Dissenting Opinion of Judge van Wyk

Document Number
046-19621221-JUD-01-09-EN
Parent Document Number
046-19621221-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JCDGE VAN WYK

The jurisdiction of this Court is provided for in Articles36 and
37 of its Statute. It is common cause that paragraphs 2-5 of Arti-
cle36 do not apply in this case, and it is therefore only necessary
to refer to the first paragraph of Article, which reads as follows:

"1. The jurisdiction of the Court comprises al1cases which the
Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions ine
force."

This is not a case which has been referred to this Court by the
parties, nor isit a matter specially provided for in the Charter.
Article37 provides inter aliathat whenever a treaty or convention
in force provides for reference of a matter to the Permanent Court
of International Justice, the matter shall be referred to this Court.
The legal effect of these provisions is that this Court has no juris-
diction in the present matter unless there exists a treaty or con-
vention in force which speciallyprovides for reference of this matter
to this Court or the Permanent Court of International Justice.

rrom the above it is clear-indeed, i'tis common cause-that
the jurisdiction of this Court depends upon consent (see Case
concerning the Factory at Chorzdw, P.C.I.J., Series A, No.g, 26 July
1927, p. 32, and Rosenne's InternationalCozdrtofJustice, 1957, pp.
260, 318-~zo), and in this case such consent must be embodied in
a treaty or convention in force. Consent to jurisdiction cannot be
presumed (see Aerial Incident of 27July I955, I.C.J. Ig59, p.142).

Sir H. Lauterpacht, in The Developmentof International Law by
theInternational Court,1958, page 91, states the rule as follows:

"The Court ..has emphasized repeatedly the necessity for ex-
treme caution in assuming jurisdiction, which must be proved up
to the hilt. Numerous Judgments show the Court as 'bearing in
mindthe fact that itsjurisdictionisIimited,that it isinvariablybased
on the consent of the Respondent and only exists in so far as this
impression that the Court, in an excess of zeal, has assumed juris-
diction wherenone has been conferred upon it."

See also Manley O. Hudson in ThePermanentCourtofInternation-
al Jastice, 1920-1942,page 660.
The Applicants claim that this Court has jurisdiction to determine
the issues raised in their Applications and Memorials by virtue of
260the provisions of Article 7 of the Mandate Declaration for South
West Africa read with Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of
Nations, and Article 37 of the Statute of this Court and Article 80(1)

of the Charter of the United Nations. This means that the Applicants
contend that the aforesaid provisions constitute terms of treaties
or conventions in force which embody the consent of the Respondent
to the present matter being submitted to this Court by the Appli-
cants.
It is therefore necessary to determine the meaning and legal
effect of Article7of the Mandate Declaration asread with Article 22
of the Covenant of the League of Nations, as well as the meaning
and legal effect of the aforesaid provisions of the Statute of this
Court and the Charter of the United Nations. This must be done
in accordance with the principles of construction, as applicable in
international law in terms of Article 38 of the Statute of this Court.
which reads as follows:

"1. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with
international lawsuch disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply:

(a) international conventions, w-hethergeneral or particular,
establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting States;
(b) international custom, as evidenceof a general practice ac-
cepted as law;
.(c)the generalprinciplesoflawrecognized by civilizednations;

(d) subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions
and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the
various nations, as subsidiary mtxansfor the determination ofrules
of law.
2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to
decide a case ex aeqaoet bono,if the parties agree thereto."

Article 59, referred to in Article 38 (d), provides that a decision
of this Court has no binding force except between the parties and
in respect of that particular case. It follows that "judicial decisions"
mentioned in Article 38 (d) include the decisions of this Court.

There are no parties to Opinions of this Court and in terms of
Article 59 such opinions have no binding force. It follows that
Opinions of this Court, even if they relate to the same legal issues
now being considered, cannot be more than a subsidiary means for
the determination of the rules of international law. The general
principles of law recognized by civilized nations must always
prevail where those principles are in conflict with any views stated
in previous decisions of this Court.
There can be no doubt that al1 contracts, including treaties and
conventions that operate in international law, owe their effect in
law to the common consent of the parties thereto:577 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS.OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

ReservationstotheConventionon Genocide,Advisory O#inion :I.C.J.
Refiorts1951, p. 15; at p. 21:
"It is well established that in its treaty relations a State cannot
be bound without its consent. .. It is also a generally recognized
principle that a multilateral convention is the result of an agreement
freely concluded upon its clauses."
Page 26:

"...no State can be bound by a reservation to which it has not
consented...".
Pages 31-32$ ,er Judges Guerrero,Sir Arnold McNair, Read and
Hsu Mo :

"The consent of the parties is the basis of treaty obligations...
The fact that in so many of the multilateral conventions of the
past hundred years, whether negotiated by groups of States or
agreed to create new rules of law or to declare existing dese of
law, with the result that this activity is often descnbed as 'legis-
lative' or 'quasi-legislative', must not obscure the fact that the
legal basis of these conventions, and the essential thing that brings
them into force, is the common consent of the parties."

See also Ralston, J. H. The Law and Procedureof International
Tribunals, Revised Edition (Stanford:Stanford University Press,
1926), p.6.
For this reason, there exists the universally accepted basic
pnnciple applicable inthe interpretation of al1contracts, including
treaties, conventions, and other international agreements that one
should endeavour to amve at the true common intention of the
parties relative to the agreement in question as it existed at the
time agreement was reached.
This rule appears to be self-evident and is common cause but,
as it is ofsuch crucial importance in this matter it ments detailed
consideration.

The rule in the United Kingdom is stated in Chitty onContracts,
22nd EditZon(1961) at page 583, as follows:
"The object of al1construction of the terms of a written agreement
is to discover therefrom the intention of the parties to the agree-
ment."
Article 1156 of the French CodeCivil provides:

"On doit dans les conventionsrechercher quellea été la commune
intentiondes parties contractantes,#lutôt que de s'arrêtea ru sens
littéral deermes."
Similar rules apply in every legal system that 1 have been able
to refer to, e.g., Belgium, CodeCivil Art. 1156; The Netherlands,
Burgerlijk Wetboek Art. 1379; Italy, Code Art. 1362; Germany,
262Biirgerliches GesetzbuchArt. 133; Switzerland, Code of Obligations
Art. 18; Greece,Code Art. 173; Hungary, Code Art. 265; Spain,
Code Art. 1259; Poland, Code Art. 108; Egypt, Code Civil Mixte
Art. 199; and Code Civil Indigène Art. 138; Brazil, Code Art. 85;
Chile, Code Art. 1560. There is abundant authority that the same
de applies in international law:

"Colombian-Peruviart asylum case, Judgment of November aoth,
Ig50: I.C. J. Re$orts Ig50, p. 266"; per Judge Read at p. 320:

"There is, however, a pnnciple of international law which is
truly universal. It is given equal recognition in Lima and in London,
in Bogota and in Belgrade, in Rio and in Rome. It is the principle
that, in matters of treaty interpretation, the intention of the parties
must prevail."
"Case concerningrights of nationals of the United States of America

in Morocco,Judgment of August 27th, 1952: I.C. J. Reports 1952,
p. 176"; at pp. 191-192:
"From either point of view, this contention is inconsistent with
the intentions of the parties to the treaties now in question. This
is shown both by the wording of the particular treaties, and by the
general treaty pattern which emerges from an examination of the
treaties made by Morocco with France, the Netherlands, Great
Britain, Denmark, Spain, United States, Sardinia, Austria, Belgium
and Germany over the penod from 1631to 1892.These treaties show
that the intention of the most-favoured-nations clauses was to..."
Ralston, J. H. The Law and Procedure of International Tribunals,

Revised Edition (Stanford : Stanford University Press, I 926),
p. 27:
"As is manifest from al1 of the foregoing, the intention of the
parties must rule, and the pnnciples laid down are after all but
means of determining, as scientifically as the subject will permit,
what the parties' intentions may have been."

Schwarzenberger, G. International Law, Second Edition (London :
Stevens and Sons, 1g4g), Vol. 1, p. 208:
"The purpose of the interpretation of an international treaty is
to ascertain its meaning, i.e. the intention of the contracting parties.
As the Permanent Court of Arbitration had already emphasized in
the Island ofTimor case (1914).'here again, and always, we must
look for the real and harmonious intention of the parties when they
bound themselves'."

Lauterpacht, H. "Restrictive Interpretation and the Principle of
Effectiveness inthe Interpretation of Treaties", The British Year
Book of International Law, Vol. XXVI (1g49), pp. 48-85; at
p. 83:
263 579 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
"It is the intention of the authorof the legal rule in question-
whether it be a contract, a treaty, or a statute-which is thetarting
point and the goal of alinterpretation. It is the duty of the Judge
to resort to al1available means-including niles of construction-
to discover the intention of the parties; to avoid using rules of
interpretation as a ready substitute for active and independent
search for intentions; and to refrain from neglecting any ossible
clues, however troublesome may be their examination and l?owever
liable they may be to abuse, which may reveal or render clear the
intention of the authors of the rule to be interpreted."

Lauterpacht, H. The Developmentof International Law by the Inter-
national Court (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958), p. 227:
"...the fundamental principle of interpretation, that isto Say,'that
effect is to begiven to the intention of the parties'."

Fitzmaurice, G. G. "The Law and Procedure of the International
Court of Justice 1951-1954: Treaty Interpretation and Other
Treaty Points", The British Year Book of International Law,
Vol. XXXIII (1957)~pp. 203-293, at p. 204:

"With the exception of thosewhosu port the extreme teleological
school of thought, no one seriously d? enies that the aim of treaty
interpretation is togive effect to the intentions of the parties."

Through the ages lawyers have evolved auxiliary rules of con-
struction to assist in the determination of the common intention
of the parties toan agreement, and as these des are based on logic,
common sense and long expenence, it is not surprising that they
are substantially the same in almost al1civilized States. It is also,
therefore, not surprising that international tribunals have adopted
them without any significant changes. The purpose of these rules
is to assist the Court in the evaluation of the admissible evidence
-including of course the instruments in question themselves-
relating tothe intention of the parties. Inasmuch as evidence which
is logically relevant in an enquiry as to the intention of the parties

to an agreement is sometimes excluded by the operation of rules
of law, e.g. the rule of estoppel, a conclusion based on the admissible
evidence may sometimes lead to somewhat artificial results. Thus
a party who has signed an instrument which records his assent to
the agreement recorded therein is deemed to have agreed to its
.terms, and cannot be heard to Say that he negligently signed the
instrument without reading it or without studying it properly.
These considerations, however, can never afford a valid excuse for
not determining the intention of the parties. as far as is reasonably
possible. One must also bear in rnind that parties frequently deliberately
use wide ternls so as to provide for all possible situations, foreseen

and unforeseen, and it follows that when a situation not foreseen
by the parties anses which falls within the meaning of the words
employed by them they are deemed to have had a comrnon intention
in regard thereto.

The awiliary rules of construction are prima facie pointers to
the probable intention of the parties. One must always bear in
mind that their sole function is to aid the Court in its task of
determining the true common intention of the parties. Lord McNair
aptly remarks, in The Law of Treaties1961, page 366, as follows:
"The many maxirns and phrases which have crystallized out and
abound in the text-books and elsewhere are merely #rima facie
guides to the intention of the parties and.must always give way to
contrary evidence of the intention of the parties in a particular
case. If they are allowed to become our masters instead of our
servants these guides can be very misleading."

Rights originating from a contract may be divided, inter alia,into
persona1 rights and real rights but, whether persona1 or real, such
rights can never embrace anything not included in the common
intention of the parties. A treaty or convention may create an
international institution or it may define the status of a temtory
but its meaning and effect depend primarily on the intention of
the parties thereto. The rule may therefore be stated to be that the
existence, the measure, and the meaning of treaty rights and
obligations are determined in accordancewith the common intention

of the parties to the instrument in question and, in determining
this common intention, the Court invokes the aid of the accepted
rules of construction. In Certain Expenses of the United Nations
(Opinion of 20 July 1962, p. 157) the following appears:

"On the previous occasionswhen the Court has had to interpret
the Charter of the United Nations, it has followed the principles
and rules applicable in general to the interpretation of treaties,
since it has recognized that the Charter is a multilateral treaty."

These rules will be applied in the interpretation of the Covenant
of the League of Nations, the Mandate Declaration for South West
Africa and the Charter of the United Nations; and it is convenient
to deal with the more important rules at this stage.
Inasmuch asthe aim of the parties to a written instrument is to
set forth their agreement in written language which renders their
own intention clear to themselves and to others, it follows that the
most effective method of arriving at this common intention, when
called upon to construe a written agreement, is to find it in the
ordinary, normal, natural, and unrestrained meaning of the words

265 581 S. W. AFRIC.4 CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
inthe instrument inthe context in which they appear. SeeHalsbury's
Laws of England, 3rd Edition, Volume II, page 632; Cheshire and
Fifoot Law of Contracts, 5th Edition, page 1056.
The rule with regard to statutes is the same-see Maxwell on
InterpretationofStatutes, 11th Edition, page 3. Where the words of

an instrument in their context make sense, there should be no
reason for doubting that they express the common intention of the
parties and the need for interpretation does not really arise.

A similar rule has been applied by this Court, and by its prede-
cessor :
Acquisition of Polish Nationality, P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 7, 15

September 1923, p. 20:
"The Court's task is clearly defined. Having before it a clause
which leaves little to be desired in the nature of clearness, it is
bound to apply this clause asit stands, without considering whether
other provisions rnight with advantage have been added to or
substituted for it." .
Competenceof Assembly regardingadmissionto the'UnitedNations,
Advisory Opinion: I.C.J. Reports 1950, p.4; at p. 8:

"The Court êonsidersit necessary to say that the first duty of a
tribunal which is called upon to interpret and apply the provisions
of a treaty, is to endeavour to give effect to them in their natural
and ordinary meaning in the context in which they occur. If the
relevant words in their natural and ordinary meaning make sense
the words in their natural and ordinary meaning are ambiguous or hand,
lead to an unreasonableresult, then, and then only, must the Court,
by resort to other methods of interpretation, seek to ascertain what
the parties really did mean when they used these words. As the
Permanent Court said in the case concerning the Polish Postal
Servicein Danzig (P.C.I.J., Series B, No.II, p. 39):

'It isacardinal principle of interpretation that words must be
interpreted in the sense which they would normally have in their
context, unless such interpretation would lead to something
unreasonable or absurd.'

When the Court can give effect to a provision of a treaty by
it may not interpret the words by seeking to give them some other,
meaning."

See also Interpretation of Peace Treaties (secondphase), Advisory
Opinion: I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 221; at p. 227,

Colo'mbian-Peruvian asylum case,Judgment of Novemberzoth, 19 50 :
I.C.J. Reports1950 ,. 226, at p. 279,
266 582 S.W. AFRICA C.4SES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGH VAN WYK)

Case concerning rights of nationals of the United States of America
in Morocco,Judgment of August qth, I952: I.C.J. Reports 1952,
p. 176, at p. 189,

Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case (jurisdiction), Judgment of July zznd,
1952, P. 93; at p. 104.
Where it appears from the context that words were not intended
to be used in their ordinary sense, such words should be construed
in harmony with the context. See Halsbury's Laws of England, 3rd

Edition, Vol. II, pages 388-389. The intention of the parties should,
therefore, be gathered from the instrument as a whole rather than
irom any particular words they may have used.
From the above it follows that where words or terms of an instru-
ment are capable of two meanings the object with which they were
inserted, as revealed by the instrument or any other admissible
evidence, may be taken into consideration in order to arrive at
the sense in which they were used and where one interpretation is
consistent with what appears to have been the intention of the
parties and another repugnant to it, the Court will give effect to
this apparent intention. The Court will always prefer an inter-
pretation which renders an agreement valid and effective to an
interpretation which renders it void and ineffective, provided the
former can fairly be said not to be inconsistent with the intention
of the parties. This principle is stated in the rule Ut res magis
valeat quam pereat, vide Halsbury's Lazeisof Englafzd,3rd Edition,

Vol. II, page 391; Craies on Contracts, General Principles, 21st
Edition, page 152; Burgerlijk Wetboek, Article 1380; Italian Code,
Article 1357; French CodeCivil, Article 1157. The rule in the United
States is stated as follows in Williston on Contracts, Revised
Edition, Rev. 8,Vol. 3, Section 620:

"SecondaryRules: The writing will be interpretedif possibleso
that itshall be egectiveand reasonableA . n interpretation which
makes the contract or agreement lawful will be preferred over one
which would make it unlawful; an interpretation which renders
the contract or agreement valid and its performance possible will
be preferred to one which makes it void or its performance im-
possibleor meaningIess; an interpretation which makes the contract
or agreement fair and reasonable will be preferred to one which
leads to harsh or unreasonable results...But the mere fact that
parties have made an irnprovident bargain will not lead a court
to make unnatural implications or artificialinterpretations. A court
will not under the guise of interpretation write a new contract for
the parties."

This principle was recognized by the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice in the case of Chorz6w,Series A, No. 9, page 24: "Account must be taken not only of the histoncal development
of arbitration treaties, as well as of the terminology of such treaties,
and of the grammatical and logical meaning of the words used, but
also and more especially of the function which, in the intention
of the contracting Parties, is to be attributed to this provision. The
Geneva Convention provides numerous means of redress to secure
the observation of its clauses and it does so in ways varying ac-
or other subdivisions of the Convention. Articlefe23ncontains pro-s
visions of this kind in so far as concems Articles 6t22which form
the greater portion of Head III of the First Part."

See also Corfu Channel case,Judgment of April g,1949, I.C.J.
Reports 1949, page 4, at page 24, and Repurationfor Injuries suf-
fered in the Serviceof the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, I.C. J.
Reports,1949 ,age 174, at 179 and 183. In Interpretationof Peace
Treaties (second phase), Advisory Opinion : I.C.J. Reports 1950,
p. 221, the following appears:

Page 229 :
"The breach of a treaty obligation cannot be remedied by creating
a Commission which is not the kind of Commission contemplated
bythe Treaties. It is the duty of the Court to interpret the Treaties,
not to revise them.
The principle of interpretation expressed in the maxim: Ut res
magis valeatquampereat,often referred toas the mle of effectiveness,
cannot justify the Court in attnbuting to the provisions for the
settlement of disputes in the Peace Treaties a meaning which, as
stated above, would be contrary to their letter and spirit...
The ineffectiveness in the present case of the clauses dealing with
the settlement of disputes does not permit such a generalization."

Pagés229-23 :0

" ..Normally each party has a direct interest in the appointment
of its commissioner and must in any case be presumed to observe its
treaty obligation. That this was not so in the present case does
not justify the Court in exceeding its judicial function on the
treaties have made no provision."r the occurrence of which the

In the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case it was stated:
"It is my duty to interpret the Declaration and not to revise it.
In other words, 1 cannot, in seeking to find the meaning of these
words, disregard the words that as actually used, give to them a
meaning different from their ordinary and natural meaning, or add
wordsor ideas which werenot used in the making ofthe Declaration."

Lord McNair in TheLaw of Treaties(1961), page 383, deals with
the rule as follows:
"The rule of effectiveness must mean something more than the
duty of a tribunal to give eflectto a treaty;thatis the obvious and
268 constant duty of a tribunal, that is what it is there to do. The rule
must surely mean, in the mind of the party involving it: 'Ifyou
(the tribunal) do not construe the treaty in the way that 1 submit
to you to be correct, this treaty will fail in its object'. But that is a
petitio principi, because as has been submitted in the previous
chapter, it is the duty of a tribunal to ascertain and give effect to
the intention of the parties as expressedin the words usedby them in
rightly fail-in stheir object by reason of the words used, andnd
tribunalsare properly reluctant to step in and modify or supplement
the language of the treaty."

From the above it is clear that the rule of effectiveness only
applies where a provision is obscure. It does not permit. the depar-
ture from the terms of an instrument and, Save where a term is
implied in accordance with principles to be stated infra, it does
not permit one to read into a treaty stipulations for which no
express provision was made in the text itself.
As the object of interpretation is to arrive at the intention which
existed when the agreement was recorded, it follows that words
or phrases must be given that meaning which they bore at the time
when the instrument in question was executed. In the Minquiers
and Ecréhauscase,Judgment of November 17th, 1953: I.C. J. Reports
1953, page gr, Judge Carneiro remarked:

"1 do not regard the Treaty of Paris as a treaty of frontiers. To
do so would be to fa11into the very error which we have been
warned against: an instrument must not be appraised in the light
of concepts \i-hichare not contemporaneous with it."
The next question to be considered is to what extent extrinsic
evidence is admissible to assist in the determination of the inten-
tion of the parties relative to an agreement which has been recorded
in writing. Evidence of surrounding circumstances to identify
the parties or the subject-matter of a contract is clearly admissible
(vide Phipson, pages 637-638).
As regards other extrinsic evidence, however, the general rule
is that an instrument must be interpreted as it stands. The resuit

is that this Court will not have regard either to preparatory work
which has preceded a written instrument nor to the subsequent
conduct of the parties if a text in itself is clear. Where there is
obscurity, the Court will have regard to extrinsic evidence which
may assist it in determining the intention of the parties and, in
such a case, it will have regard to the preparatory work as well
as to the subsequent conduct of the parties. In the Admission of a
State to the United Nations (Charter, Art. q), Advisory Opinion:
I.C.J. Reports 1948, this Court remarked :
"The Court considers that the text is sufficiently clear; conse-
quently, it does not feel that it should deviate from the consistent
practice of the Permanent Court of International Justice, according

269 to which there is no occasion to resort to preparatory work if the
text ofa convention is sufficiently clear in itself."
See also Cornpetenceof Assembly regarding admission to the

Unihd Nations, Advisory Opinion: I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 4;
at page 8, and Ambatielos case(first phase), I.C.J. Reports 1952,
p. 28, at p.45.
Itwould appear that it is not the practice of this Court to order
the excision from the record of any evidence of preparatory work
which it may consider to be inadmissible. Such evidence is either
not referred to, ormerelyrelied upon to confirm a conclusion arrived
at without it. See in this regard Hudson, The Permanent Court of
International Jzcstice1920-1942, page 660, and Hogg, Minnesota
Law Review, Vol. 44, No. 1, November 1949 ,ages 28-35.

It seems that where the travauxpréparatoire sre before the Court
there should be no objection to its holding that the words of a
particular provision are clear and unambiguous, and, in the alter-
native, that even if the words should not be held to be clear and
unarnbiguous, the travaux péparatoires confirm the Court's con-
struction.
Evidence of interpretation placed upon written instruments by
the parties subsequent to their execution is only admissible in case
of obscurity. In hiLaw of Treaties, page 21,Lord McNair remarks:

"Here we are on solid ground and are 'dealingwith a judicial
practice worthy to be called a de, namely that, when there is a
doubt as to the meaning of a provision, or an expressioncontained
in a treaty, the relevant conduct of theontracting parties after
the conclusionof the treaty (sometinescalled 'practical construc-
tion') has aigh probative value as to the intention of the parties
at the time of its conclusion.Thisis both goodse and goodlaw."

In terms of the general rules stated in Competenceof Assembly
regarding admission to the United Nations, Advisory Opinion:
I.C.J. Reports Ig50, page 8, quoted above, such evidence cannot
be admitted to contradict clear and unambiguous provisions.
The rule was stated as follows in the Caseconcerningthe payment
ingold of Brazilian Federal Loans contractedin France: P.C.I.J.
Ser. A, Nos. 20-21, Judgment No. 15, page 119:

"It is sought to applythe familiar principle that wherea contract
is ambiguous, resort may be had to the manner of performance in
order to ascertain the intentiof the parties."

In CertainExpenses of the United Nations, page 189, Sir Percy
Spender remarked :
"In any case subsequent conduct may only provide a criterion
of interpretation when the text is obscure, and even then it is

270 necessary to consider whether that conduct itself permits of only
oneinference (BrazdianLoansCase,P.C.I.J., Senes A/B, Nos. zo/21,
p. 119).Except in the case where a party is by its conduct precluded
from relying upon a particular interpretation, with which type of
case we are not presently concemed, it can hardly control the
language or provide a criterion of interpretation of a text which is
not obscure."

See also the Caseconcerningthepayment of variousSerbian Loans
issued in France, P.C.I. J. Reports, Ser. A, Nos. 20-22, p. 58; the
Corfu Channel case, Judgment of April gth, 1949: I.C.J. Reports
1949, p. 25, and the Asylum case: I.C.J. Reports 1953, pp. 323-324.

The above major principles of interpretation, as applied by this
Court up to 1951, were summarized by Sir G. G. Fitzmaurice inthe
British Year Book of International Law 1951, XXVIII, p. g; and
in the British Year Book of International Law 1957, XXXIII,
p.33, he reformulated these principles in the light of the Court's
work during the period 1951-1954 as follows:

"1. Principleof Actzlality(orTextuality)
Treaties are to be interpreted primarily as they stand, and on
the basis of their actual texts.

II. Principleof theNaturalandOrdinaryMeaning
Subject to F'rinciple VI below, where applicable, particular
words and phrases are to be given their normal, natural, and
unstrained meaning in the context in which they occur. This
meaning can only be displaced by direct evidence that the
terms used are to be understood in another sense than the
natural and ordinary one, or if such an interpretation would
lead to an unreasonableor absurd result. Only if the language
employed is fundarnentally obscure or ambiguous may recourse
be had to extraneous means of interpretation, such as consider-
ation of the surroundingcircumstances,or travauxpréparatoir8s.

III. Principleof Integration
Treaties are to be interpreted as a whole, and particular parts,
chapters or sections also as a whole.

Sncbjectto theforegoingPrinciples:
IV. Principle of Efectiveness(ut res magisvaleatquampereat)
Treaties are to be interpreted with reference to their declared
or app~ent objects and purposes; and particular provisions are
to be interpreted so as to give them their fullest weight and
effect consistent with the normal sense of the words and with
other parts of the text, and in such a way that a reason and a
meaning can be attributed to every part of the text. V. Principle ofSubsequent Practice

practice of the parties in relation to the treaty is permissible,
and may be desirable, as affording the best and most reliable
evidence, derived from how the treaty has been interpreted in
practice, as to what its correct interpretation is.

Footnote tothisPrinciple.Where the practice has brought about
a change or development in the meaning of the treaty through
a revision of its terms by conduct, it is permissible to give
not as an interpretation of its original terms."d revision but

To the above principles may now be added, on the basis of cer-
tain pronouncements made in the 1951-1954 period, a sixth major
pnnciple, as follows :

"VI. Principle of Contemporaneity
The terms of a treaty must be interpreted accordingly to the
meaning which they possessed, or which would have been
attnbuted to them, and in the light of current linguistic usage,
at the time when the treaty was originally concluded."

An agreement may be held subject to an implied or unexpressed
term where there arises from the agreement itself and the circum-
stances under which it was entered into, an inference that the
parties must have intended something which they omitted to
record. In this regard the object the parties sought to achieve may
be of importance. One must however bear in mind that the object
which the parties intended to achieve must itself be determined
by interpretation. It must also be emphasized that the major
pnnciple of interpretation is that the intention of the parties must
be found in the meaning of the words actually used and courts
in al1legal systems guard themselvesagainst assenting to a proposed
implication on any but the most cogent grounds. For this purpose,
safeguards have been laid down to avoid assumptions of a higher
degree of effectiveness than is inherent in the intention conveyed
by the express terms employed by the parties, read in the light
of the surrounding circumstances. Pollak on Contracts,12th Edition,

page 195, remarks as follows :
"Interpretation has to deal not with conjectured but with
manifest intent and a supposed intent which the parties have not
included in their chosen and manifest form of expression cannot,
Save for exceptional causes, be regarded."

In Cheshire and Fifoot Law of Contract, 3rd Edition, page 129,
the following appears in regard to implied terms:

"The convenience of the doctrine is manifest, and it has often
desperate expedient in a difficult case. The Courts, however. have

272 recognized the danger of undue elasticity, and have circumscribed
its limits. Based upon the presumed intention of the parties, it may
not contradict or Vary the express terms of the agreement. Nor can
it be used simply to render the contract rather more attractive in
the eyes of reasonable men. It is for the parties. not for the judges,
to determine the nature of their liabilities. The doctrine can be
invoked only if an obligation, clearly intended as such, must fail
to take effect unless some obvious oversight is remedied; and, even
so, the judges will supply the minimum necessary to save the
contract from shipwreck. The test to be applied by the Court in
deciding whether to make the implication has been stated by several
judges in much the same language.

'A term can only be implied', said Scrutton, L. J., 'if it is
necessary in the business sense to give efficacy to the contract,
i.e., if it is such a term that it can confidently be said that if at
the time the contract was being negotiated some one had said to
the parties: 'What will happen in such a case?'they would both
have replied: 'Ofcourse so and so will happen ;we did not trouble
to say that; it is too clear."

In K. C. Sethi v.Partab Mztll Kameshewar'of England, aw
Reports I950, Vol. 1, page 51, at page 59, Jenkins, L. J. remarked:

"One thing 1 think is clear about implied terms. 1 do not think
that the Court will read a term into a contract unless, considering
the matter from the point of view of business efficacy, it is clear
beyond a peradventure that both parties intended a given term to
operate although they did not include it in so many words."

See also Craies on Statute Law, 5th Edition, page 103.
Lord McNair states the rule as follows in his Law of Treaties,
Page 436 :
"Conditions should be implied only with great circumspection;
for if they are implied too readily, they would become a serious
threat to the sanctity of a treaty. Nevertheless the main object of
interpretation of a treaty being to give effect to the intention of the
parties in using the language employed by them, it is reasonable to
expect that circumstances should arise (asthey do in the sphere of
private law contracts) in which it is necessary to imply a condition
in order to give effect to this intention."

In Caseconcerningrights of nationals of the United States of America
in Morocco,Judgrnent of August 27th, 1952: I.C.J. Reports I952,

p. 176; at p. 196 this Court remarked:

"The purposes and objects of this Convention were stated in its
Preamble in the following words: 'the necessity of establishing, on

273 fixed and uniform bases, the exercise of the right of protection in
Morocco and of settling certain questions connected therewith ...'.
In these circumstances, the Court cannot adopt a construction by
implication of the provisions of the Madrid Convention which
would go beyond the scope of its declared purposes and objects.
Further, this contention would involve radical changes and additions
to the provisions of the Convention. The Court, in its Opinion-
Interpretation of Peace Treaties (SecondPhase) (I.C.J. ReporI950,
p. 229)-stated: 'It is the duty of the Court to interpret the Treaties,
not to revise them'."

Page 198 :
"An interpretation, by implication from the provisions of the
Act, establishing or confirming consular jurisdiction would involve
a transformation of the then existing treaty rights of most of the
twelve Powers into new and autonomous rights based upon the
Act. It would change treaty rights of the Powers, some of them
terminable at short notice, e.g. those of the United States which
were terminable by twelve months' notice, into rights enjoyable
for an unlimited period by the Powers and incapable of being ter-
rninated or modified by Morocco. Neither the preparatory work nor
the Preamble gives the least indication of any such intention. The
Court finds itself unable to imply so fundamental a change in the
character of the then existing treaty rights as would be involved
in the acceptance of this contention."

Page 199 :

"This interpretation of the Act, in some instances, leads to
results which may not appear to be entirely satisfactory. But that
is an unavoidable consequence of the mannerin which the Algeciras
Conference dealt with the question of consular jurisdiction. The
Court can not, by way of interpretation, derive from the Act a
general rule asto full consular jurisdiction which it does not contain.
On the otherhand, the Court can not disregard particular provisions
involving a lirnited resort to consular jurisdiction, which are, in
fact, contained in the Act, and which are still in force as far as the
relations between the United States and Morocco are concemed."
See also CertainExpenses ofthe UnitedNations (Article 17, fiaragraph
2, oftheCharter),Advisory Opinion of 20 July 1962 ,irageSfiécial,
p. 13, and "The Law and Procedure of the International Court

of Justice: Treaty Interpretation and certain other Treaty
Points", The British Year Book of International Law, Vol.
XXVIII (1g51), pp. 1-28; at p. g.
The object and purpose of the parties to an instrument may be of
considerable importance where one has to choose between alter-
native possible meanings of an ambiguous text, or where the
issue is whether an inference of tacit agreement does or does not
arise necessarily in a particular respect. As already pointed out,

274590 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

however, the basic object of interpretation is to arrive at the
common intention of the parties and it must always be borne in
mind that the principle of effectiveness only applies as an aid
towards ascertainment of common intention. Itcannot supplement
absence of agreement or override the clear natural meaning of a
text or other cogent indications of common intent. At page 383
of the Law of Treaties 1961, Lord McNair remarks:
"The rule of effectiveness must mean something more than the
duty of a tribunal to give egectto a treaty; that'is the obvious and
constant duty of a tribunal, that is what it is there to do. The rule
must surely mean, in the mind of the party involving it: 'If you
(the tribunal) do not construe the treaty in the way that 1 submit
to you to be correct,this treaty Ml1fail in its object'. But that is a
petitio principi, because, as has been submitted in the previous
chapter, it is the duty of a tribunal to ascertain and give effect to
theintentionof the#artiesas ex#ressedin thewordsused by themin
thelightof thesurrmnding circumstances.
Many treaties fail-and rightly fail-in their object by reason
of the words used, and tribunals are properly reluctant to step in
and modify or supplement the language of the treaty."

It is clear from what has been stated above that this Court
cannot adopt a construction by implication which is not necessary
(Reparationfor injuries su8ered in the serviceof the United Nations,
Advisory Opinion: I.C. J.Reports1949, p. 174; at pp. 182,184,198),
or which would go beyond the scope of the declared purpose and
object of the contract or would involve radical changes or additions
(Caseconcerningrights of nationals of the United States of America
in Morocco,Judgment of August 27th, 1952 : I.C.J. .Reports 1952,
at page 196, ~gg), or which would do violence to the clear and un-
ambiguous express provisions of the instrument (Competenceof
Assembly regarding admission to the United Nations, Advisory
Opinion : I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 4; at p. 8).
It must be clear that had the suggested term been raised at the

time the parties would have agreed thereto. Hogg, op. cit.,pp. 59-60,
remarks" :
A vague showingof general intent willnot be sufficient to cov.:r
a case where the parties fail to provide for a particular contingency
against which they could have made provision had they adverted
to the problem."

It is clear that this Court has no power to insert a term in a
treaty which it considers a party should have inserted.

If it is clear beyond peradventure that the parties to an instru-
ment must have intended an unexpressed term to operate, one
should have no difficulty in drafting such a term with clarity and
precision. If, however, after a careful study of the instrument, the
surrounding circumstances and other admissible evidence, dif-
ficulty and doubt is experienced in the phrasing of a suggested 591 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

implied term, itis clearly not reasonable to impute to the parties
the intention to contract on the basis of such a term; vide
Rufifi Maiester v.RaonovskyI943, WLD 68, at pages 74-75. Where,
in addition, the admissible facts reveal that one of the partiesould
probably not have agreed to such a term had it been raised, there
is obviously no justification for such an inference. Similarly,
where the subsequent conduct of the parties reveals that no such
tacit intention existed, there is no room for any inference that the
parties intended to agree on the basis of such a term.
The rules of construction authorize what has been termed the

"teleological approach" only to the limited extent indicated above.
This approach, in its more extreme form, assumes that this Court
has the power to disregard or amend the terms of an instrument
in order to achieve an object, or presumed object, albeit in a man-
ner different from that provided for and intended by the parties;
but this approach disregards the basic rule that the purpose of
:onstruction is to determine the common intention of the parties
and, in any event, it has not been recognized by this Court or its
predecessor. No court has the power to make a party's obligations
different from, or more onerous than, what it has agreed to. If
this Court has the power to disregard or to amend the provisions
of a treaty or convention, it has legislative powers andsuch powers
have not been entrusted to it by its Statute or any of the sources
of international law referred to in Article 38 of its Statute. As
Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice rightly remarks in the article in the British

Year Book of International Law 1957, XXXIII, quoted above at
page 208:
"The Court has shown plainly that, in its view, the performance
of such a function cannot properly form part of the interpretative
process.
In the Peace Treaties case, I.C.J. Refiorts I950, page 221, at
page 229, this Court remarked:

"Itis the dutyof the Court to interpretthe treaties, not to revise
them."
Rosenne, The International Courtof J~stice, p. 63, remarks,
inter alia,in regard to this Court:
"Thus, being a Court of law it has the duty in relation to inter-
national treaties to interpret them and not to revise them, and it
would exceed its judicial functions were it to revise them on the
pretext of remedying a default, for the occurrence of which the
treaty in question has made no provision, or whereits conclusions
involve radical changes and additions to the provisions of the
convention. The Court willso act even if the consequencesmay not
appear to be entirely satisfactory."

Before dealing with the provisions of the Covenant and the
Mandate Declaration, 1 shall briefly set out the relevant history
preceding the Covenant and the Mandate Declaration.
276 German South West Africa was surrendered to the Resp~ndent's
Military Forces in July1915 and Respondent remained in military
occupation for the remainder of the War and thereafter, pending the
Peace Settlement. Similarly, the former German colony in New
Guinea was occupied by Australia, Samoa by New Zealand, the
German islands in the Pacific Ocean, north of the Equator, by
Japan and the various German territories elsewhere in Africa by
Great Britain, Belgium and France.
Agreements were concluded during the War between some of the
Principal Allies and in terms thereof their respective claims to the
various occupied German territories were to be recognized in the

event of an Allied victory. In March 1917 the British Imperial
War Cabinet decided that the Respondent should be allowed
to annex German South West Africa, that Australia and New
Zealand should be allowed to annex German New Guinea and Ger-
man Samoa respectively. President Wilson of the United States
Ras strongly opposed to annexation of former enemy territories,
and at the Peace Conferencehe insisted at the outset that the Coven-
ant of the League of Nations should provide for complete authority
and control of these former German territories by the League,
who could at its discretion delegate its powers, organize its agency
to act "as its agent or Mandatory".

General Smuts in a booklet, The League of Nations, a Practical
Suggestion, published in 1918, proposed a mandate system for
territories formerly belonging to Russia, Austria, Hungary and
Turkey, but he felt that such a system could not be applied to the
"German c~lonies in the Pacific and Africa".

The future of the German colonies was discussed during Janu-

ary 1919 in the so-called Council of Ten, which consisted of the
Heads of Government and Foreign Ministers of the United States
of America, the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Japan. Re-
presentatives of New Zealand, Australia and South ,4frica attended
and pressed their cases for incorporation of the respective territories
allocated to them in terms of the aforesaid decision of the British
Imperial War Cabinet. They were suppcrted by the British Prime
Minister and the representative of France, who also advocated
annexation of the occupied ierritories. A deadlock resulted, but
eventually a compromise was effected, from which Article 22 of
the Covenant of the League of Nations ultimately emerged. The
fact that this Article is the product of compromise explains its
somewhat non-legal terminology. That it was the result of com-
promise clearly appears fr~m the following extract from Foreign
Relations of the UnitedStates,Paris Peace Confer1919 V,olume 3,
page 78j :593 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS.OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
"Mr.Lloyd George said that he had circulated a document ..to
each of the representatives of the Great Powers. That document
did not represent the real views of the colonies but it had been
accepted by them in an attempt at a compromise."

The provisions of this document became, with certain amend-
ments, Article 22 of the Covenant. The only important addition
is paragraph g of Article 22, which provides for a Permanent.
Mandates Commission.
Article 22 reads as follows:

"(1) To those colonies and .territories which as a consequence of
the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States
which formerly govemed them and which are inhabited by peoples
not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions
of the modem world, there should be applied the principle that the
well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of
civilization and that securities for the performance of this trust
should be embodied in this Covenant.
(2) The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is
that the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced
nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or their
geographical position can best undertake this responsibility, and
whoare willingto accept it, and that this tutelage shouldbe exercised
by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League.
(3) The character of the mandate must differ according to the
stage of the development of the people, the geographical situation
of the temtory, its economic conditions and other similar circum-
. stances.
(4) Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish
Empire have reached a stage of development where their existence
as independent nations can be provisionally recognisedsubject tothe
rendenng of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory
until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these
communitiesmust be a principal consideration in the selection ofthe
Mandatory.
(5) Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such
a stage that the Mandatory must be responsible for the administra-
tion of the temtory under conditions whichwillguarantee freedom
of conscienceand religion,subject only tothe maintenance of public
order and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade,
the arms traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the
establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of
military training of the natives for other than police purposes and
the defence of temtory, and will also secure equal opportunities for
the trade and commerce of other Members of the League.

(6) There are temtories, such as South-West Africa and certain of
the South Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their
population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres
ofcivilisation,ortheir geographicalcontiguity to the temtory of the
Mandatory, and other circumstances, can be best administered under
278 the laws of the Mandatoryasintegral portionsofits temtory, subject
tothe safeguards abovementionedin the iriterests of the indigenous
population.

(7) In every case of mandate, the Mandatory shall render to the
Councilan annual report in reference to the territory committed to
its charge.
(8) The degree of authority, control, or administration to be
exercisedby the Mandatory shall, if not previously agreed upon by
the Membersof the League,be explicitlydefinedin each case by the
Council.
(9).A permanent Commissionshall be constituted to receive and
examine the annual reports of the Mandatories and to advise the
Councilon all matters relating to the observancef the mandates."

In terms of Article 119 of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany

renounced in favour of'the Principal AUied and Associated Powers
ail her rights and titles over her overseas possessions. These pos-
sessions included, inter alia,German South U7est Africa, German
colony New Guinea and German Samoa.

After Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations had
been agreed upon at the Peace Conference, at least two separate
events, in addition to the ratification of the Treaty, had to take
place before the Mandate institution for South West Africa could
come into operation, namely : (1)the Principal Allied and Associated

Powers had to entrust, in terms of paragraph 2 of Article 22, the.
tutelage of the peoples of South West Africa to a qualified State;
and (2)either the Members of the League had to agree upon the
degree of authontgr, control or administration to be exercised by
the Mandatory, or such degree of authority, control or administra-
tion had to be explicitly defined by the Council in terms of Article
22 (8) of the Covenant of the League. The Covenant of the League
was ratified and came into force on IO January 1920. The Principal
Allied and Associated Powers had already decided before this date
that Respondent would hold the Mandate for South West Africa.
Respondent was at all material times willing to accept such Man-

date, held the other necessary qualifications stated in paragraphs
2 and Gof Article 22, and was therefore a qualified State. Members
of the League did not act under the provisions of Article 22, and
the Council accordingly defined the degree of authority, control
or administration to be exercised by the Respondent on 17 Decem-
ber 1920 in the declaration that is commonly called the Mandate,
and it reads as follows:

"MANDAT EOR GERMAN SOUTH WESTAFRICA
The Councilof the League of Nations :

Whereasby Article 119of the Treaty of Peace with Germany
signed at Versailles on June 28th, 1919, Germany renounced in
279595 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

over her overseas possessions,including therein German South-Wests
Africa; and

Whereas the Principal Allied and Associated Powers agreed that,
in accordance with Article 22, Part 1 (Covenant of the League of
Nations) of the said Treaty, a Mandate should be conferred upon
His Britannic Majesty to be exercised on his behalf by the Govern-
ment of the Union of South Africa to administer the temtory afore-
mentioned, and have proposed that the Mandate should be formu-
lated in the following terms; and
Whereas His Britannic Majesty, for and on behalf of the Govem-
ment of the Union of South Afnca, has agreed to accept the Mandate
in respect of the said territory and has undertaken to exercise it on
behalf of the League of Nations in accordance with the following
provisions; and
Whereas, by the aforementioned Article 22, paragraph 8,.it is
provided that the degree of authority, control or administration to
be exercised by the Mandatory not having been previously agreed
upon by the Member~of the League, shall be explicitly defined by
the Council of the League of Nations;
Confirming the said Mandate, defines its terrns as follows:

Article I

The territory over which a Mandate is conferred upon His Bntan-
nic Majesty for and on behalf of the Government of the Union of
South Africa (hereinafter called the Mandatory) comprises the
territory which formerly constituted the German Protectorate of
South-West Africa.
Article 2
The Mandatory shallhave full power of administration and legis-
lation over the temtory subject tothe present Mandate as an integral
portion of the Union of South Africa, andmay apply the laws of the
Union of South Afnca, andmay apply the laws of the Union of South
to the temtory, subject to such localmodifications as circumstances
may require.

The Mandatory shall promote to the utmost the material and
moral well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants of the
temtory subject to the present Mandate.

