Dissenting Opinion of Judge Basdevant (translation)

Document Number
015-19520701-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
015-19520701-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPIXION OF JUDGE BASDEVANT
iTranslation]

1 greatly regret that 1 am able onlv to concur in part with
the operative portion of the Judgment, and as 1 also disagree
with the way in which the Court arrives at its decision, 1 think
that 1 should indicate mv main reasons for my view and the
conclusions which 1 draw from those reasons.

The Vnited Kingdom filed an objection to rhe jiiristlictiori in
answer to the Application submitted by the Hellenic Governmerit
on -4pril 9th. 1951. This objection to the jurisdiction was expresed

in brief terms, but in tern~c having a very wide scope, by the
Vnittd Kingdom A4geena tt the hearing in Court on May.17th, 1952.
The course of the arguments made it clear that this objectiori to
the jurisdiction met a twofo!d claim by the Hellenic Government.
Thr lattcr C;overnmtmt asked the Court, i~i the first place, to
deal \vit11 the merits of a c,laim by that (iovernment regarding
the trvatment of JI. Ambatielos bv the British alithorities and,
sccondly, to dccide as to the obligation to refer this claim to the
arbitration provided for by the Protocol of November ~oth, 1886.
It is in this orcler that the validitvof the Preliminarv Objection
raised by the Ilnited Kingdoni should be considered. If the Court
should fiiid that it has jurisdiction to tlt,al itsclf with the Ambatielos
claim and if it accordingly rctains this claim for its consideration,
the rrquest for a declaration that the claim must be referred to

the arbitration provideil for in the Protncol of 1886beconies devoid
of object and thtxrrfore thc chnllrngc to the jiiristiiction to which
it gave rise ntwl not he fiirthrr c:orisidered.

In accor(lanct~ \vit11 thtt 1)ririciplc laid down by the Court in
other cascs (l.('.J. Kt,l)orts 1939, pp. 17;-178. and 19go, p. FI),
\vhich is rtot tlisr>utï(iritht, r>rcscnt case. thc iiiri+clirtioiof the
Court itepcn(ls iipori tlic,constmt of the Statcs parties to the
dispute. Thcreforts, sincc1no sl)c~ial agrt,rmcnt has been conclildeci,
wc arc herc co11ct~rnc.d c.ith ;\rticle 29 of the Treaty of Jiily 16tti,
1926, bvt\vet)ri (;reccc, nrid tlie L'nited Iiingdorn, the only text
relied iipon as corifcrring juris(1ictiori iipon tlie Perninrir~rl('oiirt
of Iriternatiorial -Jiisticso far as thesta trioStatt,s ;ire coriccrriïd;
such a c<)nfc~rririof jiirisclictiori has no\v btwi t~xteri(1t.dto the

International ('oiir! of Jiistice by the operation of -Article 37
of the Statiite of th\%Coiirt. DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE RASDEVANT 67

Article 29 of the Treaty of 1926 confers upon the Court juris-
diction to decide any disputes that may arise between the
contracting parties "as to the proper interpretation or application
of any of the provisions of the present Treaty". The facts which
the Hellenic Government submits for the Court's decision as to
their conformity, or otherwise, with the United Kingdom's inter-
national obligations, occurred before the conclusion of the Treaty
of 1926. The complaints which the Hellenic Government seeks
to base upon these facts cannot be judged upon the basis of
obligations flowing from the Treaty of 1926. These complaints
are therefore outside the sphere of applicability of Article 29 :
this Article provides no ground entitling the Court to deal with
them.
The fact that the Treaty of 1926 is said to contain provisions

more or less similar to those of the Treaty of 1886 cannot make
the provisions of the Treaty of 1926 applicable to facts which
occurred before the coming into force of this Treaty, and thus
extend to such facts the effect of Article 29, the only provision
conferring jurisdiction on the Court.
The Declaration which follows the Treaty of 1926 shows the
correctness of this conclusion. That Declaration refers to differences
as to the validity of claims based on the Treaty of 1886. The
Hellenic Government contends that the Ambatielos claim is one
of the claims referred to in the Declaration of 1926 ; there is no
need to decide as to the correctness of this contention, for it is
sufficient to observe that the Declaration provides, for the settle-
ment of differences relating to such claims, the arbitral procedure
created by the Protocol of 1886 ; it does not substitute judicial
proceedings before the Court for this procedure. Furthermore,
the Greek Legation in London stated in a note of August 6th,
1940 :"The Arbitral Committee provided for by the final Protocol
of the Greco-British Commercial Treaty of 1880 is the only com-
petent authority in the matter."
The Court therefore has no jurisdiction to deal with the merits
of the Ambatielos claim as formulated in paragraph I of 'the
Conclusions presented on behalf of the Hellenic Govemment at

the hearing of May 17th.

Having no jurisdiction to deal with the Greek claim relating
to the treatment of Ambatielos, the Court is confronted by another
aspect of the dispute. The Hellenic Government asked that the
Ambatielos case should be referred to the arbitral procedure
established by the Protocol of 1886 ;the Lnited Kingdnm Goverii-
ment refused. The Hellenic Government then asked the Court
to Say that this arbitral procedure should be applied in this case.
This second dispute, which thus relates to the rxistrnce in this DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BASDEVANT 68

case of an obligation to have recourse to the arbitral procedure
of the Protocol of 1886, has been described in different terms in
the course of the proceedings, and the jurisdiction of the Court
to deal with it is disputed by the United Kingdom. The Court
must tlierefore decide whether it has jurisdiction to deal with
this point.
In the Conclusions submitted in its Counter-Mernoriai, the
United Kingdom has employed an abstract form for the statement
of its objection to the jurisdiction. The Court cannot deai with

a submission so formulated. It has before it a concrete claim
that it should state whether the United Kingdom is under an
obligation to accept the submission to arbitration of the Hellenic
claim relating to the Ambatielos case. The Court has to determine
whether it is competent to adjudicate upon the existence of such
an obligation in the present case.
The obligation which the Hellenic Goverriment asks the Court
to find in this case derives from the Protocol of 1886, which
provides for the submission to a Commission of Arbitration, con-
stituted by the two Crovernments, in each case, for this purpose, of
disputes arising between them respecting the interpretation or

the execution of the Treaty of 1886, or the consequences of any
violation thereof. The Hellenic Government requested that its
claim in the Ambatielos case should be submitted to arbitration ;
the United Kingdom Government refused, and the arbitration
clause of the Protocol of 1886 therefore did not take effect.
There was thus an example of the gap existing in the machinery
of an arbitration clause which, as is frequently the case, can only
become effective as the result of the joint action of the two States
in conflict :in this case such joint action \vas necessary for the
constitution of the Commission of Arbitration. W%ere one of the
States atfopts the view that the case is not one calling for arbi-
tration, the operation of the arbitration claiise becomes impossible.

