,surtout en tenant compte de l'évolution des idéesau sujet
de l'enfance et de la jeunesse.
Comment, d'autre part, et sur quelle base déterminer la gravité
respective des motifs prévus par l'article 22, lorsque la loi établit
et met à la disposition de l'officedes mesures qui ne sont pas sub-
ordonnées à la différencedes motifs - pour tel motif, tellemesure-
mais uniquement à l'opportunité de la mesure en ce qui concerne
le cas concret? Un cas a) peut êtreplus grave qu'un cas c) et peut It is not in conformity with the facts because even the extremist
opponents of the exception cannot deny that certain limitations
to the application of the Convention do in fact exist, in particular
in penal matters, notwithstanding that these limitations have not
been expressly provided for and that they can only be the result
of an interpretation by implication. Without attempting a definition
of ordrepublic w hich the Conferences were not able to establish, it
is not difficult to admit that the limitations which may be justified
on grounds similar to or as valid as the limitation mentioned above
should benefit by the same treatment. They would involve a com-
parison between the obligation resulting from the Convention and
the local law. If the courts of a contracting State,der the possible
ultimate supervision of an international jurisdiction, hold that the
law, in view of its importance and its serious nature, should not be
applied only to nationals of the country, either as a right or a
privilege, or as an obligation or duty, but to all the inhabitants of
the country as being a law of ordrepublic they cannot be held to be

contravening the intentions of the contracting States in making
the law prevail over the Convention. It is, in fact, a question to
be decided in each -case, having regard to the convention and the
law involved. *
* *

With regard to the present case, it is sufficient to recall that
the Netherlands, notwithstanding the omission of any allusion
in the Convention to the exception, recognize that the Convention
cannot be invoked with regard to the custody of a child under
guardianship against the carrying out of a penalty or of a measure
of reformation pronounced against the child for an offence which it
has committed, in the same way as they would recognize that the
protective upbringing exercised in cases (b), (c) and (d) referred to
in Article 22 of the Swedish Law of June 6th, 1924, would override
the application of the Convention, but not case (a)-which is
that of Elisabeth Boll-because that case only relates to the private
interests of the child and thus constitutes a case ofguardianship and
hence a rival guardianship to that provided for in the first article
of the Convention.
But it is arbitrary, where the law has put the different grounds
on a footing of equality, to consider that one of them is connected
with the private interests of the child, while the othershave in view
the interests of society-especially bearing in mind the evolution
that has taken place in ideas concerning children and young people.

How, moreover, on what basis, is the respective seriousness of
the grounds laid down in Article 22 to be determined, when the
law establishes and puts at the disposa1 of the Board measures
which are not determined by the differences in those grounds-a
certain measure being applied for a certain ground-but only by
the appropriateness of the measure in regard to the specific case?
26nécessiterune mesure plus importante, et le contraire peut êtrevrai.

Pour contester l'exception d'ordre public, on a souvent invoqué
le vague et la généralité dla notion ainsi que l'abus ou l'arbitraire
à craindre dans son application; mais outre qu'il s'agit là d'un
danger hypothétique et exagéré, l'objection n'est pas valable pour
exclure une règlede droit dont elle postule la véritéen principe. Au
plus, la seule portée de l'objection serait d'inviter à une plus grande
circonspection dans son application.
En l'espèce,la contestation ne porte en réalité nisur le principe

de l'exception d'ordre public, ni sur le fait qu'elle constitue une
réserve im~licite à l'article ~remier de la Convention de 1ao2. ni
sur la porke généralede 1; loi sur l'éducation mais
sur l'application de l'une de ses dispositionsà l'espèce soumise à
la Cour, en détachant l'alinéa premier de l'article 22 de la loi du
6 juin 1924 de l'ensemble du système et en contestant son caractère
d'ordre public.
On a égalementcontestéla présence del'élément clerattachement
considérécomme une condition de l'exception de l'ordre public,
mais la résidence ininterrompue de la mineure en Suède ne laisse
aucun doute sur l'existence, dans le cas actuel, dudit élément.

Des considérations qui précèdenton peut conclure que la loi sur
l'éducation protectrice est une loi d'ordre public et qu'à ce titre
elle met en échecl'application de la Convention de 1902.
Ce motif devrait s'ajouter aux motifs adoptés par la Cour dont

il serait le complément nécessaire.
Ainsi, le rejet des conclusions des Pays-Bas, établi sur la base
des arguments des Parties elles-mêmes, n'en serait que plus
convaincant .
(Signé A. BADAWI.A case (a) may be more serious than a case (c), and may call for a
graver measure; and the contrary can also be true.

In order to contest the exception of ordrepublic, the vagueness and
generality of the concept have often been invoked, as also the fear
that it may be abusively or arbitrarily applied; but, apart from
the fact that that is a hypothetical. and exaggerated danger, the
objection is notvalid to exclude a rule of law of which it postulates
the truth in principle. At the most, the only value of the objection
would be to call for greater circumspection in its application.
In the present case, the issue does not in reality bear on the
principle of the exception of ordre public, nor on the fact that it
constitutes an implied reservation to the first Article of the Con-
vention of 1902, nor on the general scope of the law on protective
upbringing, but on the application of one of its provisions to the
case submitted to the Court, by detaching the first paragraph of
Article 22 of the law of June 6th, 1924, from the system as a whole
and by contesting its character of ordrepublic.
The presence of the element of a substantive link considered
as a condition of the exception of ordre public has also been dis-
puted, but the uninternipted residence of the infant in Sweden
leaves no doubt, in the present case, of the existence of such an
element .
* * *

From the foregoing considerations it may be concluded that the
law on protective upbringing is a law of ordrepublic and that, as
such, it overrides the application of the Convention of 1902.
This reason should therefore be added to the reasons adopted
by the Court, of which it is a necessary complement.
The rejection of the Submissions of the Netherlands arrived at
on the basis of the arguments of the Parties themselves would then
be even more convincing.

(Signed) A. BADAWI.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Badawi (translation)

Links