Article 3

The Mandatory shall see that the slave trade is prohibited, and
and services, and then only for adequate remuneration.al public works

The Mandatory shall also see that the traffic in arrns and ammu-
nition is controlled in accordance with principles analogous to those
laid down in the Convention relating to the control of the arms
traffic, signed on September ~oth,1919 or in any convention amend-
ing the same.

280 shall be prohibited.xicating spirits and beverages to the natives

Article 4
. The military training of the natives, otherwise than for purposes
of interna1 police and the localdefence ofthe territory, shall bepro-
hibited. Furthermore, no rnilitary or naval bases shallbe established
or fortifications erected in the temtory.

Article 5

public order and public morals, the Mandatory shall ensure in theof
temtory freedom of conscience and the free exercise of al1forms of
worship, and shall allow al1 missionaries, nationals of any State
Member of the League of Nations, to enter into, travel and reside
in the territory for the purpose of prosecuting their calling.

Article 6
The Mandatory shall make to the Council of the League of
Nations an annual report to the satisfaction ofthe Council,containing
fullinformation with regard to thetemtory, and indicating the mea-
sures taken to carryout the obligations assumed under Articles2,3,
4 and 5.
Article 7

The consent of the Council of the League of Nations is required
for any modification of the terms of the present Mandate.
The Mandatory agrees that, if any dispute whatever should arise
between the Mandatory and another Member of the League of Na-
tionsrelating tothe interpretation orthe application of the provisions
of the Mandate, such dispute, if it cannot be settled by negotiation,
shall be submitted to the Permanent Court of International Justice
provided for by Article 14of the Covenant of the League of Nations.
The present Declaration shall be deposited in the archives of the
League of Nations. Certified true copies shall be forwarded by the
of the Treaty of Peace with Germany."tions to al1Powers Signatones

During 1919 a Commission of the Supreme Council of the Principal
AUied and Associated Powers prepared a draft agreement between
the Respondent and the Principal Allied and Associated Powers
in terms whereof the Mandate to administer South West Africa

was to be conferred upon Respondent. Differences arose between
the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in regard to the inter-
pretation of those provisions of Article 22 which dealt with equal
opportunities of the trade and commerce of Menibers of the League,
and the matter was not proceeded with. The terms set out in this
draft were the same as those set out in paragraphs 2-6of the Decla-
ration of the Council of the League of 17 December 1930, but the
provisions relating to compulsory jurisdiction read as follow~: "The consent of the Councilof the League of Nations is required
for the modification of any of the terms ofthis Mandate. If any
dispute whatever should arise between the Membersof the League
ofNations relating to the interpretation or the application of those
provisions, which cannot be settled by negotiation, this dispute
shall be subrnitted to the Permanent Courof International Justice
to be established by the LeagueofNations."

On 5 August 1920 the Council of the League asked the Principal
Allied and Associated Powers to name the Powers to whom they
had decided to allocate the Mandates, and to communicate to the
Council the terms and conditions of the Mandates which they pro-
posed should be adopted by the Council in terms of Article 22.
In December 1920 draft Mandates, including one for South West
Africa, were submitted to the Council of the League by the Govern-
ment of the United Kingdom. Thereupon the Council referred
these drafts to the Secretariat for consideration and "to consult
other legal experts on any points they consider necessary". The
wording of the terms in this draft was substantially the same as
the draft prepared by the Commission of the Supreme Council of
the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in 1919..Thereupon the
Council made its declaration of 17 December 1920.
It will be observed that the compromissory clause was amended
to read "The Mandatory agrees", etc., instead of "if any dispute ...
should arise between Members of the League of Nations". The

reason for this change, according to Viscount Ishii, was that the
Council had been advised that Members of the League, other than
the Mandatory, could not be forced against their will to submit
their differences to the Permanent Court of International Justice.
Members of the League were clearly not considered to be Parties
to any "agreement" embodied in the terms of the Mandate Declara-
tion.

The amendment made by the Council of the League to the draft
Mandate Declaration submitted to it is of considerable significance.
It reveals that the Council thought that it was responsible for the
terms of the Mandate Declaration and that it could amend the
terms of the draft submitted to it. The anlendment to Article 7
is certainly not of a minor nature. The draft submitted to the C.ounci1
provided for compulsory jurisdiction relative to disputes between
Members of the League. If this provision was retained and agreed

to by Members of the League, the Respondent could have brought
proceedings against Members of the League, and would not have
been obliged to wait for a clarification of legal issues until pro-
ceedings, were instituted against it. Furthermore, if the draft
remained unamended, Members of the League could have brought
contentious proceedings against one another relative to the in-
terpretation or application of the provisions of the Mandate.
In its original form the compromissory clause in Article 7 approx-
282imated a declaration by each Member of the League under the
provisions of Article 36 of the Statute of the Permanent Court of
International Justice, and complied with the condition of recipro-
city provided for therein. In its amended form Article 7 imposes a

unilateral obligation on the Mandatory without any reciprocity.

The first issue, namely, whether the Mandate Declaration is a
treaty or convention in force, has been fully dealt with in the Judg-
ment of Judge Sir Percy Spender and Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice,
and it is sufficient to Say that1 fully endorse their views that it
is not a treaty or convention in force.

The next issue is whether the legal effect of Article 7 of the
Mandate Declaration or anj7amendment thereof is that the Respon-
dent has agreed to an action being instituted against it relative
to the interpretation or the application of the provisions of the
Mandate by the Applicants. Here again, 1 am in full agreement
with the views of Judge Sir Percy Spender and Judge Sir Gerald
Fitzmaurice, but inasmuch as 1 desire to emphasize certain aspects
of this issue, shall deal there~vith fiilly.
The Applicants contend that they are ex-Members of the League
and Members of the Cnited Nations, and that in terms of the
compromissory clause in Article 7 of the Mandate Declaration,
Article 37 of the Statute of this Court, and Article 80 (1) of the

Charter of the United Nations, the Respondent has agreed to such
actions being instituted against it by either ex-Members of the
League or Members of the United Nations.

1 shall first deal with the Mandate Declaration and thereafter
with the aforesaid provisions of the Statute of this Court and the
Charter of the Ilnited Nations.
It will be observed that the Mandatory's substantive obligations
are contained in Articles 2-5 of the Mandate Declaration, and the
procedural obligations in Articles 6 and 7. Articles 2-5 relate to
the administration of the territory. It will also be observed that
Articles 6 and 7, as well as that part of Article 5 which provided
for the admission of missionaries who are nationals of Members of
the League, depended for their fulfilment on the existence of the
1-eague of Nations. For the purposes of issues now being consi-
dered, the aforesaid provision of Article 5 is not of any importance
and will not be dealt with. Article6 depended for its fulfilment on
the existence of the League, as without a League there could not
be a Council of the League to report to, and the compromissory
clause in Article 7 depended for its fulfilment on the existence of

the League, as without a League in existence there could not be
a Member of the League. The ordinary natiiral meaning of the expression "Member of the
League" in Article 7is a State which is a Member of the League.

The Article does not refer to members of international organizations
generally. It refers to membership of a particular organization:
the League of Nations. There is no reference to non-members,
ex-members of the League, or Members of the United Nations.
The expression "Member of the League" appears in al1 but four
of the articles of the Covenant. It is used in all the Mandate in-
struments, not only in the compulsory jurisdiction clauses but also
in other clauses where special benefits are reserved for Members of
the League. In al1these instances it could have been used only as
describing Members of the League at the time when the intended
privilege was sought to be enjoyed. Al1these provisions depended
for their fulfilment upon the existence of the League.

It is contended that "Member of the League of Nations" in
Article 7 does not mean "Member of the League of Nations",
but means a tate which is or has been a Member of the League of
Nations. It is argued that this extraordinary meaning is justified
as the natural and ordinary meaning of these words is incompatible
with the spirit, purpose and context of the clause in which they
appear. Three reasons are advanced for this proposition.
The first is that the judicial protection of the sacred trust of
civilization was an essential feature of the Mandates System. The
answer is that the Mandate Declaration for South West Africa did

not provide for judicial protection or judicial control; but even if
it did it cannot be said that this provision was an essential feature
of the Mandate. In any event, this reason affords no justification
in law or logic for giving the words "Member of the League" a
meaning they are not capable of bearing.

Article 22 (1) of the Covenant required the application of the
principle that securities for the performance of the sacred trust
referred to therein should be embodied in the Covenant. Securities
for the protection of the sacred trust were in accordance with this
principle embodied in Article 22,but judicial protection or judicial
control was not one of these securities. No organ of the League was
authorized to add to these securities, which means that securities

could only have been added by an amendment of Article 22 in
terms of the provisions of Article 26 of the Covenant, and no such
amendment has ever been made.

The resolution of the Council which constitutes the Mandate
Declaration has not been embodied in the Covenant. There is no
legal principle that the executive acts of an executive organ is
embodied in the enabling authority. Thus, a ministerial regulation
under a statute is not embodied in the statute. nor are the decisions

284of a board of directors embodied in the Articles of Association of
a Company. If the Mandate Declaration was embodied in the
Covenant of the League the provisions relating to the amendment
of the Covenant (Article 26 of the Covenant) would have applied
thereto; but they do not apply inasmuch as Article 7 of the Man-
date Declaration provided specifically that the Mandate could be

amended with the consent of the Coi~ncil.

In any event, the power of the Council was confined to defining
the degree of authority, control or administration to be exercised
by the Mandatory and did not include any power to add to the
securities relating to the supervision over the Mandatory embodjcd
in Article 22. The supervision over the Mandatory was entrusted
to the Council of the League and the Mandates Commission and
there could not have been any intention to authorize concurrent
supervision by the appointment of every Member and ex-Member
of the League as individual guardians of the sacred trust or to
confer on each of these States the right to institute proceedings
against any Mandatory whenever it was considered that a breach
or abuse of the Mandate had taken place.
It follows that the compromissory clause in Article 7 of the

Mandate Declaration was not intended to impose any obligation
other than that the Mandatory was obliged to consent to the sub-
mission of disputes relating to the interpretation or application of
the Mandate betkveenit and another Member of the League, if such
disputes could not be settled by negotiation, to the Permanent
Court of International Justice. "Disputes" had no meaning other
than its ordinary meaning in compromissory clauses, i.e., disagree-
ments relating to the legal rights of the parties. There clearly could
not have been any intention to confer general supervisory rights on
every Member or ex-Member of the League.
It has been contended that inasmuch as it was realized that by
abusing the unanimity rule which applied to the Council a Man-
datory could frustrate the supervision of the Council, and that
for this reason it was considered necessary to arm every Member of
the League (and every ex-Member of the League) with supervisory

powers including the right to institute contentious proceedings
against the Mandatory whenever such State thought that the Man-
date had been abused or breached.
It was with reluctance that Mandatories such as the Respondent,
New Zealand and Australia agreed to the supervision of the League.
They obviously only agreed to the supervision by the Mandate
Commission and the Council of the League on account of the pro-
tection afforded them by the procedural provisions of the Covenant,
and the fact that the Council was a small and select body of States.
It is not reasonable to assume that they would have agreed to
additional supervision by every Member and every ex-Member of
the League armed with the right to institute legal proceedings

285 against them whenever it was considered that the Mandate had
been breached or abused.
If Article 7 was intended to have this far-reaching effect some-
body would have made some reference thereto and it would have
been recorded somewhere. It would have been the subject of violent
debates. Not one word of evidence to support this theory is to be
found in the travaux firéfiaratoireor in any contemporary writings

or in the subsequent conduct or statements of the parties. The pos-
sibility of the failure of the machinery devised in the Covenant
was not contemplated at the time. Moreover, the fact that for
more than forty years not a single State ever sought to act as
an individual supervisory authority in itself effectively refutes
the aforesaid contention.
In any event, however important it may have been, the com-
promissory clause in Article 7 of the Mandate Declaration can in
noway be said to have been an indispensable feature ofthe Mandate.
Had it been omitted from the Mandate Declaration a valid Mandate
would nonetheless have been constituted in accordance with the
provisions of Article 22. The Permanent Court of International
Justice would not, and could not, have held that Article 22 of the
Covenant contained an implied provision that a compromissory
clause was essential. It is significant that the Charter of the Cnited

Nations does not provide for the compulsory jurisdiction of any
Court in regard to the sacred trust created in Article73,nor is such
a provision contained in Chapters XII and XIII, which deal with
the international trusteeship system. There are in fact trusteeship
agreements which do not contain any provision for the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court. If the Permanent Court of International
Justice came to an end for some reason or other one could not have
argued that for that reason the Mandate had come to an end.

The second reason advanced for not giving the words "Member
of the League" their ordinary and natural meaning is that "the
right to implead the Mandatory Power before the Permanent Court
was conferred on the Members of the League because it was re-
garded as the most reliable and enduring procedure of ensuring
the protection of the Court, whatever might happen to or arise

from the machinery of administrative supervision". It is difficult
to understand this reason but it apparently means that it was
considered that the right to bring contentious proceedings should
survive the League or the organs of the League. Here again we
have a bare assertion unsupported by facts or reasons.

The truth is that the possibility of the dissolution of the League
was not contemplated when the Covenant was agreed to or when
the Mandate Declaration was made and this consideration could
therefore not have constituted a reason for conferring rights on
States irrespective of whether they remained Members of the

286League or not rather than for as long as they remained Members

of the League. If it is true that the authors of the Mandate Declara-
tion actually intended that the words "Members of the League"
should not have their ordinary and natural meaning it is difficult to
see why more appropnate terminology was not employed; in
other words if it was intended that "Member of the League"
should not mean Member of the League why were the words
"Member of the League" preferred?
The third reason advanced is that a tacit agreement was reached
among all the Members of the League at its dissolution to the
effect that "Member of the League" should be construed as meaning
ex-Member of the League. An agreement in 1946 could amend the
provisions of Article7, which came into existence in 1920, but it
clearly cannot have any bearing on the meaning of the Article
pnor to the amendment. 1 shall deal fully with this contention
when considering the legal effect of the statements andresolutions
at the dissolution of the League. It is suficient for the moment
to observe that if the first two reasons are sound there would
have been no need for this further agreement.

This is no, a case where the Court has to clecide between two

possible meanings as the words "Member of the League" in Article7
are clear and unambiguous and capable of only one meaning.

It is accordingly clear that the compromissory clause in Ar-
ticle7 depended for its fulfilment on the existence of the League,
and is no longer capable of fulfilment since the dissolution of the
League unless (a) there exists a substantive rule of international
law which provides for automatic substitution of ex-Members
of the League or Members of the United Nations for Members
of the League, or (b) the Respondent is a party to an agreement,
express or implied, in terms whereof ex-Members of the League
or Members of the United Nations were substituted for Members
of the League in the aforesaid provision.

The Applicants contend that organs of the United Nations have
been substituted for the Council of the League and the Mandate
Commission, and that Members of the United Nations have been
substituted for Members of the League in Article7 of the Mandate.
This submission is apparently mainly based on what the Applicants
term "the principle of succession". On this principle they base a
suggestion that even if Article37 of the Statute of this Court had

not been enacted, this Court could be held to have been substituted
for the Permanent Court of International Justice in Article7. The
Applicants further submit in the alternative that "Member of the
League of Nations" in Article 7 should now be read as "Member
of the League of Nations at the time of its dissolution", and for
this submission they rely on what they term the concept of the
287limited "de facto survival of an entity which has been formally
dissolved .
There is no substantive rule of international law which provides
that where an international organization comes to an end, and
another international organization performing similar functions
exists at that time, that the powers and functions of the dissolved
organization pas automatically to the organs of the new organi-
zation, or that the rights of the Members of the former pass tothe
Members of the latter, irrespective of the intention of the parties
to the relevant instruments relating to these organizations. In
Ambatielos'scase (I.C. J. 1952,p. 54),Judge Levi Carneiro remarked:

"Even when the organ which was formerly competent has been
abolished, its powers cannot be regarded as automatically trans-
ferred to the new organ which replaces it."

No such rule of automatic transfer is to be found in any of the
sources of international law enumerated in Article 38 of the Statute
of this Court. There are no international conventions, general or
particular, establishing such a rule, there is no general international
custom to this effect, nor is such a rule to be found in the general
principles of law recognized by civilized nations.

Apart from the fact that no source of international law recognizes
such a principle, common-sense and logic recluire that such a rule
should not exist. If it did exist it would mean that even an express
provision in a treaty or convention could not avoid its effect. It
follows that there can at most be a rule to the effect that, in the
absence of any indication of a contrary intention by the parties to
the instruments concerned, it shall be presumed that an automatic
transfer was intended. But even such a general rule is not to be
found in any of the sources of international law.

It may however be that the nature of a particular function of an
organ of an organization which is dissolved is such that the rules
of construction require the Court to imply, in the light of the evi-
dence afforded by the particular circumstances, that a transfer must

have been intended to take place. Such a conclusion would be the
result of the application of rules of construction determining the
intention of the parties, not the effect of a substantive rule of law.
The Applicants rely inter alia on two statements of the late
Judge Lauterpacht, but a careful analysis of these statements in
their context reveals that the Judge was here concerned with the
application of rules of construction and that he did not intend to
state a rule of substantive law. The first statement relied upon is
a quotation from Oppenheim, L., International Law-A Treatise,
288Volume 1, Eighth Edition, ed. by H. Lauterpacht, Longmans, Green
and Co., London, 1955, p. 168, and itreads as follows:

"While as a rule the devolution of rights and competences is
govemed either by the constituent instruments of the organizations
in question or by special agreements or decisions of their organs,
the requirement of continuity of international life demands that
succession should be assumed to operate in all cases where that is
thepartiesasiinterpretedin thelightof thepurposeof theorganizationsf
in question." (Italics added.)

It is clear that the author was here dealing with an imylied term
-"reasonably assumed intention of the partiesH-while also
stressing the ut res magis valeat quam fiereut de, including the rule
that one should have due regard to the object of the parties. The
other passage referred to is from Lauterpacht, H., The Develofiment
of International Law by the International Cozlrt, Stevens and Sons,
London, 1958, at page 280:

"Such importation ...of the rules of succession in relation to
international organizations is nomore than an example of legitimate
application of the principle of effectiveness to basic international
instruments."
Here again the Judge was stressing the rule of ut res magis valeat
quam +ereatand did not intend to state a principle not based on
the common intention of the parties to the instruments concerned.
In fact, the statement from Oppenheim referred to above is quoted
by Lauterpacht at pages 279-280 in The Develofimentof International
Law by the International Court, and immediately thereafter follows

the second statement relied upon by the Applicants.

At page 281 of the same work, Lauterpacht states:
"The absence of agreement could not properly be supplemented
by an inference aiming at securing for the instrument in question a
higher degree of effectiveness thanwaswarrantedbytheintentionsof
theparties." (Italics added.)
And at page 290:
<<
Effectiveness being-in general-a principle of good faith is a
matter of circumstance and degree ...But good faith requires no
more than that effect be given in a fair and reasonablemannertothe
intention of the parties.his means that on occasions, if such was
the intention of the parties, goodfaith may require that effectiveness
of the instrument should fa11short of its apparent and desirable
declaration of lofty purpose-suchnessas a universal declaration of
human rights-into a source of legal rights and obligations."605 S.W. AFRICA C4SES (DISS.OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

In support of their alternative contentions the Applicants point
to the Statutes of certain States of the United States of America
which by express provision enable a dissolved corporation to remain
de facto in existence until it winds up its corporate affairs, and
statutes which by express provision enable persons who were
corporate directors at the time of dissolution of a corporation to
sue as trustees on any claim of the corporation; and they s,aythat
civil law countries have similar legislation which keeps alive and
carries over the legal existence of rights and duties of dissolved
entities.1 find it impossible to see on what legal principle a rule
of international law can be evolved from the above to the effect
that rights held by members of an international organization in
their capacities as members of that organization-the right to

invoke Article 7 of the Mandate was limited to Members of the
League-remain in force after the dissolution and liquidation of
such an organization. In each of these cases cited by the Applicants
the carry-over operates solely for the purpose of winding up the
affairs of the corporation. The acts authorized are performed on
behalf of a corporation which is being liquidated in pursuance of
the rights of that corporation, not in pursuance of the rights of its
former members. It should further be noted that this limited carry-
over operates solely by virtue of express legislative provisions. Even
if one could apply these provisionsmutatis mutaridisin international
law one could not possibly arrive at aprinciple. such as is contended
for by the Applicants. The object served by the aforesaid municipal
statutory provisions is to bring about a liquidation of the rights

and obligations of corporations-not to perpetuate the rights ofits
individual members which they held as members.

1now proceed to consider wliether the Covenant of the League
or the Mandate Declaration contain any provision, express or
implied, to the effect that upon the dissolution of the League
"Member of the League" in Article 7 of the Mandate Declaration
should be construed as meaning "ex-Member of the League" or
"Member of the United Nations".

It is common cause that neither Article 22 of the Covenant of
the League nor Article 7 of the Mandate Declaration or any other
provision of these instruments contains any express provision to

the effect that upon the dissolution of the League "Member of the
League" .should be construed as meaning Pllember of the United
Nations or ex-Member of the League, and the question accordingly
is whether any implied provision to this effect is to be found either
in the Covenant or in the Mandate Declaration.

1 have already shown that the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court is not one of the securities embodied in the Covenant, andthat the compromissory clause in Article 7 was not an indispensable
feature of the Mandate. In any event it is clear that had the issue
been raised when the resolution which constitutes the Mandate

Declaration was adopted as to what would happen to the compro-
missory clause on the dissolution of the League, the reply would
probably have been that provision had been made for arnending
the Covenant of the League and the Mandate Declaration and that
such an issue should be left to be dealt with by the League or the
Council, in the light of circumstances prevailing at the time of the
dissolution of the League.There is no justification for the suggestion
that the parties would have replied that in such an event "Member
of the League" should be construed as either meaning "ex-Member
of the League", or "Member of another international organization
performing similar functions to that of the League". To imply such
a provision would amount to assuming a common intention which
in fact did not exist, would constitute a total disregard for the plain
and unambiguous meaning of words, and would amount to a
deliberate revision, not to an interpretation, of the Mandate De-
claration.

1 have so far dealt with Article 7 of the Mandate Declaration.
Article 6 of this Declaration has no direct bearing on jurisdiction.
There is a vast difference between Articles 6 and 7. Article 6 is
really not a term of the Council of the League's definition of the
degree of authonty, control or administration to be exercized by
the Mandatory; it, in effect, merely repeats paragraph 7 of Ar-
ticle 22 of the Covenant and what is implied therein. The fact
that these two Articles are numbered 6 and 7 in the Mandate
Declaration may create the superficial impression that they must
be regarded as of equal standing, but this is not justified. The
provisions of the one are to be found in the Covenant of the League
itself and constitute one of the securities specifically embodied in
the Covenant for the performance of the sacred trust of civilization
referred to therein, whereas Article7 does not appear in the Covc-
nant and is not one of the securities for the performance of the
sacred trust.

From the above it follows that if there was any implied or tacit
agreement relative to the continued application of any provision
contained in the Mandate Declaration which depended on the
continued existence of the League for its fulfilment, such agreement
would much sooner relate to the provisions of Article 6 (that is
paragraph 7 of Article 22)than to Article 7 of the Mandate Decla-
ration.
One is accordingly entitled to assume that, if it should be found
that there was no implied agreement that Article 6 of the Mandate
Declaration (i.e. paragraph 7 of Article22)would continue to apply
after the demise of the League in the sense that the organs of
another international body perforniing similar functions would be

291substituted for the organs of the League, it is very improbable that
it would have been impliedly agreed that on the dissolution of the

League Article 7 would continue to apply in the sense that ex-
Members of the League, or Members of another international organ-
ization perforrning functions similar to those of the League, would
be substituted for Members of the League. There is considerable
evidence available relative to the intention of the parties in regard
to Article 6 and an investigation whether there exists an implied
agreement that Article 6 should now be'read as if the organs of the
United Nations had been substituted fcr the organs of the League
of Nations, seems desirable.
The obligation to report annually wàs lImited by paragraph 7
of Article 22 of the Covenant and by Article 6 of the Mandate to
an obligation to report annually to the Council of the League
of Nations. As a matter of language, the words of tl-iese provi-
sions are not capable of including an obligation to accept in-
ternational supervision generally or to report to some international
body other than the Council of the League. There are no rules of

interpretation giving them such a meaning.
An implied term that on the dissolution of the League the
functions of the Mandates Commission and the Council of the
League would automatically be transferred to organs of another
similar international organization cannot be said to be necessary.
Supervision by the Council of the League was important, but not
essential for the existence of the Mandate, but even if it was itoes
not follow that for that reason the parties must have intended that
an organ of a future international organization would take over on
the demise of the League. Respondent would certainly first have
required information about the constitution of such an as yet
unknown organization before assenting to any automatic substitu-
tion. It cannot be said that it is clear that if the parties, when
negotiating, had adverted to the possibIe dissolution of the League,
they would have agreed to provide for the continued supervision
of the mandated temtory in that particular way.Article 22 expressly

provides that securities for the performance of the trust were to be
embodied in the Covenant and one of the securities embodied
therein was that the Mandatory was to render to the Council of the
League an annual report in reference to the territory comrnitted
to its charge. Another security is that a particular commission was
to be constituted to receive and examine the annual reports of the
Mandatories and to advise the Council of the League on al1rnatters
relating to the observance of the Mandates. To add a further, or
different security not stated in the Covenant would be to do violence
to the clear and unambiguous meaning of the phrase "and that
securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in
this Covenant" ;and to add a term to the effect that on the demise
of the League the functions of the Council of the League and the
Mandates Commission would be performed by an organ of anotherinternational organization would be tantamount to adding a security
not embodied in the Covenant. The object of the parties was that
the principle that the well-being and development of the peoples
of South West Africa should form a sacred trust of civilization,
should be applied, but their object was also that this principle
should be applied and this purpose achieved within the framework
of Article 22. The object was, in a sense, to define the status of
South West Africa, to create an international regime, but an integral
part of this definition of status, of this regime, was supervision by
the Council of the League and a Mandates Commission constituted
by the League. Supervision by the organs of some unknown and

unforeseen international organization was not included in the
definition of the status of South West Africa, was not included in
this international regime. The aforeçaid principle, stated in Article
22, cannot be given a meaning by inference which has the effect of
altering the clear and unambiguous provisions of the rest of Article
22, e.g. it cannot be held that although the detailed provisions of
Article 22 required an annual report to be sent to the Council of
the League there nonetheless existed an obligation to submit
reports to al1civilized nations, whether Members of the League or
not, inasmuch as the well-being of the peoples of the mandated
territories is a sacred trust of civilization and that this well-being
could be better advanced if reports were sent to al1civilized States.
Similarly, it cannot be held that this general principle justifies the

addition of a term that on the demise of the League the organs
created by some other treaty or convention would be substituted
for the organs referred to in Article 22.

The relevant historical background confirms that the parties who
agreed to Article 22 of the Covenant did not have any common
intention that the obligation to report to the Council of the League
should be interpreted as a general obligation to accept international
supervision, or to report to an international institution other than
the Council of the League.

It will be recalled that Article22 of the Covenant was the result
of compromise. In fact the Prime Minister of Australia (he was
speaking on behalf of both Australia and New Zealand) made it
clear at the conference in 1919 that this compromise represented
"the maximum of their concessions". On this occasion General
Botha, the South African Prime Minister, said, inter alia:

"He appreciated the ideals of President Wilson ...They must
rememberthat their various peoplesdid not understand everything
from the same point... Personally he felt very strongly about the
293 question of German South West Africa. He thought that it differed
entirely from any question they had to decide in this conference,
but he would be prepared to Say that he was a supporter of the
document handed in that morning py Lloyd George], because he
knew that, if the idea fmctified the League of Nations would consist
mostly of the same people who were present there that day, who
understood the position and who would not make it impossible for
any mandatory to govern the country. That was why he said he
would accept it [the mandatory system]."

It is clear that Australia, New Zealand and Respondent were not
agreeing to supervision by a possible future international organi-
zation, the composition of which they could not possibly have
known.
When an agreement is the result of a compromise and an issue
arises whether any given term should be implied or not, common
sense dictates that one should have due regard to the attitude of
the parties prior to the concession, or concessions, which made the
agreement possible. It should not be inferred that a party intended
to concede more than the words of the agreement conveyed and
more than was necessary to effect the compromise. It was with great
difficulty that certain States were persuaded to accept the super-
vision of the organs of the League; on what basis can it be assumed
that they would have agreed to the supervision of the organs of

another undefined organization?The words of a compromise should
never be whittled down by way of interpretation so as to arrive
at a result not contemplated by the parties. The Court clearly
cannot infer a common intention to contract on the basis of a term
not conveyed by the words employed by the parties where the sur-
rounding circumstances reveal that some of the parties at least
would not have agreed thereto had it been raised.
The conduct of the Members of the League subsequent to the
Covenant being entered into, and subsequent to the Mandate
Declaration, clearly reveals that there did not exist any coninion
intention that the functions and pourers of the League woiild
automatically be transferred to a similar international organization
on the demise of the Leagile. At no time during the existence of
the League did any Member thereof indicate that it considered
that the Covenant, or the Mandate instrument, was entered into on

the basis ofsuch a provision. If such an implied term in fact existed
one would have expected Members of the League who attended
the San Francisco Conference in 1945 to have said so when the
Mandates were discussecl. One would have expected the Members
of the Preparatory Commission to have made some reference
thereto. One w-ould have expected the Members of the League
to have referred to it at the dissolution of the League. On this OC-
casion the representative of China stated that there would be no
autoniatic succession of the League's functions in respect of the
Mandates to the United Nations and his statement was not chal- lenged. In fact, not a single ex-Member of the League took up the
attitude that the United Nations had succeeded to the League's
functions in respect of the Mandates until 1918, when only four
States made statements which could possibly be construed as a
denial of Respondent's conterition that the supervisory functions
of the League had not been transferred to the Nations.

Thirty-four States participated in reports on debates conceming
mandated territories not placed under trusteeship, and of these,
29 States expressed views in conformity with the contention that
the United Nations has no supervisory authority in respect of
South West Africa. Of these 29 States a large number were Mem-
bers of the League at its inception. If the Covenant of the League,
or the Mandate Declaration, was intended to embrace an implied
provision that on the dissolution of the League another intemation-
al organization performing similar functions, although different-
1y constituted, would succeed the League, and that its organs
u~ould succeed the organs of the 1-eague, it is incredible that
not a word was ever said about it, particularly during the
crucial years 1945, 1946 and 1947.

1have, up to this stage, dealt with the question whether one is
justified in inferring a term that on the dissolution of the League
the functions and powers of the Council of the League and the

Mandates Commission would be transferred to similar organs of
a siniilar organization existing at the time of the dissolution of the
League, without considering whether the organs of tlie United
Nations can at al1 be said to be similar to those of the League.
As 1 shall show infrathere are very material differences between
the functions and the constitutiori of the organs of the Cnited
Nations and the functions and constitution of the organs of the
League and the Mandates Commission. My conclusion is that one
cannot find any implied term in the Covenant or the Mandate
Declaration to the effectthat the powers and functions ofthe Council
of the League and the Mandates Commission would be automati-
cally transferred on the demise of the League to another organiza-
tion differing in such material respects fronl the League. This
conclusion affords, for the reasons 1 have already stated, an ad-
ditional reason for holding that neither the Covenant of the League
nor the Mandate Declaration contained any implied provision to
the effect that on the dissolution of the League ex-Members of the
League, or Members of the United Nations, would be substituted
in Article7 of the Mandate for the Members of the League. If neither the Covenant nor the Mandate contains any provision
to the effect that former Kembers of the League of Kations, or
Members of the Vnited Nations, would be substituted for Members
of the League of Nations on the dissolution of the League, itmust
follow that Article 7 of the Mandate could no longer apply on the
dissolution of the League unless the Respondent has been a party to

some other agreement whereby ex-Members of the League of Na-
tions, or BIembers of the Criited Nations, were substituted for
Nembers of the League of Nations in Article 7.
For the reasons already stated 1 shall also inquire whether
the provisions of paragraph 7of Article 22 of the Covenant, or the
provisions of Article of the Mandate Declaration, were inany man-
ner amended by the substitution of organs of the United Nations
for the organs of the 1-eague. It should however be emphasized
that even if it were to be found that Article 6 was thus amended
it does not follow that Article 7 was sirnilarly amended. Some of
the arguments advanced in support of the contention that Article 6
still applies cannot apply to Article 7.

1 now proceed to deal with the provisions of the United Nations
Charter.
The Charter of the United Xations was drafted, unanimously
agreed to and signed by al1the representatives at the San Francisco
Confere~iceheld between 24 April and 26 June 1945. It came into
force on 24 October 1945. The League of Nations remained in
existence until April 1946 when it was dissolved by its Members.

In a very loose and general sense it may be said that the United

Kations is a successor of the League of Nations, but from a legal
and historical point of view this is not so. Two of the major Powers
in the United Nations, the United States of America and the
U.S.S.R., were not Members of the League at its dissolution,
and both were opposed to any notion that the United Nations was
to be the League urider a different name or an automatic successor
in law to the League's assets, obligations, functions or activities.
The U.S.S.R. was expelled from the League in December 1939,
and the United States never was a member thereof. Membership
of the League and of the Vnited Kations were never identical.
Of the fifty-one nations wliich coilstituted the Founder Members
of the Vnited Nations, seventeen were not at the time Menibers
of the League, and eleven Members of the 1,eague were not original
Members of the Vnited Nations. The many and detailed treaties
between the League of Nations and the T7nited Nations relative
to assets and non-political functions taken over by the United
Kations constitute clear evidence of the fact that there was co
automatic succession. What stnkes one forcibly is that no provision is made in any
of the protisions of the Charter of the United Nations, either

generally or specifically, for the assumption by or the transfer
to theUnited Nations or any of its organs of the functions or duties
of the organs of the League of Nations in respect of the mandates,
nor is there any provision which, directly or indirectly, provides
for the substitution of Members of the United Nations or ex-
Members of the League for Members of the League in the Mandate
Declarations. It seems that had the parties to the Charter intended
to substitute the United Nations or any of its organs for theCoimcil
of the League in Article 22 or the Mandate Declaration, or that
one or other of the organs of the Cnited Nations should assume
the functions of the organs of the League under the mandates, or
that Membership of the Cnited Nations or ex-Membership of the
League should be substituted for Membership of the League, such
intention wouM have been expressed in positive terms. It is in-
credible if in fact general agreement existed in regard to so fun-

damental a principle that it would have been omitted from a docu-
nient drafted with such care and caution. This is particularly so
when one bears in mind that the mandates are specifically referred
to in the Charter.

Chapters XII and XII1 of the Charter of the Cnited Nations
provide for the establishment of a Trusteeship System which, in a
very broad sense, may be said to correspond to the Mandate System
of the League of Nations, but it is clear that the supervisory
machinery provided for in these Chapters differs very materially
from that which had operated in respect of the mandates. Cnder
the Mandate System the Mandate Commission was a body of
independent experts, whereas the Trusteeship Council consists of
government representatives of Member States. Cnder the Mandate
System the ultimate supervisory authority was the Council of the

League, which could only arrike at decisions on a unanimous
vote. Under the Trusteeship System the ultiniate supervisory
authority is the Security Council in the case of a trusteeship
"in the strategic areas", or othernise it is the General AS-
sembly of the United Kations. In the Security Council decisions
may be taken by seven affirmative votes, including those oI five
permanent Members out of a total of eleven. Ir1 the General As-
senibly decisions ma! be arrited at by a bare majority, or on impor-
tant questions by a two-thirds majority.
In VotingProcedureon QuestionsrelatingtoReportsand Petitions
concerning theTerritoryof South West Africa, page 75, this Court
said :

"The voting system is related to the composition and functions
of the organ. It forms one of the characteristics of the constitution
of the organ.Taking decisionsby a two-thirds majority vote or by
297 613 S. W.AFXICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
a simplemajority vote isoneofthe distinguishingfeatures ofthe Gen-
çralAs;embly, whilethe unanimity rule was one of the distinguishing
features of the Councilof the League of Nations. These two systems
are characteristic of different organs, and one system cannot be
substituted for the other without constitutional amendment. To
transplant upon the General Assembly the unanimity rule of the
Council of the Leame would not be simply the iiltroduction of a
procedure but would amount to a disregard of one of the charac-
teristics of the General Assembly. Consequently the question of
conformity of the voting system of the Genera As;embly with that
of the Council of the League of Nations presents insurmountable
difficulties of a juridical nature."

Apart from the sacred tnist referred to in Chapter XI, it is
clear that the framers of the Charter of the Cnited Nations coritem-
plated only one form of ti-usteeship, namely that provided for in
Chapters XII and XIII, and there was no contemplation of any
organs of the United Nations supervising mandates in terms
of the procedural provisions of the mandates concurrently with
the trusteeships. Article 77 (1)of the Charter provides that the
trusteeship system shall apply "to such territories in the following
categories as may be placed thereunder by means of trusteeship
agreements: (a) territories now held under mandate...". From this

it is clear that there could not have been any contemplation
that the Trusteeship System would automatically without any
agreement apply to the territories held under mandate. Only
trusteeship agreements could bring these territories under the
Trusteeship System. There could not possibly have been any
intention that the organs of the Triisteeship System would auto-
matically without any trusteeship agreement be substituted for
the organs of the 1,eague in respect of territories held under mandate.
Article 37 of the Statute of this Court merely provides that
when in a treaty or convention in force provision is made for
reference of a matter to inter alia the Permanent Court of In-
ternational Justice, the matter shall, as between the parties to

the Statute of this Court, be referred to this Court. This Article
does not even specifically refer to mandates. Its legal effect is
simply to substitute the International Court of Justice for the Per-
manent Court of International Justice in disputes between Mem-
bers of the United Nations where the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice &-ouldothemise in terms of a treaty or convention
in force have been the forum. It may be correct to Say that Articie 37
kept in force the compulsory jurisdiction provisions of treat'es or
conventions providing for reference of disputes to the Permanent
Court of International Justice which would othemise have lapsed
on- the disappearance of the Permanent Court of International
Justice, but itdoes not purport to keep alive treatiesor conventions
or provisions thereof that would have lapsed for any other reasor,.614 S.W. AFRICA CASES (DIS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
Several conditions had to be fulfilledbefore Articl7 of the Man-
date could be invoked against the Respondent. Two of these

were (a) that there had to be a Permanent Court of International
Justice, and (b) that the dispute had to exist between the Respon-
dent and another Member of the League of Nations. Both these
r;onditions are incapable of being complied with today, but if
Article 7 of the Mandate is a treaty or convention in force, the
effect of Article37 of the Statute of this Court is to provide that
this Court takes the place of the Permanent Court of International
Justice, and the disappearance of the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice would therefore not be a valid reason for holding
that Article 7 of the Mandate no longer applies. The requirement
that the dispute must be one between the Mandatory and another
Member of the League of Nations is, however, not affected by
Article 37. It should be borne in mind that Article 37 is a general
provision applicable to al1 conventions or treaties in force con-
taining provisions for reference of matters to inter alia the Perma-

nent Court of International Justice, and any meaning given to
Article 37 in regard to any part~cular treaty or convention must
also apply mutatis rvtzttandisto al1 other treaties orconventions
in force containing provisions for reference of matters to the Per-
manent Court of International Justice. The words "as between
the parties to the present Statute" were clearly not intended to
alter and cannot be read as altering the conditions which had to
be fulfilled in terms of the requirements of the different treaties or
conventions before an action could be brought in the Permanent
Cûurt of International Justice. Thus, for example, if a treaty
covenng international fishing rights contained a provision for
reference of disputes to the Permanent Court of International
Justice by a party to the treaty, provided such party held a quali-
fication such as membership of an international fishing organiza-
tion, Article 37 did not substitute Membership of the United

Nations for the qualification required under the treaty. Article 37
does not purport to preserve locznsstandi. The words "as between
the parties to the present Statute" were obviously inserted because
the parties to treaties or conventions who were not parties to the
Statute of this Court would not be bound to accept the jurisdiction
of this Court in the place of the Permanent Court of International
Justice. Article 37 does not have and is not capable of being
construed as having the effect of amending the term of Article 7
of.the Mandate requinng the dispute to be one between the Man-
datory and another bIember of the League, and it does not mean,
and it is not capable of meaning, that Vnited Nations Membership
or ex-Membership of the League was substituted for Membership of
the League of Nations in Article 7. In this regard one must bear
in mind that when Article 37 came into operation the League and

the Permanent Court of International Justice were still legally
in existence but steps for their dissolution were in contemplation.
299 The fact that express provision mas made for substituting the
International Court of Justice for the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice in al1 treaties or conventions in force, without
any corresponding provision being made to substitute an organ

of the Vnited Nations for the Council of the League in Article 6 or
to amend the provision in Article 7 that the dispute had to be
between the Mandatory and another Member of the League of
Nations, is significant.ad it been the intention of the draftsmen
of the Charter to amend mandates in the respects suggested, they
would undoubtedly have inserted express provisions to that effect.
Article 37 clearly does not contain any provision, express or
implied, to the effect that the words "Member of the League of
Nations" in Article7 were replaced by the words "ex-Member of the
League of Nations" or "Member of the United Nations"

1 now proceed to consider the provisions of -4rticle 80, sub-
section 1,and in particular its legal effect in regard to Articles 6
and 7 of the Mandate. It read'sas follows:

"Except as may be agreed upon in individual trusteeship agree-
ments, made under Articles 77, 79 and 81, placing each territory
under the trusteeshipsystem,and until such agreements have been
concluded,nothing in this Chaptershall be construed in or of itself
to alter in any manner the rights whatsoever of any States or any
peoples orthe terms ofexisting international instruments to which
Membersof the United Nations may respectively be parties."

The ordinary grammatical meanirig of the words of Article 80 (1)
is that Chapter XII should not be construed as (a) altering in any
manner the rights whatsoever of any States, or (ig altering in any
manner the rights of any peoples, or (c) altering in any manner
the terms of existing international instrztments to which Members
of the LTnitedNations may be parties, until trusteeship agreements
have been concluded. It will be observed that this Article merely

purports to be an interpretation clause, and it expressly records
that it should not be interpreted as amending any rights under
any existing international instruments or the terms of such instrii-
ments. If Article 80 (1)applies to mandates, it follows that, far
from amending any rights under the mandates or the terms of
any mandate, it expressly records that this is not being done.

It has however been suggested that this Article purports to
safeguard the rights of States and peoples until trusteeship agree-
ments are concluded. The argument then proceeds that the protec-
tion afforded these peoples. by Articles 6 and 7 of the Mandate
Declarations could only be safeguarded if the obligations created
by these provisions remained in force after the dissolution of the

300League until trusteeship agreements were entered into, and that
inasmuch as the existence of the 1,eague was essential for the ful-
filment of these provisions, the substitution of the orgafis of the
United Nations for the organs of the League and Members of
the United Nations or ex-Members of the League for Members of
the League in Articles 6 and 7 respectively must be implied. The
words of Article 80 (1)are however not capable of such a construc-
tion. They are clear and unambiguous. The Article merely purports
to safeguard rights in the sense that Chapter XII must not be
construed as changing any rights. Its provisions are entirely negative.
If the aforesaid suggested implied term is read into Article 80 (1)
it would in effect mean that the provisions of Articles 6 and 7

of the Mandate were amended in the respects indicated above;
but Article 80 (1)itself contains the instruction that Chapter XII
(Article 80is part of this Chapter) is not to be construed as amending
the terms of any instrument. It does not purport to provide for
the continuation of rights until trusteeship agreements are conclud-
ed where such rights would othenvise have terminated, either
on account of the provisions of theinstrument containing them or
for some other valid reason.

Article 80 (1) is clear and unambiguous, but even if it is not
the relevant facts preceding the Charter of the United Nations as

well as the subsequent conduct of the parties concerned make it
impossible to give Article 80 (1) any meaning other than what has
been stated above to be its ordinary grammatical meaning, or to
infer any implied term to the effect that al1 the provisions of
mandates were to remain in force after the dissolution of the
League ancl then say that for this purpose the supervisory functio~s
of the organs of the League were transferred to the organs of the
United Nations and that illembers of the United Nations or ex-
Members of the League must be substituted for Members of the
League.