This gap, which exists also in respect of othcr treaty provisions,
has manifestcd itsrlf in other caser, besides the present one.
-4tternpts have at times hcen made to fil1 this gap. One such
atternpt was made in Article j3 of The Hague Convention 1 of
October 18th. 1907, a provision wliich has ho~vever been made
inoperative, so far as they \vcre concerned, by a number of States,
includirig (;rc,ece,bÿ mtians of n. reservation.
The Protocol of rSS6 I~ft th<, gap unfillecl. It does not itself
provide an'; r~rnrd!: for this defect. The Hellenic Government
conten(ls that ;irc,midy is provitltd by Article 29 of the Treaty
of 1926, anc! th!: 1)cclaratiori following this Treaty, on the ground

that the Court, bv \.irtric,ofthest: tt~ts, hns jurisdictionto decide
whether the Ambatic.10~clairn s!ioiiltlx, suhniittcd lo arbitration
in application of thr l'rotocol of xXHh. .4ccortIing to this argument,
Article 29 and tht, Ileclaration of 1926 iniplicdly added to the
undertaking to arbitratc given in 1886 a frirtlier clause confemng
47 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BASDEVAST
69
juridiction on the Court to adjudicate upon disputes ansing
with regard to the interpretation or the application of the arbi-
tration clause in the Protocol of 1886.
The Declaration of 1926 provides that any differences which
may anse between the two Governments as to the validity of
claims on behalf of pnvate persons based on the provisions of
the Treaty of 1886 "shall, at the request of either Government,
be referred to arbitration in accordance with the piovisions of
the Protocol of November ~oth, 1886". Article 29 of the Treaty
of 1926 confers jurisdiction on the Court to deal with disputes
as to the interpretation or application "of any of the provisions

of the present Treaty". It was contended, on behalf of the Helienic
Government, that the Declaration of 1926 was an integral part
of the Treaty of the same date, that what was therein provided
was to be regarded as a provision of that Treaty, that, conse-
quently, a dispute as to the interpretation or application of the
Declaration was within the junsdictional clause contained in
Article 29 and that thus a way was opened for the admission
of the Court's junsdiction to decide as to the interpretation or
application of the arbitration clause contained in the Protocol
of 1886 and referred to in the Declaration of 1926.
Underlying this argument is the idea that the Declaration is
an integral part of the Treaty of 1926, that it is a provision of
thisTreaty. If this proposition be not accepted, the whole argument
founded upon it fails to the ground, for the Declaration makes
no reference to the Court and does not directly confer any juris-
diction upon it.
In order to determine whether the Declaration is or is not
part of the Treaty, the Parties presented lengthy arguments
conceming the extemal features of the Declaration in relation
to the Treaty of 1926, the references that have been made to
both of them, andathe place attnbuted to them in the documents
connected with them. For a proper appreciation of the significance

which ought to be attributed ta any factor of this nature a pre-
liminary observation is called for.
The drafting and the signature of an international agreement
are the acts by means of which the wili of the contracting States
is expressed ;ratification is the act by which the wili so expressed
is confirmed by the comptent authority, for the purpose of
giving it binding force. Ali these acts are concemed with the
substance itself of an international agreement. But the recording
of these acts in the instruments which are designed to give them
material existence involves the physicai operations of writing,
pnnting, transmission by one party to the other, etc., operations
which do not contnbute to the formation of the will of the
contracting States ;those who have the task of forming, expressing
or confirming thiswill, donot, as a de, take part in these physical
operations ;these operations commonly take a form denving from

4'3 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BASDEVANT 7"

tradition, which is followed scmpulouçly, and therefore blindly,
by the officiais entmsted with this material task. It would be
wrong to attribute to the details of form thus superimposed upon
the juridical act of the conclusion of a treaty any determining
influence, when it becomes necessary, in case of doubt, to ascertain
the tme meaning of the agreement which has been reached, the

character which the parties intended to give to any given agreement
concluded between them.
The scope to be given to a particular expression employed, or
to a particular form which has been followed, should be considered
in the light of these remarks when it is sought to determine
whether the Declaration of 1926 is to be regarded as constituting
a provision of the Treaty of the same date.
In this connection, it is of particular significance that it was
the very persons who were responsible for expressing the will of
the States who chose to use, in Article 29, the expression "provi-
sions of the present Treaty", and not a more comprehensive
expression. It was they who chose to give their agreement
conceming claims based on the Treaty of 1886 the form of a
separate provision, and not of an article in the Treaty of the
same date ;it was they who gave it the title of Declaration and

not that of an additional article, who saw fit to append their
signatures to it, separately from the Treaty, and to make no
reference to it in the Treaty, in contra-distinction to what they
did in the case of the Schedule which precedes it. Al1 this, for
the reasons indicated above, is of greater importance in determining
the character of the Declaration than the fact that the Declaration
was printed after the Treaty and the Schedule, in one document
with consecutive pagination, physical details which, like others
of the same kind, are governed by the actions of officialç who,
unlike plenipotentiaries, were not responsible for elaborating and
stating the uill of the contracting Parties.
Simiiarly, when they signed' the instruments of ratification-
act by which the?; confirmed the agreement reached by their
respective Pl~nipotcntiaries and by which they gave the Declaration
a definitil,? character of the will of the contracting States-the
President of the Greek Republic and the British Monarch were

merely corifirniirig what had already been declared by their
Plenipoteritianes. Thcy did not direct their minds to details,
often superfluous or incorrect, which officials, unqualified to
interpret, complete or correct the intentions of their Sovereigns,
borrowed from fornis which the?; traditionally and blindly followed.

An cxamiriation of the various factors rclird upon on eithcr
side-if uridertaken bvith car,. to attribute importance only to
those considerations which throw light on the intentions of those
who alonc were qualifitd to (It.clart. the will of tlieir respective
Govemments and not to consideratio~is which (Io not relate to DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BASDEVANT
7I
the formation of this will-should lead to the view that the
Declaration is distinct from the Treaty. and not a clause or
provision of the Treaty itseif ; such an examination should also
lead to the reading of Article 29 as it is written-that isto say,
as giving the Court jurisdiction in respect of disputes as to the
interpretation or application of the "provisions of the present
Treaty"-and not to the substitution, for these perfectly clear
words, by means of interpretation, of the words "provisions upon
which agreement was reached by the Parties to-day", or some
such words of lesser precision.
This independent character of the Declaration also clearly

appears if, putting aside particulanties of form and details of
presentation, one has regard to the substance of the matter,
with a view to considering whether the Declaration, in spite of
its separate presentation, does not constitute a sort of supple-
menta~ provision of the Treaty. which jt would have been proper
to describe as an additional articl: that was the method adopted
by Max Huber in his Report on the British claims against Spain,
when he had to decide as to the independent character of an
agreement which he was called upon to interpret (Reports of
International Arbitral Awards, II, pp. 632-633).
The Declarafion does not explain any clause of the Treaty.
n'or does it explain its general effect, which has been said to be
the abrogation of the Treaty of 1886 by the Treaty of 1926. In
fact, not only did the Treaty of 1926 contain no provision abro-
gating the Treaty of 1886 ,ut it did not effect any tacit abrogation
of the Treaty of 1886. The Treaty of 1886 did not cease to bc in
force as the result of any express or implied abrogation by the
Treaty of 1926, but asa result of itç denunciationby the Heilenic
Government on March 3rd, 1919. The date upon which this
denunciation was to take effect was the subject of a number of
postponements, and it was finaliy fixed as at the date of the

coming into force of the new Treaty. The coming into force of
the Treaty of 1926 thus provided a date adopted by both Parties
on which the earlier denunciation would have legal effect; it is
not itself the juridical source of the extinguishment of the Treaty
of 1886 : this extinguishment resulted from the denunciation of
the Treaty.
Consequently the Declaration of 1926, considered from the
point of view of its content,is not an instrument which explains
the Treaty of 1926, but an agreement relating to one of the effects
of the lapsing of the Treaty of 1886, this lapsing king itself the
result of the denunciation of this Treaty. From the point of vim
of its substance, even more clearly than from the point of view
of its form, the Declaration must be regarded as separate from
the Treaty. It cannot be regarded as, or even assimilated to, a
provision of the Treaty. It foilows that the juridictional clause
of -4rticle29 of the Treaty is not applicable to it.

50 DISSENTING 0PII;IOS OF JLDGE B.\SUE\'AST T2

The Declaration of 1926 Mas designed to preserve, in respect
of the claims therein referred to. the earlier régime resiilting, so
far as the merits were concerned, from the Treaty of 1886, and,
so far as the procedure for the settlement of disputes was concerned,
from the Protocol of 1886, to which it specifically refers. The
earlier régime \vas preserved as it stood, with its advantages and
disadvantages. Its disadvantages (the possibility of frustration of
the arbitration procedure) only became apparent later. There is

nothing to suggest that in 1926there kvasany thought of remedying
this defect with regard to claims arising falling within the Treat!-
of 1886. If this had been thought of, the sistem adopted \rould
not have been to entrust to the Court the settlement of a dispiite
which might arise as to whetlier, in any given case, therê was
an obligation to resort to arbitration, \\,hile at the sanie time
preserving the arbitral procedure before a Commission of Arbi-
tration appointed ad hoc to deal with the principal dispute, that
relating to the validity of the claim ;rather \vuiild tliere have been
a complete substitiition of the Court'.; jurisdiction for tlie arbitral
procedure provided for in 1886. This was not the course adopted.
It is impossible to attribute to the framers of the Declaration an
intention which they never expressed, namely to create a system

of such coml~lexity, and one which, at the present tirne, neither
of the Parties would wish to be applied.
It is therefore necessary to recognize that the 1)eclaration
leaves the claims which a part), seelis to base upon the Treaty
of 1886 legally in the same position as the- occupied formerl!,.
It leaves unaffected the gap in the operation of the arbitration
clause of the Protocol of 1886. If we have regard to the stagt.
of development of international la\v at that period, and to the
fact tliat in 1926 neither of the t\vo States had subscribed to
the Declaration relating to the compulsory jurisdiction of th(.
Court, there is nothing surpriring about this. The Court thereforï
has no jurisdiction to deal with a dispute concerning the existence,

in a gi\.eii case, of an obligation to resort to arbitration pursuant
tu the Protocol of 1886. In other \s.ords, Article 29 of the Treaty
of 1926 does not appear to me to be applicable to such a dispute.
Furthermore, if it be accepted that the Ileclaration is:a~)ro\.ision
of the Treaty of 1926, that ~voultl mean that the Court has jiiris-
diction to deal with a dispute concerning the interpretation lincl
application of the Declaration : that \vould aiithorize rhe (..ourt,
in the present case, to adjiidicate upun tilt. British conteiition
that it is entitled to refuse to the Ambatielos clairn the bcnefit:,
of the Declaration, on the ground that it \\.asnot preserited prier
to the 1)eclaration.
But a decision on this point is not sufficient to resol\-e tlie
question lvhetlier there exists any obligation to refer the Ambatieloa

claim to arbitration. Such an obligation, if it exists, arises from
tlic Treaty and the Protocol of 1886 : the dispiite :i1;to thr DISSEKTING OPINION OF JUDGE BASDEVANT
73
existence, in this case, of such an obligatia dispute concerning
the interpretation and application of that Treaty and that Protocol.
But Article 29did not confer on the Court jurisdiction to deal
with a dispute which, in the way now contemplated, relates
exclusively to the interpretation and the application of the Treaty
and Protocol of 1886 : it has never been contended-and it is
manifestly impossible to say-that the provisions of that Treaty
anIn conclusion, the Court ought in this case simply to observe
that the Declaration of 1926left the Parties with the régime
created by the Treaty and the Protocol of 1886, a régimewhich
remained completely unchanged by the Declaration, and that it
is therefore for the Parties to take such action as they deem
proper in pursuance of the provisions of the Treaty of 1886,and
that the Court has not been invested by the Parties with any
power to substitute itself for them in determining the action
which ought to be taken in pursuance of those provisions in the
present case.
*
* *
The foregoing considerations lead me to the conclusion that
the Court has not been given jurisdiction either to deal with the
merits of the claim presented by the Hellenic Government in the
Ambatielos case, or to consider and decide whether there is an
obligation binding the States at issue to submit this claim to
the arbitration provided for by the Protocol of 1886.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSJI>ENTE DE M. BASDE\'ANT

A mon grand regret, je ne puis me raUier que partiellement au
(Lispositif de I'arr&tet, comme mon dissentiment porte aussi sur la
manière dont procède la Cour pour amver à sa décision, je crois
devoir exposer l'essentiel desmotifs de mon opinion et les conclu-
sions que je tire de ces motifs.

Ide Royaume-Uni a opposé une exception d'incompétence à la
requête présentéepar le Gouvernement hellknique le 9 avril 1951.

Cette exception d'incompétence a été énoncée en une formule
brève mais de portée très large par l'agent du Royaume-Uni à
l'audience de la Cour du 17 mai 19j2. Le développement des
débats a fait apparaître que cette exception d'incompétence
s'est opposée à une double demande du Gouvernement hellénique.
Celui-ci deniandait à la Cour, d'une part, de statuer au fond sur
une réclamation de ce gouvernement au sujet du traitement infligé
par les autorités britanniques au sieur Amhatielos, d'autre part,
de statuer sur l'obligation de soumettre cette même réclamation
à l'arbitrage prévu par le protocole du IO novembre 1886.
C'est dans cet ordre qu'il convient d'examiner la valeur de
l'exception préliminaire oppcsée par le Royaume-Uni. En effet,
si laCour se dit compétente pour connaître elle-mê~nede la récla-

mation Amhatielos et ainsi en rrtierit l'examen, la demande tendant
à faire dirv que cette mêmeréclamation doit êtresoumise à l'arbi-
trage prévu par le protocole de 1886 devient sans objet et, par
suite, la contestation de comptitence qu'elle a fait surgir n'a plus
à être retcniic..

Selon le principe affirmépar la Cour en d'autres affaires (C. 1. J.
Kccucil 1949, pp. 177-178, et 1950, p. 71) et qui n'est pas contesté
l'espèce, la juridiction de la Cour repose sur le consentement
des Etats qui sont parties au différend. En conséquence, et aucun
coml)rornis n'a~n~it étéconclu, il faut s'attacher ici à l'article 29
di1 traite du 16 juillet 1926 entre la Grèce et le Royaume-Uni,
s!;ul texte qui ait étéinvoqué comrne attribuant, entre ces deux
Etats, juridiction à la Cour permanente de Justice internationale :
cctte ;ittrihutioritic compétence s'étend aiijoiird'hui à la Cour

internationale dt: Justice par l'effet de l'article 37 du Statut de
la Cour. DISSENTING OPIXION OF JUDGE BASDEVANT
iTranslation]

1 greatly regret that 1 am able onlv to concur in part with
the operative portion of the Judgment, and as 1 also disagree
with the way in which the Court arrives at its decision, 1 think
that 1 should indicate mv main reasons for my view and the
conclusions which 1 draw from those reasons.

The Vnited Kingdom filed an objection to rhe jiiristlictiori in
answer to the Application submitted by the Hellenic Governmerit
on -4pril 9th. 1951. This objection to the jurisdiction was expresed

in brief terms, but in tern~c having a very wide scope, by the
Vnittd Kingdom A4geena tt the hearing in Court on May.17th, 1952.
The course of the arguments made it clear that this objectiori to
the jurisdiction met a twofo!d claim by the Hellenic Government.
Thr lattcr C;overnmtmt asked the Court, i~i the first place, to
deal \vit11 the merits of a c,laim by that (iovernment regarding
the trvatment of JI. Ambatielos bv the British alithorities and,
sccondly, to dccide as to the obligation to refer this claim to the
arbitration provided for by the Protocol of November ~oth, 1886.
It is in this orcler that the validitvof the Preliminarv Objection
raised by the Ilnited Kingdoni should be considered. If the Court
should fiiid that it has jurisdiction to tlt,al itsclf with the Ambatielos
claim and if it accordingly rctains this claim for its consideration,
the rrquest for a declaration that the claim must be referred to

the arbitration provideil for in the Protncol of 1886beconies devoid
of object and thtxrrfore thc chnllrngc to the jiiristiiction to which
it gave rise ntwl not he fiirthrr c:orisidered.