If regard is had to the negotiations and discussions relating to
Article 80 (1)during the drafting of the Charter, there is no indica-

tion that the natural and ordinary meaning of the words of this
Article does not express the true common intention of the parties.
The delegation of the Respondent circulated on 7 May 1945 among
the other delegates and sought to introduce in Committee III4
a statement which was read in the Committee on 12 May. This
statement and the introductory remarks which preceded its reading
are as follows:

Mandate where the Mandatory principle cannot be achieved.y under
As an illustration, would refer to the former German territory
of South West Africa heldby South Africa under a 'C'Mandate.

301 Thefactswith regard to this temtory aresetout a in memorandum
filed with the Secretariat, which 1 now read: When the disposa1of
enemy territory under the Treaty of Versailles was under consider-
ation, doubt was expressed as to the suitability of the Mandatory
form of administration for the temtory which formerly constituted
the German Protectorate of South West Africa.

Nevertheless, on 17th December 1920, by agreement between the
Principal Allied and Associated Powe s and in accordance with
a Mandate (commonly referred to as a C Mandate) was conferredreaty,
upon the Government of the Union of South Africa to administer
the said temtory.
Under the Mandate the Union of South Africa was granted full
power of administration and legislation over the territory as an
integral portion of the Union of Soiith Africa, with authority to
apply the laws of the Union to it.
For twenty-five years, the Union of South Africa has governed
and administered the temtory asan integral part of its own territory
and has promoted to the utmost the material and moral well-being
and the social progress of the inhabitants.
It has applied many of its laws to the territory and has faithfully
performed its obligations under the Mandate.
The temtory is in a unique position when compared with other
territories under the same form of Mandate.

It is geographically and strategically a part of the Union of
South Africa, and in World War No. Ia rebellion in the Union was
.fomented from it, and an attack launched against the Union.
It is in large measure economically dependent upon the Union,
whose railways serve it and from which it draws the great bulk of
it.ssupplies.
Its dependent native peoples spring from the same ethnological
stem as the great mass of the native peoples of the Union.

Two-thirds of the European population are of Union origin and
are Union Nationals, and the remaining one-third are Enemy
Nationals.
The temtory has its own Legislative Assembly granted to it by
the Union Parliament, and this Assembly has submitted a request
for incorporation of the territory as part of the Union.

ministration, including a system, of local government through-
Native Councils giving the Natives a voice in the management of
their own affairs; and under Union Administration Native Reserves
have reached a high state of economic development.

In view of contiguity and similarity in composition of the native
peoples in South West Africa the native policy followed in South
West Africa must always be aligned with that of the Union, three-
fifths of the population of which is native. There is no prospect of the territory ever existing as a separate
state, and the ultimate objective of the Mandatory principle is
therefore impossible of achievement.
The Delegation of the Union of South Africa therefore claims that
the Mandate should be terminated and that the temtory should be
incorporated as part of the Union of South Africa.
As territorial questions are however reserved for handling at
the later Peace Conference where the Union of South Africa intends
to raise this matter, it is here only mentioned for the information
of the Conference in connection with the Mandates question."

The Respondent's representative's statement on 14 May at the
fourth meeting of the aforesaid Committee is reported as follows:

"The delegate from the Union of South Africa, supplementing
his remarks at the third meeting, said that the Committer should
bear in mind, in drawing up general principles, that the tevms of
existing mandatescouldnot bealteredwithoutthe consentof the Man-
datoryPower." (Italics added.)
At the same meeting the representative of the United States of

America pointed out that his Government did not seek to change
the relations existing between a mandatory and a mandated terri-
tory without the former's consent. The Committee also recorded
the following statement by the United States delegate:
"The delegate for the United States said that paragraph B (5)
was intended as a conservatory or safeguarding clause. He was
willing and desirous that the Minutes of this Committee show that
it is intended to mean that al1rights, whatever they may be, remain
exactlythe same as they exist-that they are neither increased nor
diminished by the adoption of this Charter. Any change is left as
a matter for subsequent agreements. The clause should neither add
nor detract, but safeguard al1 existing rights, whatever they may
be." (Italics added.)
The final report of the Committee to Commission II contained ail
explanation that specific provisions should be made to the effect
that except asmay be agreed upon in individual trusteeship agree-
ments and until such agreements had been concluded, nothing in
the Chapter on dependent territories is to be interpreted as altering

the rights of any States or any peoples or the terms of existing
international instruments to which Member States may be parties.

Itwill be observed in the first place that the object of paragraph
B (5) (whichbecame Article 80) was to guard against the alteration
of rights as a result of the adoption of the Charter. In the second
place, what was safeguarded were the rights of States and of any
peoples and the terms of existing international instruments. It
follows that Article 80 was not intended to guard against an aiter-
ation of rights which came about by the dissolution of the League. In regard to Article 6 of the South West Africa Mandate, the
right against the Respondent was that an annual report should be
made to the Council of the League of Nations, and in regard to
Article 7 the right to bring an action in this Court was confined to
Members of the League of Nations. The facts related above clearly
provide no grounds for an inference that the United Nations or

any organ thereof was substituted for the Council of the League
on the dissolution of the League in Article 6 of the Mandate Decla-
ration, or that Members of the United Nations or ex-Members of
the League were substituted for Members of the League in Article 7.
On the contrary, they confirm the clear and unarnbiguous meaning
of the words of Article 80 (1). In any event, the subsequent conduct
of the Members of the League and Members of the United Nations
clearly revealed that they never regarded Article 80 (1)as contain-
ing an implied provision amending Articles 6 and 7 of the Mandate
in the respects indicated.

The League's attitude towards the transfer of its functions under
treaties and conventions, including the Mandate instruments, was
not known when the United Nations Charter was drafted and
agreed. It was at least known that one Member of the League,
namely, the Respondent, was opposed to such a transfer as far as
South West Africa was concerned. Furthermore, it is clear that the
whole Conference realized that the taking over of the functions of
the League required investigation and further agreement. It is for
this reason that towards the conclusion of the San Francisco

Conference on 25 June 1945 there was established a Preparatory
Con~mission of the United Nations, each signatory State having
one Member. One of the items of the preparatory work entrusted
to this Cornmittee was to "formulate recommendations concerning
the possible transfer of certainfunctio~zs,activities and assets of the
League of Nations which it may be considered desirable for the
new Organization to take over on terms to be arranged" (italics
added) .
An Executive Committee of this Commission was appointed, and
this Executive Committee again appointed a Sub-Committee to
investigate the possible transfer of functions, activities andassets
of the League. A report of the Executive Committee was considered
by the Commission in London on 24 November 1945, and the
Commission rendered its report on 23 December 1945.
The aforesaid Sub-Cornmittee recommended, witli certain ex-
ceptions and qualifications, the transfer of the functions, activities
and assets of the Lezgue, and one of the exceptions was the political
functions of the League "which have already ceased". In regard
to the transfer of functions arising from treaties, however, it
recommended that the United Nations should adopt a resolution
expressing its willingness to exercise such functions and powers

304 reserving, however, inter alia, the right to decide which functions
and powers it would be prepared to take over, and then added the
following :

"The transfer to the United Nations of functions or powers
entrusted to the League of Nations by treaties, conventions, agree-
ments or instruments having a political character would, if the
Partiestotheseilzstruwzentsdesired,be separately consideredin each
case." (Italics added.) ,

This paragraph was apparently not intended to apply to treaties,
conventions, agreements or instruments relating to the Mandates
System, as will appear from the specific observation made in regard

to the Mandates System. But it is significant that the Sub-Com-
mittee clearly considered that there was no general succession by
the United Nations to the functions and powers entriisted to the
League of Nations by treaties, conventions, agreements or instru-
ments having a political character. These matters were to be
separately considered in each case if the Parties to these instru-
ments so desired. The specific observation made in regard to
Mandates was as follows:

"Since the questions arisingfrom the windingup of the Mandates
on this subjectis included here."Chapter IV, no recominendation

It will be observed that the Sub-Committee considered that the
Mandates System was being wound up, not that it was being
continued, by a substitution of the organs of the United Nations

for the organs of the League of Nations.
In Chapter IV (this is the chapter referred to in the aforesaid
quotation), the Executive Committee recommended that, iri view
of possible delay in the establishment of a Tnisteeship Couilcil, a
Temporary Trusteeship Committee should be created to carry out
certain of the functions assigned to the Trusteeship Council. Peilding
the establishment of the Tnisteeship Council, this Temporary
Committee was to advise the General Assembly on matters that
might arise with regard to the transfer to the United Nations of
any functions and responsibilities exercised until then under the
Mandates System. It recommended that the following be included
in the proposed provisional agenda of the Temporary Trusteeship
Committee :

"Problems arising from the transfer of functions in respect of
existing Mandates from the League of Nations to the United
Nations."

1return to the recommendations of the Sub-Committee. It recom-
mended th'at a small committee should be appointed to negotiate
with the Supervisory Commission of the League of Nations with621 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

regard to the possible transfer of functions, and activities, as well
as assets.
The Executive Committee in substance accepted the Sub-Corn-
mittee's recommendations. Its recommendation No. I reads as
follows :

"That the functions, activities and assets of the League of
Nations be transferred to the United Nations with such exceptions
without prejudice tossuch action as the United Nations may sub-and
sequently take, with the understanding that the contemplated
transfer doesnot include the political functions of the League, which
in fact already ceased, but solely the technical and non-political
functions."

A part of the footnote thereof reads:

be includedin the transfer. It makes no recommendation to transfer
the activities concerning refugees, mandates, or international
bureaux."

In regard to treaties, international conventions, agreements, and
other instruments having a political character, it suggested that
the following resolution should beadopted bythe General Assembly :

"The General Assembly of the United Nations decides that it
will itself examine or will submit to the appropriate organ of the
United Nations any request from thPeartiesthat the United Nations
should take over the exercise of functions or powers entrusted to
the League of Nations by treaties, international conventions, agree-
ments, or other instruments having a political character."
The above recommendations reveal that the Members of the
Sub-Committee of the Executive Committee did not consider that
the Cnited Nations had assumed the functions of the League of
Nations in treaties or conventions, agreements or instruments

having a political character. It was thought that the transfer to the
United Nations of the functions or powers of the League under
these instruments was still to be considered, and if the Parties to
such instruments so desired, separately in eacl~ case. In regard to
Mandates, it was specifically recommended that a Temporary
Trusteeship Committee should be appointed to advise the General
Assembly on matters that might arise with regard to the transfer
of any functions or responsibilities to the United Nations "hitherto
exercised under the Mandates System". The Executive Committee
made no recommendation to transfer the activities of the League
under the Mandates, but made a general recommendation in regard
to treaties or conventions, agreements or other instruments having
a political character, namely, that the United Nations would con-

sider a requestfrom theParties in regard to the taking over of such
functions or powers entrusted to the League. At the discussion of the recommendations of the Executive

Committee by the Preparatory Commission, objections were raised
to the use of the word "transfer" in the recommendations concerning
functions and activities of the League, as this word appeared to
imply "a legal continuitfwhich would not in fact exist", and it uras
suggested that the phrase "the assumption of responsibility for
certain functions and activities" should be adopted. This was
eventually done. The recommendations of the Commission relevant
to functions and powers were adopted by the General Assembly in
its resolution of 12 February.
The Preparatory Commission did not accept therecommendations
in regard to a Temporary Trusteeship Committee. They were
replaced by a recommendation that the General Assembly should
adopt a resolution calling on States administering territories under
League of Nations Mandates to undertake practical steps for sub-
mitting trusteeship agreements in respect of these territories,
"preferably not later than during the second part of the first session

of the General Assembly". No other proposa1 regarding the transfer
of functions and activities or the assumption of these functions and
activities was substituted for therejected proposal. In the discussion
in the Fourth Committee of the Preparatory Commission, preceding
this resolution, Respondent's representative

"reserved the position of his delegation until the meeting of the
General Assembly, because his countv found itself in an unusual
position. The mandated territory of South West Afnca was already
a self-governing country, and last year its Legislature had passed
a resolution asking for admission into the Union. His Government
had replied that acceptance of this proposa1 was impossible owing
to their obligations under the Mandate.

The position remained open, and his delegation could not record
its vote on the present occasion if, by so doing, it would imply that
South West Africa was not free to determine its own destiny. His
Government would, however, do everything in its power to im-
plement the Charter."

In the discussion in the Plenary Committee meeting:

"the South African delegation associated itselfholly with a desire
of Committee IV to apply the principles laid down in the Charter,
and that its efforts had been directed towards that end. In view,
however, of the specialpositior, of the Union of South Africa, which
held a Mandate over South West Africa, it reserved its position
with regard to the document at present under review, and especially
because South Africa considered that it had fully discharged the
obligations laid upon it by the Allies, under the Covenant of the
League of Nations, on the advancement towards self-government
othe position to be examined as a whole. For that reason the South African delegation reserved its attitude until the Assembly met."

Once again, these facts negative the existence of any implied
term, either in the Covenant of the League, or in the Mandate
Declaration, or in Article 80 (1) of the Charter of the United
Nations, to the effect that the supervisory functions of the Council
of the League would be transferred to an organ of the United
Nations, or could be assumed by that Organization without thè
consent of the Mandatories. If any such tacit agreement existed
and, in particular, if it had been intended that Article 80 (1) of the
Charter would have that effect, one would have expected that this

wou!d have been mentioned during these deliberations and, in
particular, in response to the observations of the representative of
the Respondent.
The Preparatory Commission's report was considered by the
General Assembly of the United Nations in January 1946. On
17 January the Respondent's representative stated :
"Under these circumstances, the Union Government considers
that it is incumbent upon it, as indeed upon al1other, mandatory
Powers, to consult the people of the mandated temtory regarding
the form which their own future government should take, since
they are the people chiefly concerned. Arrangements are now in
train for such consultationsto take place and, until they have been
concluded, the South Afncan Government must reserve its position
conceming the future of the mandate, together with its right of
full liberty of action, as providec'for in paragraphI of Article 80
of the Charter.

From what 1 have said 1 hope it will be clear Lhat South West
Africa occupies a special position in relation to the Union which
differentiates that territory from any other C Mandate. This
special position should be given full consideration in determining
the future status of the territory. South Africa is, nevertheless,
properly conscious of her obligations under the Charter. 1 can give
every assurance that any decision taken in regard to the future of
the mandate willbecharactenzed by a fullsenseof Ourresponsibility
as a signatory of the Charter, to implement its provisions, in con-
sultation with and with the approval of the local inhabitants, in the
manner best suited to the promotion of their material and moral
well-being."

Reservations were also made on this day by the representative
of the United Kingdom in regard to Palestine. Not a single delegate

expressed any view to the effect that the attitudes adopted by the
Respondent and the United Kingdom were inconsistent witli Article
80 (1) or any other provision of the Charter or Mandate. On the
contrary, the Respondent claimed that it had a full liberty of action
under Article 80 (1).
308 On 22 January 1946, in the Fourth Committee, Respondent's
representative
"referring to the text of Article7, said that under the Charter the
transfer of the mandates regirne to the trusteeship system was not
obligatory. According to paragraph I of Article 80, no rights would
be altered until individual trusteeship agreements were concluded.
It was wrong to assume that paragraph 2 of this Articleinvalidated
paragraph I. The position of the Union of South Africa was in
conformity with this legal interpretation.
He explained the special relationship between the Union and the
territory under its mandate, referring to the advanced stage of
self-government enjoyed by South West Africa, and commenting
on the resolution of the Legislature of South West Africa calling
for amalgamation with the Union. There would be no attempt to
draw up an agreement until the freely eupressed will of both the
European and native populations had been ascertained. When that
had been done, the decision of the Union would be submitted to
the General Assembly for judgment."

It will be observed that on this occasion the Respondent's
representative again relied upon Article 80 (1)of the Charter, stress-
ing that rights were not altered. Eis reference to submitting the
decision of the people of South West Africa to the judgment of the
General Assembly cannot be taken as an acknowledgment that the
supervis,ory functions of the Council of the League had been trans-

ferred to the General Assembly. It was no more than a specific
undertaking to ask the Geileral Assembly for its judgment on this
particular issue. It was obviously a matter which the Assembly
could discuss at the Respondent's request.
On g February 1946 the General Assembly passed a resolution
which stated, intearlia:

"with respectto ChaptersXII and XIII of the Charter,the General
Assembly :
Welcomesthe declarations,made by certain States administering
territories now held under mandate, of an intention to negotiate
trusteeship agreementsin respect of some of thoseterritoriesand, in
respect of Transjordan, to establish its independence.
Invites the States administeringterritories now held under man-
date to undertake practical steps, in concert with the other States
directly concerned, for the implementation of Article 79 of the
Charter (which provides for the conclusion of agreements on the
terms of trusteeship for each territory to be placed under the trustee-
ship system), in order to submit these agreements for approval,
preferably not later than during the second part of the first session
of the General Assembly."

On 12 February 1946,it passed the following further resolution: "TRANSFER OF CERTAIN FUNCTIONS A CTIVITIES AND ASSETS OF THE
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
1

Functions and flowersbelongingto theLeagueof Nations under inter-
national agreements

Under various treaties and international conventions, agreements
exercise, or may be requested to exercise, numerous functions or
powers for the continuance of which, after the dissolution of the
League, it is, or may be, desirable that the United Nations should
provide.
Certain Members of the United Nations, which are parties to
some of these instruments and are Members of the League of
Nations, have informed the General Assembly that, at the forth-
coming session of the Assembly of the League, they intend to move
a resolution whereby the Members of the League would, so far as
this is necessary, assent and give effect to the steps contemplated
below.

Therefore:
I. The GeneralAssembly reserves the right to decide, after due
examination, not to assume any particular function or power, and
to determine which organ of the United Nations or which specialized
agency brought into relationship with the United Nations should
exercise each particular function or power assumed.
2. The General Assembly records that those Members of the
United Nations which are parties to the instruments referred to
above assent by this resolution to the steps contemplated below
and express their resolve to use their good officesto secure the co-
operation of the other parties to the instruments so far as this may
be necessary.

3. The General Assembly declares that the United Nations is
willing in principle, and subject to the provisions of this resolution
of certain functions and powers previously entrusted to the League
of Nations, and adopts the followingdecisions, set forth in A, B, and
C below.

A. Functions pertaining to a Secretariat
.......................

B. Functions and Powers of a Technical and Non-PoliticalChar-
acter
Among the instruments referred to at the beginning of this
resolution are some of a technical and non-political character which
contain provisions, relating to the substance of the instruments,
whose due execution is dependent on the exercise, by the League
of Nations or particular organs of the League, of functions or powers
conferred by the instruments. Certain of these instruments are
intimately connected with activities which the United Nations will
or may continue.
310 It is necessary, however, to examine carefully which of the organs
of the United Nations or which of the sprcialized agencies brought
into relationship with the United Nations should, in the future,
exercise the functions and powers in question, in so far as they are
maintained .

Therefore .
The GeneralAssembly is willing, subject to these reservations, to
take the necessary measures to ensure the continued exercise of
these functions and powers, and refers the matter to the Economic
and S,ocialCouncil.

C. FwnctionsandPowerswnderTreaties,International Conventions,
Agreementsand Other InstrwmentsHaving a Political Character
The GeneralAssembly will itself examine, or will submit to the
appropriate organ of the United Nations, any requestfrom the parties
that the United Nations should assume the exercise of functions or
powers entrusted tothe League of Nations by treaties,international
conventions, agreements and other instruments having a political
character..."
It will be observed that the statement of general willingness to

.ensure the continued exercise of the League's functions and powers
was liniited to functions and powers of a non-political character.
The supervisoryfunctions and powers of the organs of the League
under the Mandates were clearly political, and the portion of the
resolution under which such powers and functions fall is Part 1,
C (3), which requiredfor the assumption of such functionsor powers
by the United Nations (a) a request from the parties, and (b) an
examination of that request by the General Assembly or an ap-
propriate organ of the United Nations nominated by the General
Assembly.

In a Dissenting Opinion in the Hearing of Petitions by the Com-
mittee on South West Africa, 1956, I.C.J. 23, at page 65, Judges
Badawi, Basdevant, Hsu Mo, Armand Ugon and Moreno Quintana
remarked :

"Resolution 24 (1) adopted by the General Assembly on Feb-
ruary rzth, 1946,had made provision with regard to the method to
be adopted for the examination of any request 'that the United
Nations should assume the exercise of functions or powers entrusted
to the League of Nations by treaties, international conventions,
agreements and other instruments having d political character'.
to the League of Nations. But the course indicated by that Reso-d
lution wasnot followed.The Union of South Africa has not submitted
to the General Assembly any request that the latter should assume
the 'powersentrusted' to the Council of the League of Nations."

Once again, the significance of these facts is that they are
inconsistent with the suggestion that there must have been animplied agreement in Article 80 (1) of the Charter or any other
provision thereof that the United Nations would automatically,
without any agreement on the part of the Mandatones, take the
place of or assume the functions of the League, in regard to the
Mandates.
The Assembly of the League assembled for the last time from
8-18 April1946. On the last-mentioned date it dissolved the League.
It adopted resolutions refemng to the transfer of its assets and
non-political functions and, in addition, also passed the following
resolution relating to the Mandates :

"The Assembly :

Recalling that Article 22 of the Covenant applies to certain
territories placed under mandate the principle that the well-being
and development of peoples not yet able to stand alone in the
strenuous conditions of the modem world form a sacred trust of
civilization:
I. Expresses its satisfaction with the manner in which the organs
of the League have performed the functionsentrusted to them with
respect to the mandates system and in particular pays tribute to
the work accomplished by the Mandates Commission;

2. Recails the role of the League in assisting Iraq to progress from
its status under an 'A'mandate to a condition ofcompleteindepend-
ence, welcomes the termination of the mandated status of Syria,
of the Assembly, become independent members of the world com-ion
munity ;

3. Recognizesthat, on the temination of the League's existence,
its functions with respect to the mandated territories will come to
an end, but notes that ChaptersXI, XII and XII1 of the Charter of
the United Nations embody principles corresponding to those de-
clared in Article22 of the Covenant of the League;
4. Takes note of the expressed intentions of the members of the
League now administeringterritories under mandate to continzleto
administer them for the well-being and development of the peoples
concemed in accordancewith the obligationscontainedin the respec-
tive mandates until other arrangements have been agreed between
the United Nations and the respective mandatory powers." (Italics
added.)

To appreciate the significance of this resolution, knowledge of
the events that preceded it and, in particular, of the declarations
of the representatives of Mandatories at this final meeting of the

League, is essential. These events and statements also clearly reveal
that up to that stage there had been no agreement, express or
implied, that the functions of the League relative to .Mandates
were to be transferred to the United Nations. The following are
extracts from declarations by Mandatories :
312 (i) By the representativeof the United Kingdom (on the 9th April,

1946):
"The Mandates administered by the United Kingdom were
of the Carneroons and part of Togoland. Two of these territoriespart
have already become independent sovereign States, Iraq in 1923,
and Transjordan just the other day in 1946. Asfor Tanganyika and
Togoland under their mandate, and the Carneroons under their
mandate, His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom have
already announced their intention of placing them under the trustee-
ship system of the United Nations, subject to negotiations on
satisfactory terms of trusteeship.

The future of Palestine cannot be decided until the Anglo-
American Conimittee of Enquiry have rendered their report, but
until the three African territories have actually been placed under
trusteeship and until fresh arrangements have been reached in
regard to Palestine-whatever those arrangements may be-it is
the intention of His Majesty's Governrnent in the United Kingdom
to continue toadministertheseterritoriesin accordancewith thegeneral
principles of the existing mandates." (Italics added.)

(ii) By the representativeof South Africa (on the 9th April, 1946).
"Since the 1st League meeting, new circumstances have arisen
obliging the mandatory Powers to take into review the existing
arrangements for the administration of their mandates. As was fully
explained at the recent United Nations GeneralAssemblyin London,
the Union Government have deemed it incumbent upon them to
consult the peoples of South West Africa, European and non-Euro-
pean alike, regarding the form which their own future Government
should take. On the bais of those consultations, and having regard
to the unique circumstances which so signally differentiate South
mandates, it is the intention of the Union Government, at the forth-
coming session of the United Nations General Assembly in New
York, to formulate its case for according South West Africa a status
under which it would be internationally recognised as an integral
part of the Union. As the Assembly will know, it is already admin-
istered under the terms of the Mandate as an integral part of the
Union. In the meantime the Union will continue to administer the
territory scrupulously in accordancewith the obligationsof the man-
date,for the advancementand promotion of theinterestsof the inhabit-
ants, as she has done during the past six years when meetingsof the
Mandates Commissioncouldnot beheld.

The disappearance of these organs of the League concerned with
the supervision of mandates, primarily the Mandates Commission
and the League Council, will necessarilyprecludecompletecompliance
withthe letterofthemandate.The Union Government willnevertheless
regard.the dissolution of the League as in no way diminishing its
obligations under the mandate, which it will continue to discharge
with the'full and proper appreciation of its responsibilities until such
313 status of the territory." (Italics added.) concerning the future

(iii)By therepresentativeof France (on the 10th April, 1946) :
"The French Government intends to pursue the execution of the
mission entrusted to it bythe League of Nations. It considers that it
is in accordance with the spirit of the Charter that this mission
should henceforth be carried out under the regime of trusteeship and
it is ready to examine the terms of an agreement to define this regime
in the case of Togoland and the Cameroons"

(iv) By the representativeof New Zealand (on the 11th April, 1946) :
"New Zealand has always strongly supported the establishment
of the International Trusteeship System, and has already declared
its willingness to place the mandated territory of Western Samoa
under trusteeship.. . New Zealand does not consider that the
dissolution of the League of Nations and, as a consequence, of the
Permanent Mandates Commissionwill have the effect of diminishing
her rights in the territory. Until the conclusion of orOur Trusteeship
Agreement for Western Samoa, therefore, the territoryufillcontinue
to beadministeredby New Zealand, in accordancewith thetermsof the
Mandate, for the firomotionof the well-beingand advancementof the
inhabitants." (Italics added.)

(v) By the Belgian representative(on the 11th April, 1946):
"At the meeting of the General Assembly of the United Nations
in London on January 20th last, she declared her intention of
entering into negotiations with a view to placing the Territory of.
Ruanda-Urundi under the new regime. In pursuance ofthisintention,
the Belgian Government has prepared a draft agreement setting out
the conditions under which it will administer the territory in ques-
tion.
In the course of the same declaration of January zoth, we ex-
pressed our confidence that the Trusteeship Council would soon come
to occupy in the United Nations Organization the important place
which it deserves. We can only repeat that hope here and give an
alive to al1 the obligations devolving on memberswill remof the United
Nations under Article 80 of the Charter."

(vi) By the Australian representative(on the 11th April, 1946) :
"The trusteeship system, strictly so called, will apply only to such
territories as are voluntary brought within its scope by individual
trusteeship agreements.. . After thedissolutionoftheLeagueofNations
and the consquent liquidationofthePermanent MandatesCommission,
it will beimpossibleto continuethemandatessystemin its entirety.

Notwithstanding this, the Government of Australia does not
-regard the dissolution of the League as lessening the obligations im-
posed upon it for the protection and advancement of the inhabitants
of the mandated territories, which it regards as having still full force trusteeship agreements under Chapter XII of the Charter, the Gov-te
ernment of Australia will continue to administer the present man-
dated territones, in accordancewith the provision of the Mandates,
for theprotectionnd advancementof theinhabitants. In making plans
for the dissolution of the League, the Assembly will very properljr
wish to be assured as to the future of the mandated territories, for
the welfare of the peoplesof which this League has been responsible.
Sofaras the Australian temtories are concerned, there is full assur-
ance. In due coursetheseterritories willbebrought under the trustee-
shipsystem of the United Nations; until then, the ground is covered
not only by the pledgewhich the Government ofAustralia has given
to this Assembly today but also by the explicit international obli-
gationslaiddown inChapterXI of theCharter,towhichI havereferred.
Therewillbenogap,nointerregnum,tobeprovidedfor." (Italics added.)

The words "to which 1 have referred" referred to a prior state-
ment which included inter alia the following comment relevant

to Chapter XI of the Charter:
"..Amongst otherthings, eachadministering authority under that
chapter undertakes to supply to the United Nations information
concerning economic, social and educational conditions in its
dependent terntories."

If any Member of the League thought that either the Mandate
Declaration, the Covenant of the League or the Charter of the
United Nations contained an implied provision which had the
effect of transferring the functions of the organs of the League to
the organs of the United Nations and,in particular, if Article 80 (1)
of the Charter had been intended to havethis effect, one would have
expected the Mandatories or other Members of the Leaguepresent at
this final meeting of the Assembly of the League to have said so.

The representative for Australia could not have thought it
necessary to refer to Article 73 if he thought that the duty to
account to the Council of the League would automatically be trans-
ferred to the Tjnited Nations on the dissolution of the League.

The Respondent's representative, when saying the following:

"The disappearance of those organs of the League concerned with
the supervision of Mandates, primarily the Mandates Commission
and the League Council, will necessarily preclude complete compli-
ance with the letter of the Mandate",

would have added that the Mandate contained an implied term or
that Article 80 (1) of the Charter had been intended to mean, that
the organs of the United Nations would be substituted for the
315 S. W. AFRICA.CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
631
organs of the League. But he did not Say so. On the contrary, he
said that the Respondent would continue to administer the territory
"scrupulously in accordance with the obligations of the Mandate
for the advancement and promotion of the interests of the inhabitants,
as she has done during the past six years when meetings of the Man-

dates Commission could not be held". (Italics added.) During this
period referred to by the Respondent, Article 6 was not applied.
Nor was Article 7invoked. There was no suggestion that the super-
visory functions of the Council of the League were being transferred
to any organ of the United Nations. Similarly, when the represen-
tative of the United Kingdom stated thatit was the intention of His
Majesty's Government "to continue to administer these territories
in accordance with the generalprinciples of the existing Mandates",
he did not suggest that Great Britain was prepared to accept
the supervision of the United Nations in the place of the Council
of the. League. This is not only implicit in the words used by the
representatites, but also emerges clearly from the report of the
United Nations SpecialCommittee on Palestine, which is fully dealt
with infra. A portion of the report reads as folloms:

"The mandatory Power, in the absence of the League and its
Permanent Mandates Commission,had no international authorityto
whichitmightsubmit reports andgenerallyaccountfor theexerciseofits
responsibilitiesin accordancewith the terms of the Mandate. Having
thisin mind, ut the final sessionof the LeagueAssembly the United
Kingdom representativedeclaredthat Palestine wowldbeadministered
'inaccordancewith the generalprinciples'of theexistingMandate until
'fresharrangementshad beenreached'." (Italics added.)

The representative of China, Dr. Liang, appreciated that the
aforesaid declarations of intent by the representatives oI the
Respondent and the United Kingdom did not embrace any under-
taking to accept the supercision of the United Nations in the
place of the League, and accordingly on afternooil of 9 April 1946
wished to propose for discussion the following draft resolution:

"The Assembly :
Consideringthat the Trusteeship Council of the United Nations
hasnot yet been constituted and that al1mandated temtories under
the League have not been transformed into territories under trustee-
ship;
Considering that the League functions as supervisory organ for
mandated territories should be transferred to the United Nations
after the dissolution of the League in order to avoid a period of
interregnumin the supervision of the mandated territories;
Recommendsthat the mandatory powers aswell as those admin-
istering ex-enemy mandated territories shall continue to submit
annual reports on these territories to the United Nations and to
submit to inspection by the same until the trusteeship council shall
have been constituted."

316 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
632
This resolution was, however, ruled not relevant to the items
under discussion and was not proceeded with. Informa1 discussions
followed, and Dr. Liang eventually introduced a neu7 draft which
differed very materially from the one he originally sought to

introduce. This new draft was unanimously agreed to by the
I.eague Assembly. In proposing the new draft, Dr. Liang

"recalled that he had already drawn the attention of the Committee
to the complicated problems arising in regard to mandates from the
transfer of functions from the League to the United Nations. The
United Nations Charter in Chapters XII and XII1 established a
system of trusteeship based largely upon the principles of the
mandates system, but the functions of the League in that respect
werenot transferredautomaticallyto the United Nations. The Assem-
bly should therefore take steps to secure the continued application
of the principles of the mandates system. As Professor Bailey had
pointed out to the Assembly on the previous day, the League would
wishtobeassured as tothefuture ofmandated territories.The matter
had also been referred to by Lord Ceciland other delegates.
It was gratifying to the Chinese delegation, as representing a
country which had always stood for the principle of trusteeship,
that allthe Mandatory Powers had announced their intention to
administer the territories under their control in accordance with
their obligations under the mandates system until otherarrangements
were agreedupon. It was to be hoped that the future arrangements
to be made with regard to these territories would apply in full the
principle of trusteeshipunderlying the mandates system.
The Chinese delegation had pleasure in presenting the draft
resolution now before the Committee, so that the question could be
discussed by the Assemblyin a concrete form and the position of the
League clarified." (Italics added.)

The delegate for Egypt abstained from voting, as the view of
his Government was that the dissolution of the 1-eague terrninated
the Mandates.
The above facts again clearly reveal that there could not have
been any understanding that the Covenant, the Mandate Declara-
tions or Article 80 (1)of the Charter impliedly provided that the
functions of the organs of the League under the Mandate instru-
ments tvould be transferred to the United Nations until trusteeship
agreements wrereintroduced, or that the Mandate instruments were
being amended in any other respect.
It has been suggested that the aforesaid resolution of the AS-
sembly of the League, relative to the Mandates, in effect constitutes

a tacit agreement in terms whereof the Mandatories, including
the Respondent, agreed with the other Members of the League
that the Mandate Declarations would be amended by substituting
ex-Members of the 1,eague or Members of the United Nations in the
compromissory clauses for Members of the League, and to the trans-
fer of the supervisol functions of the League to the United Nations.
317 This resolution, however, particularly if it is considered against the
background set out above, clearly reveals that there existed no
such tacit agreement.

The suggestion that the resolution was adopted "with a view of
averting any objections that might be derived from the form of

the words 'another Member of the League of Nations' " is the 1962
product of a fruitful imagination. It has no factual basis.
The wording of the resolution shows that there was no intention
to record therein any agreement whatever. It "notes" that "Chap-
ters XI, XII and XII1 of the Charter of the United Nations embody
principles corresponding to those declared in Article22 of the Coven-
ant of the League". It "takes note" of the expressed intentions of
the Members of the League "to administer them for the well-being
and development of the peoples concemed in accordance with the
obligations contained in the respective Mandates". If it was the
intention of the parties to agree that the terms of the Mandate
Declarations should be amended in the important respects suggest-

ed, the resolution would have said so. It is inconceivable that the
trained lawyers and the skilled draftsmen at the disposa1 of the
League would have employed the wording they did had the inten-
tion been to amend the provisions of the Mandates.
Not one of the Mandatories had made a declaration to the effect
that the procedural provisions of the Mandate Declarations would
continue to apply, or that they would be amended in any particular
manner so as to make their fulfilment possible. The United Kingdom
in its declaration had reserved its future intentions in regard to
Palestine. The Respondent made it clear that it would continue to
adrninister the territory as it hadone during the "past six years".
During those years the League was moribund and the Permanent

Mandates Commission did not function. The League Assembly was
aware that the United Nations had resolved that it would consider
assuming the powers of the League in regard to the Mandates only
at a request from the interested parties. The Chinese representative
realized that in the absence of a request by the Mandatory the
functions of the League could not be assumed by the United Nations.
This he wanted to avoid when he sought to propose his first draft,
in which the view was expressed that the League functions as
supervisory organ for the Mandated territories should be transferred
to the United Nations. This view Ras not only inconsistent with
the views of the Members of the United Nations who had been
parties to the aforesaid resolution of the United Nations, but also

in conflict with the clear attitudes of at least two of the Mandatories
who were present at the dissolution of the League. That such a
resolution could not receive the unanimous support of the Members
of the League seems obvious. If it had bten the intention to amend the Mandates in the
respects suggested, why was the representative of Egypt not told
when he declined to vote for the resolution on the ground that, in

his view, the dissolution of the League terminated the Mandates?
To suggest that the parties had deliberately decided to express
in tacit terms what had been proposed in the first Chinese draft
resolution in express terms is absurd.
The resolution can clearly only reflect what the aeclarations
by the Mandatories intended to convey, and these declarations
made no reference to the procedural provisions of the Mandates
Declarations but were conficed to the administrative obligations
relating to the well-being and development of the peoplesco~icerned.
Only the Council of the League and the Mandatories concerned
could have amended the terms of the Mandates under the provisions
of Article7 of the Mandate Declaration for South West Africa and
similar provisions appearing in al1the other Mandate Declarations.
Had the members of the Council (or the Assembly acting on behalf
of the Council) intended to act in terms of these provisions, this fact
would have appeared in the resolution

It must be borne in mind that a decision of the Council of the
League had to be unanimous, andthis means that before such a tacit
intention can be ascribed to the Council, one must be satisfied that
every member of the Council who voted for the resolution must
have intended it to constitute an agreement amending the terms
of the Mandate Declarations.
The representative of Australia had made it clear in his Declara-
tion that the view of Australia was that Article 73 of the Charter
ofthe United Nations applied to the Mandates. This view was ap-
parently shared by the Members of the League, hence the reference
to Chapter XI in the resolution. It does not matter whether the
representative of Australia or the Members of the League were right
or wrong in thinking that Article 73 applied to the Mandated
territories. The fact is that they thought so, and this has an impor-
tant bearicg on their probable intentions in regard to the suggested

aniendments of the Mandate Declarations. If C,hapter XI applies
(Article73 is one of the two articles of Chapter XI) to the Rfandated
territories, and if the resolution of the League was intended to
amend the Mandate Declarations in the respects suggested, it
means that the Members of the Leagie intended that after the
dissolution of the 1,eague there would be in operation two over-
lapping sacred trusts in respect of each Mandated territory, super-
vised by the same body, to which each Mandatory had to render
two reports, that different procedures had to be followed in respect
of each, and that this Court may have compulsorj~jurisdiction iri
regard to one, but not in regard to the other. Such an absurd result
could not possibly have been contemplated 1have already made it clear that in this matter the consent of
the Court's jurisdiction must be embodied in a treaty or conven-
tion.

This Court can therefore only have regard to the resolution of
the League for the purposes of determining jurisdiction if it is a
treaty or convention in force. 1fail to see how an implied term of
a resolution such as the one in question can ever be regarded as a
treaty or convention; but even if it is, it cannot berivoked in this
Court inasmuch as Article 102 of the Charter provides that no
treaty or international agreement entered into after the Charter
came into force may be invoked before anyorgan of the United
Nations if it has notbeen registered in accordance with the provi-
sions of paragraph (1)of Article102. The aforesaidresolution of the
League has not been registered. 1 may add that several treaties
entered into in pursuance of the other resolutions of the League
passed at its dissolution have been duly registered. The inference
that the parties did not consider the resolution to constitute a
treaty or international agreement is inescapable.

Neither before nor since the dissolution of the 1-eague kas
the Respondent been a party to any agreement in terms whereof
any of the provisions of the Mandate instrument were aniended.
At no time did the Respondent request the United Nations to
assume any function or power of the League under the Mandates,
nor did the General Assembly of the United Nations or any organ
nominated by it ever consider such a request. The Respondent
did not at any time admit that the United Nations had taken over
the functions of the League; on the contrary, it has consistently
denied that the Cnited Nations had been substituted for -the
League.
Many of the founder Rlembersof the United Nations who attended
the San Francisco Conference and the dissolution of the League
have expressed views which reveal that they were unaware of
any common intention or tacit agreement that the United Nations
was being substituted for the League in the Mandate instruments

or that the obligation to report to the Couilcil of the 1,eague of
Nations had been aniended so that the report now has to be made
to the Cnited Nations. How can such a common intention be icfer-
red when it does not appear from the words of the instruments
and when so many parties to the instruments were unaware
thereof ?
The trusteeship agreement for the Mandated territory of Narau
was entered into as late as November 1947 ,.e. more than a year
after the League of Nations had ceased to exist. The Vnited
Kingdom withdrew from the administration of Palestine in May
1948, more than two years after the dissolution of the League,
yet no repods were submitted to the United Nations in respect of either temtory during the aforesaid periods. If there had bee~

the suggested tacit agreement, one would have expected reference
to have been made thereto, when no reports were forthcoming
from the Mandatories of the aforesaid territories. It is common
cause that not a single State ever suggested that such reports
should be submitted.
A study of the history of the Palestine Mandate reveals that
Members of the United Nations could not have had any intention
of substituting the United Nations in the place of the League in
Mandates. The resolution of the League Assembly applied as much
to Palestine as it applied to South West Africa; Article 80 (1) of
the Charter of the United Nations applied as much to Palestine as
it applied to South West Africa. A United Nations Special Com-
mittee, consisting of eleven Members, was appointed to examine
the case of Palestine. These members were Australia, Canada,
Czechoslovakia, Guatemala, India, Iran, Netherlands, Peru, Sweden,

Uruguay and Yugoslavia. In its report dated 3 September 1947,
the Committee clearly expressed its view that there was on the
dissolution of the League no supervisory authority in respect of
the administration of Palestine, andthat no obligation on the part
of the Mandatory to submit to any supervision existed. This appears
from the following extracts from the report:

"The Mandatory Power, in the absence of the League and its
Permanent Mandates Commission, had no international authority
. to which it might submit reports and generally account for the exer-
cise of its responsibilities in accordance with the terms of the
Mandate."
"The international trusteeship system, however, has not auto-
matically taken overthe functions oftheMandatesSystem withregard
to mandated territories. Territones can be placed under trusteeship
only by means of trusteeship agreements approved by a two-thirds
majority of the General Assembly. The most the Mandatory could
now do, therefore, in the event of the continuation of the Mandate,
would be to carry out its administration in the spirit of the Mandate
without being able to discharge its international obligations in
accordance with the intent of the Mandates System."
The above report on Palestine contained, inter alia, also a special
note by Sir Abdur Rahman, the representative of India, whicl-i
contained the following passage :
"Moreover, the international machinery in the form of the Per-
manent Mandates Commission which had been created for the
purpose of scrutinising the actions of the Mandatory Powers, and to
which they were bound to submit annual reports has, along with
the League of Nations, ceased to exist. Thereareno meansby =Rich
the international obligationsin regardto Mandates can bedischarged
by the UnitedNations." (Italics added.)
1have already pointed out that until 1948 not a single Member
ex-Member of the League contend-
of the United Nations or a single
321ed that the organs of the United Nations had been substituted for
the organs of the League in respect of the Mandates. No less than
29 States expressed views in conformity with the Respondent's
contention that the United Nations has no supervisory authority
in respect of South West Africa. 1quote a few examples:

On 25 September 1947, I\llr. Lui Chieh of China expressed the
following view in the Fourth Committee:

"The only choice lay between trusteeship and the grant of
independence. Article 80, paragraph2,of the Charter further proved
the obligatory character of the (the trusteeship) system ...If the
Union of South Africa placed South West Africa under trusteeship,
it would not be deprived of the administration of the territory;
and theonly changewould bethe placing of that administration under
international su$ervision." (Italics added.)
Again, on I November 1947, he made the following statement in
the General Assembly :

"We are told that the Union of South Africa would administer
the Territory of South West Africain the spirit of the Mandate of the
League of Nations. 1do not doubt the sincerity of this statement on
the part of the Union of South Africa, but we all know that the
mandate system has ceased to exist and that the TrusteeshipSystem
has been established. Would it not be more desirable to administer
the Territoryin question under aliving system than under the shadow
of a ghost system?"
On the same day, Mr. Yepes of Colombia made the following

remarks in the General Assembly :
"..on whose behalf would the mandate of the old League of Nations
be exercised?
It could certainly not be the League of Nations, for it has ceased
to exist, and the mandate could not be exercised on behalf of a dead
institution. In civil laas we al1know, power of Attorney ceases
upon the death of the principal. The same idea extends, by analogy,
to international law. We can conclude that, since the League of
Nations is dead, mandates exercised under its authority have also
lapsed, and the territories concerned musta11under the Trusteeship
System established by Article 77 of the Charter."