In accor(lanct~ \vit11 thtt 1)ririciplc laid down by the Court in
other cascs (l.('.J. Kt,l)orts 1939, pp. 17;-178. and 19go, p. FI),
\vhich is rtot tlisr>utï(iritht, r>rcscnt case. thc iiiri+clirtioiof the
Court itepcn(ls iipori tlic,constmt of the Statcs parties to the
dispute. Thcreforts, sincc1no sl)c~ial agrt,rmcnt has been conclildeci,
wc arc herc co11ct~rnc.d c.ith ;\rticle 29 of the Treaty of Jiily 16tti,
1926, bvt\vet)ri (;reccc, nrid tlie L'nited Iiingdorn, the only text
relied iipon as corifcrring juris(1ictiori iipon tlie Perninrir~rl('oiirt
of Iriternatiorial -Jiisticso far as thesta trioStatt,s ;ire coriccrriïd;
such a c<)nfc~rririof jiirisclictiori has no\v btwi t~xteri(1t.dto the

International ('oiir! of Jiistice by the operation of -Article 37
of the Statiite of th\%Coiirt.67 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. BASDEVANT
L'article 29 du traité de 1926 confère juridiction à la Cour pour
connaître de tout différend pouvant s'élever entre les Parties

contractantes « au sujet de l'exacte interprétation ou appli-
cation d'une des dispositions du présent traité ».Les faits dont le
Gouvernement hellénique entend faire apprécier par la Cour la
conformité ou non-conformité aux obligations internationales du
Royaume-Uni sont antérieurs au traité de 1926. La valeur des
griefs que le Gouvernement hellénique entend tirer de ces faits
ne saurait être appréciéesur la base d'obligations résultant du
traité de 1926. Ces griefs sont donc hors du domaine d'application
de l'article29 :celui-ci ne fournit pas àla Courun titre qui l'autorise
à en connaître.

Le fait que le traité de 1926 contiendrait des dispositions plus
ou moins analogues à celles du traité de 1886 ne saurait rendre
les dispositions du traité de 1926 applicables à des faits antérieurs
A l'entrée en vigueur de ce traité et, par suite, étendre à ceux-ci

l'effet de 1:article 29, seul texte attribuantjuridiction à la Cour.

La déclaration qui fait suite au traité de926confirme l'évidence
de cette conclusion. Cette déclaration vise les différends concer-
nant la validité de réclamations fondéessur le traité de 1886. Le
Gouvernement hellénique soutient que la réclamation Ambatielos
rentre dans les rSclamations que vise la déclaration de 1926 ;sans
qu'il y ait à se prononcer sur le bien-fondé de cette affirmation,
il suffit de constater que la déclaration prescrit pour le règlement
des différends relatifs à de telles réclamations la procédure arbi-
trale prévue par le protocole de 1886 ; elle ne siibstitue pas à
celle-ci la procédurejudiciaire devant la Cour. Aussi bien, lalégation
de Grèce à Londres énonçait dans une note du 6 août 1940 :((The

Arbitral Committee provided for by the final Protocol of the Greco-
British Commercial Treaty of 1886is the only competent authority
in the matter. n
La Cour n'a donc pas juridiction pour connaître au fond de la
réclamation Ambatielos telle qu'elle est décrite sous le numéro 1)
dans les conclusions présentéesau nom du Gouvernement hellé-
nique à l'audience du 17 mai.

Incompétente pour connaître de la réclamation hellénique
concernant le traitement subi par Ambatielos, la Cour se trouve
en face d'un autre aspect du différend. Le Gouvernement hellé-
nique a demandé que l'affaire Ambatielos fût soumise à la procé-
dure arbitrale prévue par le protocole de 1886 ; le Gouvernement

du Royaume-Uni s'y est refusé. Le Gouvernement hellénique a
alors demandé à la Cour de dire que cette procédure arbitrale
devait recevoir application en l'espèce.Ce second différend portant
46 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE RASDEVANT 67

Article 29 of the Treaty of 1926 confers upon the Court juris-
diction to decide any disputes that may arise between the
contracting parties "as to the proper interpretation or application
of any of the provisions of the present Treaty". The facts which
the Hellenic Government submits for the Court's decision as to
their conformity, or otherwise, with the United Kingdom's inter-
national obligations, occurred before the conclusion of the Treaty
of 1926. The complaints which the Hellenic Government seeks
to base upon these facts cannot be judged upon the basis of
obligations flowing from the Treaty of 1926. These complaints
are therefore outside the sphere of applicability of Article 29 :
this Article provides no ground entitling the Court to deal with
them.
The fact that the Treaty of 1926 is said to contain provisions

more or less similar to those of the Treaty of 1886 cannot make
the provisions of the Treaty of 1926 applicable to facts which
occurred before the coming into force of this Treaty, and thus
extend to such facts the effect of Article 29, the only provision
conferring jurisdiction on the Court.
The Declaration which follows the Treaty of 1926 shows the
correctness of this conclusion. That Declaration refers to differences
as to the validity of claims based on the Treaty of 1886. The
Hellenic Government contends that the Ambatielos claim is one
of the claims referred to in the Declaration of 1926 ; there is no
need to decide as to the correctness of this contention, for it is
sufficient to observe that the Declaration provides, for the settle-
ment of differences relating to such claims, the arbitral procedure
created by the Protocol of 1886 ; it does not substitute judicial
proceedings before the Court for this procedure. Furthermore,
the Greek Legation in London stated in a note of August 6th,
1940 :"The Arbitral Committee provided for by the final Protocol
of the Greco-British Commercial Treaty of 1880 is the only com-
petent authority in the matter."
The Court therefore has no jurisdiction to deal with the merits
of the Ambatielos claim as formulated in paragraph I of 'the
Conclusions presented on behalf of the Hellenic Govemment at

the hearing of May 17th.

Having no jurisdiction to deal with the Greek claim relating
to the treatment of Ambatielos, the Court is confronted by another
aspect of the dispute. The Hellenic Government asked that the
Ambatielos case should be referred to the arbitral procedure
established by the Protocol of 1886 ;the Lnited Kingdnm Goverii-
ment refused. The Hellenic Government then asked the Court
to Say that this arbitral procedure should be applied in this case.
This second dispute, which thus relates to the rxistrnce in this68 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE XI.B.4SDEV.4XT
donc sur l'existence, en l'espèce, d'une obligation de recourir à
la procédure arbitrale du protocole de 1886 a étédiversement
énoncéau cours de la procédure et la compétence de la Cour pour

en connaître a été contestéepar le Royaume-Uni. La Cour doit,
en conséquence, déterminer si elle a compétence pour statuer sur
ce point.
Dans les conclusions de son contre-mémoire, le Royaume-Uni a
adopté, pour énoncer son exception d'incompétence, une formule
abstraite.Ida Cour ne peut pas s'y arrêter. Elle est saisie d'une
demande concrète, celle de faire dire s'il existe, à la charge du
Royaume-vni, l'obligation d'accepter que la réclamation hellé-
nique concernant l'affaire Ambatielos soit soumise à l'arbitrage.
La Cour doit déterminer si elle a compétence pour décider sur
l'existence de semblable obligation en l'espèce.

L'obligation que le Gouvernement hellénique entend faire
proclamer en l'espèce trouve sa source dans le protocole de 1886,
qui prescrit de soumettre à une commission d'arbitrage constituée

à cet effet dans chaque cas par les deus gouvernements les diffé-
rends qui viendraient à surgir entre eux au sujet del'interprétation
ou de l'exécution di1traité de 18S6ou des conséquences d'une viola-
tion de ce traité. Le Gouvernenient hellénique a demandé que sa
réclamation en l'affaire Ambatielos fût soumise à l'arbitrage; le
Ciouvernenient du Royaume-Uni s'y est refusé et, ainsi, la clause
d'arbitrage du protocole de 1886 ii'a pas joué.
On s'est trouvé là en présence d'une lacune dans le mécanisme
d'une clause d'arbitrage, lorsque celle-ci - comme c'est fréquem-
ment le cas - nécessite le concours des deux Etats en litige pour
la mise en jeu de cette clause :-ici, ce concours était nécessaire
pour la constitution de la commission arbitrale. Lorsqu'un des
États estime que l'on n'est pas dans un cas où il a lieu à arbitrage,

le fonctionnement de la clause d'arbitrage devient impossible.
Cette lacune, qui se rencontre aussi pour d'autres dispositions
conventionnelles. s'est révélée en d'autres circonstances aue celles
de la présente affaire. On a cherché parfois à y pourvoir. Une
tentative en ce sens a étéfaite dans l'article 53 de la convention 1
de Ida Haye du 18 octobre 1907, disposition dont, d'ailleurs,
certains États, et parmi eus la Grècc. ont écartél'effet à leur égard
en y faisant une réserve.
Ideprotocole de 1886 laisse ouverte cette lacune. Il n'y apporte
par lui-même aucun remède. Le Gouvernement hellénique estime
qu'un remède à cette situation a étéapporté par l'article 29 du
traité de 1926 et la déclaration qui fait suite à ce traité en ce que
la Cour aurait, en vertu de ces textes, compétence pour dire si
la réclamation -4mbatielos doit êtresoumise à arbitrage par appli-
cation du protocole de 1886. Selon cette thèse, l'article 29 et la

déclaration de 1926 auraient tacitement assorti l'engagement
d'arbitrage, pris en 1886, d'une clause complémentaire conférant DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BASDEVANT 68

case of an obligation to have recourse to the arbitral procedure
of the Protocol of 1886, has been described in different terms in
the course of the proceedings, and the jurisdiction of the Court
to deal with it is disputed by the United Kingdom. The Court
must tlierefore decide whether it has jurisdiction to deal with
this point.
In the Conclusions submitted in its Counter-Mernoriai, the
United Kingdom has employed an abstract form for the statement
of its objection to the jurisdiction. The Court cannot deai with

a submission so formulated. It has before it a concrete claim
that it should state whether the United Kingdom is under an
obligation to accept the submission to arbitration of the Hellenic
claim relating to the Ambatielos case. The Court has to determine
whether it is competent to adjudicate upon the existence of such
an obligation in the present case.
The obligation which the Hellenic Goverriment asks the Court
to find in this case derives from the Protocol of 1886, which
provides for the submission to a Commission of Arbitration, con-
stituted by the two Crovernments, in each case, for this purpose, of
disputes arising between them respecting the interpretation or

the execution of the Treaty of 1886, or the consequences of any
violation thereof. The Hellenic Government requested that its
claim in the Ambatielos case should be submitted to arbitration ;
the United Kingdom Government refused, and the arbitration
clause of the Protocol of 1886 therefore did not take effect.
There was thus an example of the gap existing in the machinery
of an arbitration clause which, as is frequently the case, can only
become effective as the result of the joint action of the two States
in conflict :in this case such joint action \vas necessary for the
constitution of the Commission of Arbitration. W%ere one of the
States atfopts the view that the case is not one calling for arbi-
tration, the operation of the arbitration claiise becomes impossible.

This gap, which exists also in respect of othcr treaty provisions,
has manifestcd itsrlf in other caser, besides the present one.
-4tternpts have at times hcen made to fil1 this gap. One such
atternpt was made in Article j3 of The Hague Convention 1 of
October 18th. 1907, a provision wliich has ho~vever been made
inoperative, so far as they \vcre concerned, by a number of States,
includirig (;rc,ece,bÿ mtians of n. reservation.
The Protocol of rSS6 I~ft th<, gap unfillecl. It does not itself
provide an'; r~rnrd!: for this defect. The Hellenic Government
conten(ls that ;irc,midy is provitltd by Article 29 of the Treaty
of 1926, anc! th!: 1)cclaratiori following this Treaty, on the ground

that the Court, bv \.irtric,ofthest: tt~ts, hns jurisdictionto decide
whether the Ambatic.10~clairn s!ioiiltlx, suhniittcd lo arbitration
in application of thr l'rotocol of xXHh. .4ccortIing to this argument,
Article 29 and tht, Ileclaration of 1926 iniplicdly added to the
undertaking to arbitratc given in 1886 a frirtlier clause confemng
4769 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. BASDEVANT

juridiction à la Cour pour statuer sur les différends pouvant surgir
au sujet de l'interprétation ou de l'application de la clause d'arbi-
trage du protocole de 1886.
La déclaration de 1926 dispose que tout différend pouvant
s'éleverentre les deux gouvernements quant à la validité de récla-
mations au nom de personnes privées fondéessur les dispositions
du traité de 1886 ((sera,à la demande de l'un des deux gouveme-
ments, soumis à arbitrage conformément aux dispositionsdu proto-
cole du IO novembre 1886 ».L'article 29 du traité de 1926 confère
juridiction à la Cour pour connaître des différendsrelatifs à l'inter-
prétation ou application ((des dispositions du présent traité ».
Il a étésoutenu, au nom du Gouvernement hellénique. que la
déclaration de 1926 était une partie intégrante du traité du même

jour, que ce qu'elle énoncedevait êtreconsidérécomme une dispo-
sition de ce traité, qu'en conséquence un différend sur l'interpré-
tation ou application de la déclaration relevait de la clause de
juridiction énoncéedans l'art'icle 29 et qu'ainsi était ouverte la
voie pour admettre la compétence de la Cour pour connaître de
l'interprétation ou application de la clause d'arbitrage énoncée
dans le protocole de 1886 et rappelée dans la déclaration de 1926.

A la base de cette argumentation se trouve l'idéeque la dêcla-
ration est partie intégrante du traité de 1926, qu'eue en constitue
une disposition. Si cette proposition n'est pas admise, toute l'argu-
mentation qu'on en prétend tirer tombe, car ladite déclaration
ne fait aucune mention de la Cour, ne lui attribue directement
aucune juridiction.
En vue de déterminer si la déclaration fait ou non partie du

traité, les Parties ont amplement discuté au sujet des aspects
extérieurs que présente celle-ci par rapport au traité de 1926, des
mentions qui ont pu êtrefaites de l'un et de l'autre et de la place
à eux attribuée .dans des documents qui s'y rapportent. Pour
apprécierla portée qu'il convient de reconnaître à tel ou tel élément
de cet ordre, une observation préliminaire doit êtrefaite.