On 26 September 1947, the representative of Cuba made the
following statement in the Fourth Committee:

MY. Meyer: "...the information submitted by the Government
of the Union of South Africa with regard to South West Africa
could not be examined since South West Africa was neither a
Trust Territory nor a Non-Self-Governing Territory"

In December 1947, India submitted a draft resolution which
contained the following statement :
322635 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

"Whereas the territory of South West Africa, though not self-
governing, is at present outside the control and supervision of the
United Nations."
On 12 December 1947, hr. Gerig oI the United States of America
expressed the following view in the Trusteeship Council:

member object, that while we al1hope-mynoon, delegation as much asy
any delegation feels that way-that there will be a trusteeship
agreement for this territory, wedonot,in the absence of a trusteeship
agreement, havesu#ervisoryfunctions overthis territory.Therefore, 1
do not think we ought to imply that we do have supervisory func-
tions to ensure that the UnionGovernment discharges its duties under
the present mandate, admitting that it exists." (Italics added.)

On 19 March 1948, the United States representative expressed
the following view in the Security Council:
"The United Nations does not automatically fall heir to the re-
sponsibilities either of the League of Nations or of the Mandatory
Power in respect of the Palestine Mandate. The records seem to us
entirely clear that the United Nations did not take over the Leagse
of Nations Mandates System."

During the years following the establishment of the United
Nations, the Respondent's representatives repeatedly asserted that
the supervisoryfunctions of the organs of the League had not been
transferred to the United Nations, and until1948 not a single State
contradicted this assertion. Thus, for example, on 25 September
1947, in the Fourth Committee, Mr. Lawrence, representing the
Respondent, said :

"In respect of its Administration of South West Africa, that
Government [of the Union of South Africa] would maintain the
statusquoin the spirit of the Mandate. It would not submit a trustee-
ship agreement, but would transmit information annually. Infor-
mation relating to 1946 was now in the hands of the Secretary-
General."
And two days later, also in the Fourth Committee, he amplified
his remarks as follows:
"In reply tothe request made by the Danish representative at the
31st meeting regarding clarification of document A/334, Mr Law-
rence stated that the Mandate gave certain powers and imposed
certain obligations. The Government of the Union of South Africa
had full powers of administration over South West Africa, and it
proposed to continue to exercise them,just asit wouldcontinue to ful-
fil its obligations under the Mandate to promote the moral andmate-
rial well-being ofthe population and to advance social progress. The
Union of South Africa did not claim that South West Africa was a
colony, but it was willingto submit annual reports like those required
for the Non-Self-Governing Territories under Article 73 (e). The right to petition had ceased to exist with the disappearance
of the League of Nations, the authority to which petitions could be
addressed. In the absence of a trusteeship agreement, the United
Nations had no jurisdiction over South West Africa and therefore
no right to receive petitions."
On I November 1947, in the General Assembly, Mr. Lawrence
again emphasized that reports rendered by the Union to the United
Nations were being rendered on the basis that the United Nations
has no supervisory jurisdiction in respect of the territory. He is
reported to have said:

"In addition, the Govemment of the Union of South Africa has
expressed its readiness to submit annual reports for the information
of the United Nations. That undcrtaking stands.
Although these reports, if accepted, will be rendered on the bais
that the United Nationshas no supervisoryjurisdiction in respect of
this Territory, they will serveto keep the United Nations informedin
much the same way asthey will bekept informed in relation to Non-
Self-Goveming Territories under Article 73 (e)of the Charter."

These assertions were not challerged.
One therefore finds that, not only was nothing said in the Charter
of the United Nations or at the time of its drafting, to the effect
that the Council of the League was beirg superseded in the Mandate
by an organ of the United Nations, or that. the supervisoryfunctions
of the Council of the Le~gue were being transferred to the United
Nations, but also that nothing was said to this effect prior to the

dissolution of the League, at the dissolution of the League, or during
the years immediately followirg the dissolution of the League. On
the contrary, one finds that the declarations by the Respondent's
representatives, and the representatives of other Members of the
United Nations during this time, reveal that it was not assunied
that the organs of the United Nations would automatically become
heir to the powers and functions of the organs of the League in the
Mandate instruments.
The history of the Preparatory Commission, the history of the
dissolution of the League, the report of the Palestine Commission,
the statements by the Kespondent and other Members of the United
Nations in a variety of circumstances and situations, and within a
comparatively short time after the San Francisco Conference, when
the events of what happened at the Conference were stillreasonably
fresh in their menlories, effectively negative the suggestion that
there was a tacit agreement between Members of the United Nations

and the Mandatories that the organs of the United Nations would
be substituted for the organs of the League relative to the super-
vision of the Mandates.
It should be noted that at no stage was it even suggested that
the Mandate instruments were being amended by substituting ex-
324membership of the League or membership of the C-nited Nations
for membership in the League of Nations in the provisions of the
Mandates Declarations. It was not nientioned at the San Francisco
Conference, it was not mentioned by the Preparatory Committee,
it was not mentioned at the dissolution of the League. During the
years following immediately upon the dissclution oi the League
not a single State expressed the view that it was under the im-
pression that such an amendment had been brought about.

The above considerations compel me to conclude that those
provisions of the Mandates which depended for their fulfdment on
the existence of the League of Nations were not impliedly amended
in any respect, and accordingly ceased to apply on the demise of
the League; in any event that the compromissory clause in Article
7 was not amended in any way, and accordingly no longer applies.

The conclusion to which 1 have come is in conflict with parts of
the Advisory Opinion of this Court given in 1950 in International
Status of South West Africa, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 128. It must
therefore be carefully examined, Although the Court's finding in
regard to Article 6 is not directly relevant to the issue now being
considered, it is difficult owing to the overlapping of reasons to
confine oneself to the Court's reasons for its conclusion in regard to
Article 7 witliout reference to the decision in regard to Article 6.
The conclusion of the majority of the Court in regard to Articles 6
and 7 of the Mandate is to be found in the following extracts from
the Opinion:

"It followsfrom what is said above that South West Africa is still
to be considered as a territory held under the Mandate of December
Assembly should not therefore exceed that which applied under theai
Mandates System,and should conformas far as possibleto the proce-
dure followedin this respect by the Councilof the League of Nations.
These observationsare particularljr applicable to annual reports and
petitions.
According to Article 7 of the Mandate, disputes between the
mandatory State and another Meinber of the League of Nations
relating to the interpretation or the application of the provisions
of the Mandate, if not settled by negotiation, should be submitted
to the Permanent Court of International Justice. Having regard to
Article 37 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and
Article 80, paragraph1,of the Charter, the Court is of opinion that
this clause in the Mandate is still in force and that, therefore, the
Union of South Africa is under an obligation to accept the compul-
sory jurisdiction of the Court according to those provisions."

Before dealing with the specific reasons aclvanced in the inajority
Opinion for the aforesaid conclusions, sonie general remarks in the
Opinion preceding these reasons should be commentecl on:

325 "The object of the Mandate regulated by international rules far
exceededthat ofcontractual relationsregulated by international law.
The Mandate was created, in the interest of the inhabitants of the
temtory, and of hurnanity in general, as an international institution
with an international object-a sacred trust of civilization. It is
therefore not possible to draw any conclusion by analogy from the
notions ofmandate in national law or fromany other legalconception
of that law. The international des regulating the Mandate consti-
tuted an international status for the Territory recognized by ali the
Members of the League of Nations, including the Union of South
Africa."
While it is correct to Say that the notions of mandate in mu-
nicipal la~vcannot be applied in the interpretation of the provisions
of the Mandate instruments, this is no reason for jgnoring the fact
that Article 22 of the Covenant of the League is a term of an
agreement, and that the rights and obligations created thereby
must be determined i~iaccordance with the provisions of the inter-

national law relating to the interpretation of treaties and conven-
tions, that is, this Court must determine as accurately as possible
the true common intention of all the parties concerned, in ac-
cordance with the appropriate rules of construction. Rosenne, ofi.
cit.,page 318, crisply states the principle as follows :
"Treaty interpretation attempts to elucidate the combined in-
tention of two or more signatones."

It has been shown that Article 22 of the Covenant must be inter-
preted with due regard to al1its provisions and to al1 the relevant
facts, and that the detailed obligations of the Respondent recorded
therein cannot be amended by this Court by reason of the general
principles stated therein; in particular, this Court has no power to
provide for its own compulsory jurisdiction.
If, therefore, the above quoted statement of the Court was
intended to suggest that the obligations of the Respondent exceeded
those it intended to undertake when agreeing to Article 22 of the
Covenant, it cannot be accepted as correct. Nor can the Mandate
Declaration be interpreted as meaning that the Respondent had
agreed to accept the supervision of another international body on
the dissolution of the League, or that it had agreed that the words

"Member of the League" in Article 7 could be amended by this
Court to read "Members of the United Nations" or "ex-Members
of the League".

On page 133 the Opinion states, "the authority which the Union
Government exercises over the territory is based on the Mandate".
To this one should add that, similarly, the Respondent's obligations
are based on the Mandate.
The Opinion then proceeds:
"If the Mandate lapsed, as the Union Government contends, the
latter's authority would equallv have lapsed. To retain the rights derived from the Mandate and to deny the obligations thereunder
could not be justified."

Inasmuch as the Respondent's attitude in 1950 was that the
Mandate had lapsed, the above remark was relevant to show that
this attitude was inconsistent with any claim that the Respondent
still had rights which flowed from the Mandate. It however has no
relevance to the question whetlier Article 6 or 7 still applies. In
any event, if in law Articles6 and 7no longer apply, and if the effect
thereof is that Respondent's rights under the Mandate have termi-
nated, the fact that Respondent still claims these rights cannot

revive Articles 6 and 7. If the whole of the Mandate has lapsed,
Article 7 no longer applies; if Articles 1-6 or 1-5 are still in force, it
does not follow that the compromissory clause in Article 7 still
applies in the sense that it is capable of being .nvoked. As 1 have
already indicated, the compromissory clause of Article 7 is clearly
not essential for the existence of the other provisions.

The Opinion then proceeds:

"These international obligations, assumed by the Union of South
Afnca, wereoftwo kinds. Onekind was directlyrelated to the admin-
istration of the Territory, ~d corresponded to the sacred trust of
civilization referred to in Art22lofthe Covenant.Theotherrelated
to the machinery for implementation, and was closely linked to the
supervision and control of the League. It corresponded to the
'secunties for the performance of this trust' referr+? in the same
article."

If this statement was intended to mean that the provisions of
Article 7 of the Mandate which provide that any Member of the
League of Nations could institute proceedings against the Respon-
dent in the event of a dispute relating to the interpretation or
application of the provisions of the Mandate was one of the securi-
ties referred to in Article22, it is incorrect. 1 have already pointed
out, when dealing with the provisions of Article 22,that this Article
required the application of the principle that securities for the per-
formance of the sacred trust were to be embodied in the Covenant,
and that no provision in regard to compulsory jurisdiction relative
to the Mandates was embodied in the Covenant. If this Court were
to hold that the compulsory jurisdiction provided for in Article 7
of the Mandate Declaration corresponds to the securities "for the

performance of this trust referred to in Article 22", it would be
treating the words "should be embodied in this Covenant" as
meaningless.
The Opinion then proceeds :
"The first-mentioned group of obligations are defined in Artic22
of the Covenant and in Articles 2 to 5 of the Mandate. The Union
undertook the general obligation to promote tothe utmost the mate-

327 rial and moral well-being and the social progress ofthe inhabitants.
It assumed particular obligations relating to slave trade, forced
labour, ;traffic in arms and ammunition, intoxicating spirits and
gationsrelating to freedom ofconscience and free exercise of worship,
including special obligations with regard to missionaries.

These obligations represent the very essence of the sacred trust
of civilization. Theirraison d'êtreand original object remain. Since
their fulfilment did not depend on the existence of the League of
Nations, they could not be brought to an end merely because this
supervisory organ ceased to exist. Nor could the right of the popu-
lation to have the Territory administered in accordance with these
rules depend thereon. "

Itseemsclear that the learned judges musthave overlooked, just
as Counsel in the present matter apparently overlooked, the fact
that Article 5 of the Mandate Declaration contains, inter alia, the
following provision :

"The Mandatory ...shall allow all missionaries, nationals of any
State Member of the League of Nations, to enter into, travel and
reside in the territory for the purpose of prosecuting their calling",

andthat, unlike the other provisions of Articles 2 to5, this provision
depended on the existence of the League for its fulfilment. In this
respect this provision should have been classified w-ith Articles 6
and 7.
The first reason advanced by the Court for its finding that the
supervisory functions of the League with regard to mandated ter-
ritories not placed under the new Trusteeship System were trans-
ferred to the United Nations is the following (page 136):

"The obligation incumbent upon a mandatory State to accept
international supervision and to submit reports is an important
part of the Mandates System. \%en the authors of the Covenant
created this system, they considered that the effective performance
of the sacred trust of civilization bythe mandatory Powers required
that the administration of mandated territories should be subject
to international supervision. The authors of the Charter had in
Trusteeship System. The necessity for supervision continues to exist
despite the disappearance of the supewisory organ under the Man-
dates System. It cannot be admitted that the obligation to submit
to supervision has disappeared merely because the supervisory organ
had ceased to exist, when the United Nations has another inter-
national organ performing similar, though not identical, supervisory
functions."

It is not clear on what principles the above reasoning is based.
The Court apparently equated the supervisory functions of the

328 Council of the League to "international supervision", and similarly-
equated the supervisory functions under the trusteeship system
to "international supervision", then found that the necessity for
"international supervision" remained after disçolution of the League
and concluded that, therefore, the one "international supervisionJ'
must be substituted for the other "international supervision".
This approach ignores the basic rule of construction that one must
have regard to the intention of the parties. It in any event ignores
the important difference between the League and the United Na-
tions, the historical facts relating tohese institutions and, above
dl, the plain meaning of the provisions oftherespective instruments.

There are no express provisions in the Covenant, the Mandate
or the Charter providing for the substitution of any organ of the

United Nations for the Council of the League. The Court'sconclusion
could therefore only have been based on what it considered were
the implied provisions of the Covenant and/or the Mandate and/or
the Charter. 1have dealt in great detail with these instruments and
1think 1 have shown conclusively that no such implied provisions
are to be found in any of them.
1 have already indicated that Article 22 of the Covenant and
Article6 of the Mandate did not provide for "international super-
vision"; they provided for an annual report by the Mandatory in
reference to the territory comniitted to its charge, to be rendered
to the Council of the League of Nations, and for a permanent com-
mission to receive and examine such reports, and to advise the
Council of the League on al1 matters relating to observance of
the Mandate. There is no justification for imputing to the States
concerned an intention of contracting on the basis that on the disso-

lution of the League, the supervisory functions of the organs of
the League would be transferred to the organs of another interna-
tional organization performing similar functions but differently
constituted. Neither the words of Article 22 of the Covenant and
Article 6 of the Mandate, nor the circumstances under which these
instruments were entered into justify such an inference. In fact,
it is clear that had such a term been suggested, it would not have
been agreed to by the Mandatories. The subsequent conduct of
the parties clearly reveals that no such intention existed. To sub-
stitute an obligation to accept the supervision of an organ of the
United Nations for al! obligation to accept the supervision of the
Council of the League is to amend and increase the obligation
undertaken by the Respondent. It would amount to legislation
and this Court has no legislative powers.
It is correct to Say that the authors of the Charter had in mind

supervision of territories placed under trusteeship agreements by
orgaas of the United Nations, but it is also clear that the intention
.was that this supervision would only take place after trubteeship
agreements had been entered into. The fact then that the Covenant
329provided for supervision of Mandates by the Council of the League
and the Permanent Commission, and that the Charter provides
for supervision by the Trusteeship Council, the General Assembly
and the Security Council after mandated territories had been
brought under the International Trusteeship System can, however,
not justify an inference that therefore an obligation to subrnit to
supervision of an organ of the United Nations rests upon the man-
datories after the supervisory organs of the League had ceased
to exist, even though no trusteeship agreement has been entered

into. As already indicated, neither the express provisions of the
Charter, nor the relevant circumstances justify an inference that
it was the intention to transfer the supervisory functions of the
organs of the League to the organs of the United Nations.

If Article73 of the Charter does not apply to mandated territones,
it may be said that it would have been desirable that provision
should have been made for supervision of the Mandates by an
organ of the United Nations after the dissolution of the League,
and until trusteeship agreements were entered into, but this is no
justification for reading an implied provision to this effect into
the Charter. It is the duty of this Court to interpret treaties,
not to revise them. To Say that in such a situation international

law refuses to acknowledge that no legal provision for international
supervision exists and that this Court is therefore entitled to nomi-
nate an organ of an international organization as a substitute
for the organ that has disappeared, is to propound a new rule for
which no legal basis exists.
The above conclusion of the Court is even more startling when
it is borne in mind that the Court found that this unexpressed
term whereby organs of the United Nations were substituted for
the organs of the League was qualified in several respects, viz.,
this supervision should not exceed that which applied under the
Mandate System, and should conform asfar as possible to the pro-
cedure followed by the Council of the League of Nations. The
difficulty experienced by the Members of this Court in 1955 and

1956 in interpreting this implied provision is in itself a strong
indication that the requisite common intention to contract on the
basis of such a term never existed, and should not be inferred.

The above reason is followed by the following:
"These general considerations are confirmed by Article 80,
paragraph 1,of the Charter, asthis clausehasbeeninterpreted above.
It purports to safeguard, not only the rightofStates, but also the
rights of the peoples of mandated territories until Trusteeship
Agreements are concluded. The purpose must have been to provide
dreal protection for those rights; but no such rights of the peoples
could be effectively safeguarded without international supervision
and a duty to render reports to a supervisory organ." In another passage, when dealing with the question whether
the group of obligations containedin -4rticle2 and 5 of the Mandate
(which the Court held did not depend for their fulfilment on the
existence of the League) came to an end on the dissolution of the
League, the Court said at page 133:
"This viewis confirmedby Article So,paragraph 1,of the Charter,
which maintainç the rights of States and peoples and the terms of
existing international instrumentsuntil the territories in question
are placed under the Trusteeship System. It is true that this pro-
vision only says that nothing in Chapter XII shall be construed to
alter the rights of States or peoples or the terms of existing inter-
national instruments. But-as far as mandated territories are
concerned, to which paragraph 2 of this article refers-thisprovi-
sion presupposes that the rights of States and peoples shall not
lapse automatically on the dissolution of the League of Nations.
It obviously Tvaçthe intention to safeguard the rights of States and
peoples under al1 circumstances and in al1 respects, until each
territorv should be placed under the TrusteeshipSystem."

The true effect of the aforesaid statements of the Court seems
to be that it found that Article 80 (1) impliedly amended the pro-
visions of the Mandates, so that al1 their provisions should conti-
nue to apply, but the specific nature of these amendments has not
been indicated. However, as stated above, Article 6of the Mandate
could only apply after the dissolution of the League if one or other
organ of the United Nations was substituted for the organs of the
League, and that Article 7 could on!y apply if ex-Membership of the
League or Membership of the United Nations was substituted for
Membership of the League. 1shall assume that the Court intended

to convey that it thought that these amendments were impliedly
brought about by Article 80 (1).

There is clearly no justification for reading any such implied
terms into Article 80 (1).There is nothing in the Article to suggest
that the parties must have contracted on the basis of such amend-
ments. On the contrary, the suggested construction would be in
direct conflict with the clear and express injuction in the Article
that it shall not be construecl as altering in any manner the terms
of the Mandates.
Article 80 (1) clearly does not purport to "maintain" or "safe-
guard" anything against something not contained in Chapter XII
of the Charter.
Afinding that Articles 6 and 7 ceased to apply on the dissolution
of the League does not in any \Tay conflict with the provision of

Article 80 (1). The "rights" of the peoples of South West Africa did
not include the continued application of Articles 6 and 7 of the
Mandate after the demise of the organization on which these articles
depended for their fulfilment.
33r There can be no doubt that the parties to the Charter would
have used positive terms had they intended that the provisions
of the Mandates ~vould be amended so that they could remain
effective under al1 circumstances and in al1 respects until each
territory was placed under the Trusteeship System; they would
not have used language incapable of having this meaning.

If regard is had to the history of the Charter, there is even less
justification for the assumption by the Court that Article 80 (1)
presupposes that none of the provisions of the Mandates would
cease to apply on the dissolution of the League. The relevant facts,
such as the travaux #réparatoires, including statements by Re-
spondent's representative at the San Francisco Conference, the
subsequent conduct of the parties including statements on behalf
of the Respondent, the recommendations of the Preparatory
Commission, the resolutions of the United Nations, the statements
and resolutions at the dissolution of the League, the report of
the Palestine Con~missionand the numerous statements of Members
of the United Nations during the years 1946, 1947 and 1948 clearly

reveal that no such common intention existed.

In dealing with Article 80 (1) Sir Arnold McNair in his Separate
Opinion said, at p. 160:
"A second contention was based on the expression occurring in
Article 80, paragraph1, of the Charter that 'nothing in this Chapter
[XII] shall be construed in or of itself to alter in any manner the
rights whatsoever of any States or peoples or the terms of existing
international instruments to which Members of the United Nations
may respectively be parties'. But the cause of the lapse of the super-
vision of the League and of Articl6 of the Mandate is not anything
contained in Chapter XII of the Charter but is the dissolution of
the League, so that it is difficult to see the relevance of this Article."

The legal effect of Article 80 (1) is very aptly stated by Mr.
Joseph Nisot in an article on the Advisory Opinion of the Inter-
national Court of Justice on the International Status of South
West Africa (South AJricanLaw Journal), Vol. 68, Part III (August

19511, pp. 278-279:
"The only purpose of the Article is to prevent Chapter XII of
the Charter from being construed as in any manner affecting or
altering the rights whatsoever of States and peoples, as they stand
pending the conclusion of trusteeship agreements. Such rights draw
their judicial life from the instruments which created them; they
remain valid in so far as the latter are themselves still valid. If
they are maintained, it is by virtue of those instruments, not by
virtue of Article 80,which confinesitselfto providing that the rights
of States and peoples-whatever they may be and to whatever
extent may subsist-are -1eftuntouched by Chapter XII.648 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE V.SX WYK)
These rights, the Court holds, continue to exist, since they have
been maintained by Article 80. But even supposing it did maintain
anything, Article 80 could only maintain whatever existed. It could
neither resurrect extinct nor create new ones.
Now, what, in actuality, were the rights derived by peoples from
the Mandate and from Article 22 of the Covenant? They were not
rights to the benefit of abstract supervision and control. They con-
sisted of the right to have the administration supervised and con-
trolled by the Counci2of the League of Nations, and, in particular,
the right to ensure that annual reports were rendered by the
mandatory Power to the Councilof theLeagueof Nations, as it was,
and the right to send petitions to the Secretariat of the League of
Nations. What has become of these rights? They have necessarily
disappeared as a result of the disappearance of the organs of the
League (Council, Permanent Mandates Commission, Secretariat).
The Court could not correctly conclude that such rights had been
maintained by Article 80, except by contending at the same time
that, for the purposes of the Mandate for South West Africa, the
said organs had survived the dissolution of the League.
(d) Being unable, and for good reasons, so to contend, the Court
creates new rights. To the Court, the right of peoples 'maintained'
by Article 80 is linked to the United Nations Organization. It is a
right to supervision and control by the United Nations, to which
annual reports and petitions are, in consequence, to be rendered
and addressed. Lacking any other available provision in the Charter,
the Court founds such a conclusion on Article 80. According to iti
thesis, it is because Article 80 'maintains' the rights of peoples that
these, though linked to the League, must now be deemed linked to
the United Nations! To infer this from a text worded as Article 80
amounts to assuming that, with respect tothe Mandates System, the
United Nations stands as the legal successor of the League, an
assumption inconsistent with the discussions of San Francisco and
with the very fact that the Charter provides for the conclusion of
Trusteeship Agreements."

Manley O. Hudson in the American Journal of International
Law, Vol. 45, 1951 ,riticizes the Court's decision as follows:
"Article 80 (1)of the Charter seems to be the principal basis of
the Court's conclusion that the Union of South Africa must report
to the General Assembly. This Article provided that, until the
conclusion of Trusteeship Agreements, nothing in Chapter XII of
the Charter should 'be construed in or of itself toaltevin any manner
the rights whatsoeverof any States or any fieoples or the terms of
existing international instruments' (italics supplied). The text
clearly shows an intention that Chapter XII should not effect any
alteration of rights or terms. This intention was 'entirely negative
in character'. The provision served an obvious purpose when Chapter
XII of the Charter was drawn up: the Mandate was still in force
at that time: asthe League of Nations had not then been dissolved,
any alteration of the existing situation was a matter forits considera-
tion. Article 80 (1)was a precautionary provision designed .to
negative the accomplishment of any change in the existing situation
by reason of Chapter XII 'in or of itself'. Itis not surprising that
333649 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
Judge McNair found it 'difficultto see the relevance of this Article'.

I'et the Court gave an affirmative effect to Article Yo(1), turning
it into a positive 'safeguard' for maintaining the rights of States
and the rights of the peoples of the Mandated Territory. This is the
more notable because at a later stage the Court stressed the 'entirely
negative' character of Article So (z),declining to Saythat the latter
imposed a positive obligation on the Mandatory even to negotiate
with a view to the conclusion of a Trusteeship -Agreement.

No attention was paid by the Court to the fact that certain
States, which as Members of the former League of Nations may
have 'rights' under Article 22 of the Covenant and under the Ifan-
date itself, had no responsibility for the Charter and have never
become Members of the United Nations. For example, Finland,
Ireland and Portugal, which were represented at the final session
ofthe Assembly of the League of Nations in 1946,arein this category.
If their rights are 'maintained' by Article So (1) of the Charter,
they have no voice in the supervisioil to be esercized by the General
.Assembly.''

George Schwarzeilberger in Ilzternational Law, 3rd edition,
Vol. 1,p. IOI, commented igzteralia as follo~~s:

"...the World Court was faced with the issue of whether the United
Sations had become responsible for the discharge of the supervisory
function which the League had formerly exercizrd in relation to the
only still surviving Mandate. In support of a psitive answer, the
Court could neither rely on any general principle of succession
between international perçons nor any relevant transaction between
the two collective systems. Nonetheless, on the basis of a threefold
argument, it arrived at this co~iclusion.
The Court pointed out that the 'raisond'êtra end original object'
of the international obligations entered into by the Union of South
-4fricahad not changed. Al1that had liappened was that the former
supervisory organ had disappeared. The United Nations, however,
had at its disposa1 'another international organ performing similar,
though not identical supervisory functions'. The Court strengthened
this reasoning by its interpretation of the declared intentions of
the Ilandatories, including the Union of South .Africa,to continue
the administration of the mandates in accordance with the man-
dates treaties until other arrangements should have been made
between the United Nations and the Alandatories. The Resolution of
Xpril ~Sth, 1946, of the League Assembly which took note of these
intentions of the Mandatories presupposed that 'the supervisory
functioils esercized by the League would be taken over by the United
Sations'. The still missing link with the United Yations was provided
by the Court's interpretation of Article So of the Charter of the
United Nations. It \vas admitted in the majority Opinion that 'this
provision only says that nothing in Chapter XII shall be construed
to alter therigl-itsof States or peoples or the terms of existing inter-
334 national instruments'. Still, with the assistance of a somewhat
debatable presupposition and 'obvious' intentions, the last gap
was bridged. It is not surprising that Judge McNair should have
found it 'difficultto see the relevance of this Article'.
Having filled the legal void which separated the supervisory
functions of the League of Nations from those of the United Na-
tions, the Court proceeded with its self-imposed task of 'judicial
legislation".

The third reason advanced by the Court for its finding that the
functions of the organs of the League may now be exercized by
the organs of the United Nations is as follows:

"The Assembly of the League of Nations, in its Resolution of
April 18th, 1946, gave expression to'a corresponding view. It rec-
ognized, as mentioned above, that the League's functions with
regard to the Mandated Terntories would come to an end, but
noted that Chapters XI, XII and XII1 of the Charter of the United
Nations embody principles corresponding to those declared in
of the Mandatory States to continue to administer the territories
in accordance with the obligations contained in the Mandates until
other arrangements should be agreed upon between the United
Nations and the Mandatory Powers. This Resolution presupposes
that the supervisory functions exercized by the League would be
taken over by the United Nations."

This Resolution of the Assembly of the League of 18 April 1946
has already been fully dealt with. It will be recalled that the United
Nations Resolution of 12 February 1946 relating to the functions
and powers of the League under treaties,international conventions,
agreements or other instruments of a political character were to
the effect that the United Nations would examine any request
from the parties, and that the United Nations should assume the
exercise of functions or powers entrusted to the League of Nations.

The League Resolution remained silent in regard to this particular
Resolution, and apart from the one dealing specifically with the
Mandates, it confined its resolutions to functions, powers and
activities of a non-political character. From this one must infer
that inasmuch asthe United Nations in terms of its resolutions had
resolved that it would examine each treaty separately when re-
quested to do so by the parties, the League Assembly considered
that there was no further function for it to perform. The Assembly
of the League was aware of the resolutions of the United Nations
and if,despite these resolutions, it intended to transfer the League's
function relative to the Mandates to the United Nations, it would
have passed a resolution to that effect. The draft resolution of
China, it will be recalled, expressly drew the League's attention
to the fact that the supervisory function of the organs of the
League were noi being transferred to the United Nations, and
proposed that the League's function as supervisory organ formandated territories should be transferred to the United Nations
until the Trusteeship Council should be constituted. This was in
direct conflictwith the Resolution of the United Nations and would

in al1 probability not have had the unanimous approval that a
resolution of the League required. The fact that it was dropped and
another resolution, omitting the aforesaid provision, adopted, proves
that the League of Nations did not intend to transfer its functions
as the supervisory organ for mandated territories to the United
Nations. See in this regard Hogg's Treaty Interpretation, Min-
nesota Law Review, 1959, page 43.

1 have already dealt with the statements of the Mandatories
andthe Resolution of the Assembly of the League at its dissolution.
They, too, contain no evidence of an assumption that the super-
visory function of the League would be taken over by the United
Nations. On the contrary, if regard is had to allthe facts, there
is no justification whatsoever for the assumption in the majority
Opinion in regard to the "presupposition" that the supervisory
function of the League would be taken over by the United Nations.

Tlie Court was obviou-y unaware of al1 the relevant facts relating
to the Resolution of the League Assembly, e.g. the original resolu-
tion of the representative of China. It was certainly unaware of its
significance as no mention is made thereof in the Judgment. Had
the Court been aware of al1 the facts and their true significance,
it would not, and could not have arrived at the conclusion it did.

In any event the League resolution is not a treaty or convention,
and even if it is, it has not been registered in terms of Article 102
of the Charter, and cannot therefore be invoked in this Court.

Nisot, op. cit., p. 280, criticizes the Court as follows

"(e) However, the Court also invokes, as supporting its con-
clusions, the Resolution of 18th April 1946 whereby the Assembly
of the League of Nations 'recognizesthat, on the termination of the
League's existence, its functions with respect to the mandated
territoneswillcometo an end, but notes that Chapters XI, XII and
XII1 of the Charter of the United Nations embody pnnciples corres-
ponding to those declaredinArticle22ofthe Covenantofthe League'.
But one fails to see how this statement can provide any support
for a suggestion that it wasthe Assembly's opinionthat a Mandatory
nn obligation to submit to supervision and control by the United
Nations.
This was no more the opinion of the Assembly of the League of
Nations than that of the General Assembly of the United Nations,
which, by its Resolution of 9th February 1946,urged the conclusion
of trustoeship agreements, implying that no implementation of the

336 principles of the Trusteeship System-therefore, no supervision or
control-was possible in the absence of such agreements."

Hall, in Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship, p. 273,
commented as follows in regard to the League Açsembly Resolution
of18 April 1946:
"Tlie significance of this Resolution of the League Assembly
becomes clearer when it is realized that for many months the most
elaborate discussions had beenaking placebetween the governments
asto the exact procedure to be adopted in making the transition
between the League and the United Nations. It was the function 'of
the Preparatory Commission and the committees succeeding it to
make recommendations on the transfer of functions, activities, and
assets of the League. Ail the assets of the-League had been carefuily
tabulated. Al1its rights and obligations that could be bequeathed to
the United Nations and which the latter desired to take over were
provided for in agreements that were made. But in the case of
mandates, the League died without a testament."

Manley O. Hudson commented as follows in the Twenty-Ninth
Year of the World Court, American Journal O/ International Law,
vol.45, 1951 , .13:

"To support its additional conclusion that the Union of South
Africaisobliged to submit to the supervision of, and to render annual
reports to, the United Nations, the Court relied upon a resolution
adopted by the final Assembly of the League of Nations on 18 April
1946, which was said to presuppose 'that the supervisory functions
exercized bythe League would be taken over by the United Nations'.
This is hardly borne out by the text of the Resolution, however."
The final reason advanced in the majority Opinion and the
Court's conclusion are as follows :
"The competence of the General Assembly of the United Nations
to exercise such supervision and to receive and examine reports is
derived from the provisions of Article IO of the Charter, whicli
authorizes the General Assembly to discuss any questions or anj-
matters within the scope of the Charter and to make recommenda-
tions on these questions or matters to the Members of the United
Nations. This competence was in fact exercized by the General
Assembly in Resolution 141 (II) of November ~st, 1947, and in
Resolution 227 (III) of November 26th, 1948, confirmed by Resolu-
tion 337 (IV) of December bth, 1949.
For the above reasons, the Court has arrived at the conclusion that
the General Assembly of the United Nations is legally qualified to
exercise the supervisory functions previously exercized bythe League
of Nations with regard to the administration of the Territory, and
that the Union of South Africa isunder an obligation to submit to
supervision and control of the General Assembly and to render
annual reports to it."
This final reason can hardly be termed the reason for the above
conclusion. It will be observed that Article IO only applies if a

337 question or matter is within the scope of the Charter or relates to
the pouTerand functions of any organ provided for in the Charter,
and the General Assembly is merely authorized to discuss and make
recommendations on such questions or matters. The General
Assembly undoubtedly has the right to discuss a report that is
made to it, but its rjght to discuss a report which is made to ithas
no bearing on the question whether there is a legal obligation to
report to it. If the legal effect of Article 80 (1)of the Charter is
that the Mandatory's obligations to make annual reports to the
Council of the League relating to the administration of. the man-
dated territories were to be converted into obligations to furnish
these reports to an organ of the United Nations after the dissolu-
tion of the League and until trusteeship agreements were entered
into, discussions and recomniendations in regard thereto would

be within the powers of the General Assembly in terms of Article IO.

Manley O. Hudson, op. cit. p,. 14, remarks as follows:
"The Court seems to have placed emphasis on the competence of
the General Assembly to exercise supervision cd to receive and
examine reports. Such competence can hardly be doubted. Yet it
does not follow from the conclusion that the General Assembly
'islegally qualified to exercise the supervisory functions previously
exercised by the League of Nations', that the Union of South Africa
is under an obligation to submit to supervision and control by the
General Assembly, or that it is obligated to render annual reports
to the General Assembly."
In dealing with Article 7 of the Mandate, the aforesaid majority
Opinion states :
"According to Article 7 of the Mandate, disputes between the
Mandatory State and another Member of the League of Nations
relating to the interpretation or the application of the provisions of
the Mandate, if not settled by negotiation, should be submitted to
the Permanent Court of International Justice. Having regard to
Article 37 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and
Article 80, paragraph 1,of the Charter, the Court is of opinion that
this clause in the Mandate is still in force and that, therefore, the
Union of South Africa is under an obligation to accept the compul-
sory jurisdiction of the Court according to those provisions."

No other reasons were stated forthis conclusion. It will be observ-
ed that the first, third (the Resolution of the League at its dissolu-
tion) and fourth reasons advanced in the majority Opinion for
the conclusion that the supervisory functions of the League were
transferred to the United Nations, are not mentioned in the above
paragraph. The only articles referred to are Article 80 (1) of the
Charter of the United Nations, and Article 37 of the Statute of

the International Court of Justice. As already stated, if Articl7 of the Mandate remained unamend-
ed, it can no locger apply as it depended for its fulfilment on the
existence of the League. As there is no League in existence there
can be no Members of the League, and accordir?gly no State has
locus standi-to bring proceedicgs under the provisions of Article 7
in its original form. If Article7 still applies, it can only apply in

an amended form, that is, if ex-members of the League or Iklembers
of the United Nations have been substituted for Members of the
League, ancl if this Court has been substituted for the Permanent
Court of International Justice. 1 shall assume that the Court
meant that this was brought about by. the provisions of Arti-
cle 37 of its Statute and Article 80 (1) of the Charter.

I have already pointed out that the legal effect of Article 37
of the Statute of this Court is that in treaties or conventions in
force, this Court is substituted for the former in the place oI inter
alia the Permanent Court of International Justice. It does not
purport to amend the qualifications prescribed in any treaty or
convention and it does not, and cannot, have the effect of substi-
tuti~g ex-Membership of the League of Nations or Membership of
the United Nations, for Membership of the Leagiie in Article 7
of the Mandate. The Court must therefore have relied exclusively

on the provision of Article 80 (1)for its view that Article 7 was
amended by substituting ex-llembership of the League or Member-
ship of the Cnited Xations for Membership of the League.
1 have already dealt with Article 80 (1) of the Charter, and 1
have shown that it does not and was not intended to alter the
provisions of any mandates. There was not the slightest suggestion
at any time, either when Article 80 was drafted, or therefater that
ex-Members of the League or lfembers of the United Nations were
substituted in Article 7.

Judge Read in his separate Opinion at page 169 said:

"The legal rights and interests of Members of the League in
respect of the Mandate, survived with one important exception-
this Court, their right to implead the Union before the Permanent
Court lapsed."

It is not clear on what reasoning the learned Judge arrived at
this conclusion. He apparently argued that inasmuch as the
Mandate for South West Africa was still in existence, the rights of

States which were Members of the League at its dissolution must
still exist.It is not possible to reconciie this reasoning with the
Judge's conclusion that inasmuch as the League had come to an
end Respondent's obligations in respect of reporting and account-
ability had come to an end. He does not appear to have appreciated
339that just as Article 6 of the Mandate depended for its fulfilment
on the existence of the League, so Article 7 depended for its ful-
filment on the existence of Members of the League. Presumably his
reasons were the same as those of Judge McNair, with which 1
shall deal presently .

In his separate Opinion Sir Arnold McNair said:
"The judicial suflervisionhas been expressly preserved by means
of Article 37 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice
adopted in 1945:
'Whenever a treaty or convention in force provides for reference
of a matter to a tribunal to have been instituted by the League of
Nations, or to the Permanent Court of International Justice,
the matter shall, as between the parties to the present Statute,
be referred to the International Court of Justice.'
This article effected a successionbythe International Court to the
compulsory jurisdiction conferred upon the Permanent Court by Ar-
ticle 7 of the Mandate; for there can be no doubt that the Mandate,
which embodies international obligations, belongs to the category of
treaty or convention; in the judgment of the Permanent Court in the
Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions(Jurisdiction) case, Series A,
No. 2,p. 35, the Palestine Mandate was referred to as an 'interna-
tional agreement'; and 1 have endeavoured to show that the agree-
ment between the Mandatory and other Members of the League
embodied in the Manàate is still 'in force'. The expression 'Member
of the League of Nations' is descriptive, in my opinion, not condi-
tional, and does not mean 'solong asthe League exists andthey are
Members of it'; their interest in the performance of the obligations
of the Mandate did not accrue to them merely from membership of
the League, as an examination of the content of the Mandate makes
clear. Moreover, the Statute of the International Court empowers
it to cal1from the parties for 'any document' or 'any explanations'
(Article 49);and to entrust any 'individual, body, bureau, commis-
sionor other organization that it may select, with the task ofcarrying
out an enquiry.. .'(Article 50). Article 94 of the Charter empowers
dations or decide upon measures to be taken to give effect to the
judgment' of the Court, in the event of a party to a case failing to
carryout a judgment ofthe Court. In addition, the GeneralAssembly
or the Security Council of the United Nations may request the Court
to give an advisory opinion on any legal question (Article 96 of the
Charter)."

1 must confess that I do not understand the significance in the
inquiry of the articles of the Statute of this Court andthe Charter
referred to in the sentence commencing: "Moreover the Statute
of the International Court. .."
The learned Judge came to the conclusion that the word Meinber
.of the League of Nations in Article 7 is descriptive, and that it
did not mean "so long as,the League exists and they are Membersof it".1 have dealt fully with the provisions of the Mandate and
the Covenant and 1 have indicated that the phrase "Member
of the League of Nations" cannot mean "ex-member of the League
of Nations". "Member of the League" must clearly in the absence
of any amendment of Article 7 be given the same meaning today it

had when the Mandate first came into existence. Membership of
the League was necessary before a State could obtain locus standi
to bring proceedings under Article 7, and similarly continued
Membership was necessary to retain such loczfisstandi. The clear
and unambiguous meaning of the words "Member of the League" is
therefore a Member of the League at the time when the particular
provisions of the Article are sought to be applied. It was clearly
never intended that the rights conferred on Members of the League
as Members of the League would continue to be held after Member-
ship had ceased. The words "Member of the League" appear in
al1the Mandates and when construed in their context cannot include
States which were but are no longer Members of the League.

The meaning of the words "Member of the League" in Article 7
is so clear that the task of interpretation can hardly be said to arise.
It is not allowed to interpret that which has no need of interpre-
tation.
The learned Judge further stated that the interest of Members of
the League in the performance of the obligations of the Mandate

"did not accrue to them merely from Membership of the League,
as an examination of the content of the Mandate makes clear".
Be this as it may, it is clear that the right to bring proceedings in
the Permanent Court of International Justice accrued to Members
of the League entirely from such Membership. This right flowsfrom
Article 7 of the Mandate and from nothing else. IfArticle 7 were
repealed no such right would have remained. If the Article never
existed, the right would never have existed.

It is accordingly clear that even if Members of the League had
an interest in the performance of the Mandate which did not accrue
from their Membership such interest could not provide any State
with locus standi to bring proceedings in the Permanent Court of
International Justice where such locus standi was not conferred by
Article 7 of the Mandate.

Manley O. Hudson criticizes Judge Mcil'air'sopinion as follows
in the American Journal of InternationaLaw, Vol.45 (1951 p),16:

scriptive,not conditional',andthatt does not mean so longas the-

341 Leagueexists and thy are Membersof it. Yet what States does it
describe?Does the phrase mean another State which wasa Member
of the League of Nations on December17, ~gzo?If so, Brazil would
be included,though it withdrew fromthe Leagueof Nations in 1923,
and Egypt and Mexicowould be excluded because they were ad-
mitted to the Leagueof Nations at later dates. Doesthe phrase now
mean another State which was a Member of the League just prior
to its dissolution? JudgecNairseemsto have been willingto give
it this import. Yet some States in this category-for example,
nowbe 'States entitled to appear beforethe Court'.In any event, the
meaning is so imprecise that perhaps the Court might have shown
morehesitancein declaringthe replacementto be made in the second
paragraph of Article7 of the Mandate."

The question now anses to what extent the 1950 Advisory
Opinion of this Court should be considered binding in these pro-
ceedings. It is common cause that an Opinion has not the authority
of res jz,tdicatanor does the stare decisis rule apply.1have already
referred to the provisions of Article38 and Article 59 of the Statute
of this Court, the effect of which is that a decision of this Court is
only binding on the parties thereto and that its decisions must be
regarded as subsidiary means for the determining of des of law.
In its Opinion of 30 March 1950 (Interpetution of Peace Treaties
1950, I.C.J., page 71), this Court held that "The Court's reply is
oniy of an advisory character, it has no binding force", and "The
Court's Opinion is given not to States but to the organ which is
entitled to request it". This Court will obviously not readily depart
from a prior ruling especially if the subsequent proceedings involve
substantially the same legal issues. It must, in view of its high

mission, attribute to its Opinions legal value and moral authority,
but when in a subsequent proceeding it becomes clear that an
Opinion previously given is wrong, this Court, however reluctant
it may be to do so, has no option but to Say so.