La rédaction et la signature d'un accord international sont les
actes par lesquels s'énonce la volo.ntédes États contractants ;la
ratification est l'acte par lequel la volonté ainsi exprimée est
confirmée par l'autorité compétente en vue de lui donner force de
droit. Tous ces actes concernent la substance mêmede l'accord
international. Mais la constatation de ces actes dans les instru-
ments qui leur donneront un aspect extérieur comporte des opéra-
tions matérieiles d'écriture, d'impression, de remise d'une partie

à l'autre, etc., opér3tions qui ne contribuent pas à la formation
de la volonté des Etats contractants ; le plus souvent, ceux qui
ont compétence pour former, exprimer ou confirmer cette volonté
ne participent pas à ces opérations matérielles ; ceiles-ci revêtent
souvent des formes empruntées à la tradition, suivies scrupuleuse- DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BASDEVAST
69
juridiction on the Court to adjudicate upon disputes ansing
with regard to the interpretation or the application of the arbi-
tration clause in the Protocol of 1886.
The Declaration of 1926 provides that any differences which
may anse between the two Governments as to the validity of
claims on behalf of pnvate persons based on the provisions of
the Treaty of 1886 "shall, at the request of either Government,
be referred to arbitration in accordance with the piovisions of
the Protocol of November ~oth, 1886". Article 29 of the Treaty
of 1926 confers jurisdiction on the Court to deal with disputes
as to the interpretation or application "of any of the provisions

of the present Treaty". It was contended, on behalf of the Helienic
Government, that the Declaration of 1926 was an integral part
of the Treaty of the same date, that what was therein provided
was to be regarded as a provision of that Treaty, that, conse-
quently, a dispute as to the interpretation or application of the
Declaration was within the junsdictional clause contained in
Article 29 and that thus a way was opened for the admission
of the Court's junsdiction to decide as to the interpretation or
application of the arbitration clause contained in the Protocol
of 1886 and referred to in the Declaration of 1926.
Underlying this argument is the idea that the Declaration is
an integral part of the Treaty of 1926, that it is a provision of
thisTreaty. If this proposition be not accepted, the whole argument
founded upon it fails to the ground, for the Declaration makes
no reference to the Court and does not directly confer any juris-
diction upon it.
In order to determine whether the Declaration is or is not
part of the Treaty, the Parties presented lengthy arguments
conceming the extemal features of the Declaration in relation
to the Treaty of 1926, the references that have been made to
both of them, andathe place attnbuted to them in the documents
connected with them. For a proper appreciation of the significance

which ought to be attributed ta any factor of this nature a pre-
liminary observation is called for.
The drafting and the signature of an international agreement
are the acts by means of which the wili of the contracting States
is expressed ;ratification is the act by which the wili so expressed
is confirmed by the comptent authority, for the purpose of
giving it binding force. Ali these acts are concemed with the
substance itself of an international agreement. But the recording
of these acts in the instruments which are designed to give them
material existence involves the physicai operations of writing,
pnnting, transmission by one party to the other, etc., operations
which do not contnbute to the formation of the will of the
contracting States ;those who have the task of forming, expressing
or confirming thiswill, donot, as a de, take part in these physical
operations ;these operations commonly take a form denving from

4'37O OPINIOS DISSIDESTE DE JI. BASDEVANT

ment et, par suite, aveuqlémeiit par les fonctionnaires chargés de
cette besogne matérielle. 011 ne saurait attribuer aux dStails de
forme qui se superposent ainsi à l'opération juridique de coriclii-
sion du traité Urie influence déterminante quand il s'agit de dis-
cerner, dans le doute, le sens réelde l'accord intervenu, le caractère
que les parties ont e~itcndu donner à tel ou tel accorci intervenu
entre elles.

C'est à la lumière de ces observations qu'on doit apprécier la
portée qu'il convient cl'attacher à telle ou telle expression employée,
à telle ou telle forme suivie, lorsqu'on ce propose de déterminer
si la déclaration de 1926 doit être conridérbe comme constituant
une disposition du traité du même jour.
A cet i-gard, il est de particulicre irnportaiict~,que ce sont ceus
qui avaient mission d'espri~ner la voloritt des Etats qui ont eux-
mêriies choisi d'employer cians l'article 29 l'expression (disposi-
tions du présent trait; »et nori urie expression plus large. Cc sont

eux qui orit choisi de donner à leur accord touchant les réclama-
tions basées sur le traité de 1886In fornic (l'une diçposition distincte
et non d'un article di1 traité (lu niêrntljour, qui lui ont donné le
titre de déclaration et non celui ci'article additionnel, qui orit jugé
à propos (le la revêtir, (iistinctemrnt du traité, de leurs prcpres
sig~iatiires et de n'vn faire aucune mention dans le traité, à la
différence dt. cc' qii'ils faisaient pour le tableau qui la précède.
Tout cela. pour la raison ci-(lessuc: indiquée. cst de plus d'impor-

tance pour déterrnirier le caractère de cette déclaration que le
fait que celle-ci s'est trc)ii\.be irnl~rini~cà la siiite du traité et du
tableau, dans le riiêriîe fascicule et avec 1:i rii6me pagination,
détails rnatérit~lsqui. avec d'autrc~s dt. même nature, sont dus à
des collaborateurs (lui. à In différence, de ~)lénipotentiaires,
n'étaient pas cfiargés (l'i.lahort.r cxtd'énoncer la \.olonté des parties
contractarite>.
I)e rnèrnt., lorsqii'ils ont signe lc~irs iristrunieritde ratification.
actes par Iesc~wls ils coiifirni:iieiit l'accord inter\.e~iu entre leurs

plénipotc,ritiaires respectifs et ,tloiiiiaieritiiiicaractere défiiiitif à
la (léclaratiori de \.olonti.(1t.Etats coiirractarits, le président de la
Répuhliquc greccluc c3t le roi di1 lioyaurilc-Yni oiit entendu
uriiquement corifirn1c.r ce cliiia\.nit été kiioncé par leurs pléni-
potvntiaires. Ils n'ont [)a:; attactii.leur pt.ns&e i cies détails
souvent supxflus cru inexacrs qiit. des colla1,or-atcurs. n'ayant
pas qualit4 pour irit~.rprétt~r-c,omp1i.tt.r (iu rt~ctitic~rla 1,t;iisi~ dt-
leur souverain. enipriiritaient ILcit.5foi-rniilaii-tlsI,ar cus tratfition-
neliement et a\-f:ugl(.nient siiivis.

Idlexarncn tlcs t1ivc.r~élér-nentsiri\.oqués de part er d'autrc, s'il
est effrctu4 a1.c.c 1,souci de rt.tcriir ccxqui est (le nature à faire
apparaitre ltintc.ritiori cie ceiis qui seuls avaivrit qualité polir
énoncer la \oloritc:. (Ir iviirs: goii\,~.rric~iiieritsrïsl)tactifs, sanssc
I;li5si.r tioii!)ltI;ar ;Y cliii<>it c,stcric>urii 13 f;,rniatiori cle cette

49 DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BASDEVANT 7"

tradition, which is followed scmpulouçly, and therefore blindly,
by the officiais entmsted with this material task. It would be
wrong to attribute to the details of form thus superimposed upon
the juridical act of the conclusion of a treaty any determining
influence, when it becomes necessary, in case of doubt, to ascertain
the tme meaning of the agreement which has been reached, the

character which the parties intended to give to any given agreement
concluded between them.
The scope to be given to a particular expression employed, or
to a particular form which has been followed, should be considered
in the light of these remarks when it is sought to determine
whether the Declaration of 1926 is to be regarded as constituting
a provision of the Treaty of the same date.
In this connection, it is of particular significance that it was
the very persons who were responsible for expressing the will of
the States who chose to use, in Article 29, the expression "provi-
sions of the present Treaty", and not a more comprehensive
expression. It was they who chose to give their agreement
conceming claims based on the Treaty of 1886 the form of a
separate provision, and not of an article in the Treaty of the
same date ;it was they who gave it the title of Declaration and

not that of an additional article, who saw fit to append their
signatures to it, separately from the Treaty, and to make no
reference to it in the Treaty, in contra-distinction to what they
did in the case of the Schedule which precedes it. Al1 this, for
the reasons indicated above, is of greater importance in determining
the character of the Declaration than the fact that the Declaration
was printed after the Treaty and the Schedule, in one document
with consecutive pagination, physical details which, like others
of the same kind, are governed by the actions of officialç who,
unlike plenipotentiaries, were not responsible for elaborating and
stating the uill of the contracting Parties.
Simiiarly, when they signed' the instruments of ratification-
act by which the?; confirmed the agreement reached by their
respective Pl~nipotcntiaries and by which they gave the Declaration
a definitil,? character of the will of the contracting States-the
President of the Greek Republic and the British Monarch were

merely corifirniirig what had already been declared by their
Plenipoteritianes. Thcy did not direct their minds to details,
often superfluous or incorrect, which officials, unqualified to
interpret, complete or correct the intentions of their Sovereigns,
borrowed from fornis which the?; traditionally and blindly followed.

An cxamiriation of the various factors rclird upon on eithcr
side-if uridertaken bvith car,. to attribute importance only to
those considerations which throw light on the intentions of those
who alonc were qualifitd to (It.clart. the will of tlieir respective
Govemments and not to consideratio~is which (Io not relate to71 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. BASDEVANT

volonté,conduit à considérerla déclaration comme un acte distinct
du traité, non comme une clause ou disposition du traité lui-même,
et à lire l'article 29 tel qu'il est écrit, c'est-à-dire comme donnant
juridiction à la Cour pour les différends relatifs à l'interprétation
ou à l'application des « dispositions du présent traité » sans sub-
stituer, par voie d'interprétation, à ces mots parfaitement clairs,
ceux de ((dispositions sur lesqueiles les parties se sont mises d'ac-
cord en date de ce jour »ou quelque autre formule équivalente et
de moindre précision.

Ce caractère indépendant de la déclaration apparaît aussi nette-
ment si, se dégageant des particularités de forme ou des détails

de présentation, on considère le fond des choses en vue de déter-
miner si, malgré saprésentation séparée,la déclaration ne constitue
pas une sorte de disposition complémentaire du traité à laquelle
eût convenu la dénomination d'article additionnel : méthode qu'a
sui\% Max Huber dans son Rapport sur les réclamations britan-
niques contre l'Espagne, quand il a eu à déterminer le caractère
indépendant d'un accord qu'il avait à interpréter (Recueil des
Settiences arbitrales,II, pp. 632-633).

La déclaration n'explique aucune clause du traité. Eile n'en
explique pas davantage l'effet généralqui serait, a-t-on prétendu,
l'abrogation du traité de 1886 par le traité de 1926. En effet, non
seulement le traité de 1926 ne contient aucune disposition abro-

geant le traité de 1886, mais ce traité n'opère pas non plus abro-
gation tacite du traité de 1886. Le traité de 1886 a perdu vigueur
non par l'effet d'une abrogation qui n'a éténi exprimée ni sous-
entendue par le traité de 1926, mais par l'effet de la dénonciation
dont il a étél'objet, de la part du Gouvernement hellénique, le
3 mars 1919. La date d'échéancede cette dénonciation a fait
l'objet de plusieurs prorogations et a étéfinalement fixée à la
date de l'entréeen ligueur du nouveau traité. L'entréeen vigueur
du traité de 1926 a constitué ainsi une date adoptée de part et
d'autre pour l'échéancede l'effet juridique de la déno~~ciation
antérieurement effectuée ; elle n'est pas la source juridique de

l'extinction du traité de 1886 : celle-ci reste la conséquence de
la dénonciation dont ce traité a étél'objet.
En conséquence,la déclaration de 1926,envisagée quant au fond,
ne constitue pas un acte explicatif du traité de 1926, mais un
accord réglant un effet de la caducité du traité de 1886, caducité
résultant elle-mêmede la dénonciation dont ce traité a étél'objet.
Dans le fond, plus nettement encore que dans la forme, la déclara-
tion se sépare du traité. Eile ne peut êtreconsidérée comme. ni
même assimilée à une disposition de ce traité. En conséquence,
la clause de juridiction inséréedans l'article 29 du traité ne s'y
applique pas. DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE BASDEVANT
7I
the formation of this will-should lead to the view that the
Declaration is distinct from the Treaty. and not a clause or
provision of the Treaty itseif ; such an examination should also
lead to the reading of Article 29 as it is written-that isto say,
as giving the Court jurisdiction in respect of disputes as to the
interpretation or application of the "provisions of the present
Treaty"-and not to the substitution, for these perfectly clear
words, by means of interpretation, of the words "provisions upon
which agreement was reached by the Parties to-day", or some
such words of lesser precision.
This independent character of the Declaration also clearly

appears if, putting aside particulanties of form and details of
presentation, one has regard to the substance of the matter,
with a view to considering whether the Declaration, in spite of
its separate presentation, does not constitute a sort of supple-
menta~ provision of the Treaty. which jt would have been proper
to describe as an additional articl: that was the method adopted
by Max Huber in his Report on the British claims against Spain,
when he had to decide as to the independent character of an
agreement which he was called upon to interpret (Reports of
International Arbitral Awards, II, pp. 632-633).
The Declarafion does not explain any clause of the Treaty.
n'or does it explain its general effect, which has been said to be
the abrogation of the Treaty of 1886 by the Treaty of 1926. In
fact, not only did the Treaty of 1926 contain no provision abro-
gating the Treaty of 1886 ,ut it did not effect any tacit abrogation
of the Treaty of 1886. The Treaty of 1886 did not cease to bc in
force as the result of any express or implied abrogation by the
Treaty of 1926, but asa result of itç denunciationby the Heilenic
Government on March 3rd, 1919. The date upon which this
denunciation was to take effect was the subject of a number of
postponements, and it was finaliy fixed as at the date of the

coming into force of the new Treaty. The coming into force of
the Treaty of 1926 thus provided a date adopted by both Parties
on which the earlier denunciation would have legal effect; it is
not itself the juridical source of the extinguishment of the Treaty
of 1886 : this extinguishment resulted from the denunciation of
the Treaty.
Consequently the Declaration of 1926, considered from the
point of view of its content,is not an instrument which explains
the Treaty of 1926, but an agreement relating to one of the effects
of the lapsing of the Treaty of 1886, this lapsing king itself the
result of the denunciation of this Treaty. From the point of vim
of its substance, even more clearly than from the point of view
of its form, the Declaration must be regarded as separate from
the Treaty. It cannot be regarded as, or even assimilated to, a
provision of the Treaty. It foilows that the juridictional clause
of -4rticle29 of the Treaty is not applicable to it.

507* OPINION DISSIDENTE DE ?il. BASDEVANT
La déclaration de 1926 répond à l'intention de maintenir, à
l'égard des réclamations qui y sont visées, le régime antérieur

résultant. pour le fond, du traité de 1886, et, pour la procédure de
règlement des différends, du protocole de 1886 auquel il est fait
expressément référence. Le régimeantérieur est niaintenu tel quel,
avec ses avantages et ses inconvénients. L'inconvénient qu'il
présentait (mise en échec possible de la clause d'arbitrage) n'est
apparu que plus tard. Rien ne montre qu'en 1926 or, ait songé à
y l>ourvoir pour ce qui est des réclarnations relevant du traité
de 1886. Si l'on y avait songé, on n'aurait certes pas adopté un
système consistant, d'une part, à charger la Cour de régler le
différerid venant à surgir sur le point de savoir si, dans une espèce
donnée, l'obligation d'arbitrage existe, d'autre part, à maintenir
la procédure arbitrale devant une commission arbitrale désignée

ad hoc pour trancher le différend principal poi-tant sur le bien-
fondé de la réclamation. Ori eût plutôt songé à substituer pour
le tout la juridiction de la Cour à la procédure arbitrale prévue
en 1886. 011 ne l'a pas fait. On ne peut attribuer aux rédacteurs
de la déciaration l'intention, qu'ils n'ont nullement exprimée, de
consacrer un système aussi compliqué et dont aujourd'hui aucune
des Parties ne souhaite l'application.