The issue with which this Court was primarily concerned in 1950
was whether the Mandate was still in force; the question whether
Article 7 still applied was not formulated as a specific question for
the Court's consideration and was merely an incidental issue. It
apparently received very little attention. Dr. Stein, who appeared
on behalf of the Respondent, advanced the contention that by
reason of the dissolution of the League there were no longer any
States which could invoke Article 7 of the Mandate but he ap-
parently regarded this contention as a legal proposition which did

not require further argument.The Majority Opinion disposed there-
of in one single passage, the meaning of which is obscure. In any
event, it has been shown that the two Articles, that is, Article 37
of the Statute of this Court and Article 80 (1) of the Charter, relied
upon by the Court, cannot support its conclusion. It is abundantly
342clear that the Court was either unaware of al1 the facts or failed
to appreciate their true significance. A full consideration of all the
material facts leads to the inescapable conclusion that the aforesaid
statement inthe 1950Opinion was erroneous. In these circumstances
there can be no doubt that it is now this Court's duty to rectify
and not to perpetuate its error.
1accordingly come to the conclusion that Article 7 of the Mandate
cannot be invoked as there are no longer Members of the League

to do so. The Respondent has not been a party to any agreement
in terms whereof it agreed that after the dissolution of the League
ex-Members of the League or Members of the United Nations would
be substituted for Member of the League in Article 7of the Mandate
Declaration. It follows that the Applicants have no loczrstandi and
this Court no jurisdiction in the present proceedings.

It is clear that a finding in favour of the Respondent on any of
the issues raised in the Objectionsnécessarilymeans that this Court
has no jurisdiction to deal with the present matter, but in view of
the importance of this matter 1 shall briefly state my views in
regard to some aspects of the remaining issues. At the-outset 1wish
to state that 1am in full agreement with the Opinions of President
Winiarski, Judge Sir Percy Spender and Judge Sir Gerald Fitz-
maurice and Judge Morelli.
The issues stated in the Applications in effect relate exclusively
to the tutelage obligations of the Respondent concerning the peoples
of South West Africa and the Applicants do not claim that their

own interests or that of their citizens are affected. Itis clear that
the Applicants' only motive for bringing these proceedings is their
humanitarian concern for the peoples of the aforesaid territory.

This raises the question whether the Respondent has agreed to
~he Applicants submitting to this Court disagreements relating
exclusively to the interpretation or application of the Respondent's
tutelage obligations and not affecting the Applicants' legal rights
or the legal rights of their citizens.
The compromissory clause in Article 7 provides for reference of
any "dispute" relating to the interpretation or application of the
provisions of the Mandate to the Permanent Court of International
Justice. The enquiry is whether what is sought to be referred to
this Court is a "dispute" within the meaning of this clause.
The first question that anses is whether the word "dispute" in
Article 7means "disagreement embracing any difference of opinion"
or whether it means "a difference concerning the legal rights of the
parties". Both meanings are possible and one must now invoke the
rules of construction and determine, in the light of such evidence

343of intention as is available, which of these meanings should be
preferred. The reasons for preferring the latter meaning are, in
my opinion, unanswerable.
If the word "dispute" is given the meaning of "disagreement
embracing any difference of opinion" it leads to absurd results. It
would mean that it was intended that a Member State could bring

academic differences of opinion to this Court or differences of opinion
relating solely to the interests of another Member of the League or
even a non-Member.
Itwill be recalled that the draft Mandate ~eclaration submitted
by the British Govemment to the Council of the League contained
a provision which provided for disputes between Members of the
League relating to the interpretation orapplication of the provisions
of the Mandate to be submitted to the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice. The reason for changing the wording to the present
form was that Members of the League could not be bound without
their consent. There was no intention to change the meaning of the
word "dispute". If the wording of the original draft was retained
and if the word "dispute" is given the meaning of any difference
of opinion it would have meant that one Member of the League
could have brought proceedings against another Member of the

League relating to a difference of opinion as to the rights of a
third State.
A study of the provisions of Article 36 of the Statute of the
Permanent Court of International Justice leaves no doubt that it
was intended that the Permanent Court of International Justice
should, apart from its duty to give Opinions, be concerned with
legal disputes only. It seems to me quite clear that had any State
referred a dispute to the Permanent Court of International Justice
for adjudication in respect of a matter which did not concern the
rights of such State or its citizens the Court would have refused to
deal with the matter. It would have said that in terms of its own
constitution it was not competent to deal with differences of opinion
or with conflicts of views unrelated to the legal rights of the party
requesting adjudication.
The generally accepted meaning of the word "dispute" in compro-

missos. clauses is a differencebetween States conceming their legal
rights.
Itis clear from the Judgment of the majority, as well as from the
rninonty Opinions in the Mavrommatis case, P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 2,that a legal right was regarded as necessary for locus standi
on the part of the Applicant. If the word "dispute". was considered
to embrace all disagreements irrespective of any legal right or
interest on the part of the Member of the League seeking to invoke
the Article there would have been no need for enquiring into the
legal rights of the Greek Government.
In my view, there can be no doubt that the word "dispute" should
be interpreted as meaning a disagreement between the Mandatos.660 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

and another Member of the League concerning the legal rights of
such Member.
The next enquiry is whether the present proceedings relate to a
disagreement concerning the Applicants' legal rights.

Applicants contend that they possess the legal right to demand

compliance by the Respondent of al1its tutelage obligations, irre-
spective of whether such obligations affect their rights or the rights
of their citizens. This contention requires a careful examination of
the provisions of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations
and the provisions of the Mandate Declaration.
It will be observed that paragraph 2 of Article22 of the Covenant
provides that the tutelage of the peoples of the territory concerned
should be exercised by the Mandatory on behalf of the League. It

does not provide that the tutelage should be exercised on behalf
of the League and its individual Members. The Mandatory is re-
quired by paragraph 7 of Article22, to report to the Council of the
League. There is no provision requiring the Mandatory to account
to any individual Member of the League. Paragraph I of Article 22
provides that securities for the performance of the sacred trust .
of civilization are to be embodied in the Covenant itself. These
securities do not include supervision by the individual Members of
the League.

Article22 of the Covenant of the League requires the Mandatory
to exercise the tutelage of the peoples concerned on behalf of the
League. It is clear that Article 22 conferred no general rights on
individual States to supervise the Mandatories in any way other
than through their activities as Members of the League. The fact
that Members of the League were concerned about the well-being
and development of these peoples does not mean that it was intend-
ed that each individual State should have the right to demand
from the Mandatory compliance with the tutelage obligations. The

fact that Members of the League were entitled to participate in the
discussions of the League did not confer legal rights on each Member
of the League to supervise the Mandates. The common humani-
tarian concern of Member States forthe well-being and development
of these peoples led to the creation of a super\7isory body and this
supervisory body was clothed with the general right to claim
compliance by the Mandatory of its tutelage obligations.
Itis clear that the intention was that al1the provisions relating

to the Mandatories should be embodied in Article 22 Save that
under the provisions of paragraph 8 of Article 22 "the degree of
authority, control or administration to be exercised by the Manda-
tory" was to be agreed upon by the Members of the League and if
they failed to do so it was to be explicitly defined by the Council
of the League. There, accordingly, was not only no provision to the
effect that individual Member States of the League would have the
right to demand cornpliance by the Mandatory of its sacred trust

345obligations but no provision was made for any organ of the League,
or any other body, adding a provision to this effect. Article 22 of
the Covenant of the League could only be amended by the Members
of the League whose representatives composed the Council and by
a majority of the Assembly in terms of Article 26 of the Covenant.
The Council of the League could not do so on its own. The Council
of the League could, therefore, only define the degree of control,
authority or administration to be exercized by the Mandatory but

could not amend Article 22. The authority to define the degree of
control, authority oradministration did not include authority. to add
to the securities set out in Articl22,not only because its authority
under paragraph 8 did not include such a power, but also because
Article 22 requires in terms the application of the principle that
securities for the performance of the trust should be embodied in
the Covenant.

The Council of the League was not authorized to add to, or to
Vary, the securities set out in Article 22. Its sole function was to

define the degree of authority, control or administration to be exer-
cized by the Mandatory. It had no authority to provide for the
control to be exercized over the Mandatory.
If it is correct toay the Council of the League could not amend
Article 22 and if it is correct to Say that the Council of the League
could not add to the securities for the performance of the sacred
trust set outin Article 22, it follows that if Articl7of the Mandate
Declaration purported to have this effect it cannot be valid. If
Article 7 means that each Member of the League of Nations was.
given the legal right to demand compliance with the sacred trust

obligations of the Mandatory, it means that the Council not only
exceeded its authority under Article 22 (8)but that it purported to
amend Article 22. Article 7should be given a meaning which renders
it valid rather than one that renders it invalid. It would be valid
if it is construed as a provision that Members of the League
could refer disagreements relating to their own rights to the Per-
manent Court of International Justice.

In addition to the provisions exclusively designed to promote the
well-being and development of the peoples of the territories con-

cerned, Article 22 also contained provisions designed primarily for
the benefit of Member States, e.g., the so-calledopen-door provisions
for trade and commerce. Even in regard to these obligations
Members of the League were clearly given no general right to
demand compliance therewith. Each State could only demand com-
pliance in so far asits interests, or the interests of its citizens, were
concerned. If, for example, State A was given greater opportunities
of trade by a Mandatory than any other State, State A could not
institute proceedings under the provisions of the compromissory
clause to claim that its opportunity should be less or that the

opportunities of another State should be more.
346 662 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIP:OF JUDGE V.4NWYK)

It seems clear that the compromissory clause in Article 7 was
not designed to create legal obligations other than the obligation
on the part of the Respondent to submit to the jurisdiction of the
Permanent Court of International Justice in respect of any pro-
ceedings brought by Members of the League to enforce their legal
rights under the Mandates. In other words, Article 7 merely provides
for the adjudication of disagreements in which the Plaintiff State

has a legal right, but itdoes not create any other legal rights. The
legal rights of the Member States must be gathered from Article 22
of the Covenant of the League and the Mandate as a whole. 1 have
already indicated that the supervisory functions with regard to the
Mandates were in express terms reserved for the Council of the
League, and that there could not have been any intention that in
addition each and every Member of the 1,eague would stand in the
position of custodian of the rights of the peoples of the territories
concerned.
My conclusion, accordingly, is that the Respondent has not
agreed to the Applicants instituting any action against it on the

interpretation or application of the provisions of the Mandate where
the Applicants' own rights, or the rights of their citizens, are
not in issue, and this affords an additional reason for holding that.
this Court has no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the present
proceedings.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JCDGE VAN WYK

The jurisdiction of this Court is provided for in Articles36 and
37 of its Statute. It is common cause that paragraphs 2-5 of Arti-
cle36 do not apply in this case, and it is therefore only necessary
to refer to the first paragraph of Article, which reads as follows:

"1. The jurisdiction of the Court comprises al1cases which the
Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions ine
force."

This is not a case which has been referred to this Court by the
parties, nor isit a matter specially provided for in the Charter.
Article37 provides inter aliathat whenever a treaty or convention
in force provides for reference of a matter to the Permanent Court
of International Justice, the matter shall be referred to this Court.
The legal effect of these provisions is that this Court has no juris-
diction in the present matter unless there exists a treaty or con-
vention in force which speciallyprovides for reference of this matter
to this Court or the Permanent Court of International Justice.

rrom the above it is clear-indeed, i'tis common cause-that
the jurisdiction of this Court depends upon consent (see Case
concerning the Factory at Chorzdw, P.C.I.J., Series A, No.g, 26 July
1927, p. 32, and Rosenne's InternationalCozdrtofJustice, 1957, pp.
260, 318-~zo), and in this case such consent must be embodied in
a treaty or convention in force. Consent to jurisdiction cannot be
presumed (see Aerial Incident of 27July I955, I.C.J. Ig59, p.142).

Sir H. Lauterpacht, in The Developmentof International Law by
theInternational Court,1958, page 91, states the rule as follows:

"The Court ..has emphasized repeatedly the necessity for ex-
treme caution in assuming jurisdiction, which must be proved up
to the hilt. Numerous Judgments show the Court as 'bearing in
mindthe fact that itsjurisdictionisIimited,that it isinvariablybased
on the consent of the Respondent and only exists in so far as this
impression that the Court, in an excess of zeal, has assumed juris-
diction wherenone has been conferred upon it."

See also Manley O. Hudson in ThePermanentCourtofInternation-
al Jastice, 1920-1942,page 660.
The Applicants claim that this Court has jurisdiction to determine
the issues raised in their Applications and Memorials by virtue of
260 OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. VAN WYK
[Traduction]
La juridiction de la Cour est fixée aux articles 36 et 37 de son
Statut. On sait que les paragraphes 2 à 5 de l'article 36 n'entrent
pas ici en ligne de compte car seul le premier paragraphe de l'arti-

cle 36 est applicable en l'espèce; ce paragraphe est libellé comme
suit:
((I.La compétencede la Cour s'étend à toutes les affaires que les
parties lui soumettront ainsi qu'à tous les cas spécialementprévus
dans la Charte des Nations Unies ou dans les traités et conventions
en vigueur. ))

Il ne s'agit en l'espèce ni d'une affaire soumise à la Cour par les
parties, ni d'un cas spécialement prévu dans la Charte. L'article 37
dispose notamment que, lorsqu'un traité ou une convention en
vigueur prévoit le renvoi à la Cour permanente de Justice interna-
tionale, la Cour internationale de Justice constituera cette juri-
diction. La conséquence juridique de cette disposition est que
la Cour n'est compétente en l'espèce que s'il existe un traité ou
une convention en vigueur prévoyant spécialement le renvoi àla

Cour internationale de Justice ou à la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale.
Ce qui précèdeindique clairement - et c'est unfait connu -- que
la juridiction de la Cour repose sur le consentement (voir l'affaire
relativeà l'UsinedeChorzdw,C. P. J. I., SérieA, no 9, 26 juillet 1927,
p. 32; et l'ouvrage de Rosenne, Interaational Court of Justice, 1957,
pp. 260, 318-320) ; et en l'espèce le consentement doit êtreincorporé
dans le traité ou la convention en vigueur. On ne saurait présumer
ce consentement (voir Incident aériendu 27 juillet 1955, C. I. J.
Recueil 1959, p. 142). Sir H. Lauterpacht, dans son ouvrage The
Development of International Law by the International Cozcrt,1958,

page 91, en énonce comme suit la règle:
((La Cour ...a soulignéà maintes reprises la nécessitd'userd'une
extrêmeprudence pour affirmer qu'il y a compétence,et celle-cidoit
êtreabondamment prouvée.De nombreux arrêtsmontrent que la
Cour garde «présent à l'esprit le fait que sa compétenceest limitée,
qu'elle est invariablement fondéesur le consentement du défendeur
et qu'elle n'existe que dans la mesure où ce consentement a été
donné ».Il convient de ne rien faire qui puisse créer l'impression
que la Cour, par excèsde zèle, s'est déclaréecompétente alorsque
compétencene lui avait pas étéconférée. ))

Voir aussi Manley O. Hudson, The Permanent Court of International
Justice 1920-1942, page 660.
Les demandeurs affirment que la Cour est compétente pour
trancher les questions soulevées dans leurs requêtes et leurs mé-the provisions of Article 7 of the Mandate Declaration for South
West Africa read with Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of
Nations, and Article 37 of the Statute of this Court and Article 80(1)

of the Charter of the United Nations. This means that the Applicants
contend that the aforesaid provisions constitute terms of treaties
or conventions in force which embody the consent of the Respondent
to the present matter being submitted to this Court by the Appli-
cants.
It is therefore necessary to determine the meaning and legal
effect of Article7of the Mandate Declaration asread with Article 22
of the Covenant of the League of Nations, as well as the meaning
and legal effect of the aforesaid provisions of the Statute of this
Court and the Charter of the United Nations. This must be done
in accordance with the principles of construction, as applicable in
international law in terms of Article 38 of the Statute of this Court.
which reads as follows:

"1. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with
international lawsuch disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply:

(a) international conventions, w-hethergeneral or particular,
establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting States;
(b) international custom, as evidenceof a general practice ac-
cepted as law;
.(c)the generalprinciplesoflawrecognized by civilizednations;

(d) subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions
and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the
various nations, as subsidiary mtxansfor the determination ofrules
of law.
2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to
decide a case ex aeqaoet bono,if the parties agree thereto."

Article 59, referred to in Article 38 (d), provides that a decision
of this Court has no binding force except between the parties and
in respect of that particular case. It follows that "judicial decisions"
mentioned in Article 38 (d) include the decisions of this Court.

There are no parties to Opinions of this Court and in terms of
Article 59 such opinions have no binding force. It follows that
Opinions of this Court, even if they relate to the same legal issues
now being considered, cannot be more than a subsidiary means for
the determination of the rules of international law. The general
principles of law recognized by civilized nations must always
prevail where those principles are in conflict with any views stated
in previous decisions of this Court.
There can be no doubt that al1 contracts, including treaties and
conventions that operate in international law, owe their effect in
law to the common consent of the parties thereto: moires en vertu des dispositions de l'article 7 de la déclaration de
Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, à la lumière de l'article 22 du
Pacte de la Société desNations et de l'article 37 du Statut de la
Cour, ainsi que de l'article 80, paragraphe 1, de la Charte des
Nations UnieS. Ce qui signifie que les demandeurs prétendent que
ces dispositions constituent les termes de traités ou conventions en
vigueur renfermant le consentement du défendeur à ce que les pré-
sentes affaires soient soumises'à la Cour par les demandeurs.

Il convient donc de définirle sens et l'effet juridique de l'article 7
de la déclaration de Mandat à la lumière de l'article 22 du Pacte
de la Sociétédes Nations, ainsi que le sens et la portée juridique des
susdites dispositions du Statut de la Cour et de la Chartedes h'ations
Unies. La Cour devra le faire conformément aux principes d'inter-
prétation applicables en droit international, en vertu de l'article 38
du Statut de la Cour qui énonce:

((I.La Cour,dont la missionest de régler conformémena tu droit
international les différendsqui lui sont soumis, applique:

a)les conventions internationales, soit généraless,oit spéciales,
ktablissantdesrèglesexpressémentreconnues par lesEtats enlitige;
b) la coutume internationale comme preuve d'une pratique
générale acceptéceommeétantle droit;

lisées;es principes générauxde droit reconnus par les nations civi-

d) sous réservede la disposition de l'article 59, les décisions
judiciaireset la doctrine des publicisteslesplus qualifiésdesdiffé-
rentes nations, comme moyen auxiliaire de détermination des
règles dedroit.
2. La présente dispositionne porte pas atteinte à la facultépour
la Cour, si les parties sont d'accord,de statuerex aequo etbono. »

L'article 59 mentionné dans l'article 38 d)disposequ'une décision
de la Courn'est obligatoirequepour les parties en litige et dans lecas
qui a étédécidé.Il s'ensuit que les ((décisionsjudiciaires Bmention-
nées à l'article38 d) comprennent les décisionsde la Cour. Il n'y a
pas de parties aux avis de la Cour et, d'après l'article 59, ces avis
ne sont pas obligatoires. Il s'ensuit que les avis de la Cour, même
s'ils ont trait aux questions juridiques actuellement examinées, ne
représentent qu'un moyen subsidiaire de déterminer les règles de
droit international. Les principes générauxde droit reconnus par

les nations civiliséesdoivent toujours prévaloir lorsque ces principes
sont en conflit avec toute opinion énoncéedans des décisions an-
térieures de la Cour.
Il est certain que tous les contrats, y compris les traités et
conventions dans le domaine du droit international, tirent leur
effet du consentement mutuel des parties :577 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS.OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

ReservationstotheConventionon Genocide,Advisory O#inion :I.C.J.
Refiorts1951, p. 15; at p. 21:
"It is well established that in its treaty relations a State cannot
be bound without its consent. .. It is also a generally recognized
principle that a multilateral convention is the result of an agreement
freely concluded upon its clauses."
Page 26:

"...no State can be bound by a reservation to which it has not
consented...".
Pages 31-32$ ,er Judges Guerrero,Sir Arnold McNair, Read and
Hsu Mo :

"The consent of the parties is the basis of treaty obligations...
The fact that in so many of the multilateral conventions of the
past hundred years, whether negotiated by groups of States or
agreed to create new rules of law or to declare existing dese of
law, with the result that this activity is often descnbed as 'legis-
lative' or 'quasi-legislative', must not obscure the fact that the
legal basis of these conventions, and the essential thing that brings
them into force, is the common consent of the parties."

See also Ralston, J. H. The Law and Procedureof International
Tribunals, Revised Edition (Stanford:Stanford University Press,
1926), p.6.
For this reason, there exists the universally accepted basic
pnnciple applicable inthe interpretation of al1contracts, including
treaties, conventions, and other international agreements that one
should endeavour to amve at the true common intention of the
parties relative to the agreement in question as it existed at the
time agreement was reached.
This rule appears to be self-evident and is common cause but,
as it is ofsuch crucial importance in this matter it ments detailed
consideration.

The rule in the United Kingdom is stated in Chitty onContracts,
22nd EditZon(1961) at page 583, as follows:
"The object of al1construction of the terms of a written agreement
is to discover therefrom the intention of the parties to the agree-
ment."
Article 1156 of the French CodeCivil provides:

"On doit dans les conventionsrechercher quellea été la commune
intentiondes parties contractantes,#lutôt que de s'arrêtea ru sens
littéral deermes."
Similar rules apply in every legal system that 1 have been able
to refer to, e.g., Belgium, CodeCivil Art. 1156; The Netherlands,
Burgerlijk Wetboek Art. 1379; Italy, Code Art. 1362; Germany,
262 AFF. S.-O. AFRICAIN (OPIN. DISS. DE M. VAN WYK) 577

Réserves à la convention pourla préventionetlarépressiondu crime de
génocide,avis consultatif, C. I. J. Recueil 1g5I, page 15 : Page 21 :
(cIl est bien établiqu'un État ne peut, dans ses rapports conven-
tionnels, être lié sans son consentement ...On peut également
considérercomme un principe reconnu que toute convention rnulti-
latérale estlefruit d'un accordlibrementintervenu sur sesclauses...»

Page 26:
((..aucun État ne peut êtreliépar une réserve à laquelle il n'a
pas consenti...»

Pages 31-32, opinion dissidente de M. Guerrero,sir Arnold MclL'air,
MM. Read et Hsu Mo:

Le consentement des parties forme la base des obligations con-
ventionnelles...Il est de fait qu'au cours des cent dernières années,
dans de nqmbreuses conventionsmultilatérales négociées soit parun
groupe dJEtats, soit par la Société desNations, soit parles Nations
Unies, les parties sont convenues de créer de nouvelles règles
juridiques ou de déclarer desrègles déjà existantes, en sorte que
cette activité a souvent étéqualifiéede ((législative))ou de quasi
de cesconventionssc-fal'élémenmrt oteur essentiel qui assureleur miseue
en vigueur - se trouve dans le consentementmutuel des parties. »

Voir également J. H. Ralston, The Law and Procedure of Inter-
national Tribunals, RevisedEdition, Stanford,Stanford University
Press, 1926, page 6.

C'est le fondement du principe fondamental universellement
reconnu, applicable à l'interprétation de tous contrats, y compris
les traités, conventions et autres accords internationaux, selon
lequel il faut s'efforcer d'établir la véritable intention commune des
parties au sujet de l'accord en question tel qu'il existait au moment
où cet accord a étéconclu.
Cette règle semble aller de soi et est reconnue par tous mais,

étant donné son importance vitale en la matière, elle mérite
d'êtreexaminée à fond.
Au Royaume-Uni, la règle est énoncéepar Chitty, dans Contracts,
2zme édition, 1961, page 583, dans les termes suivants:
((L'objet de toute interprétation des termes d'un accord écrit est
d'y découvrirl'intentiondes parties àcet accord. »

L'article 1156 du code civil français dispose:
((On doit dans les conventions rechercher quelle a étéla commune
intention des parties contractantes, plutôt que de s'arrêter ausens
littéral des termes.»

Des règles du mêmegenre existent dans tous les systèmes juri-
diques auxquels j'ai pu me référer à savoir, Belgique, code civil,
article 1156 ; Pays-Bas, BurgerlijR Wetboek, article 1379 ; Italie,
262Biirgerliches GesetzbuchArt. 133; Switzerland, Code of Obligations
Art. 18; Greece,Code Art. 173; Hungary, Code Art. 265; Spain,
Code Art. 1259; Poland, Code Art. 108; Egypt, Code Civil Mixte
Art. 199; and Code Civil Indigène Art. 138; Brazil, Code Art. 85;
Chile, Code Art. 1560. There is abundant authority that the same
de applies in international law:

"Colombian-Peruviart asylum case, Judgment of November aoth,
Ig50: I.C. J. Re$orts Ig50, p. 266"; per Judge Read at p. 320:

"There is, however, a pnnciple of international law which is
truly universal. It is given equal recognition in Lima and in London,
in Bogota and in Belgrade, in Rio and in Rome. It is the principle
that, in matters of treaty interpretation, the intention of the parties
must prevail."
"Case concerningrights of nationals of the United States of America

in Morocco,Judgment of August 27th, 1952: I.C. J. Reports 1952,
p. 176"; at pp. 191-192:
"From either point of view, this contention is inconsistent with
the intentions of the parties to the treaties now in question. This
is shown both by the wording of the particular treaties, and by the
general treaty pattern which emerges from an examination of the
treaties made by Morocco with France, the Netherlands, Great
Britain, Denmark, Spain, United States, Sardinia, Austria, Belgium
and Germany over the penod from 1631to 1892.These treaties show
that the intention of the most-favoured-nations clauses was to..."
Ralston, J. H. The Law and Procedure of International Tribunals,

Revised Edition (Stanford : Stanford University Press, I 926),
p. 27:
"As is manifest from al1 of the foregoing, the intention of the
parties must rule, and the pnnciples laid down are after all but
means of determining, as scientifically as the subject will permit,
what the parties' intentions may have been."

Schwarzenberger, G. International Law, Second Edition (London :
Stevens and Sons, 1g4g), Vol. 1, p. 208:
"The purpose of the interpretation of an international treaty is
to ascertain its meaning, i.e. the intention of the contracting parties.
As the Permanent Court of Arbitration had already emphasized in
the Island ofTimor case (1914).'here again, and always, we must
look for the real and harmonious intention of the parties when they
bound themselves'."

Lauterpacht, H. "Restrictive Interpretation and the Principle of
Effectiveness inthe Interpretation of Treaties", The British Year
Book of International Law, Vol. XXVI (1g49), pp. 48-85; at
p. 83:
263 AFF. S.-O.AFRICAIN (OPIN. DISS. DE M. VAN WYK)
578
article 1362 du code; Allemagne,BiirgerlichesGesetzbuch,article 133;
Suisse, code d'obligations, article 18; Grèce,article 173 du code;
Hongrie, article 265 du code; Espagne, articie 1259 du code;
Pologne, article 108 du code; Egypte, code civil mixte, article 199;

et codecivil indigène, article 138; Brésil,article 85 du code; Chili,
article 1560 du code. D'abondants précédents prouvent que la
mêmerègle s'applique en matière de droit international:

((Agaire du droit d'asile(Co1onzbie-Pérou ),rêdtu'aonovembre1950,
C. I.J. Recueil 1950, page 266 »: opinion dissidente de M. Read,
page 320:
«Il existe cependant un principe de droit international véritable-
ment universel. Ce principe est également reconnu à Lima et à
Londres, à Bogota et à Belgrade, àRio et à Rome. C'est le principe
suivant lequel, en matière d'interprétation d'un traité, l'intention
des parties doit prévaloir»

« Agaire relative aux droits des ressortissantsdes États-Unis d'Amé-
rique au Maroc, arrêtdu 27 août I952, C. I. J. Recueil 1952,
page 176 »:aux pages 191-192 :

(Entendue de l'une ou l'autre façon, cetfe thèse n'estpas compa-
tible avec l'intention des parties aux traites dont il s'agit ici. C'est
ce que montre tout à la fois la rédactiondes traités particuliers et
l'objet généralqui se dégagede l'examen des traités conclus de
1631 à 1892 par le Maroc, avec la France, les Pays-Bas, la Grande-
Bretagne, le Danemark, l'Espagne, les États-Unis, la Sardaigne,
l'Autriche, la Belgique et l'Allemagne.Cestraités montrent que les
clauses de la nation la plus favoriséeavaien..))

J. H. Ralston, The Law and Procedureof international Tribunals,
Revised Edition, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1926,
page 27:

«Ainsi qu'il ressort manifestement de tous ce qui précède,c'est
l'intention des parties qui commande et les principes posésne sont,
aprèstout, que desmoyens dedéterminer,aussiscientifiquementque
l'objet le permet, quelle a étél'intention des parti)).

G. Schwarzenberger, International Law, Second Edition, Londres,
Stevens and Sons, 1949, volume 1, page 208:
«L'interprétation d'untraitéinternational a pour but d'envérifier
le sens, c'est-à-dire l'intention des parties contractantes. Comme
l'a déjàsoulignéla Cour permanente d'Arbitrage dans l'affaire de
l'fie de Timor (1914) (~ici encore et toujours, il faut rechercher
l'intention réelleet concordante des parties au moment où elles ont
contracté1)))

H. Lauterpacht, Restrictive Interpretation and thePrinciple of Egec-
tiveness in the Interpretation of Treaties, The British Year Book of
international Law, volume XXVI, 1949, pages 48-85 :àla page 83: 579 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
"It is the intention of the authorof the legal rule in question-
whether it be a contract, a treaty, or a statute-which is thetarting
point and the goal of alinterpretation. It is the duty of the Judge
to resort to al1available means-including niles of construction-
to discover the intention of the parties; to avoid using rules of
interpretation as a ready substitute for active and independent
search for intentions; and to refrain from neglecting any ossible
clues, however troublesome may be their examination and l?owever
liable they may be to abuse, which may reveal or render clear the
intention of the authors of the rule to be interpreted."

Lauterpacht, H. The Developmentof International Law by the Inter-
national Court (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958), p. 227:
"...the fundamental principle of interpretation, that isto Say,'that
effect is to begiven to the intention of the parties'."

Fitzmaurice, G. G. "The Law and Procedure of the International
Court of Justice 1951-1954: Treaty Interpretation and Other
Treaty Points", The British Year Book of International Law,
Vol. XXXIII (1957)~pp. 203-293, at p. 204:

"With the exception of thosewhosu port the extreme teleological
school of thought, no one seriously d? enies that the aim of treaty
interpretation is togive effect to the intentions of the parties."

Through the ages lawyers have evolved auxiliary rules of con-
struction to assist in the determination of the common intention
of the parties toan agreement, and as these des are based on logic,
common sense and long expenence, it is not surprising that they
are substantially the same in almost al1civilized States. It is also,
therefore, not surprising that international tribunals have adopted
them without any significant changes. The purpose of these rules
is to assist the Court in the evaluation of the admissible evidence
-including of course the instruments in question themselves-
relating tothe intention of the parties. Inasmuch as evidence which
is logically relevant in an enquiry as to the intention of the parties

to an agreement is sometimes excluded by the operation of rules
of law, e.g. the rule of estoppel, a conclusion based on the admissible
evidence may sometimes lead to somewhat artificial results. Thus
a party who has signed an instrument which records his assent to
the agreement recorded therein is deemed to have agreed to its
.terms, and cannot be heard to Say that he negligently signed the
instrument without reading it or without studying it properly.
These considerations, however, can never afford a valid excuse for
not determining the intention of the parties. as far as is reasonably
possible. ((C'estl'intention de l'auteur de la règlejuridique en questio-
qu'il s'agisse d'un contrat, d'un traité ou d'une loi- qui est le
devoir d'utiliser tous les moyens possibles-atiy compris les règles
d'interprétation- pour découvrirl'intention des parties; d'éviter
de recourir aux règlesd'interprétation comme un moyen facile de
remplacer la recherche active et indépendantedes intentions; et de
ne pas négligertoutes les indications possibles, sidiacile que soit
leur examen et quels que soient les risques d'abus auxquels elles se
prêtent, qui seraient susceptibles de révélerou de rendre claire
I'intention des auteurs dela,règleà interpréter.))

H. Lauterpacht, The Develofimentof International Law by the fnter-
natiortal Court, Londres, Stevens and Sons, 1958, page 227:

«...le principe fondamental de l'interprétation à savoir qu'il faut
donner effet àl'intention des parties».

G. G. Fitzmaurice, The Law and Procedwreof theInternational Court
ofJustice 1951-195 T4:eatyInterfiretationand OtherTreatyPoints,
The British Year Book of International Law, volume XXXIII,
1957, pages 203-293: à la page 204:

« A l'exception de ceux qui poussent à l'extrêmela conceptionde
I'écoletéléologique,nul ne conteste sérieusement que le but de
l'interprétation du traité est de donner effet aux intentions des
parties.))

A travers les âges les juristes ont élaborédes règles auxiliaires
d'interprétation pour aider à déterminer l'intention commune des
parties à un accord et, ces règles étant fondées sur la logique, le
sens commun et une longue expérience, il n'est pas surprenant
qu'elles soient, au fond, les mêmesdans presque tous les États
civilisés.Il n'est pas surprenant non plus que les tribunaux inter-
nationaux les aient adoptées sans y apporter de modifications
importantes. Elles visent à aider la Cour à apprécier la qualité des

témoignages admissibles - y compris évidemment ,les instruments
en question eux-mêmes - touchant l'intention des parties. Dans la
mesure où les témoignages de ce genre logiquement pertinents pour
la recherche de l'intention des parties à un accord sont parfois
exclus par l'application de certaines règles de droit, comme par
exemple celle de l'esto##el,il peut se faire qu'une conclusion fondée
sur un témoignage admissible amène des résultats assez artificiels.
C'est ainsi qu'une partie qui a signé un instrument mentionnant
son assentiment à l'accord qui fait l'objet de cet instrument doit
être considérée commeen ayant accepté les termes, et ne saurait
êtreadmise à prétendre qu'elle a signénégligemment cet instrument
sansl'avoir lu ou sansl'avoir suffisamment étudié.Cesconsidérations

ne peuvent en aucun cas fournir une excuse valable pour ne pas
définir I'intention des parties dans toute la mesure raisonnable du
possible. One must also bear in rnind that parties frequently deliberately
use wide ternls so as to provide for all possible situations, foreseen

and unforeseen, and it follows that when a situation not foreseen
by the parties anses which falls within the meaning of the words
employed by them they are deemed to have had a comrnon intention
in regard thereto.

The awiliary rules of construction are prima facie pointers to
the probable intention of the parties. One must always bear in
mind that their sole function is to aid the Court in its task of
determining the true common intention of the parties. Lord McNair
aptly remarks, in The Law of Treaties1961, page 366, as follows:
"The many maxirns and phrases which have crystallized out and
abound in the text-books and elsewhere are merely #rima facie
guides to the intention of the parties and.must always give way to
contrary evidence of the intention of the parties in a particular
case. If they are allowed to become our masters instead of our
servants these guides can be very misleading."

Rights originating from a contract may be divided, inter alia,into
persona1 rights and real rights but, whether persona1 or real, such
rights can never embrace anything not included in the common
intention of the parties. A treaty or convention may create an
international institution or it may define the status of a temtory
but its meaning and effect depend primarily on the intention of
the parties thereto. The rule may therefore be stated to be that the
existence, the measure, and the meaning of treaty rights and
obligations are determined in accordancewith the common intention

of the parties to the instrument in question and, in determining
this common intention, the Court invokes the aid of the accepted
rules of construction. In Certain Expenses of the United Nations
(Opinion of 20 July 1962, p. 157) the following appears:

"On the previous occasionswhen the Court has had to interpret
the Charter of the United Nations, it has followed the principles
and rules applicable in general to the interpretation of treaties,
since it has recognized that the Charter is a multilateral treaty."

These rules will be applied in the interpretation of the Covenant
of the League of Nations, the Mandate Declaration for South West
Africa and the Charter of the United Nations; and it is convenient
to deal with the more important rules at this stage.
Inasmuch asthe aim of the parties to a written instrument is to
set forth their agreement in written language which renders their
own intention clear to themselves and to others, it follows that the
most effective method of arriving at this common intention, when
called upon to construe a written agreement, is to find it in the
ordinary, normal, natural, and unrestrained meaning of the words

265 Il convient également de ne pas oublier que les parties font
souvent délibérément usage de termes généraux qui puissent
s'appliquer à toutes les situations possibles, prévisibles ou non, et
il s'ensuit que, lorsque surgit une situation non prévue par les
parties auxquelles sont applicables les termes employés par ces
parties, on,doitestimer qu'il y a eu de leur part commune intention
à cet égard.

Les règles auxiliaires d'interprétation indiquent prima facie l'in-
tention probable des parties. Il faut bien se rappeler que leur unique
fonction est d'aider la Cour à déterminer la véritable intention
commune des parties. Dans son livre The'Law of Treaties, 1961,
page 366, lord McNair remarque très justement:
« Les nombreuses maximeset formules qui se sont cristalliséeset
qui abondent dans les ouvrages et ailleurs ne sont que de simples
guides prima facie pour découvrir l'intention des parties. Elles
doivent toujours céderdevant la preuve contraire de l'intention des
parties dans un cas donné.Si on leur permettait de devenir nos
maîtres au lieu d'êtrenos serviteurs, ces guides risqueraient de
conduire à des erreurs.1)

Des droits contractuels peuvent se diviser, entre autres, en droits
personnels et en droits réelsmais, qu'ils soient personnels ou réels,
ces droits ne peuvent jamais englober des élémentsqui ne soient
pas inclus dans l'intention commune des parties. Un traité ou une
convention peut créer une institution internationale ou définir le

statut d'un territoire, mais sa signification et son effet dépendent
en premier lieu de l'intention des parties contractantes. On peut
donc énoncer la règle suivante: l'existence, la mesure et la signifi-
cation de droits et d'obligations découlant d'un traité sont détermi-
néesconformément àl'intention commune des parties àl'instrument
en question et, en déterminant cette intention commune, la Cour
invoque l'aide des règles d'interprétation acceptées. Dans l'affaire
relative à Certaines dépenses des Nations Unies (avis consultatif du
20 juillet 1962, p. 157) on lit ce qui suit:

«Dans les affaires précédentesoù la Cour a dii interpréter la
Charte des Nations Unies, elle a suivi les principes et les règles
applicables en général à l'interprétation des traités, étant donné
qu'ellea reconnu que la Charte est un traité multilatéral.1
Ces règles seront appliquées à l'interprétation du Pacte de la

Sociétédes Nations, de la déclaration de Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest
africain et de la Charte des Nations Unies; il convient donc mainte-
nant de traiter des plus importantes de ces règles.
Puisque les parties à un instrument écritont pour but d'énoncer
leur accord en un langage écrit exposant clairement leur intention
à eux-mêmeset aux autres, il s'ensuit que la méthode la plus efficace
pour découvrir cette intention commune, lorsqu'il s'agit d'un
accord écrit, est de la rechercher dans le sens ordinaire, normal,
naturel et non restrictif des termes de l'instrument dans le contexte

265 581 S. W. AFRIC.4 CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
inthe instrument inthe context in which they appear. SeeHalsbury's
Laws of England, 3rd Edition, Volume II, page 632; Cheshire and
Fifoot Law of Contracts, 5th Edition, page 1056.
The rule with regard to statutes is the same-see Maxwell on
InterpretationofStatutes, 11th Edition, page 3. Where the words of

an instrument in their context make sense, there should be no
reason for doubting that they express the common intention of the
parties and the need for interpretation does not really arise.

A similar rule has been applied by this Court, and by its prede-
cessor :
Acquisition of Polish Nationality, P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 7, 15

September 1923, p. 20:
"The Court's task is clearly defined. Having before it a clause
which leaves little to be desired in the nature of clearness, it is
bound to apply this clause asit stands, without considering whether
other provisions rnight with advantage have been added to or
substituted for it." .
Competenceof Assembly regardingadmissionto the'UnitedNations,
Advisory Opinion: I.C.J. Reports 1950, p.4; at p. 8:

"The Court êonsidersit necessary to say that the first duty of a
tribunal which is called upon to interpret and apply the provisions
of a treaty, is to endeavour to give effect to them in their natural
and ordinary meaning in the context in which they occur. If the
relevant words in their natural and ordinary meaning make sense
the words in their natural and ordinary meaning are ambiguous or hand,
lead to an unreasonableresult, then, and then only, must the Court,
by resort to other methods of interpretation, seek to ascertain what
the parties really did mean when they used these words. As the
Permanent Court said in the case concerning the Polish Postal
Servicein Danzig (P.C.I.J., Series B, No.II, p. 39):

'It isacardinal principle of interpretation that words must be
interpreted in the sense which they would normally have in their
context, unless such interpretation would lead to something
unreasonable or absurd.'

When the Court can give effect to a provision of a treaty by
it may not interpret the words by seeking to give them some other,
meaning."

See also Interpretation of Peace Treaties (secondphase), Advisory
Opinion: I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 221; at p. 227,

Colo'mbian-Peruvian asylum case,Judgment of Novemberzoth, 19 50 :
I.C.J. Reports1950 ,. 226, at p. 279,
266 AFF. S.-O. AFRICAIN (OPIX. DISS. DE M. VAN WYK)
581
où ils se présentent. Voir Halsbury, Laws of England, 3me édition,
volume II, page 632; Cheshire et Fifoot, Law of Contracts, sm e di-
tion, page 1056.
En ce qui concerne les statuts, la règle est la même - voir
Maxwell, Interpretation of Statutes, 11me édition, page 3. Là où les

termes d'un instrument signifient quelque chose dans leur contexte,
il ne devrait pas y avoir de raison de douter qu'ils expriment
l'intention commune des parties et l'interprétation n'est pas réelle-
ment nécessaire.
Une règle analogue a étéappliquée par la présente Cour et par
sa devancière :

Acquisition de la nationalitépolonaise, C. P. J. I., Série B no 7,
15 septembre 1923, page 20:
« Le devoir de la Cour est nettement tracé. Placée en présence
d'un texte dont la clarté ne laisse rienà désirer, elle est tenue de
l'appliquer tel qu'il est, sans qu'elle aitse demander si d'autres
dispositions auraient pu lui êtreajoutées ou substituées avec avan-
tage.))

Compétencede L'Assemblée générp alur L'admissiond'un État a.ux
Nations Unies, avis consultatif, C. I. J. Recueil 1950, page 4:
à la page 8 :

tribunal appelétànéinterpréter etàe appliquer les dispositions d'un
traité est de s'efforcer de donner effet, selon leur sens naturel et
ordinaire,à ces dispositions prises dans leur contexte. Si les mots
pertinents, lorsqu'on leur attribue leur signification naturelle et
ordinaire, ont un sens dans leur contexte, l'examen doit s'arrêter là.
En revanche, si les mots, lorsqu'on leur attribue leur signification
naturelle et ordinaire,sont équivoquesou conduisent à des résultats
déraisonnables, c'est alors et alors seulement - que la Cour doit
rechercher par d'autres méthodesd'interprétation ce que les parties
avaient en réalité dans l'esprit quand elles se sont servies des mots
dont il s'agit. Comme l'a dit la Cour permanente dans l'affaire
relative au Servicepostalpolonais à Dantzig (C. P. J. I., Série B
no II,p. 39):

C'est un principe fondamental d'interprétation que les mots
doivent êtreinterprétésselon le sens qu'ils auraient normalement
dans leur contexte, à moins que l'interprétation ainsi donnée ne
conduise à des résultats déraisonnablesou absurdes. ))
Quand la Cour peut donner effet à la disposition d'un traité en
donnant aux mots dont on s'est servi leur sens naturel et ordinaire,
elle ne peut interpréter ces mots en cherchant à leur donner une
autre signification))

Voir également Interprétationdes traitésde paix (deuxième plzase),
avis consultatif, C. I. J. Recueil 1950, page 221, à la page 227;
Agaire du droit d'asile(Colombie]Pérou)a , rrêt u 20 novembreI9.50,
C. I. J.Recueil 1950, page 226; à la page 279;

266 582 S.W. AFRICA C.4SES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGH VAN WYK)

Case concerning rights of nationals of the United States of America
in Morocco,Judgment of August qth, I952: I.C.J. Reports 1952,
p. 176, at p. 189,

Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case (jurisdiction), Judgment of July zznd,
1952, P. 93; at p. 104.
Where it appears from the context that words were not intended
to be used in their ordinary sense, such words should be construed
in harmony with the context. See Halsbury's Laws of England, 3rd

Edition, Vol. II, pages 388-389. The intention of the parties should,
therefore, be gathered from the instrument as a whole rather than
irom any particular words they may have used.
From the above it follows that where words or terms of an instru-
ment are capable of two meanings the object with which they were
inserted, as revealed by the instrument or any other admissible
evidence, may be taken into consideration in order to arrive at
the sense in which they were used and where one interpretation is
consistent with what appears to have been the intention of the
parties and another repugnant to it, the Court will give effect to
this apparent intention. The Court will always prefer an inter-
pretation which renders an agreement valid and effective to an
interpretation which renders it void and ineffective, provided the
former can fairly be said not to be inconsistent with the intention
of the parties. This principle is stated in the rule Ut res magis
valeat quam pereat, vide Halsbury's Lazeisof Englafzd,3rd Edition,

Vol. II, page 391; Craies on Contracts, General Principles, 21st
Edition, page 152; Burgerlijk Wetboek, Article 1380; Italian Code,
Article 1357; French CodeCivil, Article 1157. The rule in the United
States is stated as follows in Williston on Contracts, Revised
Edition, Rev. 8,Vol. 3, Section 620:

"SecondaryRules: The writing will be interpretedif possibleso
that itshall be egectiveand reasonableA . n interpretation which
makes the contract or agreement lawful will be preferred over one
which would make it unlawful; an interpretation which renders
the contract or agreement valid and its performance possible will
be preferred to one which makes it void or its performance im-
possibleor meaningIess; an interpretation which makes the contract
or agreement fair and reasonable will be preferred to one which
leads to harsh or unreasonable results...But the mere fact that
parties have made an irnprovident bargain will not lead a court
to make unnatural implications or artificialinterpretations. A court
will not under the guise of interpretation write a new contract for
the parties."

This principle was recognized by the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice in the case of Chorz6w,Series A, No. 9, page 24:A flaire relativeaux droitsdesressortissantsdesÉtats-unis d'Amérique
au Maroc, arrétdu 27 août 1952: C. I. J.Recz6eil1952;page 176:
à la page 189;

Aflaire de 1'Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (compétence),arrétdu 22 juillet
195.2,page 93 : à la page104.

Là où le contexteindiqueque l'on n'avait pas l'intention d'utiliser
les mots dans leur sens ordinaire, ces mots devraient êtreinterprétés
en harmonie avec le contexte. Voir Halsbury, Laws of England,
3me édition, volume II,pages 388-389. L'intention des parties de-
vrait donc être déduite de l'instrument dans son ensemble plutôt
que de quelques termes particuliers qui y figurent.
Il ressort de ce qui précède que, lorsque les mots ou les termes
d'un instrument peuvent être interprétésde deux façons, on peut
prendre en considération le but en vue duquel ils ont étéutilisés

tel que le révèlent l'instrument ou d'autres preuves admissibles,
afin de trouver le sens dans lequel ils ont étéemployés; et que,
lorsqu'une interprétation est compatible avec ce qui semble avoir
étél'intention des parties alors que l'autre interprétation est in-
compatible, la Cour donnera effet à cette intention apparente. La
Cour préférera toujours une interprétation qui rend un accord
valable et effectifà une interprétation qui le rend nul et sans effet,
à condition que la première puisse être considéréeà juste titre
comme n'étant pas incompatible avec l'intention des parties. Ce
principe est énoncé dans la règle ut res magis valeat quam pereat;
voir Halsbury, Laws of England, 3rne édition, volume II,page 391;
Craies'Contracts,GeneralPrinciples, 21me édition, page 152 ;Burger-
lijk Wetboek, article 1380; ,Code italien, article 1357; Code civil
français, article1157. Aux Etats-Unis la règle est énoncée comme
suit par Williston, dansContracts,huitième éditionrevisée,volume 3,

section 620:
«Règles secondair esOninterpréterasi possiblele texte écitetelle
manière qu'il soit efiectifet raisonnable.Une interprétation qui rend
lecontrat oul'accordlicitesera préféràecellequi lerendrait illicite;
une interprétation qui rend le contrat ou l'accord valide et son
exécutionpossible sera préféréeà celle qui le rendrait nul ou qui
rendrait son exécutionimpossible ou dénuéede sens; une inter-
prétation qui rend' lecontrat ou l'accord juste et raisonnable sera
préféréeàcellequi conduiraitàdesrésultatsnulsoudéraisonnables ...
Toutefois le simple fait que les parties ont fait un marchéimpré-
voyant n'amènera pas la Cour à faire des implications ou des
interprétations artificielles. La Cour ne rédigera pas un nouveau
contrat pour lesparties sous le couvert de l'interprétation.

Ce principe a étéreconnu par la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale dans l'affaire relativeà l'L7sinede Chorz6ze~S,érie A
no g, page 24: "Account must be taken not only of the histoncal development
of arbitration treaties, as well as of the terminology of such treaties,
and of the grammatical and logical meaning of the words used, but
also and more especially of the function which, in the intention
of the contracting Parties, is to be attributed to this provision. The
Geneva Convention provides numerous means of redress to secure
the observation of its clauses and it does so in ways varying ac-
or other subdivisions of the Convention. Articlefe23ncontains pro-s
visions of this kind in so far as concems Articles 6t22which form
the greater portion of Head III of the First Part."

See also Corfu Channel case,Judgment of April g,1949, I.C.J.
Reports 1949, page 4, at page 24, and Repurationfor Injuries suf-
fered in the Serviceof the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, I.C. J.
Reports,1949 ,age 174, at 179 and 183. In Interpretationof Peace
Treaties (second phase), Advisory Opinion : I.C.J. Reports 1950,
p. 221, the following appears:

Page 229 :
"The breach of a treaty obligation cannot be remedied by creating
a Commission which is not the kind of Commission contemplated
bythe Treaties. It is the duty of the Court to interpret the Treaties,
not to revise them.
The principle of interpretation expressed in the maxim: Ut res
magis valeatquampereat,often referred toas the mle of effectiveness,
cannot justify the Court in attnbuting to the provisions for the
settlement of disputes in the Peace Treaties a meaning which, as
stated above, would be contrary to their letter and spirit...
The ineffectiveness in the present case of the clauses dealing with
the settlement of disputes does not permit such a generalization."

Pagés229-23 :0

" ..Normally each party has a direct interest in the appointment
of its commissioner and must in any case be presumed to observe its
treaty obligation. That this was not so in the present case does
not justify the Court in exceeding its judicial function on the
treaties have made no provision."r the occurrence of which the

In the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case it was stated:
"It is my duty to interpret the Declaration and not to revise it.
In other words, 1 cannot, in seeking to find the meaning of these
words, disregard the words that as actually used, give to them a
meaning different from their ordinary and natural meaning, or add
wordsor ideas which werenot used in the making ofthe Declaration."

Lord McNair in TheLaw of Treaties(1961), page 383, deals with
the rule as follows:
"The rule of effectiveness must mean something more than the
duty of a tribunal to give eflectto a treaty;thatis the obvious and
268 AFF. S.-O. AFRICAIN (OPIN. DISS. DE M. VAN WYK) 583

«Il convient de s'attacher, non seulement àl'évolutionhistorique
des conventions d'arbitrage età leur terminologie, ainsi qu'au sens
grammatical et logique des mots employés, mais aussi et surtout
à la fonction qui doit, selon la volonté des Parties contractantes,
de nombreuses voies de recours pour assurer l'observation de sest
dispositions, et cela de différentes manières selon les objets dont
traitent les divers titres, parties ou autres subdivisions de la Con-
vention. L'article 23 contient ce règlement pour les articles à 22
qui constituent la plus grande part du titre III de la Première
Partie.))

Voir également affaire du DétroitdeCorfou,arrê tu 9 avril1949,
C. I. J. Recueil1949, page 4: à la page 24; et Réparationdes dom-
mages subisau servicedes Nations Unies, avis consultatif,C. I. J.

Recueil 1949, page 174: aux pages 179 et 183. Dans l'affaire de
l'Interprétationdes traitésde paix (deuxièmephase),avis consultatif,
C. I. J. Recueil1950, page 221, on peut lire ce qui suit:
Page229 :

«On ne répare pas les conséquences d'un manquement à une
obligation conventionnelle en créant une commission qui ne serait
pas celle que les traités ont eue en vue. La Cour est appelàeinter-
préter les traités, noà les reviser.
Le principe d'interprétation exprimépar la maxime ut resmagis
valeatquamflereat, principe souvent désignésouslenom de principe
de l'effet utile, ne saurait autoriser la Coàrentendre la clause de
règlement des différendsinséréedans les traités depaix dans un sens
qui, comme il vient d'être exposé, contredirait sa lettre et son
esprit..
L'inefficacité en l'occurrence des clauses établies pour assurer le
règlement des différendsn'autorise pas une telle généralisation.))
Pages229-230 :

« ..En réalité, chacune desparties ayant normalement intérêt à
procéder à la désignation de son propre commissaire et devant en
tout cas êtreprésumée respectueusede ses obligations convention-
nelles. Le fait qu'il en a étéautrement dans le cas présent n'autorise
pasla Cour à sortir de son rôle judiciaire sous prétexte de remédàer
une carence à laquelle les traités ont omis de pourvoi1)

Dans l'affaire de lJAnglo-IranianOil Co. il est indiqué:
«J'ai le devoir d'interpréter la déclaration et non de la reviser.
En d'autres termes, en essayant de rechercher le sens de ces mots,
je ne saurais négligerles mots dont on s'est effectivementservi, leur
donner un sens différent de leur sens naturel et ordinaire, ni ajouter
des mots ou idéesqui ne figurent pas dans la déclaration. 1)

Dans The Law of Treaties,1961, lord McNair remarque ce qui suit
à propos de cette règle, à la page 383:
«La règle de l'effet utile doit signifier quelque chose de plus que
le devoir d'un tribunal de donner efet au traité. Tel est le devoir

268 constant duty of a tribunal, that is what it is there to do. The rule
must surely mean, in the mind of the party involving it: 'Ifyou
(the tribunal) do not construe the treaty in the way that 1 submit
to you to be correct, this treaty will fail in its object'. But that is a
petitio principi, because as has been submitted in the previous
chapter, it is the duty of a tribunal to ascertain and give effect to
the intention of the parties as expressedin the words usedby them in
rightly fail-in stheir object by reason of the words used, andnd
tribunalsare properly reluctant to step in and modify or supplement
the language of the treaty."

From the above it is clear that the rule of effectiveness only
applies where a provision is obscure. It does not permit. the depar-
ture from the terms of an instrument and, Save where a term is
implied in accordance with principles to be stated infra, it does
not permit one to read into a treaty stipulations for which no
express provision was made in the text itself.
As the object of interpretation is to arrive at the intention which
existed when the agreement was recorded, it follows that words
or phrases must be given that meaning which they bore at the time
when the instrument in question was executed. In the Minquiers
and Ecréhauscase,Judgment of November 17th, 1953: I.C. J. Reports
1953, page gr, Judge Carneiro remarked:

"1 do not regard the Treaty of Paris as a treaty of frontiers. To
do so would be to fa11into the very error which we have been
warned against: an instrument must not be appraised in the light
of concepts \i-hichare not contemporaneous with it."
The next question to be considered is to what extent extrinsic
evidence is admissible to assist in the determination of the inten-
tion of the parties relative to an agreement which has been recorded
in writing. Evidence of surrounding circumstances to identify
the parties or the subject-matter of a contract is clearly admissible
(vide Phipson, pages 637-638).
As regards other extrinsic evidence, however, the general rule
is that an instrument must be interpreted as it stands. The resuit

is that this Court will not have regard either to preparatory work
which has preceded a written instrument nor to the subsequent
conduct of the parties if a text in itself is clear. Where there is
obscurity, the Court will have regard to extrinsic evidence which
may assist it in determining the intention of the parties and, in
such a case, it will have regard to the preparatory work as well
as to the subsequent conduct of the parties. In the Admission of a
State to the United Nations (Charter, Art. q), Advisory Opinion:
I.C.J. Reports 1948, this Court remarked :
"The Court considers that the text is sufficiently clear; conse-
quently, it does not feel that it should deviate from the consistent
practice of the Permanent Court of International Justice, according

269 évidentet constant du tribunal. C'est pour cela qu'il est là. Dans
l'esprit de la partie intéressée,la règle doit certainement signi-
fier: «si vous (le tribunal) n'interprétez pas le traité de la ma-
nièrequeje soutiensdevant vous êtrecorrecte, ce traité manquera
son but». Mais c'est là une pétition de principe parce que, nous
l'avons vu au chapitre précédent,le tribunal a le devoir de vérifier
et de donner effetàl'intentiondesparties,tellequ'elles'exprimedans
les termes employépsar elles la lumièredes circonstancescontem
poraines. Beaucoup de traités manquent leur but - et cela est
normal - en raison destermes employéset c'està bon droit que les
tribunaux hésitentà intervenir età modifier ou à compléterles
termes du traité.)

Ce qui précèdemontre clairement que la règle de l'effet utile ne
s'applique que lorsqu'une disposition est obscure. Elle ne permet
pas que l'on s'éloigne destermes d'un instrument et, lorsqu'il est
impliqué qu'un terme est en accord avec des principes énoncésplus
loin, elle ne permet pas de lire dans un traité des stipulations que
le texte mêmen'énonce pas expressément.
Etant donné que le but de l'interprétation est d'élucider l'inten-
tion existant au moment de I'enregistrement de l'accord, les mots
ou les passages doivent recevoir la signification qui était la leur au
moment où l'acte en question a étéconclu. Dans l'affaire des
Minquiers et Écréhous,arrêtdu 17 novembre 1953, C. I. J. Recueil
1953 ,age 47, M. Cameiro, juge, remarque à la page gr:

«Je ne considère pas letraitéde Paris commeun traitéde limites.
Ainsioncommettrait la même erreur que, trèssagement, ona recom-
mandéd'éviter:on ne doit pas apprécierun acte avec des concepts
qui ne lui sont pas contemporains))
La prochaine question à considérer est de savoir dans quelle
mesure on peut admettre une preuve extrinsèque pour aider à dé-
terminer l'intention des parties relativeà un accord enregistré par
écrit. Il est clair que la preuve des circonstances environnantes est
admissible pour identifier les parties ou l'objet d'un contrat (voir
Phipson, pp. 637-638).
En ce qui concerne les autres preuves extrinsèques toutefois, la
règlegénérale est qu'uninstrument doit être interprété telquel. La

Cour n'aura donc pas à considerer les travaux préparatoires qui
ont précédé la rédaction d'un instrument ni la conduite ultérieure
des parties si le texte par lui-mêmeest clair. où se présentent des
points obscurs, la Cour tiendra compte de la preuve extrinsèque qui
pourra l'aider à déterminer l'intention des parties et, dans ce cas,
elletiendra compte des travaux préparatoires ainsi quede la conduite
ultérieure des parties. Dans Conditions de l'admission d'un État
commeMembre des Nations Unies(art. 4 dela Charte),avis consulta-
tif, C. I. JRecueil 1948, la Cour a observé:
«La Cour considère letexte comme suffisamment clair; partant,
elleestimene pas devoir sedépartirde la jurisprudence constante de
la Courpermanente de Justice internationale, d'après laquelle iln'y

269 to which there is no occasion to resort to preparatory work if the
text ofa convention is sufficiently clear in itself."
See also Cornpetenceof Assembly regarding admission to the

Unihd Nations, Advisory Opinion: I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 4;
at page 8, and Ambatielos case(first phase), I.C.J. Reports 1952,
p. 28, at p.45.
Itwould appear that it is not the practice of this Court to order
the excision from the record of any evidence of preparatory work
which it may consider to be inadmissible. Such evidence is either
not referred to, ormerelyrelied upon to confirm a conclusion arrived
at without it. See in this regard Hudson, The Permanent Court of
International Jzcstice1920-1942, page 660, and Hogg, Minnesota
Law Review, Vol. 44, No. 1, November 1949 ,ages 28-35.

It seems that where the travauxpréparatoire sre before the Court
there should be no objection to its holding that the words of a
particular provision are clear and unambiguous, and, in the alter-
native, that even if the words should not be held to be clear and
unarnbiguous, the travaux péparatoires confirm the Court's con-
struction.
Evidence of interpretation placed upon written instruments by
the parties subsequent to their execution is only admissible in case
of obscurity. In hiLaw of Treaties, page 21,Lord McNair remarks:

"Here we are on solid ground and are 'dealingwith a judicial
practice worthy to be called a de, namely that, when there is a
doubt as to the meaning of a provision, or an expressioncontained
in a treaty, the relevant conduct of theontracting parties after
the conclusionof the treaty (sometinescalled 'practical construc-
tion') has aigh probative value as to the intention of the parties
at the time of its conclusion.Thisis both goodse and goodlaw."

In terms of the general rules stated in Competenceof Assembly
regarding admission to the United Nations, Advisory Opinion:
I.C.J. Reports Ig50, page 8, quoted above, such evidence cannot
be admitted to contradict clear and unambiguous provisions.
The rule was stated as follows in the Caseconcerningthe payment
ingold of Brazilian Federal Loans contractedin France: P.C.I.J.
Ser. A, Nos. 20-21, Judgment No. 15, page 119:

"It is sought to applythe familiar principle that wherea contract
is ambiguous, resort may be had to the manner of performance in
order to ascertain the intentiof the parties."

In CertainExpenses of the United Nations, page 189, Sir Percy
Spender remarked :
"In any case subsequent conduct may only provide a criterion
of interpretation when the text is obscure, and even then it is

270 a pas lieu de recourir aux travaux préparatoires si le téxte d'une
convention est en lui-même suffisammentclaur.
Voir égalementCompétencd eeL'Assemblégeénéraplourl'admission
d'un État aux Nations Unies,avis consultatif,C. I. J. Recue1950,

page 4: à la page8; et l'affaiAmbatielos(premikrefihase),C. I. J.
Recueil 1952 ,age 28: à la page 45.
Il se semble pas que la pratique de la Cour soit de faire retrancher
du dossier toute preuve concernantles travaux préparatoires qu'elle
pourrait considérer comme inadmissible. Ou bien il ne sera pas fait
mention de cette preuve, ou bien on s'appuiera sur elle pour confir-
mer une conclusion à laquelle on est arrivé sans son aide. Voir à ce
sujet Hudson, The PermanentCozkrtof International Justice,1920-
1942 ,age 660, et Hogg, Minnesota Law Review, volume 44, no 1,
novembre 1949 pages 28-35.
11semble que, lorsque des travaux préparatoires sont soumis à
la Cour, on ne saurait reprocher à cette dernière de considérer que
les termes d'une disposition donnée sont clairs et non ambigus et
que, mêmes'ils ne sont pas considéréscomme clairs et non ambigus,
les travaux préparatoires confirment l'interprétation de la Cour.

La preuve de l'interprétation que les parties donneà des actes
écrits après leur conclusion n'est admissible qu'en casde doute.
Dans son livreThe Law of Treaties,page 21,lord McNair remarque:

Nous nous trouvonslàsur un terrain solide et nous avons affaire
à une pratique judiciaire que l'on peut sans crainte qualifier de
règle,àsavoir que lorsqu'il y a doute quànla signification d'une
disposition ou d'une expression figurant dans un traité, la conduite
(quel'on appelleparfoi(construction pratiq»)possèdeune hautetraité
valeur probante sur l'intention des parties au moment de la con-
clusion du traité. C'àla fois du bon sens et du bon dr»it.

Aux termes des règles générales énoncéesdans l'affair de la
Compétence de l'Assembléegénéralpeour l'admissiond'un Etat aux
Nations Unies,avis consultatif,C.I. J. Recuei1950 ,age 8, citées
plus haut, on ne peut admettre qu'une telle preuve soit capable
de contredire des dispositions clairet non ambiguës. Cette règle
a été énoncé?comme suit dans l'affaire relative auPaiemeat en or
des empruntsfédéraux brésilie nms isenFrance,C. P. J.I., SériA
nos 20-21, arrêt no 15, page 119:

« On cherche à appliquer le principe bien connu selon lequel,
lorsqu'un contrat est ambigu, on peut, pour établirl'intention des
parties, recouràrla manière dont il a été exéc1.é

Dans Certaines dépenses deN sations Unies, page 189,sir Percy
Spender remarque :
cQuoi qu'il en soit, la conduite ultérieure ne peut fournir un
critère d'interprétation que lorsque le texte est obscur; encore necessary to consider whether that conduct itself permits of only
oneinference (BrazdianLoansCase,P.C.I.J., Senes A/B, Nos. zo/21,
p. 119).Except in the case where a party is by its conduct precluded
from relying upon a particular interpretation, with which type of
case we are not presently concemed, it can hardly control the
language or provide a criterion of interpretation of a text which is
not obscure."

See also the Caseconcerningthepayment of variousSerbian Loans
issued in France, P.C.I. J. Reports, Ser. A, Nos. 20-22, p. 58; the
Corfu Channel case, Judgment of April gth, 1949: I.C.J. Reports
1949, p. 25, and the Asylum case: I.C.J. Reports 1953, pp. 323-324.

The above major principles of interpretation, as applied by this
Court up to 1951, were summarized by Sir G. G. Fitzmaurice inthe
British Year Book of International Law 1951, XXVIII, p. g; and
in the British Year Book of International Law 1957, XXXIII,
p.33, he reformulated these principles in the light of the Court's
work during the period 1951-1954 as follows:

"1. Principleof Actzlality(orTextuality)
Treaties are to be interpreted primarily as they stand, and on
the basis of their actual texts.

II. Principleof theNaturalandOrdinaryMeaning
Subject to F'rinciple VI below, where applicable, particular
words and phrases are to be given their normal, natural, and
unstrained meaning in the context in which they occur. This
meaning can only be displaced by direct evidence that the
terms used are to be understood in another sense than the
natural and ordinary one, or if such an interpretation would
lead to an unreasonableor absurd result. Only if the language
employed is fundarnentally obscure or ambiguous may recourse
be had to extraneous means of interpretation, such as consider-
ation of the surroundingcircumstances,or travauxpréparatoir8s.

III. Principleof Integration
Treaties are to be interpreted as a whole, and particular parts,
chapters or sections also as a whole.

Sncbjectto theforegoingPrinciples:
IV. Principle of Efectiveness(ut res magisvaleatquampereat)
Treaties are to be interpreted with reference to their declared
or app~ent objects and purposes; and particular provisions are
to be interpreted so as to give them their fullest weight and
effect consistent with the normal sense of the words and with
other parts of the text, and in such a way that a reason and a
meaning can be attributed to every part of the text. est-ilalors nécessairede rechercher sicette manière d'agir elle-même
ne permet qu'une seule conclusion (affaire des Emprunts brésiliens,
C. P. J. I., sérieA/B nos20-21, p. 119). Indépendamment même du
casoù, en raison de son comportement, une partie ne peut faire état
d'une interprétation déterminée- situation qui n'est pas celle dans
le sens d'un texte dépourvu d'obscuritéou de donnersuràson sujet un
critère d'interprétation»

Voir également l'affaire concernant lePaiement dediversemprunts

serbesémisen France, C.P. J. I.,sérieA nos 20-22, page 58; l'affaire
du Détroitde Corfozb,arrêt du 9 avril 1949, C. I. J. Recueil 1949,
page 25; et l'affaire du Droit d'asile, C. I. J. Recueil 1953, pages
323-321
Lesprincipes majeursd'interprétation susmentionnés, dans I'ap-
plication qu'en a faite la Cour jusqu'en 1951, ont été résuméspar
sirG. G. Fitzmaurice dans le British Year Book of International Law
1951, XXVIII, page g; et, dans le British Year Book of International
Law 1957, XXXIII, page 33, il a formulé à nouveau ces principes
à la lumière des travaux de la Cour pendant la période 1951-1954
comme suit :

((1. Principe del'inter$rétatioselon le texteréel
Il faut interpréter les traités essentiellement tels qu'ils sont et
sur la base de leurs textes réels.

II. Principe du sensnatureletordinaire
Sous réserve du principe VI ci-dessous, lorsqu'il est applicable,
les termes et les phrases particuliers doivenrecevoir leur sens
normal, naturel et non forcé,selon le contexte où ils figurent.
Ce sens ne peut êtreécarté quepar la preuve directe que les
termes employésdoivent s'entendre enun sens autre que le sens
naturel et ordinaire, ou sicetteinterprétation devait conduirà
des résultats déraisonnables ou absurdes. Ce n'est que si les
termes employéssont fondamentalement obscurs ou ambigus
qu'on peut recourir à des moyens extérieurs d'interprétation
tels que des considérationstirées des circonstances contempo-
raines ou des travaux préparatoires.
III. Principe del'intégration
Il faut interpréter les traités comme un tout et par référence
à leurs objets,à leurs buts et à leurs principes déclarésOU
apparents.

Sous réservedesprincipessuivants :
IV. Principe del'egetutile(ut resrnagisvaleatquampereat)
Il faut interpréter les traités par référencà leurs objets età
leurs buts déclarésou apparents. 11faut interpréter les dispo-
sitions particulières de manièreàleur donner leur poids et leur
effet le plus ample compatible avec le sens normal des mots et
avecles autres parties du texte et de manièràpouvoir attribuer
une raison et un sens à chacune des parties du texte. V. Principle ofSubsequent Practice

practice of the parties in relation to the treaty is permissible,
and may be desirable, as affording the best and most reliable
evidence, derived from how the treaty has been interpreted in
practice, as to what its correct interpretation is.

Footnote tothisPrinciple.Where the practice has brought about
a change or development in the meaning of the treaty through
a revision of its terms by conduct, it is permissible to give
not as an interpretation of its original terms."d revision but

To the above principles may now be added, on the basis of cer-
tain pronouncements made in the 1951-1954 period, a sixth major
pnnciple, as follows :

"VI. Principle of Contemporaneity
The terms of a treaty must be interpreted accordingly to the
meaning which they possessed, or which would have been
attnbuted to them, and in the light of current linguistic usage,
at the time when the treaty was originally concluded."

An agreement may be held subject to an implied or unexpressed
term where there arises from the agreement itself and the circum-
stances under which it was entered into, an inference that the
parties must have intended something which they omitted to
record. In this regard the object the parties sought to achieve may
be of importance. One must however bear in mind that the object
which the parties intended to achieve must itself be determined
by interpretation. It must also be emphasized that the major
pnnciple of interpretation is that the intention of the parties must
be found in the meaning of the words actually used and courts
in al1legal systems guard themselvesagainst assenting to a proposed
implication on any but the most cogent grounds. For this purpose,
safeguards have been laid down to avoid assumptions of a higher
degree of effectiveness than is inherent in the intention conveyed
by the express terms employed by the parties, read in the light
of the surrounding circumstances. Pollak on Contracts,12th Edition,

page 195, remarks as follows :
"Interpretation has to deal not with conjectured but with
manifest intent and a supposed intent which the parties have not
included in their chosen and manifest form of expression cannot,
Save for exceptional causes, be regarded."

In Cheshire and Fifoot Law of Contract, 3rd Edition, page 129,
the following appears in regard to implied terms:

"The convenience of the doctrine is manifest, and it has often
desperate expedient in a difficult case. The Courts, however. have

272 V. Princifiedela pratiqueultérieure
Dans l'interprétation d'un texte, il est permis et il peut être
souhaitable de recourià la conduiteultérieure età la pratique
des parties au sujet de ce traité comme fournissant la preuve
la meilleure et la plus sûretiréede la manièredont le traitéa été
interprétéen pratique pour démontrer quelle en est l'inter-
prétation correcte.
Note àceprincipe :lorsque la pratique a amenéune modification
ou une évolutiondans le sens du traité au moyen d'une revisicm
de sestermes par la conduite des parties, il est permis de donner
effetàcette modificationou à cette évolutioà titre de revision
agréée mais nonpas commeinterprétation destermes prirnitifs.~
On peut ajouter à présent aux principes ci-dessus, en se fon-

dant sur certaines déclarations faites au cours de la période 1951-
1954, un VIme principe majeur qui est le suivant :
VI. Principe dela contemporanéité
Les termes d'un traité doivent êtreinterprétésselon le sens
qu'ils possédaientou qui leur aurait été attribuécompte tenu
de l'usage linguistique courant au moment où le traité a été
conclu.»

Un accord peut être considérécomme soumis à une condition
implicite ou inexprimée quand il ressort de l'accord même et des
circonstances dans lesquelles il a étéconclu que les parties ont eu
sans doute une intention qu'elles ont omis d'exprimer. A cet égard,
l'objectif que les parties se proposaient d'atteindre peut revêtirune
certaine importance. Il convient cependant de se souvenir que
l'objectif queles parties se proposaient doit êtredéterminélui-même
par l'interprétation. Il convient aussi de signaler que le principe
d'interprétation majeur est que l'intention des parties réside dans
le sens des mots effectivement employés; et que dans tous les

systèmes juridiques les tribunaux prennent garde de n'accepter
aucune déduction envisagée qui ne repose sur les motifs les plus
puissants. A cette fin, des garanties ont étéfixéesafin d'éviter que
ne soit invoqué un effet plus grand que celui qui est inhérent à
l'intention découlant des termes exprès employés par les parties,
entendus à la lumière des circonstances. Pollak, dans Contracts,lzme
édition, page 195, observe:
(L'interprétation doit porter non pas sur une intention conjec-
turale mais sur une intention manifeste, et l'on ne saurait prendre
en considération l'intention supposée queles parties n'ont pas fait
figurer sous la forme qu'elles ont manifestement choisie, sauf dans
des cas exceptionnels.»

Dans leur Law ofContract, 3me édition,page 129,Cheshireet Fifoot
déclarent ce qui suit touchant les termes implicites:
(Il est évident que cette doctrine est très commode et elle a été
souvent citée- hommage peut-être douteux - par certains con-
seils qui s'en sont servi comme d'un expédient désespérédans une recognized the danger of undue elasticity, and have circumscribed
its limits. Based upon the presumed intention of the parties, it may
not contradict or Vary the express terms of the agreement. Nor can
it be used simply to render the contract rather more attractive in
the eyes of reasonable men. It is for the parties. not for the judges,
to determine the nature of their liabilities. The doctrine can be
invoked only if an obligation, clearly intended as such, must fail
to take effect unless some obvious oversight is remedied; and, even
so, the judges will supply the minimum necessary to save the
contract from shipwreck. The test to be applied by the Court in
deciding whether to make the implication has been stated by several
judges in much the same language.

'A term can only be implied', said Scrutton, L. J., 'if it is
necessary in the business sense to give efficacy to the contract,
i.e., if it is such a term that it can confidently be said that if at
the time the contract was being negotiated some one had said to
the parties: 'What will happen in such a case?'they would both
have replied: 'Ofcourse so and so will happen ;we did not trouble
to say that; it is too clear."

In K. C. Sethi v.Partab Mztll Kameshewar'of England, aw
Reports I950, Vol. 1, page 51, at page 59, Jenkins, L. J. remarked:

"One thing 1 think is clear about implied terms. 1 do not think
that the Court will read a term into a contract unless, considering
the matter from the point of view of business efficacy, it is clear
beyond a peradventure that both parties intended a given term to
operate although they did not include it in so many words."

See also Craies on Statute Law, 5th Edition, page 103.
Lord McNair states the rule as follows in his Law of Treaties,
Page 436 :
"Conditions should be implied only with great circumspection;
for if they are implied too readily, they would become a serious
threat to the sanctity of a treaty. Nevertheless the main object of
interpretation of a treaty being to give effect to the intention of the
parties in using the language employed by them, it is reasonable to
expect that circumstances should arise (asthey do in the sphere of
private law contracts) in which it is necessary to imply a condition
in order to give effect to this intention."

In Caseconcerningrights of nationals of the United States of America
in Morocco,Judgrnent of August 27th, 1952: I.C.J. Reports I952,

p. 176; at p. 196 this Court remarked:

"The purposes and objects of this Convention were stated in its
Preamble in the following words: 'the necessity of establishing, on

273 AFF. S.-O. AFRICAIN (OPIN. DISS. DE M. VAN WYK)
588
affaire difficile. Les tribunaux ont reconnu toutefois les dangers
d'une excessivesouplesse et en ont fixéleslimites. Fondéesur l'inten-
tion présumée desparties, il ne faut pas que cette interprétation
contredise ou déformeles termes exprès de l'accord. Il ne faut pas
non plus qu'elle ne soit utilisée que pour donner au contrat, aux
yeux des gens raisonnables, quelque chose de plus séduisant. C'est
aux parties et non aux juges qu'il appartient de déterminer la
nature de leurs engagements. La doctrine ne saurait être invoquée
que si une obligation clairement entendue comme telle, risque de ne
pas porter effetà moins qu'une lacune évidente ne soit comblée; et
mêmeen pareil cas,les juges se borneront au minimum indispensable
pour sauver le contrat de la caducité. Le critère que le tribunal ap-
pliquera pour prendre une telle mesure a étédéfini à peu près dans
les mêmestermes par plusieurs juges.
« Une condition ne peut êtredéduite »,déclareL. J. Scrutton,
((que si elle est indispensable, pratiquement, pour assurer l'effica-
cité du contrat, c'est-à-dire, s'il s'agit d'une condition dont on
peut affirmer qu'au moment où lecontrat a étéconclu, siquelqu'un
avait dit aux parties: ((Qu'arrivera-t-il en pareil cas?» toutes
deux auraient répondu: «Il est bien évident qu'il arrivera ceci ou
cela; nous ne nous sommes pas donné la peine de ledire parce que
cela va de soi.1) 1)

Dans K. C. Setlziv.Partab M.tlll Ranzeslzewarof Englalzd, Laxi
Repovts 1950 ,olume 1, page 51: à la page 59, L. J. Jenkins fait
observer ce qui suit:

((Il me semble, quant aux conditions implicites, qu'une chose est
évidente. Je ne pense pas que le tribunal puisse lire une condition
dans un contrat si, en examinant la question du point de vue de
l'efficacité pratique, il ne ressort pas à l'évidence que les deux
parties souhaitaient que ladite condition prît effet, encore qu'elles ne
l'eussent pas indiqué en termes exprès. ))
Voir également Craies,Statute Law, gme édition, page 103.
Lord Mch'air, dans The Law oj Treaties,page 436, a défini la règle

comme suit :
« On ne saurait admettre des conditions implicites qu'avec la plus
grande circonspection car si on les admettait trop facilement elles
présenteraient une sérieuse menace à l'inviolabilité du traité. Kéan-
moins, comme l'objet principal de l'interprétation d'un traité est de
donner effet à l'intention des parties en utilisant les termes dont
elles se sont servies, il est raisonnable de s'attendrece qu'il y ait
des circonstances (commeil arrive dans le domaine des contrats de
droit privé)dans lesquellesil est nécessairede présumer une condition
implicite pour donner effet àcette intention. ))
Dalis l'a8aire relative aux rlroits des ressortissants des États-unis
d'Amériqueazl ,!arec, arrêd tz~27 août 1952, C. 1.J. Recueil 1952,

page 176, la Cour a remarqué:
Page 196 :
«Les buts et l'objet de cette convention sont indiqués dans le
préambule, qui s'exprime en ces termes: «la nécessitéd'établir sur fixed and uniform bases, the exercise of the right of protection in
Morocco and of settling certain questions connected therewith ...'.
In these circumstances, the Court cannot adopt a construction by
implication of the provisions of the Madrid Convention which
would go beyond the scope of its declared purposes and objects.
Further, this contention would involve radical changes and additions
to the provisions of the Convention. The Court, in its Opinion-
Interpretation of Peace Treaties (SecondPhase) (I.C.J. ReporI950,
p. 229)-stated: 'It is the duty of the Court to interpret the Treaties,
not to revise them'."

Page 198 :
"An interpretation, by implication from the provisions of the
Act, establishing or confirming consular jurisdiction would involve
a transformation of the then existing treaty rights of most of the
twelve Powers into new and autonomous rights based upon the
Act. It would change treaty rights of the Powers, some of them
terminable at short notice, e.g. those of the United States which
were terminable by twelve months' notice, into rights enjoyable
for an unlimited period by the Powers and incapable of being ter-
rninated or modified by Morocco. Neither the preparatory work nor
the Preamble gives the least indication of any such intention. The
Court finds itself unable to imply so fundamental a change in the
character of the then existing treaty rights as would be involved
in the acceptance of this contention."

Page 199 :

"This interpretation of the Act, in some instances, leads to
results which may not appear to be entirely satisfactory. But that
is an unavoidable consequence of the mannerin which the Algeciras
Conference dealt with the question of consular jurisdiction. The
Court can not, by way of interpretation, derive from the Act a
general rule asto full consular jurisdiction which it does not contain.
On the otherhand, the Court can not disregard particular provisions
involving a lirnited resort to consular jurisdiction, which are, in
fact, contained in the Act, and which are still in force as far as the
relations between the United States and Morocco are concemed."
See also CertainExpenses ofthe UnitedNations (Article 17, fiaragraph
2, oftheCharter),Advisory Opinion of 20 July 1962 ,irageSfiécial,
p. 13, and "The Law and Procedure of the International Court

of Justice: Treaty Interpretation and certain other Treaty
Points", The British Year Book of International Law, Vol.
XXVIII (1g51), pp. 1-28; at p. g.
The object and purpose of the parties to an instrument may be of
considerable importance where one has to choose between alter-
native possible meanings of an ambiguous text, or where the
issue is whether an inference of tacit agreement does or does not
arise necessarily in a particular respect. As already pointed out,

274 des bases fixes et uniformes l'exercice du droit de protection au
Maroc, et de réglercertaines questions qui s'y rattachent ..».Dans
ces conditions, la Cour ne saurait adopter une interprétation par
implication des dispositions de la convention de Madrid qui dépas-
serait la portée de ses buts et de son objet explicites. De plus, cet
argument entraînerait dans les dispositions de la convention des
modifications radicales et des additions. Dans son avis sur l'inter-
prétation des traités de paix, deuxième phase (C. I. J. Recueil1950,
p.229), la Cour a dit: «La Cour est appelée àinterpréter les traités,
non à les reviser» ))

Page 198 :
« Une interprétation de l'acte, tirée de ce qu'impliqueraient ses
dispositions et selon laquelle il instituerait ou confirmerait une
juridiction consulaire, reviendraità transfomer en droits nouveaux
et autonomes, fondéssur l'acte même,les droits conventionnels dont
jouissaient alors la plupart des douze Puissances. Ces droits con-
yentionnels, dénonçables parfois avec un court préavis - ceux des
Etats-Unis, par exemple, l'étaient avec un délai de douze mois -,
auraient étéchangésen droits dont les Puissances eussent pu jouir
pour un temps indéfini, leMaroc étant incapable d'y mettre fin ou
de les modifier. Ni les travaux préparatoires ni le préambule ne
donnent la moindre indication d'une pareille intention. La Cour es-
time qu'elle ne saurait déduire par ce procédéqu'un changement
aussi fondamental que celui que comporterait l'admission de cette
thèse se soit produit dans le caractère des droits conventionnels
alors existants.))

Et page zgg :
«Dans certains cas, cette interprétation de l'acte aboutit à des
résultats qui peuvent ne pas paraître absolumentsatisfaisants. Mais
c'est une conséquence inévitable de la façon dont la conférence
d'Algésiras a traité la question de la juridiction consulaire. La
Cour ne peut, par voie d'interprétation, tirer de l'acte une règle
généralequ'il ne contient pas au sujet de la pleine juridiction
consulaire. D'autre part, la Cour ne peut négligerles dispositions
particulières entraînant un recours limitéà la juridiction consulaire,
qui figurent en fait dans l'acte et qui sont encore en vigueur pour
autant qu'il s'agit des rapports entre les Etats-Unis et le Maroc.1)

Voir également Certaines dépensesdes Il'ations Unies (article 17,
paragraphe 2, de la Charte), avis consultatif du 20 juillet1962,

firagespécial,page 13; et The Law and Procedureof the Interna-
iona alCourt of Justice : Treaty Interpretation and certain other
TreatyPoints, The British Year Book of International Law, vol.
XXVIII, 1951, pages 1-28; à la page 9.
L'objet et le but des parties à une convention peuvent revêtir

une importance considérable lorsqu'il s'agit de choisir entre deux
significations possibles d'lin texte ambigu ou d'établir si un point
particulier peut ou non être tenu pour nécessairement admis par
accord tacite. Mais, comme on l'a déjà relevé, le but premier de
274590 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

however, the basic object of interpretation is to arrive at the
common intention of the parties and it must always be borne in
mind that the principle of effectiveness only applies as an aid
towards ascertainment of common intention. Itcannot supplement
absence of agreement or override the clear natural meaning of a
text or other cogent indications of common intent. At page 383
of the Law of Treaties 1961, Lord McNair remarks:
"The rule of effectiveness must mean something more than the
duty of a tribunal to give egectto a treaty; that'is the obvious and
constant duty of a tribunal, that is what it is there to do. The rule
must surely mean, in the mind of the party involving it: 'If you
(the tribunal) do not construe the treaty in the way that 1 submit
to you to be correct,this treaty Ml1fail in its object'. But that is a
petitio principi, because, as has been submitted in the previous
chapter, it is the duty of a tribunal to ascertain and give effect to
theintentionof the#artiesas ex#ressedin thewordsused by themin
thelightof thesurrmnding circumstances.
Many treaties fail-and rightly fail-in their object by reason
of the words used, and tribunals are properly reluctant to step in
and modify or supplement the language of the treaty."

It is clear from what has been stated above that this Court
cannot adopt a construction by implication which is not necessary
(Reparationfor injuries su8ered in the serviceof the United Nations,
Advisory Opinion: I.C. J.Reports1949, p. 174; at pp. 182,184,198),
or which would go beyond the scope of the declared purpose and
object of the contract or would involve radical changes or additions
(Caseconcerningrights of nationals of the United States of America
in Morocco,Judgment of August 27th, 1952 : I.C.J. .Reports 1952,
at page 196, ~gg), or which would do violence to the clear and un-
ambiguous express provisions of the instrument (Competenceof
Assembly regarding admission to the United Nations, Advisory
Opinion : I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 4; at p. 8).
It must be clear that had the suggested term been raised at the

time the parties would have agreed thereto. Hogg, op. cit.,pp. 59-60,
remarks" :
A vague showingof general intent willnot be sufficient to cov.:r
a case where the parties fail to provide for a particular contingency
against which they could have made provision had they adverted
to the problem."

It is clear that this Court has no power to insert a term in a
treaty which it considers a party should have inserted.