Il faut donc reconnaître que la déclaration a laissé les récla-
mations qu'une Partie entend fonder sur le traité de 1886 en l'état

du droit qui les régissait auparavant. Elle a laissé subsister la
lacune que comportait, pour son fonctionnement, la clause d'arbi-
trage du protocole de 1886. En l'état du développement du droit
internation-al à cette époque et étant donné qu'en 1926 aucun
des deux Etats n'avait souscrit la déclaration concernant la juri-
diction obligatoire de la Cour, cela n'a rien de surprenant. La
Cour n'a donc pas juridiction pour connaître d'un diffcrend portant
sur l'existence, dans un cas donné, de l'obligation de recourir à
l'arbitrage en zxkciition du protocole de 1886. En d'autres termes,
l'article29 du traité de 1926 ni'apparaît comme inapplicable à
un tel différent!. l

Au surplus, si I'oii admet que la déclaration est ilne disposition
du trait6 de 1926, cela autoriscà dire que la Cour. est compétente
pour conriaître d'un différtt:idconccrnarit l'interprétation ou appli-
cation de la declaration : Jans la préserite affaire, cela autorise la
Cour à statuer sur la prétention britannique de refuser à la récla-
mation Ambatielos le bénéfice de la déclaration pour le motif que
cettc, réclamation n'aurait pas étéprésentéeavant ladite déclara-
tion.
Mais décider sur ce poiiit ~icsuftit pas & rkoudre la question
de savoir s'il existci une obligation de soumettre à arbitrage la
réclamation Anibatielos. Une telie obligation, si elle existe, résulte
du traité et du protocole de 1886 : le différend concernant DISSENTING 0PII;IOS OF JLDGE B.\SUE\'AST T2

The Declaration of 1926 Mas designed to preserve, in respect
of the claims therein referred to. the earlier régime resiilting, so
far as the merits were concerned, from the Treaty of 1886, and,
so far as the procedure for the settlement of disputes was concerned,
from the Protocol of 1886, to which it specifically refers. The
earlier régime \vas preserved as it stood, with its advantages and
disadvantages. Its disadvantages (the possibility of frustration of
the arbitration procedure) only became apparent later. There is

nothing to suggest that in 1926there kvasany thought of remedying
this defect with regard to claims arising falling within the Treat!-
of 1886. If this had been thought of, the sistem adopted \rould
not have been to entrust to the Court the settlement of a dispiite
which might arise as to whetlier, in any given case, therê was
an obligation to resort to arbitration, \\,hile at the sanie time
preserving the arbitral procedure before a Commission of Arbi-
tration appointed ad hoc to deal with the principal dispute, that
relating to the validity of the claim ;rather \vuiild tliere have been
a complete substitiition of the Court'.; jurisdiction for tlie arbitral
procedure provided for in 1886. This was not the course adopted.
It is impossible to attribute to the framers of the Declaration an
intention which they never expressed, namely to create a system

of such coml~lexity, and one which, at the present tirne, neither
of the Parties would wish to be applied.
It is therefore necessary to recognize that the 1)eclaration
leaves the claims which a part), seelis to base upon the Treaty
of 1886 legally in the same position as the- occupied formerl!,.
It leaves unaffected the gap in the operation of the arbitration
clause of the Protocol of 1886. If we have regard to the stagt.
of development of international la\v at that period, and to the
fact tliat in 1926 neither of the t\vo States had subscribed to
the Declaration relating to the compulsory jurisdiction of th(.
Court, there is nothing surpriring about this. The Court thereforï
has no jurisdiction to deal with a dispute concerning the existence,

in a gi\.eii case, of an obligation to resort to arbitration pursuant
tu the Protocol of 1886. In other \s.ords, Article 29 of the Treaty
of 1926 does not appear to me to be applicable to such a dispute.
Furthermore, if it be accepted that the Ileclaration is:a~)ro\.ision
of the Treaty of 1926, that ~voultl mean that the Court has jiiris-
diction to deal with a dispute concerning the interpretation lincl
application of the Declaration : that \vould aiithorize rhe (..ourt,
in the present case, to adjiidicate upun tilt. British conteiition
that it is entitled to refuse to the Ambatielos clairn the bcnefit:,
of the Declaration, on the ground that it \\.asnot preserited prier
to the 1)eclaration.
But a decision on this point is not sufficient to resol\-e tlie
question lvhetlier there exists any obligation to refer the Ambatieloa

claim to arbitration. Such an obligation, if it exists, arises from
tlic Treaty and the Protocol of 1886 : the dispiite :i1;to thr73 OPINION -DISSIDENTE DE M. BASDEVANT

l'existence, en l'espèce,de cette obligation est un différend concer-
nant l'interprétation et l'application de ce traité et de ce proto-
cole. Or, l'article29 n'a pas donné à la Cour compétence pour
connaitre d'un différend qui, dans la mesure actuellement
envisagée,porte exclusivement sur l'interprétation et l'application
du traité et du protocole de 1886 :à aucun moment il n'a été
prétendu et il est manifestement impossible d'admettre que les
dispositions de ceux-ci soient des dispositions du traité de 1926.
Finalement, la Cour ne pourrait ici faire plus que constater
que la déclaration de 1926 a laissé les Parties en face du régime

établi par le traité et le protocole 1886 sans y rien changer, qu'il
appartient donc aux Parties de donner aux dispositions de 1886
la suite qu'elles leur paraissent comporter et que la Cour n'a rec;u
des Parties aucun pouvoir de déterminer, à leur place, la suite que
ces dispositions comportent en la présenteespèce.

Les considérations qui précèdent m'amènentà la conclusion que
la Cour n'a reçu juridiction ni pour connaître au fond de la
réclamation présentée par le Gouvernement hellénique dans
l'affaire Ambatielos, ni pour examiner et dire s'il existe une obli-
gation pour les États en cause de soumettre cette réclamation à
l'arbitrage prévu par le protocole de1886.

(Signé) BASDEVANT. DISSEKTING OPINION OF JUDGE BASDEVANT
73
existence, in this case, of such an obligatia dispute concerning
the interpretation and application of that Treaty and that Protocol.
But Article 29did not confer on the Court jurisdiction to deal
with a dispute which, in the way now contemplated, relates
exclusively to the interpretation and the application of the Treaty
and Protocol of 1886 : it has never been contended-and it is
manifestly impossible to say-that the provisions of that Treaty
anIn conclusion, the Court ought in this case simply to observe
that the Declaration of 1926left the Parties with the régime
created by the Treaty and the Protocol of 1886, a régimewhich
remained completely unchanged by the Declaration, and that it
is therefore for the Parties to take such action as they deem
proper in pursuance of the provisions of the Treaty of 1886,and
that the Court has not been invested by the Parties with any
power to substitute itself for them in determining the action
which ought to be taken in pursuance of those provisions in the
present case.
*
* *
The foregoing considerations lead me to the conclusion that
the Court has not been given jurisdiction either to deal with the
merits of the claim presented by the Hellenic Government in the
Ambatielos case, or to consider and decide whether there is an
obligation binding the States at issue to submit this claim to
the arbitration provided for by the Protocol of 1886.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Basdevant (translation)

Links