If it is clear beyond peradventure that the parties to an instru-
ment must have intended an unexpressed term to operate, one
should have no difficulty in drafting such a term with clarity and
precision. If, however, after a careful study of the instrument, the
surrounding circumstances and other admissible evidence, dif-
ficulty and doubt is experienced in the phrasing of a suggestedl'interprétation est de rechercher l'intention commune des parties
et ilne faut jamais perdre de vue quela règle de l'efficaciténe joue

à cette fin qu'un rôle auxiliaire. Elle ne peut suppléerà l'absence
d'accord ni prendre le pas sur le sens naturel et clair d'un texte ou
sur d'autres indications traduisant l'intention commune de manière
irréfutable. A la page 383 de The Laz of Treaties, lord McNair
observe :
(La règlede l'effet utile doit signifier quelque chose de plus que
le devoir d'un tribunal de donnere4et au traité. Tel est le devoir
évident et constant du tribunal. C'est pour cela qu'il est là. Dans
l'esprit de la partie intéressée,la règledoit certainement signifier:
(si vous (le tribunal) n'interprétez pas le traité de la manière que
je soutiens devant vous êtrecorrecte, ce traité manquera son but».
Maisc'est là une pétition deprincipe parce que, nous l'avons vu au
chapitre précédent,le tribunal a le devoir de vérifieret de donner
effetà l'intentiondes parties, telle qu'elles'exprimedans les termes
employéspar elles à la lumière des circonstances contemporaines.
Beaucoup de traités manquent leur but - et celaest normal- en
raison des termes employéset c'est àbon droit que lestribunaux hé-
sitentàintervenir età modifierou à compléterles termes du traité.»
De ce qui précède, il ressort clairement que la Cour ne peut
recourir à une interprétation par implication lorsqu'elle est inutile

(Ré+arationdes dommages subis au service des Nations Unies, avis
consultatif, C. I. J. Recueil 1949, p. 174: aux pp. 182, 184, 198),
dépasserait la portée des buts et de.l'objet explicites de la conven-
tion, entraînerait dans les dispositions de celle-ci des modifications
radicales ou des additions (Droits des ressortissants des Etats-Unis
d'Amériqueau Maroc, arrêtdu 27 août 1952C ,. I. JI Recueil 1952,
aux pp. 196, 199) ou en violerait les dispositions expresses, claires
et non équivoques (Compétencede l'Assembléegénérale pour L'admis-
sion d'un État aux h'ations Unies, avis consultatif, C. I. J. Recueil
1950 ,. 4: à la p. 8).
Il doit êtremanifeste que les parties seraient tombées d'accord
sur le point envisagé s'il avait étésoulevéen temps opportun. Hogg

(09.cit., pp. 59-60) relève:
((Il ne suffit pas, pour embrasser un cas où les parties n'ont pas
disposésur u.nproblèmeparticulier comme elles l'auraient pu faire
si ce problèmeavait étéévoqué,de rapporter vapuement la preuve
d'une intention générale.a
Il est évident que la Cour ne peut insérer dans une convention

une clause qui aurait dû à son avis y être introduite par l'une des
parties.
Si l'on peut sans aucun doute considérer que les parties à une
convention ont voulu qu'une clause implicite sorte des effets, celle-ci
doit pouvoir êtreaisément rédigéeavec clarté et précision. Si er,
revanche, après examen attentif de la convention, des circonstances
de l'espèce et de tous autres moyens de preuve admissibles, la
rédaction de la clause implicite envisagéeengendre des difficultésou 591 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

implied term, itis clearly not reasonable to impute to the parties
the intention to contract on the basis of such a term; vide
Rufifi Maiester v.RaonovskyI943, WLD 68, at pages 74-75. Where,
in addition, the admissible facts reveal that one of the partiesould
probably not have agreed to such a term had it been raised, there
is obviously no justification for such an inference. Similarly,
where the subsequent conduct of the parties reveals that no such
tacit intention existed, there is no room for any inference that the
parties intended to agree on the basis of such a term.
The rules of construction authorize what has been termed the

"teleological approach" only to the limited extent indicated above.
This approach, in its more extreme form, assumes that this Court
has the power to disregard or amend the terms of an instrument
in order to achieve an object, or presumed object, albeit in a man-
ner different from that provided for and intended by the parties;
but this approach disregards the basic rule that the purpose of
:onstruction is to determine the common intention of the parties
and, in any event, it has not been recognized by this Court or its
predecessor. No court has the power to make a party's obligations
different from, or more onerous than, what it has agreed to. If
this Court has the power to disregard or to amend the provisions
of a treaty or convention, it has legislative powers andsuch powers
have not been entrusted to it by its Statute or any of the sources
of international law referred to in Article 38 of its Statute. As
Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice rightly remarks in the article in the British

Year Book of International Law 1957, XXXIII, quoted above at
page 208:
"The Court has shown plainly that, in its view, the performance
of such a function cannot properly form part of the interpretative
process.
In the Peace Treaties case, I.C.J. Refiorts I950, page 221, at
page 229, this Court remarked:

"Itis the dutyof the Court to interpretthe treaties, not to revise
them."
Rosenne, The International Courtof J~stice, p. 63, remarks,
inter alia,in regard to this Court:
"Thus, being a Court of law it has the duty in relation to inter-
national treaties to interpret them and not to revise them, and it
would exceed its judicial functions were it to revise them on the
pretext of remedying a default, for the occurrence of which the
treaty in question has made no provision, or whereits conclusions
involve radical changes and additions to the provisions of the
convention. The Court willso act even if the consequencesmay not
appear to be entirely satisfactory."

Before dealing with the provisions of the Covenant and the
Mandate Declaration, 1 shall briefly set out the relevant history
preceding the Covenant and the Mandate Declaration.
276 AFF.S.-0. AFRICAIN (OPIN. DISS. DE M. VAN WYK)
591
des hésitations, il est manifestement déraisonnable de prêter aux
parties l'intention de contracter sur la base de cette clause. Voir
Rapp Maiester v. Raonovsky, 1943, WLD 68, aux pages 74-75.
Lorsque les faits pertinents démontrent en outre que l'une des
partiesn'aurait sansdoute pas accepté cette clause,eût-elle étéévo-
quée,ilne sejustifie manifestement pas de conclure qu'elle y a impli-
citementadhéré.De mêmene saurait-on conclure àl'existence d'une

telle intention lorsque les parties en démontrent l'inexistence par
leur conduite ultérieure.
Les règles d'interprétation ne permettent le recours à ce que l'on
a appelé la méthode téléologiqueque dans -les limites décrites ci-
dessus. Sous sa forme extrême, cette méthode implique que la Cour
est habilitée à ignorer ou à modifier les termes d'une convention
afin d'atteindre un objectif donné, réel ou supposé,mais ce d'une
autre façon que celle qui a étéprescrite et voulue par les parties.
Cette méthode contredit pourtant le principe fondamental selon
lequel l'interprétation doit tendre à établir l'intention commune
des parties et n'a de toute manière étéconsacrée ni par cette Cour
ni par celle qui l'a précédée. Aucuntribunal ne peut modifier ou
accroître les obligations assumées par les parties. Si la Cour était

fondée à s'écarter des dispositions d'un traité ou d'une convention
ou à les modifier, elle exercerait des fonctionslégislativesquene lui
reconnaissent en fait ni son Statut ni l'une quelconque des sources
du droit international mentionnées à l'article 38 de son Statut.
Ainsi que sir Gerald Fitzmaurice l'a justement relevé dans son
article, déjà cité, duBritish Year Book of InternatiolzalLaw, 1957,
XXXIII, page 208:
«La Cour a clairemeni établique l'accomplissementd'une telle
fonction ne peutà son avis rentrer dans le cadre normal de l'inter-
prétation.))

Comme l'a dit la Cour dans l'affaire de l'Interprétationdes traités
de paix, C. I. J. Recueil 1950 p,age 221 ;à la page 229:
«La Cour est appeléeà interpréterles traités,non à les reviser)>

Dans The International CourtofJustice, page 63, Rosenne observe
notamment au sujet de la Cour:
«En tant que tribunal, il lui appartient donc d'interpréter les
traités internationaux et non de les reviser; elle outrepasserait
ses fonctions judiciaires si elle revisait un traité sous prétexte de
corriger une carence dont l'éventualitén'est pas prévuepar celui-ci
ou si ses conclusions entraînaient, dans les dispositions du traité,
des modifications radicales ou des additions. La Cour est tenue
d'agir ainsi mêmesi les conséquencesn'ensemblent pas entièrement
satisfaisantes1)
Avant de traiter des dispositions du Pacte et de la déclaration
de Mandat, j'exposerai sommairement les points d'histoire perti-
nents qui leur sont antérieurs.

276 German South West Africa was surrendered to the Resp~ndent's
Military Forces in July1915 and Respondent remained in military
occupation for the remainder of the War and thereafter, pending the
Peace Settlement. Similarly, the former German colony in New
Guinea was occupied by Australia, Samoa by New Zealand, the
German islands in the Pacific Ocean, north of the Equator, by
Japan and the various German territories elsewhere in Africa by
Great Britain, Belgium and France.
Agreements were concluded during the War between some of the
Principal Allies and in terms thereof their respective claims to the
various occupied German territories were to be recognized in the

event of an Allied victory. In March 1917 the British Imperial
War Cabinet decided that the Respondent should be allowed
to annex German South West Africa, that Australia and New
Zealand should be allowed to annex German New Guinea and Ger-
man Samoa respectively. President Wilson of the United States
Ras strongly opposed to annexation of former enemy territories,
and at the Peace Conferencehe insisted at the outset that the Coven-
ant of the League of Nations should provide for complete authority
and control of these former German territories by the League,
who could at its discretion delegate its powers, organize its agency
to act "as its agent or Mandatory".

General Smuts in a booklet, The League of Nations, a Practical
Suggestion, published in 1918, proposed a mandate system for
territories formerly belonging to Russia, Austria, Hungary and
Turkey, but he felt that such a system could not be applied to the
"German c~lonies in the Pacific and Africa".

The future of the German colonies was discussed during Janu-

ary 1919 in the so-called Council of Ten, which consisted of the
Heads of Government and Foreign Ministers of the United States
of America, the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Japan. Re-
presentatives of New Zealand, Australia and South ,4frica attended
and pressed their cases for incorporation of the respective territories
allocated to them in terms of the aforesaid decision of the British
Imperial War Cabinet. They were suppcrted by the British Prime
Minister and the representative of France, who also advocated
annexation of the occupied ierritories. A deadlock resulted, but
eventually a compromise was effected, from which Article 22 of
the Covenant of the League of Nations ultimately emerged. The
fact that this Article is the product of compromise explains its
somewhat non-legal terminology. That it was the result of com-
promise clearly appears fr~m the following extract from Foreign
Relations of the UnitedStates,Paris Peace Confer1919 V,olume 3,
page 78j : En juillet 1915, le Sud-Ouest africain allemand se rendit aux

forces armées sud-africaines qui l'occupèrent militairement jusqu'à
la fin de la guerre, puis durant les négociations de paix. Furent de
même occupéespar l'Australie l'ancienne colonie allemande de
Nouvelle-Guinée, par la Nouvelle-Zélande celle de Samoa, par le
Japon les îles allemandes de l'océan Pacifiqueau nord de l'Équateur
et, par la Grande-Bretagne, la Belgique et la France, les diverses
autres possessions allemandes en Afrique.
Pendant la guerre, des accords avaient étéconclus entre certaines
des Principales Puissances alliées afind'obtenir, en cas de victoire
des alliés,la reconnaissance de leurs prétentions respectives sur les
divers territoires occupéspar l'Allemagne. En mars 1917,le cabinet
de guerre de l'Empire britannique décidait que le défendeur serait
autoriséà annexer le Sud-Ouest africain allemand et que l'Australie
et la Nouvelle-Zélandeseraient respectivement autorisées à annexer
la Nouvelle-Gujnée allemande et le Samoa allemand. W. Wilson,
président des Etats-Lnis d'Amérique, était résolument opposé à
l'annexion d'anciennes possessions ennemies dont il rédama, dès

l'ouverture de la conférence de la paix, qu'elles passent en vertu
du Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations sous l'autorité et le contrôle
exclusifs de la Société,qui pourrait à sa discrétion déléguer ses
pouvoirs et habiliter un intermédiaire à agir comme son agent ou
mandataire ».
Dans une publication éditée en 1918, The Leagz~eof Nations, a
Practical Sztggestiwz,le généralSmuts proposa la création d'un
système de Mandat applicable aux territoires appartenant autrefois
à la Russie, à l'Autriche,à la Hongrie et à la Turquie, mais estima
que ce système ne pourrait s'étendreaux (colonies allemandes dans
le Pacificque et en Afrique ».
Le sort des colonies allemandes fut débattu durant le mois de
janvier 1919 par le conseil dit «des Dix », composédeç chefs de
gouvernement et ministres des Affaires étrangères des Etats-Unis
d'Amérique,du Royaume-Uni, de France, d'Italie et du Japon. Y
assistaient des représentants de la Nouvelle-Zélande,de l'Australie

et de l'Afrique du Sud qui défendirent énergiquement le principe
de l'intégration des territoires leur ayant étérespectivement attri-
buéspar la décisiondu cabinet de guerre de l'Empire britannique
évoquée ci-dessus.Ils étaient soutenus par le premier ministre bri-
tannique et par le représentant de la France, qui recomman-
daient également l'annexion des territoires occupés. Une impasse
s'ensuivit, mais un compromis fut ensuite négociéqui devait en
définitive donner naissance à l'article22 du Pacte de la Sociétédes
Nations, dont la terminologie peu juridique s'explique précisément
par le fait qu'il est le fruit d'un compromis. Que cette disposition
résulte d'un compromis ressort clairement du passage suivant des
Foreign Relationsof the UnitedStates,Paris PeaceConfevence1919,
volume 3, page 785:593 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS.OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
"Mr.Lloyd George said that he had circulated a document ..to
each of the representatives of the Great Powers. That document
did not represent the real views of the colonies but it had been
accepted by them in an attempt at a compromise."

The provisions of this document became, with certain amend-
ments, Article 22 of the Covenant. The only important addition
is paragraph g of Article 22, which provides for a Permanent.
Mandates Commission.
Article 22 reads as follows:

"(1) To those colonies and .territories which as a consequence of
the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States
which formerly govemed them and which are inhabited by peoples
not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions
of the modem world, there should be applied the principle that the
well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of
civilization and that securities for the performance of this trust
should be embodied in this Covenant.
(2) The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is
that the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced
nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or their
geographical position can best undertake this responsibility, and
whoare willingto accept it, and that this tutelage shouldbe exercised
by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League.
(3) The character of the mandate must differ according to the
stage of the development of the people, the geographical situation
of the temtory, its economic conditions and other similar circum-
. stances.
(4) Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish
Empire have reached a stage of development where their existence
as independent nations can be provisionally recognisedsubject tothe
rendenng of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory
until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these
communitiesmust be a principal consideration in the selection ofthe
Mandatory.
(5) Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such
a stage that the Mandatory must be responsible for the administra-
tion of the temtory under conditions whichwillguarantee freedom
of conscienceand religion,subject only tothe maintenance of public
order and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade,
the arms traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the
establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of
military training of the natives for other than police purposes and
the defence of temtory, and will also secure equal opportunities for
the trade and commerce of other Members of the League.

(6) There are temtories, such as South-West Africa and certain of
the South Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their
population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres
ofcivilisation,ortheir geographicalcontiguity to the temtory of the
Mandatory, and other circumstances, can be best administered under
278 (M. Lloyd George annonça qu'il avait remis un document ...à
chaque représentant des Grandes Puissances. Ce document ne re-
présentait pas les vues réelles des Colonies mais elles l'avaient
accepté afi n'arriverà un compromis. »

A quelques modifications près, les dispositions de ce document
devinrent l'article 22 du Pacte. La seule adjonction importante fut
celle du paragraphe g qui instituait une Commission permanente
des Mandats.
L'article22 est ainsi conçu:

(cI.Les principes suivants s'appliquent aux colonies et territoires
qui,à la suite de la guerre, ont cesséd'êtresous la souveraineté
des États qui les gouvernaient précédemment et qui sont habités
les conditions particulièrementabdifficiles du monde moderne. Le
bien-êtreet le développement de ces peuples forment une mission
sacrée de civilisation, et il convient d'incorporer dans le présent
Pacte des garanties pour l'accomplissem~nt de cette mission.

2.La meilleure méthode de réaliserpratiquement ce principe est
de confier la tutelle de ces peuples aux nations développées qui,en
géographique, sont le mieux, àemêmed'assumer cette responsabilitéon
et qui consentent à l'accepter: elles exerceraient cette tutelle en
qualité de Mandataires et au nom de la Société.

?. Le caractère du mandat doit différer suivant le degré de
dé;eloppement du peuple, la situation géographiquedu temtGre, ses
conditions économiques et toutes autres circonstances analogues.
4. Certainescommunautés, qui appartenaient autrefois à l'Empire
ottoman, ont atteint un degré.de développement tel que leur
existence comme nationsindépendantespeut êtrereconnue provisoi-
rement, à la condition que les conseils et l'aide d'un Mandataire
guidentleuradministrationjusqu'au moment où ellesseront capables
de se conduire seules. Les vŒux de ces communautés doivent être
pris d'abord en considération pour le choix du Mandataire.
5.Le degréde développement où se trouvent d'autres peuples,
sdcialement ceux de 1'Afriaue centrale. exiee aue le Mandataire
f assume l'administration d; territoirea der cokditions qui, avec
la prohibition d'abus, tels que la traite des esclaves, le trafic des
armes et celui de l'alcool, garantiront la liberté de conscience et de
religion, sans autres limitations que celles que peut imposer le
maintien de l'ordre public et de bonnes mŒurs, et l'interdiction
d'établir des fortifications ou des bases militaires ou navalet de
donner aux indigènes une instruction militaire, si ce n'est pour la
police ou la défensedu territoire et qui assureront égaiement aux
autres Membres de la Société des conditions d'égalité pourles
échangeset le commerce.
6. Ënh, il y a des temtoires, tels que le Sud-Ouest africain et
certaines îles du Pacifique austral, qui, par suite de la faible densité
de leur population, de leur superficie restreinte, de leur éloignement
des centres de civilisation, de leur contiguïté géographique au
territoiredu Mandataire, ou d'autres circonstances, ne sauraient

278 the laws of the Mandatoryasintegral portionsofits temtory, subject
tothe safeguards abovementionedin the iriterests of the indigenous
population.

(7) In every case of mandate, the Mandatory shall render to the
Councilan annual report in reference to the territory committed to
its charge.
(8) The degree of authority, control, or administration to be
exercisedby the Mandatory shall, if not previously agreed upon by
the Membersof the League,be explicitlydefinedin each case by the
Council.
(9).A permanent Commissionshall be constituted to receive and
examine the annual reports of the Mandatories and to advise the
Councilon all matters relating to the observancef the mandates."

In terms of Article 119 of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany

renounced in favour of'the Principal AUied and Associated Powers
ail her rights and titles over her overseas possessions. These pos-
sessions included, inter alia,German South U7est Africa, German
colony New Guinea and German Samoa.

After Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations had
been agreed upon at the Peace Conference, at least two separate
events, in addition to the ratification of the Treaty, had to take
place before the Mandate institution for South West Africa could
come into operation, namely : (1)the Principal Allied and Associated

Powers had to entrust, in terms of paragraph 2 of Article 22, the.
tutelage of the peoples of South West Africa to a qualified State;
and (2)either the Members of the League had to agree upon the
degree of authontgr, control or administration to be exercised by
the Mandatory, or such degree of authority, control or administra-
tion had to be explicitly defined by the Council in terms of Article
22 (8) of the Covenant of the League. The Covenant of the League
was ratified and came into force on IO January 1920. The Principal
Allied and Associated Powers had already decided before this date
that Respondent would hold the Mandate for South West Africa.
Respondent was at all material times willing to accept such Man-

date, held the other necessary qualifications stated in paragraphs
2 and Gof Article 22, and was therefore a qualified State. Members
of the League did not act under the provisions of Article 22, and
the Council accordingly defined the degree of authority, control
or administration to be exercised by the Respondent on 17 Decem-
ber 1920 in the declaration that is commonly called the Mandate,
and it reads as follows:

"MANDAT EOR GERMAN SOUTH WESTAFRICA
The Councilof the League of Nations :

Whereasby Article 119of the Treaty of Peace with Germany
signed at Versailles on June 28th, 1919, Germany renounced in
279 êtremieux administrésque sous les lois du Mandataire, comme une
partieintégrante de sonterritoire, sousréserve desgaranties prévues
plus haut dans l'intérêdt e la population indigène.
7. Dans tous les cas le Mandataire doit envoyer au Conseil un
rapport annuel concernant les territoires dont il a la charge.

8. Si le degréd'autorité,de contrôle ou d'administrationà exercer
par le Mandataire n'a pas fait l'objet d'une convention antérieure
entre les Membres de la Sociétéi,l sera expressémentstatué sur ces
points par le Conseil.
9.Une Commission permanente sera chargée de recevoir et
d'examiner les rapports annuels des Mandataires et de donner au
Conseil son avis sur toutes questions relatives à l'exécution des
mandats. 1)

Aux termes de l'article 119 du traité de Versailles, l'Allemagne
avait renoncé, en faveur des Principales Puissances alliées et asso-
ciées, à tous ses droits et titres sur ses possessions d'outre-mer.
Il s'agissait entre autres du Sud-Ouest africain allemand, de la
colonie allemande de la Nouvelle-Guinée et de la partie allemande
de Samoa.
Après que l'article 22 du Pacte de la Société desNations eut été
adopté par la Conférence de la paix, deux événements distincts au

moins, sans compter la ratification du traité, devaient se produire
avant l'entrée en vigueur du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain:
1) lesPrincipales Puissances alliéeset associéesdevaient, aux termes
de l'article22, paragraphe 2, confier la tutelle des peuples du Sud-
Ouest africain à un Etat qualifié; 2) ou bien le degréd'autorité, de
contrôle ou d'administration à exercer par le mandataire ferait
l'objet d'une convention entre les Membres de la Société,ou bien
il serait expressément statué sur ces points par le Conseil aux

termes de l'article 22, paragraphe 8, du Pacte de la Société des
Nations. Le Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations a été ratifié et est entré
en vigueur le IO janvier 1920. Les Principales Puissances alliéeset
associéesavaient alors déjàdécidédeconfier au défendeurle Mandat
pour le Sud-Ouest africain. Ayant à toutes les époques pertinentes
consenti à accepter ce Mandat et répondant à toutes les autres
qualifications nécessaires prevues aux paragraphes 2 et 6 de l'arti-
cle 22,le défendeur étaitun Etat qualifié.Les Membres de la Société

n'ayant pas agi aux termes de l'article 22, c'est le Conseil qui a
statué le 17 décembre 1920 sur le degré d'autorité, de contrôle ou
d'administration à exercer par le défendeur, dans une déclaration
que l'on appelle communément le Mandat et dont voici le texte:

« MANDAT POUR LE SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN ALLEMAND

Le Conseilde la Société des Nations :
Considérant que, par l'article 119du Traité de Paix avec 1'Alle-
magne signé à Versailles le 28 juin 1919, l'Allemagne a renoncé,

279595 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

over her overseas possessions,including therein German South-Wests
Africa; and

Whereas the Principal Allied and Associated Powers agreed that,
in accordance with Article 22, Part 1 (Covenant of the League of
Nations) of the said Treaty, a Mandate should be conferred upon
His Britannic Majesty to be exercised on his behalf by the Govern-
ment of the Union of South Africa to administer the temtory afore-
mentioned, and have proposed that the Mandate should be formu-
lated in the following terms; and
Whereas His Britannic Majesty, for and on behalf of the Govem-
ment of the Union of South Afnca, has agreed to accept the Mandate
in respect of the said territory and has undertaken to exercise it on
behalf of the League of Nations in accordance with the following
provisions; and
Whereas, by the aforementioned Article 22, paragraph 8,.it is
provided that the degree of authority, control or administration to
be exercised by the Mandatory not having been previously agreed
upon by the Member~of the League, shall be explicitly defined by
the Council of the League of Nations;
Confirming the said Mandate, defines its terrns as follows:

Article I

The territory over which a Mandate is conferred upon His Bntan-
nic Majesty for and on behalf of the Government of the Union of
South Africa (hereinafter called the Mandatory) comprises the
territory which formerly constituted the German Protectorate of
South-West Africa.
Article 2
The Mandatory shallhave full power of administration and legis-
lation over the temtory subject tothe present Mandate as an integral
portion of the Union of South Africa, andmay apply the laws of the
Union of South Afnca, andmay apply the laws of the Union of South
to the temtory, subject to such localmodifications as circumstances
may require.

The Mandatory shall promote to the utmost the material and
moral well-being and the social progress of the inhabitants of the
temtory subject to the present Mandate.

Article 3

The Mandatory shall see that the slave trade is prohibited, and
and services, and then only for adequate remuneration.al public works

The Mandatory shall also see that the traffic in arrns and ammu-
nition is controlled in accordance with principles analogous to those
laid down in the Convention relating to the control of the arms
traffic, signed on September ~oth,1919 or in any convention amend-
ing the same.

280en faveur des Principales Puissances alliées et associées,à tous ses
droits sur ses possessions d'outre-mer, y compris le Sud-Ouest
Africain Allemand ;
Considérantque les Principales Puissances alliées et associéesont
convenu qu'un mandat soit conféré à Sa MajestéBritannique pour
êtreexercéen son nom par le Gouvernement de l'Union de l'Afrique
du Sud, conformément à l'article22 du Pacte de la Société des
Nations, sur le territoire du Sud-Ouest Africain Allemand et ont
proposéque le mandat soit formuléainsi que suit;

Considérantque Sa Majesté Britannique, agissant pour le Gou-
vernement de l'Union de l'Afrique du Sud, et en son nom, s'est
engagée à accepter le mandat sur ledit territoire et a entrepris de
l'exercer au nom de la Société desNations, conformément aux
dispositions suivantes;

Considérantque, aux termes de l'article 22 ci-dessus mentionné,
paragraphe 8, il est prévu que si le degréd'autorité, de contrôle ou
d'administration à exercer par le Mandataire n'a pas fait l'objet
d'une Convention antérieure entre les Membres de la Société,il sera
expressément statué sur ces points par le Conseil;
Par la présente, confirmant le mandat, a statué sur ses termes
comme suit :
ArticleI
Le territoire sur lequel Sa MajestéBritannique assume, pour le
Gouvernement de l'union de l'Afrique du Sud (ci-après dénommé
le Mandataire) et en son nom, l'administration, sous le régimedu
mandat, comprend l'ancien protectorat du Sud-Ouest Africain.

Article2
Le Mandataire aura pleins pouvoirs d'administration et de légis-
lation sur le territoire faisant l'objet du mandat. Ce territoire sera
administré selon la législation du Mandataire comme partie inté-
grante de son territoire. Le Mandataire est en conséquenceautorisé
à appliquer aux régions soumisesau mandat la législationde l'Union
de l'Afrique du Sud, sous réserve des modifications nécessitéespar
les conditions locales.
Le Mandataire accroîtra, par tous les moyens en son pouvoir, le
bien-êtrematériel et moral ainsi que le progrès social des habitants
du territoire soumis au présent mandat.

Article 3

LeMandataire veillera àce que la traite des esclaves soit interdite;
à ce que le travail obligatoire ne soit autorisé que dans le cas de
travaux publics essentiels et dans les services publics et sous con-
dition qu'une rémunération équitable soitallouée.
En outre, le Mandataire veillera à ce que le trafic de l'armement
et des munitions soit contrôlé en conformité avec des principes
analogues à ceux de la Convention relative au contrôle du trafic des
armements, signéele IO septembre 1919, ou de toute autre conven-
tion qui amende cette dernière.
280 shall be prohibited.xicating spirits and beverages to the natives

Article 4
. The military training of the natives, otherwise than for purposes
of interna1 police and the localdefence ofthe territory, shall bepro-
hibited. Furthermore, no rnilitary or naval bases shallbe established
or fortifications erected in the temtory.

Article 5

public order and public morals, the Mandatory shall ensure in theof
temtory freedom of conscience and the free exercise of al1forms of
worship, and shall allow al1 missionaries, nationals of any State
Member of the League of Nations, to enter into, travel and reside
in the territory for the purpose of prosecuting their calling.

Article 6
The Mandatory shall make to the Council of the League of
Nations an annual report to the satisfaction ofthe Council,containing
fullinformation with regard to thetemtory, and indicating the mea-
sures taken to carryout the obligations assumed under Articles2,3,
4 and 5.
Article 7

The consent of the Council of the League of Nations is required
for any modification of the terms of the present Mandate.
The Mandatory agrees that, if any dispute whatever should arise
between the Mandatory and another Member of the League of Na-
tionsrelating tothe interpretation orthe application of the provisions
of the Mandate, such dispute, if it cannot be settled by negotiation,
shall be submitted to the Permanent Court of International Justice
provided for by Article 14of the Covenant of the League of Nations.
The present Declaration shall be deposited in the archives of the
League of Nations. Certified true copies shall be forwarded by the
of the Treaty of Peace with Germany."tions to al1Powers Signatones

During 1919 a Commission of the Supreme Council of the Principal
AUied and Associated Powers prepared a draft agreement between
the Respondent and the Principal Allied and Associated Powers
in terms whereof the Mandate to administer South West Africa

was to be conferred upon Respondent. Differences arose between
the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in regard to the inter-
pretation of those provisions of Article 22 which dealt with equal
opportunities of the trade and commerce of Menibers of the League,
and the matter was not proceeded with. The terms set out in this
draft were the same as those set out in paragraphs 2-6of the Decla-
ration of the Council of the League of 17 December 1930, but the
provisions relating to compulsory jurisdiction read as follow~: Il sera interdit de fournir des spiritueux et des boissons alcooliques
aux indigènesdu territoire.
Article4

L'instruction militaire des indigènes sera interdite, sauf pour
assurer la police locale et Ia défense localedu territoire. En outre,
aucune 'basemilitaire ou navale ne sera établie dans le territoire, ni
aucune fortification.
Article5

Sous réserve des dispositions de la législation locale concernant
le maintien de l'ordre public et des bonnes mŒurs, le Mandataire
assurera, dans toute l'étenduedu territoire, la libertéde conscience
et le libre exercice de tous les cultes et donnerà tous les mission-
naires, sujets ou citoyens de tout Membre de la Société des Nations,
la faculté de pénétrer,de circuler et de résider dans le territoire
dans le but d'exercer leur ministère.
Article6

Le Mandataire devra envoyer au Conseilde la SociétédesNations
un rapport annuel satisfaisant le Conseil et contenant toute infor-
mation intéressant le territoire et indiquant les mesures prises pour
assurer les engagements pris suivant les article2, 3, 4, 5.

Article7
L'autorisation du Conseil de la Société desNations est nécessaire
pour modifier les dispositions du présent mandat.
Le Mandataire accepte que tout différend, quel qu'il soit, qui
viendrait à s'éleverentre lui et un autre Membre de la Société des
Nations relatif à l'interprétation ou l'application des dispositions
du Mandat, et qui ne soit pas susceptible d'êtreréglépar des négo-
ciations, soit soumià la Cour permanente de Justice internationale,
prévuepar l'article 14du Pacte dela Sociétédes Nations.
Le présent exemplaire sera déposédans les archives de la Société
des Nations. Des copies certifiéesconformesen seront remises par le
Secrétaire général dela Société desXations à toutes les Puissances
signataires du Traité de Paix avec l'Allemagne. ))

En 1919, une Commission du Conseil suprême des Principales
Puissances alliées et associées a préparé un projet d'accord entre
le défendeur et les Principales Puissances alliées et associées aux
termes duquel le Mandat sur l'administration du Sud-Ouest afri-
cain devait être conféré au défendeur. Certaines divergences de

vues se sont élevées entre les Principales Puissances alliées et
associées quant à l'interprétation des dispositions de l'article 22
qui traitent des conditions d'égalité à assurer aux Membres de la
Sociétépour les échanges et le commerce et le sujet a été abandonné.
Les termes du projet sont les mêmes que ceux qui figurent dans
les articles 2 à 6 de la déclaration du Conseil de la Sociétédes
Nations du 17 décembre 1920, mais les dispositions relatives à
la juridiction obligatoire sont les suivantes:
281 "The consent of the Councilof the League of Nations is required
for the modification of any of the terms ofthis Mandate. If any
dispute whatever should arise between the Membersof the League
ofNations relating to the interpretation or the application of those
provisions, which cannot be settled by negotiation, this dispute
shall be subrnitted to the Permanent Courof International Justice
to be established by the LeagueofNations."

On 5 August 1920 the Council of the League asked the Principal
Allied and Associated Powers to name the Powers to whom they
had decided to allocate the Mandates, and to communicate to the
Council the terms and conditions of the Mandates which they pro-
posed should be adopted by the Council in terms of Article 22.
In December 1920 draft Mandates, including one for South West
Africa, were submitted to the Council of the League by the Govern-
ment of the United Kingdom. Thereupon the Council referred
these drafts to the Secretariat for consideration and "to consult
other legal experts on any points they consider necessary". The
wording of the terms in this draft was substantially the same as
the draft prepared by the Commission of the Supreme Council of
the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in 1919..Thereupon the
Council made its declaration of 17 December 1920.
It will be observed that the compromissory clause was amended
to read "The Mandatory agrees", etc., instead of "if any dispute ...
should arise between Members of the League of Nations". The

reason for this change, according to Viscount Ishii, was that the
Council had been advised that Members of the League, other than
the Mandatory, could not be forced against their will to submit
their differences to the Permanent Court of International Justice.
Members of the League were clearly not considered to be Parties
to any "agreement" embodied in the terms of the Mandate Declara-
tion.

The amendment made by the Council of the League to the draft
Mandate Declaration submitted to it is of considerable significance.
It reveals that the Council thought that it was responsible for the
terms of the Mandate Declaration and that it could amend the
terms of the draft submitted to it. The anlendment to Article 7
is certainly not of a minor nature. The draft submitted to the C.ounci1
provided for compulsory jurisdiction relative to disputes between
Members of the League. If this provision was retained and agreed

to by Members of the League, the Respondent could have brought
proceedings against Members of the League, and would not have
been obliged to wait for a clarification of legal issues until pro-
ceedings, were instituted against it. Furthermore, if the draft
remained unamended, Members of the League could have brought
contentious proceedings against one another relative to the in-
terpretation or application of the provisions of the Mandate.
In its original form the compromissory clause in Article 7 approx-
282 AFF. S.-O.AFRICAIN (OPIN. DISS.DE M. VAN WYK) 597

«Toute modificationaux termes de ce Mandat devra êtreapprou-
véeau préalable par le Conseil de la Société des Nations. Si une
divergence d'interprétation quelconque s'élevaitentre les Membres
de la SociétdesNations au sujet de l'application de cesdispositions
et que cette divergencene puisse êtretranchéepar des négociations,
celle-cidevra êtreportéedevant le Tribunal permanent de Justice
internationale qui doit êtreconstitué parla Ligue des Nations.))
Le 5 août 1920le Conseil de la Sociétéa demandé aux Principales

Puissances alliéeset associéesde désigner les Puissances auxquelles
elles avaient décidé deconfier les Mandats et de lui communiquerles
termes et conditions des Mandats qu'elles proposaient à l'adoption
du Conseil en vertu de l'article 22. En décembre 1920 des projets
de Mandat comprenant celui qui concernait le Sud-Ouest africain
ont étésoumis au Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations par le Gouverne-
ment du Royaume-Cni. Sur quoi le Conseil a invité le Secrétariat à
examiner ces projets et «à consulter, sur tels points qu'il jugerait
utile, d'autres autorités juridiques spécialisées en la matière B.
La rédaction des termes de ce projet était à peu près la mêmeque

celle du projet préparé en 1919 par la Commission du Conseil
suprême des Principales Puissances alliées et associées. Sur quoi
le Conseil a fait sa déclaration du 17 décembre 1920.
On observera que la clause compromissoire a étéamendée et
qu'au Lieu des termes « Si une divergence ...s'élevait entre les
Membres de la Société des Nations » on lit: «Le Mandataire ac-
cepte », etc. Selon le vicomte Isfiii la raison de cet amendement
était qu'il avait été fait observer au Conseil que les Membres de
la Sociétéautres que le Mandataire ne pourraient pas êtreobligés

de soumettre leurs différends à la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale sans leur approbation. Il était bien évident que les
Membres de la Sociétédes Nations n'étaient pas considéréscomme
parties à tout ((accord » inclus dans les termes de la déclaration de
Mandat.
L'amendement apporté par le Conseil de la Société desNations
au projet de déclaration de Mandat qui lui avait étésoumis est
très significatif. 11révèleque le Conseil s'estimait responsable des
termes de la déclaration de Mandat et qu'il pensait pouvoir amender

le projet qui lui était soumis. L'amendement de l'article 7 n'est
certainement pas un amendement mineur. Le projet soumis au
Conseil prévoyait la juridiction obligatoire en cas de désaccord entre
les Membres de la Sociétédes Nations. Si cette disposition avait
étéretenue et approuvée par les Membres de la Sociétédes Nations,
le défendeur aurait pu engager des instances contre les Membres
de la Sociétéet n'aurait pas été obligé d'attendre qu'une action
fût intentée contre lui pour éclaircir des questions de droit. Au
surplus, si le projet n'avait pas étéamendé, les Membres de la
Société desNations auraient pu engager des actions contentieuses

l'un contre l'autre au sujet de l'interprétation ou de l'application
des dispostitions du Mandat. Sous sa forme originale, la clauseimated a declaration by each Member of the League under the
provisions of Article 36 of the Statute of the Permanent Court of
International Justice, and complied with the condition of recipro-
city provided for therein. In its amended form Article 7 imposes a

unilateral obligation on the Mandatory without any reciprocity.

The first issue, namely, whether the Mandate Declaration is a
treaty or convention in force, has been fully dealt with in the Judg-
ment of Judge Sir Percy Spender and Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice,
and it is sufficient to Say that1 fully endorse their views that it
is not a treaty or convention in force.

The next issue is whether the legal effect of Article 7 of the
Mandate Declaration or anj7amendment thereof is that the Respon-
dent has agreed to an action being instituted against it relative
to the interpretation or the application of the provisions of the
Mandate by the Applicants. Here again, 1 am in full agreement
with the views of Judge Sir Percy Spender and Judge Sir Gerald
Fitzmaurice, but inasmuch as 1 desire to emphasize certain aspects
of this issue, shall deal there~vith fiilly.
The Applicants contend that they are ex-Members of the League
and Members of the Cnited Nations, and that in terms of the
compromissory clause in Article 7 of the Mandate Declaration,
Article 37 of the Statute of this Court, and Article 80 (1) of the

Charter of the United Nations, the Respondent has agreed to such
actions being instituted against it by either ex-Members of the
League or Members of the United Nations.

1 shall first deal with the Mandate Declaration and thereafter
with the aforesaid provisions of the Statute of this Court and the
Charter of the Ilnited Nations.
It will be observed that the Mandatory's substantive obligations
are contained in Articles 2-5 of the Mandate Declaration, and the
procedural obligations in Articles 6 and 7. Articles 2-5 relate to
the administration of the territory. It will also be observed that
Articles 6 and 7, as well as that part of Article 5 which provided
for the admission of missionaries who are nationals of Members of
the League, depended for their fulfilment on the existence of the
1-eague of Nations. For the purposes of issues now being consi-
dered, the aforesaid provision of Article 5 is not of any importance
and will not be dealt with. Article6 depended for its fulfilment on
the existence of the League, as without a League there could not
be a Council of the League to report to, and the compromissory
clause in Article 7 depended for its fulfilment on the existence of

the League, as without a League in existence there could not be
a Member of the League.compromissoire de l'article 7 équivalait à une déclaration faite
par chaque Membre de la Société des Nations aux termes de l'ar-
ticle36 du Statut de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale
et remplissait la condition de réciprocité quiest stipuléeetarticle.
Sous sa formeamendée,l'article 7 impose au Mandataire une obliga-
tion unilatérale sans aucune réciprocité.
La première question qui se pose, celle de savoir si la déclaration
de Mandat est un traité ou une convention en vigueur, a ététraitée

à fond dans l'opinion dissidente de sir Percy Spender et de sir
Gerald Fitzmaurice et je me contenterai de dire que je m'associe
entièrement à leur point de vue :il ne s'agit pas d'lin traité ni d'une
convention en vigueur.
La question qui vient ensuite est de savoir si l'article 7 de la
déclaration de Mandat ou tout amendement à cet article ont pour
effet juridique que le défendeur ait accepté qu'une instance fût
intentée contre lui par les demandeurs au sujet de l'interprétation
ou de l'application desdispositions du Mandat. Là encore, je partage
sans réserve l'opinion de sir Percy Spender et de sir Gerald Fitz-
maurice mais, comme je voudrais mettre en évidence certains as-
pects de cette question, je vais en traiter plus longuement.
Les demandeurs soutiennent qu'ils sont anciens Membres de la
Sociétédes Nations et Membres des Nations Unies et qu'aux ter-
mes de la clause compromissoire de l'article 7 de la déclaration de
Mandat, de l'article37 du Statut dela Cour et de l'article 80, para-
graphe 1, de la Charte des Nations Unies, le défendeur a accepté
que des actions de ce genre pussent êtreouvertes contre lui soit
par d'anciens Membres de la Sociétédes Nations, soit par des
Membres des Nations Unies.
Je traiterai tout d'abord de la déclaration de Mandat puis des

dispositions du Statut de la Cour et de la Charte des Nations Unies
susmentionnées.
On observera que les obligations de fond du Mandataire figurent
aux articles 2 à 5de la déclaration de Mandat et les obligations de
procédure aux articles 6 et7. Les articles2à 5 ont trait à l'adminis-
tration du territoire. On observera aussi que les articles 6 et 7,
ainsi que la partie de l'articl5 qui contient des dispositions inté-
ressant les missionnaires sujets ou citoyens de pays Membres de la
Société desNations, dépendent, pour leur application, de l'existence
de la Société des Nations. Aux fins des questions actuellement
examinées, la disposition de l'article5 susmentionnée ne présente
aucun intérêtet il n'en sera pas traité. L'application de l'articl6
dépend de l'existence de la Société desNations car, si la Société
des Nations n'existe pas, il ne peut y avoir de Conseil de la Société
auquel envoyer des rapports; de même,l'application de la clause
compromissoire de l'article 7 dépend de l'existence de la Société
des Nations car, si la Sociétédes Nations n'existe pas, ilne peut y
avoir de Membre de cette Société. The ordinary natiiral meaning of the expression "Member of the
League" in Article 7is a State which is a Member of the League.

The Article does not refer to members of international organizations
generally. It refers to membership of a particular organization:
the League of Nations. There is no reference to non-members,
ex-members of the League, or Members of the United Nations.
The expression "Member of the League" appears in al1 but four
of the articles of the Covenant. It is used in all the Mandate in-
struments, not only in the compulsory jurisdiction clauses but also
in other clauses where special benefits are reserved for Members of
the League. In al1these instances it could have been used only as
describing Members of the League at the time when the intended
privilege was sought to be enjoyed. Al1these provisions depended
for their fulfilment upon the existence of the League.

It is contended that "Member of the League of Nations" in
Article 7 does not mean "Member of the League of Nations",
but means a tate which is or has been a Member of the League of
Nations. It is argued that this extraordinary meaning is justified
as the natural and ordinary meaning of these words is incompatible
with the spirit, purpose and context of the clause in which they
appear. Three reasons are advanced for this proposition.
The first is that the judicial protection of the sacred trust of
civilization was an essential feature of the Mandates System. The
answer is that the Mandate Declaration for South West Africa did

not provide for judicial protection or judicial control; but even if
it did it cannot be said that this provision was an essential feature
of the Mandate. In any event, this reason affords no justification
in law or logic for giving the words "Member of the League" a
meaning they are not capable of bearing.

Article 22 (1) of the Covenant required the application of the
principle that securities for the performance of the sacred trust
referred to therein should be embodied in the Covenant. Securities
for the protection of the sacred trust were in accordance with this
principle embodied in Article 22,but judicial protection or judicial
control was not one of these securities. No organ of the League was
authorized to add to these securities, which means that securities

could only have been added by an amendment of Article 22 in
terms of the provisions of Article 26 of the Covenant, and no such
amendment has ever been made.

The resolution of the Council which constitutes the Mandate
Declaration has not been embodied in the Covenant. There is no
legal principle that the executive acts of an executive organ is
embodied in the enabling authority. Thus, a ministerial regulation
under a statute is not embodied in the statute. nor are the decisions

284 Au sens naturel et ordinaire, l'expression « Membre de la Société
des Nations 1)désigne dans l'article 7 un Etat qui est Membre de
la Société desNations. L'article ne parle pas de membres d'organisa-
tions internationales en général. Il se réfèreà une organisation par-
ticulière: la Société des Nations. Il ne se réfèrepas aux États non
Membres ou anciens Membres de la Société,non plus qu'aux États
Membres des Nations Unies. L'expression cMembre de la Société

des Nations ))apparaît dans tous les articles du Pacte sauf quatre.
Elle est employée dans tous les instruments de Mandat, non
seulement dans les clauses touchant la juridiction obligatoire mais
encore dans d'autres clauses où certains avantages spéciaux sont
réservésaux Membres de la Société. Dans.tous ces exemples, elle
ne peut êtreemployéeque pour qualifier les Membres de la Société
des Nations au moment où ils prétendent jouir des avantages prévus.
L'application de toutes ces dispositions dépend de l'existence de la
Société.

On soutient qu'à l'article 7 «Membre de la Sociétédes Nations ))
ne signifie pas « Membre de la Société des Nations »,mais désigne
un État qui est ou a étéMembre de la Société.On prétend justifier
le sens extraordinaire ainsi attribué à ces mots par le fait que leur
sens naturel et ordinaire serait incompatible avec l'esprit, le but
et le contexte de la clause dans laquelle ils figurent. Trois raisons
ont étéavancées à l'appui de cette proposition.
La première est que la protection judiciaire de la mission sacrée
de civilisation serait une caractéristique essentielle du système

des Mandats. La réponse est que la déclaration de Mandat pour le
Sud-Ouest africain n'a pas prévu de protection judiciaire, ni de
contrôle judiciaire; mais, mêmes'il en avait étéainsi, on ne pourrait
y voir une caractéristique essentielle du Mandat. En tout cas,
cela ne permettrait ni en droit ni en logique de donner à l'expression
((Membre de la Sociétédes Nations 1)une signification qu'elle ne
peut avoir.
L'article 22, paragraphe 1, du Pacte prescrivait l'application
du principe d'après lequel il convenait d'incorporer dans le Pacte des
garanties pour l'accomplissement de la mission sacrée mention-

née dans cet article. Conformément à ce principe, des garanties
pour la protection de la mission sacrée ont étéincorporées dans
l'article22, mais on ne trouve parmi celles-ci ni la protection
judiciaire, ni le contrôle judiciaire. Aucun organe de la Société
n'était habilité à ajouter à ces garanties, ce qui signifie que des
garanties ne pouvaient êtreajoutées que par la voie d'un amende-
ment du Pacte conforme à l'article 26; or, jamais aucun amende-
ment de cette sorte n'a été adopté.
La résolution du Conseil qui constitue la déclaration de Mandat

n'a pas étéincorporée dans le Pacte. Il n'existe pas de principe
juridique d'après lequel les mesures d'exécution émanant d'un
organe exécutif seraient incorporées dans le texte en vertu duquel
elles sont prises. Ainsi, un règlement ministériel pris aux termes
284of a board of directors embodied in the Articles of Association of
a Company. If the Mandate Declaration was embodied in the
Covenant of the League the provisions relating to the amendment
of the Covenant (Article 26 of the Covenant) would have applied
thereto; but they do not apply inasmuch as Article 7 of the Man-
date Declaration provided specifically that the Mandate could be

amended with the consent of the Coi~ncil.

In any event, the power of the Council was confined to defining
the degree of authority, control or administration to be exercised
by the Mandatory and did not include any power to add to the
securities relating to the supervision over the Mandatory embodjcd
in Article 22. The supervision over the Mandatory was entrusted
to the Council of the League and the Mandates Commission and
there could not have been any intention to authorize concurrent
supervision by the appointment of every Member and ex-Member
of the League as individual guardians of the sacred trust or to
confer on each of these States the right to institute proceedings
against any Mandatory whenever it was considered that a breach
or abuse of the Mandate had taken place.
It follows that the compromissory clause in Article 7 of the

Mandate Declaration was not intended to impose any obligation
other than that the Mandatory was obliged to consent to the sub-
mission of disputes relating to the interpretation or application of
the Mandate betkveenit and another Member of the League, if such
disputes could not be settled by negotiation, to the Permanent
Court of International Justice. "Disputes" had no meaning other
than its ordinary meaning in compromissory clauses, i.e., disagree-
ments relating to the legal rights of the parties. There clearly could
not have been any intention to confer general supervisory rights on
every Member or ex-Member of the League.
It has been contended that inasmuch as it was realized that by
abusing the unanimity rule which applied to the Council a Man-
datory could frustrate the supervision of the Council, and that
for this reason it was considered necessary to arm every Member of
the League (and every ex-Member of the League) with supervisory

powers including the right to institute contentious proceedings
against the Mandatory whenever such State thought that the Man-
date had been abused or breached.
It was with reluctance that Mandatories such as the Respondent,
New Zealand and Australia agreed to the supervision of the League.
They obviously only agreed to the supervision by the Mandate
Commission and the Council of the League on account of the pro-
tection afforded them by the procedural provisions of the Covenant,
and the fact that the Council was a small and select body of States.
It is not reasonable to assume that they would have agreed to
additional supervision by every Member and every ex-Member of
the League armed with the right to institute legal proceedings

285d'une loi n'est pas incorporédans cette loi, pas plus que des décisions
du conseil d'administration ne sont incorporées dans les statuts
d'une compagnie. Si la déclaration de Mandat avait étéincorporée
dans le Pacte, les dispositions relatives aux amendements au Pacte

(article26 du Pacte) s'y seraient appliquées; mais il n'en a rien été,
puisque l'article7 de la déclaration de Mandat prévoyait expressé-
ment que le Mandat pouvait êtreamendé avec l'autorisation du
Conseil.
De toute façon, la compétencedu Conseil se limitait à statuersur
le degréd'autorité, de contrôle ou d'administration à exercer par le
Mandataire et ne l'autorisait pas à ajouter d'autres garanties à
la surveillance du Mandataire prévue par l'article22.La surveillance
du Mandataire étant confiéeau Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations et
à la Commission des Mandats, il est impossible qu'on ait voulu au-
toriser une surveillance concurrente en faisant de chacun des
Membres (et anciens Membres) de la Société des gardiens indivi-
duels de la mission sacrée ou en leur conférant le droit d'ouvrir
une action contre un Mandataire chaque fois qu'ils estimeraient
qu'il y avait violation ou abus du Mandat.

Il s'ensuit que la clause compromissoire de l'article 7 de la
déclaration de Mandat n'était pas destinée à imposer d'autre
obligation que celle-ci: le Mandataire était tenu d'accepter la
soumission à la Cour permanente de Justice internationale des
différends relatifs à l'interprétation ouà l'application du Mandat
qui viendraient à s'éleverentre lui et un autre Membre de la Société
des Nations. Le mot ((différend» n'avait d'autre sens que celui
qu'il a ordinairement dans les clauses compromissoires, c'est-à-dire
celui d'accord relatif aux droits des parties.l est clair que l'inten-
tion ne saurait avoir étéde conférerdes droits de surveillance géné-
rale à chacun des Membres ou anciens Membres de la Société.
On a soutenu que, comme on craignait qu'un Mandataire ne
mît en échecla surveillance confiéeau Conseil en abusant de la
règle de l'unanimité appliquée au sein de cet organe, on a, pour
cette raison, jugénécessaire dedoter chacun des Membres (et anciens
Membres) de la Sociétéde pouvoirs de surveillance comprenant le

droit d'introduire une procédure contentieuse contre le Mandataire
chaque fois qu'ils estimeraient qu'il y avait abus ou violation du
Mandat.
Des Mandataires tels que le défendeur, la Nouvelle-Zélande et
l'Australie n'ont accepté qu'à contre-cŒur la surveillance de la
Société des Nations. Ils n'ont évidemment accepté la surveillance
de la Commission des Mandats et du Conseil de la Société desNa-
tions que compte tenu de la protection que leur offraient les disposi-
tions de procédure du Pacte et compte tenu du fait que le Conseil
était composéd'un petit nombre dlEtats choisis. Il n'est pas rai-
sonnable de supposer qu'ils auraient acceptéla surveillance supplé-
mentaire de chacun des Membres et anciens Membres de la Société,

285 against them whenever it was considered that the Mandate had
been breached or abused.
If Article 7 was intended to have this far-reaching effect some-
body would have made some reference thereto and it would have
been recorded somewhere. It would have been the subject of violent
debates. Not one word of evidence to support this theory is to be
found in the travaux firéfiaratoireor in any contemporary writings

or in the subsequent conduct or statements of the parties. The pos-
sibility of the failure of the machinery devised in the Covenant
was not contemplated at the time. Moreover, the fact that for
more than forty years not a single State ever sought to act as
an individual supervisory authority in itself effectively refutes
the aforesaid contention.
In any event, however important it may have been, the com-
promissory clause in Article 7 of the Mandate Declaration can in
noway be said to have been an indispensable feature ofthe Mandate.
Had it been omitted from the Mandate Declaration a valid Mandate
would nonetheless have been constituted in accordance with the
provisions of Article 22. The Permanent Court of International
Justice would not, and could not, have held that Article 22 of the
Covenant contained an implied provision that a compromissory
clause was essential. It is significant that the Charter of the Cnited

Nations does not provide for the compulsory jurisdiction of any
Court in regard to the sacred trust created in Article73,nor is such
a provision contained in Chapters XII and XIII, which deal with
the international trusteeship system. There are in fact trusteeship
agreements which do not contain any provision for the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court. If the Permanent Court of International
Justice came to an end for some reason or other one could not have
argued that for that reason the Mandate had come to an end.

The second reason advanced for not giving the words "Member
of the League" their ordinary and natural meaning is that "the
right to implead the Mandatory Power before the Permanent Court
was conferred on the Members of the League because it was re-
garded as the most reliable and enduring procedure of ensuring
the protection of the Court, whatever might happen to or arise

from the machinery of administrative supervision". It is difficult
to understand this reason but it apparently means that it was
considered that the right to bring contentious proceedings should
survive the League or the organs of the League. Here again we
have a bare assertion unsupported by facts or reasons.

The truth is that the possibility of the dissolution of the League
was not contemplated when the Covenant was agreed to or when
the Mandate Declaration was made and this consideration could
therefore not have constituted a reason for conferring rights on
States irrespective of whether they remained Members of the

286dotés du droit d'intenter une action contre eux chaque fois qu'ils
estimeraient qu'il y avait violation ou abus du Mandat.
Si on avait voulu donner à l'article 7 une portée aussi étendue,
quelqu'un l'aurait dit et cela figurerait quelque part. Cela aurait
fait l'objet de violents débats. On ne trouve aucune preuve de cette
théoriedans lestravaux préparatoires, dans les écritscontemporains,
ni dans la pratique ou les déclarations ultérieures des parties. La

possibilité d'un effondrement du système établi par le Pacte n'a
pas étéenvisagéeà 1"époque.Au surplus, le fait que, pendant plus
de quarante ans, pas un seul État n'ait essayé d'agirindividuelle-
ment en tant qu'autorité de surveillance suffit à réfuter cette thèse.

En tout cas, quelle qu'ait pu être son importance, la clause
compromissoire de l'article 7 de la déclaration de Mandat ne saurait
en aucune manière êtreconsidéréecomme un élément indispensable
du Mandat. Même si elleavait étéomise de la déclaration deMandat,
un Mandat valide n'en aurait pas moins étéconstitué conformé-

ment aux dispositions de l'article 22. La Cour permanente de Jus-
tice internationale n'aurait pas jugé, et n'aurait pas pu juger,
que l'article 22 du Pacte contenait une disposition implicite selon
laquelle la clause compromissoire aurait étéessentielle. Il est
significatif que la Charte des Nations Unies ne prévoit la juridiction
obligatoire dlaucun tribunal en ce qui concerne la mission sacrée
établie à l'article73 et que les chapitres XII et XIII, qui traitent
du régimeinternational de tutelle, ne contiennent pas non plus de
dispositions en ce sens. En fait, il existe des accords de tutelle qui
ne contiennent pas de disposition ayant trait à la juridiction obliga-
toire de la Cour. Si la Cour permanente de Justice internationale

avait cesséd'exister pour une raison ou pour une autre, on n'aurait
pu prétendre que le Mandat fût pour autant devenu caduc.
La seconde raison avancée pour refuser aux mots ((Membre de la
Sociétédes Nations ))leur sens naturel et ordinaire est la suivante:
((le droit de citer la Puissance mandataire devant la Cour perma-
nente était conféréaux Membres de la Sociétédes Nations parce
qu'il était considérécomme le moyen le plus sûr et le plus durable
de rendre la protection judiciaire effective, quoi qu'il pût advenir
du système'desurveillance administrative ou survenir à son sujet ».
Bien qu'il soit difficile de comprendre cette raison, elle signifie

apparemment que l'on considérait que le droit d'introduire une
procédure contentieuse devait survivre à la Société ou àsesorganes.
Là encore, nous sommes en présenced'une simple affirmation que
n'appuient ni faits ni motifs.
En vérité,on n'avait pas envisagéau moment de l'élaboration du
Pacte et de la rédaction de la déclaration de Mandat la possibilité
d'une dissolution de la Société desNations; cela n'a donc pas pu
constituer une raison de conférer des droits à des États, non pas
seulement pour la durée de leur appartenance à la Société desNa-

286League or not rather than for as long as they remained Members

of the League. If it is true that the authors of the Mandate Declara-
tion actually intended that the words "Members of the League"
should not have their ordinary and natural meaning it is difficult to
see why more appropnate terminology was not employed; in
other words if it was intended that "Member of the League"
should not mean Member of the League why were the words
"Member of the League" preferred?
The third reason advanced is that a tacit agreement was reached
among all the Members of the League at its dissolution to the
effect that "Member of the League" should be construed as meaning
ex-Member of the League. An agreement in 1946 could amend the
provisions of Article7, which came into existence in 1920, but it
clearly cannot have any bearing on the meaning of the Article
pnor to the amendment. 1 shall deal fully with this contention
when considering the legal effect of the statements andresolutions
at the dissolution of the League. It is suficient for the moment
to observe that if the first two reasons are sound there would
have been no need for this further agreement.

This is no, a case where the Court has to clecide between two

possible meanings as the words "Member of the League" in Article7
are clear and unambiguous and capable of only one meaning.

It is accordingly clear that the compromissory clause in Ar-
ticle7 depended for its fulfilment on the existence of the League,
and is no longer capable of fulfilment since the dissolution of the
League unless (a) there exists a substantive rule of international
law which provides for automatic substitution of ex-Members
of the League or Members of the United Nations for Members
of the League, or (b) the Respondent is a party to an agreement,
express or implied, in terms whereof ex-Members of the League
or Members of the United Nations were substituted for Members
of the League in the aforesaid provision.

The Applicants contend that organs of the United Nations have
been substituted for the Council of the League and the Mandate
Commission, and that Members of the United Nations have been
substituted for Members of the League in Article7 of the Mandate.
This submission is apparently mainly based on what the Applicants
term "the principle of succession". On this principle they base a
suggestion that even if Article37 of the Statute of this Court had

not been enacted, this Court could be held to have been substituted
for the Permanent Court of International Justice in Article7. The
Applicants further submit in the alternative that "Member of the
League of Nations" in Article 7 should now be read as "Member
of the League of Nations at the time of its dissolution", and for
this submission they rely on what they term the concept of the
287tions mais qu'ils en restassent Membres ou non. S'il est vrai que
les auteurs de la déclaration de Mandat avaient vraiment l'inten-
tion de donner aux mots ((Membre de la Société des Nations »
un sens autre que leur sens naturel et ordinaire, on se demande
pourquoi une terminologie plus appropriée n'a pas étéutilisée;
en d'autres termes, si on voulait que «Membre de la Société des
Nations »ne signifiât pas Membre de la Société des Nations, pour-
quoi a-t-on préféré les mots «Membre de la Société des Nations »?
La troisième raison avancéeest qu'au moment de la dissolution
de la Société des Nationsil y aurait eu entre tous ses Membres
un accord tacite selon lequel «Membre de la Société des Nations ))
devrait être interprétécomme signifiant ((ancien Membre de la
Société 1)Un accord de 1946 pouvait amender les dispositons de
l'article7, qui est entré en vigueur en 1920, mais il ne saurait
évidemment avoir influésur le sens de cet ,article avant son amen-
dement. Je m'arrêteraiplus longLement sur cet argument lorsque
j'examinerai les conséquencesjuridiques des déclarations et réso-
lutions faites lors de la dissolution de la Société des Nations.Il
suffit pour le moment d'observer que, si les deux premières raisons
avaient étébonnes, ce nouvel accord n'aurait pas éténécessaire.
Il ne s'agit pas en l'espècepour la Cour de déciderentre deux
significations possibles, car les mots« Membre de la Société des
Nations »figurant à l'article 7 sont clairs et sans ambiguïté et ne
peuvent avoir qu'une seule signification.
Il est donc évident que la clause compromissoire de l'article 7
dépendaitpour son exécutiondel'existence dela SociétédesNations
et que, depuis la dissolutionde la SociétédesNations,ellene saurait
êtreappliquée à moins: a) qu'il n'existe unerèglede fond du droit
international prévoyant la substitution automatique des anciens
Membres de la Société des Nationsou des Membres des Nations
Unies aux Membres de la Société desNations; ou b) que le défen-
deur ne soit partieà un accord, exprès ou non, aux termes duquel
les anciens Membres de la Société des Nationsou les Membres des
Nations Unies auraient étésubstitués aux Membres de la Société
dans la disposition susmentionnée.
Les demandeurs soutiennent que certains organes des Nations
Unies ont étésubstituésau Conseilde la Sociétédes Nationset à la
Commission des Mandats et que, dans l'article 7 du Mandat, les
Membres des Nations Unies ont étésubstitués aux Membres de la
Société des Nations. Cetteprétention se fonde apparemment sur
ce que les demandeurs appellent «le principe de succession ».Se
fondant sur ce principe, ils suggèrent que, mêmesi l'article 37
du Statut de la Cour n'avait pas existé, onpourrait estimer que la
Coura été substituée à la Courpermanente de Justice internationale
en vertu de l'article 7. Les demandeurs affirment ensuite que l'ex-
pression ((Membre de la Société des Nations » figurant dans l'ar-
ticle7 doit s'entendre maintenant comme « Membre de la Société
des Nations au moment de sa dissolution »et ils appuient cette

287limited "de facto survival of an entity which has been formally
dissolved .
There is no substantive rule of international law which provides
that where an international organization comes to an end, and
another international organization performing similar functions
exists at that time, that the powers and functions of the dissolved
organization pas automatically to the organs of the new organi-
zation, or that the rights of the Members of the former pass tothe
Members of the latter, irrespective of the intention of the parties
to the relevant instruments relating to these organizations. In
Ambatielos'scase (I.C. J. 1952,p. 54),Judge Levi Carneiro remarked:

"Even when the organ which was formerly competent has been
abolished, its powers cannot be regarded as automatically trans-
ferred to the new organ which replaces it."

No such rule of automatic transfer is to be found in any of the
sources of international law enumerated in Article 38 of the Statute
of this Court. There are no international conventions, general or
particular, establishing such a rule, there is no general international
custom to this effect, nor is such a rule to be found in the general
principles of law recognized by civilized nations.

Apart from the fact that no source of international law recognizes
such a principle, common-sense and logic recluire that such a rule
should not exist. If it did exist it would mean that even an express
provision in a treaty or convention could not avoid its effect. It
follows that there can at most be a rule to the effect that, in the
absence of any indication of a contrary intention by the parties to
the instruments concerned, it shall be presumed that an automatic
transfer was intended. But even such a general rule is not to be
found in any of the sources of international law.

It may however be that the nature of a particular function of an
organ of an organization which is dissolved is such that the rules
of construction require the Court to imply, in the light of the evi-
dence afforded by the particular circumstances, that a transfer must

have been intended to take place. Such a conclusion would be the
result of the application of rules of construction determining the
intention of the parties, not the effect of a substantive rule of law.
The Applicants rely inter alia on two statements of the late
Judge Lauterpacht, but a careful analysis of these statements in
their context reveals that the Judge was here concerned with the
application of rules of construction and that he did not intend to
state a rule of substantive law. The first statement relied upon is
a quotation from Oppenheim, L., International Law-A Treatise,
288 prétention sur ce qu'ils nomment le principe de la ((survivance
de facto d'une personne morale formellement dissoute )).
Il n'existe aucune règle fondamentale de droit international
qui énonceque, lorsqu'une organisation internationale est dissoute
et qu'il existe à la mêmeépoque une autre organisation interna-

tionale assurant des fonctions semblables, les pouvoirs et fonctions
de l'organisation dissoute passent automatiquement aux organes
dela nouvelle organisation, ni que les droits des Membres de la pre-
mièrepassent aux Membres dela seconde quelle que puisse êtrel'in-
tention des parties aux instruments pertinents concernant ces orga-
nisations. Dans l'affaire Ambatielos (C.I.J. Recz~eil Ig52, p. 54),
M. Levi Carneiro a observé :

« Même quand l'organe antérieurement compétenta été supprimé,
on ne considèrepas que sesattributions passent automatiquement à
l'organenouveau qui le remplace: Ainsi, pour que cette Cour ait les
attributions de l'ancienne Cour permanente, il a éténécessaireque
l'article7 du Statut le détermineexpressément. ))

On ne trouve aucune règle de transfert automatique de ce genre
dans l'une quelconque des sources du droit-international énumérées
dans l'article 38 du Statut de la Cour. Il n'existe aucune convention
internationale généraleou particulière qui l'établisse, aucune cou-
tume internationale générale à cet effet et l'on ne trouve non plus
aucune règle de ce genre dans les principes généraux de droit
reconnus par les nations civilisées.
Outre le fait qu'aucune source du droit international ne recon-
naît ce principe, le bon sens et la logique démontrent qu'il n'existe
pas. S'ilexistait, cela signifieraitque même lesdispositions expresses
d'un traité ou d'une convention ne pourraient en éviter l'effet.

Il s'ensuit que pourrait exister tout au plus une règle selon laquelle,
en l'absence de toute indication d'une intention contraire des par-
ties à l'égarddes instruments intéressés, ondevrait présumer qu'un
transfert automatique était prévu. Mais on ne trouve aucune trace
fût-ce d'une règle générale dece genre dans aucune source du droit
international.
Il se peut cependant que la nature de la fonction particulière d'un
des organes d'une organisation dissoute soit telle que les règles
d'interprétation imposent à la Cour d'en inférer, à la lumière de
certaines circonstances particulières, qu'un transfert a étéprévu.
Cette conclusion serait le résultat de l'application des règles d'in-

terprétation déterminant l'intention des parties, mais non pas l'ef-
fet d'une règlejuridique de fond.
Les demandeurs se fondent inter alia sur deux déclarations du
regretté Lauterpacht, mais l'analyse attentive de ces déclarations
dans leur contexte révèleque l'auteur y traitait de l'application
des règles d'interprétation et qu'il n'avait nullement l'intention
d'énoncer une règle juridique de fond. La première déclaration sur
laquelle les demandeurs s'appuient est une citation extraite de
288Volume 1, Eighth Edition, ed. by H. Lauterpacht, Longmans, Green
and Co., London, 1955, p. 168, and itreads as follows:

"While as a rule the devolution of rights and competences is
govemed either by the constituent instruments of the organizations
in question or by special agreements or decisions of their organs,
the requirement of continuity of international life demands that
succession should be assumed to operate in all cases where that is
thepartiesasiinterpretedin thelightof thepurposeof theorganizationsf
in question." (Italics added.)

It is clear that the author was here dealing with an imylied term
-"reasonably assumed intention of the partiesH-while also
stressing the ut res magis valeat quam fiereut de, including the rule
that one should have due regard to the object of the parties. The
other passage referred to is from Lauterpacht, H., The Develofiment
of International Law by the International Cozlrt, Stevens and Sons,
London, 1958, at page 280:

"Such importation ...of the rules of succession in relation to
international organizations is nomore than an example of legitimate
application of the principle of effectiveness to basic international
instruments."
Here again the Judge was stressing the rule of ut res magis valeat
quam +ereatand did not intend to state a principle not based on
the common intention of the parties to the instruments concerned.
In fact, the statement from Oppenheim referred to above is quoted
by Lauterpacht at pages 279-280 in The Develofimentof International
Law by the International Court, and immediately thereafter follows

the second statement relied upon by the Applicants.

At page 281 of the same work, Lauterpacht states:
"The absence of agreement could not properly be supplemented
by an inference aiming at securing for the instrument in question a
higher degree of effectiveness thanwaswarrantedbytheintentionsof
theparties." (Italics added.)
And at page 290:
<<
Effectiveness being-in general-a principle of good faith is a
matter of circumstance and degree ...But good faith requires no
more than that effect be given in a fair and reasonablemannertothe
intention of the parties.his means that on occasions, if such was
the intention of the parties, goodfaith may require that effectiveness
of the instrument should fa11short of its apparent and desirable
declaration of lofty purpose-suchnessas a universal declaration of
human rights-into a source of legal rights and obligations." AFF. S.-O. AFRICAIN (OPIN. DISS. DE M. VAN WYK) 604

l'ouvrage de L. Oppenheim, International Law - A Treatise,
volume 1, 8me édition par H. Lauterpacht, Longmans, Green and
Co., Londres, 1955, page 168, qui est la suivante:
((Alors qu'en règlegénérale la dévolutiondesdroits et des compé-
tences est gouvernéesoit par les instruments constitutifs des orga-
nisations en question, soit par des accords ou des décisionsde leurs
organes,la nécessitéde continuitédela vieinternationale exigequela
succession soit présuméeavoir lieu dans tous les cas où cela semble
conforme aux intentions desparties, ou indiqué paruneprésomption
raisonnabledel'intentiondesparties, interprétée àla lumière des fins
poursuivies par l'organisation en question:))(Les italiques sont de
nous.)
Il est évident que l'auteur traite d'une condition implicite - la

((présomption raisonnable de l'intention des parties 1)-, tout en
soulignant aussi la règle ut res magis valeat quam pereat, y compris
la règle qui impose d'attacher toute l'importance qu'il mérite à
l'objectif des parties. L'autre passage invoqué est extrait de l'ou-
vrage de H. Lauterpacht, The Development of International Law
by the International Court, Stevens and Sons, Londres, 1958,
page 280:
ccCette importation ..des règlesde succession,relativement aux
organisations internationales, n'est qu'un exemple de l'application
légitimedu principe de l'efficacitéaux actes internationaux essen-
tiels»

Là encore, l'auteur souligne la règle ut res magis valeat quam fiereut
et n'a nullement l'intention d'établir un principe qui ne serait pas
fondé sur l'intention commune des parties aux instruments en
question. En fait, l'observation tirée de Oppenheim dont nous avons
parlé ci-avant est citée par Lauterpacht aux pages 279-280 du
Development of International Law by the International Court et

suivie immédiatement de la seconde affirmation sur laquelle les
demandeurs se fondent.
A la page 281 du mêmeouvrage, Lauterpacht déclarece qui suit:
((...on ne saurait légitimement suppléer à l'absence d'accord au
moyen d'une déductiontendant à attribuer à l'instrument en ques-
tion une effectivitéplus grande que cellepermisepar l'intentzondes
+arties».(Lesitaliques sont de nous.)

Et à la page 290:
« Le principe de l'effetutile étan- en général - un principe de
bonne foi est affaire de circonstance et de degr..Maisla bonne foi
exige seulement que cet effet soit appliquéd'unemanièreéquitable et
raisonnable àl'intentiondesparties.Ceciveut dire que dans certaines
occasions, si telle étaitl'intention des parties, la bonne foi peut lm-
poser que l'effet utile d'un instrument s'étende moins loin qye sa
portée apparente et souhaitable. Le principe de 1:efficacitene
saurait transformer une simple déclaration de nobles intentions -
telle qu'une déclarationuniverselle des droits de l'homme - en une
soiirce de droits et d'obligations juridique».
289605 S.W. AFRICA C4SES (DISS.OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

In support of their alternative contentions the Applicants point
to the Statutes of certain States of the United States of America
which by express provision enable a dissolved corporation to remain
de facto in existence until it winds up its corporate affairs, and
statutes which by express provision enable persons who were
corporate directors at the time of dissolution of a corporation to
sue as trustees on any claim of the corporation; and they s,aythat
civil law countries have similar legislation which keeps alive and
carries over the legal existence of rights and duties of dissolved
entities.1 find it impossible to see on what legal principle a rule
of international law can be evolved from the above to the effect
that rights held by members of an international organization in
their capacities as members of that organization-the right to

invoke Article 7 of the Mandate was limited to Members of the
League-remain in force after the dissolution and liquidation of
such an organization. In each of these cases cited by the Applicants
the carry-over operates solely for the purpose of winding up the
affairs of the corporation. The acts authorized are performed on
behalf of a corporation which is being liquidated in pursuance of
the rights of that corporation, not in pursuance of the rights of its
former members. It should further be noted that this limited carry-
over operates solely by virtue of express legislative provisions. Even
if one could apply these provisionsmutatis mutaridisin international
law one could not possibly arrive at aprinciple. such as is contended
for by the Applicants. The object served by the aforesaid municipal
statutory provisions is to bring about a liquidation of the rights

and obligations of corporations-not to perpetuate the rights ofits
individual members which they held as members.

1now proceed to consider wliether the Covenant of the League
or the Mandate Declaration contain any provision, express or
implied, to the effect that upon the dissolution of the League
"Member of the League" in Article 7 of the Mandate Declaration
should be construed as meaning "ex-Member of the League" or
"Member of the United Nations".

It is common cause that neither Article 22 of the Covenant of
the League nor Article 7 of the Mandate Declaration or any other
provision of these instruments contains any express provision to

the effect that upon the dissolution of the League "Member of the
League" .should be construed as meaning Pllember of the United
Nations or ex-Member of the League, and the question accordingly
is whether any implied provision to this effect is to be found either
in the Covenant or in the Mandate Declaration.

1 have already shown that the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court is not one of the securities embodied in the Covenant, and A l'appui de leurs diverses prétentions, les demandeurs signalent
les lois de certains des États-unis d'Amérique qui,par des disposi-
tions expresses, permettent à une personne morale dissoute de

continuer à exister defacto jusqu'à ce qu'elle ait liquidéses affaires
et ils se réfèrent à des lois qui, par des dispositions expresses,
habilitent les administrateurs d'une sociétéau moment de sa disso-
lution à agir en qualité de trusteesà l'égard detoutes réclamations
de la société;et ils déclarent que les pays de droit civil ont une
législation similaire qui garde vivante et maintient l'existence
juridique des droits et des obligations des personnes morales dis-

soutes. Je suisincapable de voir en vertu de quel principe juridique
on peut énoncerà partir de ce qui précèdeune règlede droit inter-
national ayant pour effet que les,droits des Membres d'une organi-
sation internationale en leur qualité de Membres de cette organi-
sation - le droit d'invoquer l'article 7 du Mandat était limité
aux Membres de la Société des Nations - demeurent en vigueur
après la dissolution et la liquidation de cette organisation. Dans
chacun des cas cités par les demandeurs, le transfert n'opèrequ'aux

fins de régler les affaires de la société.Les actes autorisés sont
accomplis au nom d'une société envoie de liquidation en vertu
des droits de cette sociétéet non pas en vertu des droits de ses an-
ciens membres. Il convient de noter en outre que ce transfert limité
opère uniquement en application de dispositions juridiques expres-
ses. Simêmel'on pouvait appliquer cesdispositions mutatis mutandis
au droit international, on ne pourrait amver à un principe tel que
celui dont se réclament les demandeurs. L'objectif visépar les lois

internes susmentionnées est de réaliserla liquidation des droits et
des obligations des sociétés - et non pas de peqétuer 1% droits
dont leurs membres individuels bénéficiaienten leur qualité de
membres.
J'en viens maintenant à examiner si le Pacte de la Société des
Nations ou la déclaration de Mandat contient une disposition quel-
conque, expresse ou implicite, ayant pour effet que depuis la disso-

lution de la Sociétédes Nations l'expression Membre de la Société
des Nations )devrait êtreinterprétée dansl'article 7 de la déclara-
tion de Mandat comme signifiant (ancien Membre de la Société ))
ou (Membre des Nations Unies ».
Il est évident que ni l'articl22 du Pacte de la SociétédesNations
ni l'article 7 de la déclaration de Mandat ni aucune des disposi-
tions de ces instruments ne contient une disposition expresse quel-

conque impliquant que, lors de la dissolution de la Société, l'ex-
pression (Membre dela Société )devrait êtreentendue comme signi-
fiant «Membre des Nations Unies ))ou «ancien Membre de la
Société 1);et la question est par conséquent de savoir s'il existe
soit dans le Pacte, soit dans la déclarationdu Mandat une disposition
implicite quelconque à cet effet.
J'ai déjà montré que la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour n'est
pas l'une des garanties incorporées dans le Pacte et que la clausethat the compromissory clause in Article 7 was not an indispensable
feature of the Mandate. In any event it is clear that had the issue
been raised when the resolution which constitutes the Mandate

Declaration was adopted as to what would happen to the compro-
missory clause on the dissolution of the League, the reply would
probably have been that provision had been made for arnending
the Covenant of the League and the Mandate Declaration and that
such an issue should be left to be dealt with by the League or the
Council, in the light of circumstances prevailing at the time of the
dissolution of the League.There is no justification for the suggestion
that the parties would have replied that in such an event "Member
of the League" should be construed as either meaning "ex-Member
of the League", or "Member of another international organization
performing similar functions to that of the League". To imply such
a provision would amount to assuming a common intention which
in fact did not exist, would constitute a total disregard for the plain
and unambiguous meaning of words, and would amount to a
deliberate revision, not to an interpretation, of the Mandate De-
claration.

1 have so far dealt with Article 7 of the Mandate Declaration.
Article 6 of this Declaration has no direct bearing on jurisdiction.
There is a vast difference between Articles 6 and 7. Article 6 is
really not a term of the Council of the League's definition of the
degree of authonty, control or administration to be exercized by
the Mandatory; it, in effect, merely repeats paragraph 7 of Ar-
ticle 22 of the Covenant and what is implied therein. The fact
that these two Articles are numbered 6 and 7 in the Mandate
Declaration may create the superficial impression that they must
be regarded as of equal standing, but this is not justified. The
provisions of the one are to be found in the Covenant of the League
itself and constitute one of the securities specifically embodied in
the Covenant for the performance of the sacred trust of civilization
referred to therein, whereas Article7 does not appear in the Covc-
nant and is not one of the securities for the performance of the
sacred trust.

From the above it follows that if there was any implied or tacit
agreement relative to the continued application of any provision
contained in the Mandate Declaration which depended on the
continued existence of the League for its fulfilment, such agreement
would much sooner relate to the provisions of Article 6 (that is
paragraph 7 of Article 22)than to Article 7 of the Mandate Decla-
ration.
One is accordingly entitled to assume that, if it should be found
that there was no implied agreement that Article 6 of the Mandate
Declaration (i.e. paragraph 7 of Article22)would continue to apply
after the demise of the League in the sense that the organs of
another international body perforniing similar functions would be

291compromissoire de l'article 7 n'est pas élément indispensable du
Mandat. De toute façon il est clair que si, au moment de l'adoption
de la résolution qui constitue la déclaration de Mandat, on avait
demandé ce qu'il adviendrait de la clause compromissoire lors de
la dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations, la réponseaurait probable-
ment étéqu'une procédure d'amendement du Pacte et de la décla-
ration de Mandat avait étéprévue et qu'une question de ce genre
devrait être traitée par la Sociétéou son Conseil en fonction des
circonstances existant au moment de la dissolution de la Société
des Nations. Comment justifier la suggestion selon laquelle les

parties auraient répondu que dans ce cas ((Membre de la Société
des Nations »devrait êtreinterprétécomme signifiant soit (ancien
Membre de la Société desNations » soit « Membre d'une autre
organisation internationale accomplissant des fonctions analogues
à celles de la Sociétédes Nations »? Impliquer l'existence d'une
pareille disposition équivaudrait à présumer une intention qui
n'existait pas en fait; cela constituerait un mépris total du sens
clair et non ambigu des mots et représenterait une revision délibérée
et non une interprétation de la déclaration de Mandat.
J'ai traitéjusqu'ici de l'article7 de la déclaration de Mandat.
L'article 6, quant à lui, n'a pas de portée directe sur la juridiction.
Ces deux articles sont extrêmement différents. L'article 6 n'est pas
réellement un terme de la définitionpar le Conseil de la Sociétédes
Nations du degré d'autorité, de contrôle ou d'administration à

exercer par le Mandataire; en pratique, il ne fait que répéter le
paragraphe 7 de l'article22 du Pacte et ce qui y est impliqué. Le
fait que ces deux articles portent les chiffre6 et7 dans la déclara-
tion de Mandat pourrait donner à entendre qu'il faut leur attribuer
une valeur égale; mais tel n'est pas le cas. Les dispositions de
l'article 6 se trouvent dans le Pacte de la Société des Nations et
constituent l'une des garanties spécifiquement incorporées dans le
Pacte pour l'accomplissement de la mission sacrée de civilisation
qui y est mentionnée, tandis que l'article 7 ne figure pas dans le
Pacte et n'est pas l'une des garanties pour l'accomplissement de la
mission sacrée.

On peut déduire de ce qui précèdeque, s'il avait existéun accord
implicite ou tacite sur la continuation de l'application d'une dispo-

sition de la déclaration de Mandat dépendant elle-mêmede la
continuation de l'existence de la Société des Nations pour son
accomplissement, cela aurait visébeaucoup plus probablement les
dispositions de l'article7 de la déclaration de Mandat que celles de
l'article6 (c'est-à-dire du paragraphe 7 de l'article22).
On est donc fondé à considérerque, si l'on doit constater qu'il n'y
a pas eu d'accord implicite selon lequel l'article6 de la déclaration
de Mandat (c'est-à-dire le paragraphe 7 de l'article22) resterait en
vigueur après la disparition de la Sociétédes Nations en tant que
les organes d'un autre organisme international accomplissant des

291substituted for the organs of the League, it is very improbable that
it would have been impliedly agreed that on the dissolution of the

League Article 7 would continue to apply in the sense that ex-
Members of the League, or Members of another international organ-
ization perforrning functions similar to those of the League, would
be substituted for Members of the League. There is considerable
evidence available relative to the intention of the parties in regard
to Article 6 and an investigation whether there exists an implied
agreement that Article 6 should now be'read as if the organs of the
United Nations had been substituted fcr the organs of the League
of Nations, seems desirable.
The obligation to report annually wàs lImited by paragraph 7
of Article 22 of the Covenant and by Article 6 of the Mandate to
an obligation to report annually to the Council of the League
of Nations. As a matter of language, the words of tl-iese provi-
sions are not capable of including an obligation to accept in-
ternational supervision generally or to report to some international
body other than the Council of the League. There are no rules of

interpretation giving them such a meaning.
An implied term that on the dissolution of the League the
functions of the Mandates Commission and the Council of the
League would automatically be transferred to organs of another
similar international organization cannot be said to be necessary.
Supervision by the Council of the League was important, but not
essential for the existence of the Mandate, but even if it was itoes
not follow that for that reason the parties must have intended that
an organ of a future international organization would take over on
the demise of the League. Respondent would certainly first have
required information about the constitution of such an as yet
unknown organization before assenting to any automatic substitu-
tion. It cannot be said that it is clear that if the parties, when
negotiating, had adverted to the possibIe dissolution of the League,
they would have agreed to provide for the continued supervision
of the mandated temtory in that particular way.Article 22 expressly

provides that securities for the performance of the trust were to be
embodied in the Covenant and one of the securities embodied
therein was that the Mandatory was to render to the Council of the
League an annual report in reference to the territory comrnitted
to its charge. Another security is that a particular commission was
to be constituted to receive and examine the annual reports of the
Mandatories and to advise the Council of the League on al1rnatters
relating to the observance of the Mandates. To add a further, or
different security not stated in the Covenant would be to do violence
to the clear and unambiguous meaning of the phrase "and that
securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in
this Covenant" ;and to add a term to the effect that on the demise
of the League the functions of the Council of the League and the
Mandates Commission would be performed by an organ of anotherfonctions similaires remplaceraient les organes de la Société, ilest
bien peu prbbable que l'on soit convenu implicitement que, lors de
la dissolutionde la SociétédesNations, l'article7 resterait envigueur
en tant que les anciens Membres de la Société des Nations ou les
Membres d'une autre organisation internationale ayant desfonctions
analogues à celles de la Sociétédes Nations remplaceraient les
Membres de la Société. Il existe de nombreuses preuves concernant
l'intention des parties quant à l'article 6 et il parait souhaitable
de déterminer s'il existe un accord implicite selon lequel cet article
devrait êtreinterprétéaujourd'hui comme si les organesdesNations

Unies avaient remplacé les organes de la Société des Nations.
L'obligation de faire un rapport annuel selon le paragraphe 7 de
l'article22 du Pacte et l'article 6 du Mandat se limite à une obli-
gation d'envoyer un rapport annuel au Conseil de la Société des
Nations. Le libellé des termes de ces dispositions ne peut inclure
l'obligation d'accepter en général une surveillance internationale ou
d'envoyer des rapports à un organisme international autre que le
Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations. Il n'existe pas de règle d'inter-
prétation leur donnant un tel sens.
On ne peut pas dire qu'il soit nécessaire ae sous-entendre une
clause implicite selon laquelle, lors de la dissolution de la Société
Jes Nations, les fonctions de la Commission des Mandats et du
Conseil de la Sociétéauraient étéautomatiquement tranféréesaux

organes d'une autre organisation internationale analogue. La sur-
veillance du Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations était importante mais
elle n'était Das essentielle à l'existence du Mandat et. mêmesi elle
l'avait été,il ne s'ensuivrait pas que les parties aient eu l'intention
de la voir assumer après la disparition de la Sociétédes Nations par
un organe d'une organisation internationale future. Le défendeur
se serait certainement enquis, avant de donner son accord à une
substitution automatique, de la constitution de cette organisation
encore inconnue. Si les parties avaient fait allusion au moment de
la négociation à la dissolution possible de la Société des Nations,
il est loin'd'êtreévident qu'elles seraient convenues de pourvoir de
cette façon à la permanence de la surveillance du territoire sous
Mandat. L'article 22 stipule expressément qu'il convient d'incor-
porer dans le Pacte des garanties pour l'accomplissement de la

mission et l'une de ces garanties consiste en un rapport annuel que
le Mandataire doit envoyer au Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations
concernant le territoire dont il a la charge. Une autre garantie est
la constitution d'une commission spéciale chargée de recevoir et
d'examiner les rapports annuels des Mandataires et de donner son
avis au Conseil de la Société des Nations sur toutes questions rela-
tives à l'exécution des Mandats. Ajouter une garantie autre ou
différente, ne figurant pas dans le Pacte, iraità l'encontre du sens
clair et sans amibiguïté du passage «il convient d'incorporer dans
le présent Pacte des garanties pour l'accomplissement de cette
mission »; et ajouter une clause selon laquelle, lors de la disparitioninternational organization would be tantamount to adding a security
not embodied in the Covenant. The object of the parties was that
the principle that the well-being and development of the peoples
of South West Africa should form a sacred trust of civilization,
should be applied, but their object was also that this principle
should be applied and this purpose achieved within the framework
of Article 22. The object was, in a sense, to define the status of
South West Africa, to create an international regime, but an integral
part of this definition of status, of this regime, was supervision by
the Council of the League and a Mandates Commission constituted
by the League. Supervision by the organs of some unknown and

unforeseen international organization was not included in the
definition of the status of South West Africa, was not included in
this international regime. The aforeçaid principle, stated in Article
22, cannot be given a meaning by inference which has the effect of
altering the clear and unambiguous provisions of the rest of Article
22, e.g. it cannot be held that although the detailed provisions of
Article 22 required an annual report to be sent to the Council of
the League there nonetheless existed an obligation to submit
reports to al1civilized nations, whether Members of the League or
not, inasmuch as the well-being of the peoples of the mandated
territories is a sacred trust of civilization and that this well-being
could be better advanced if reports were sent to al1civilized States.
Similarly, it cannot be held that this general principle justifies the

addition of a term that on the demise of the League the organs
created by some other treaty or convention would be substituted
for the organs referred to in Article 22.

The relevant historical background confirms that the parties who
agreed to Article 22 of the Covenant did not have any common
intention that the obligation to report to the Council of the League
should be interpreted as a general obligation to accept international
supervision, or to report to an international institution other than
the Council of the League.

It will be recalled that Article22 of the Covenant was the result
of compromise. In fact the Prime Minister of Australia (he was
speaking on behalf of both Australia and New Zealand) made it
clear at the conference in 1919 that this compromise represented
"the maximum of their concessions". On this occasion General
Botha, the South African Prime Minister, said, inter alia:

"He appreciated the ideals of President Wilson ...They must
rememberthat their various peoplesdid not understand everything
from the same point... Personally he felt very strongly about the
293 de la Sociétédes Nations, les fonctions du Conseil de la Sociétéet
de la Commission des Mandats seraient assumées par un organe
d'une autre organisation internationale équivaudrait à ajouter une
garantie qui ne figure pas dans le Pacte. Le but des parties était de
voir appliquer leprincipe d'après lequelle bien-être et le développe-
ment des peuples du Sud-Ouest africain formaient une mission
sacréede civilisation,mais elles désiraient également que ce principe
fût appliqué et cet objectif atteint dans le cadre de l'article 22. En
un sens, leur but était de définirle statut du Sud-Ouest africain,
de créerun régimeinternational, mais une partie intégrante de cet-
te définitiondu statut, de ce régime, consistait dans la surveillance

exercéepar le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations et par une Commis-
sion des Mandats constituée par la Sociétédes Nations. Le contrôle
par les organes d'une organisation internationale inconnue et im-
prévue n'était pas inclus dans la définition du statut du Sud-Ouest
africain; il n'était pas inclus dans ce régimeinternational. Le prin-
cipe mentionné ci-dessus, principe énoncé à l'article22, ne saurait
recevoir par voie de déduction un sens modifiant les dispositions
claires et sans ambiguïté du reste de l'article 22, c'est-à-dire qu'on
ne saurait soutenir que, bien que les dispositions précisesde l'arti-
cle 22 prescrivissent qu'un rapport annuel fût envoyé au Conseil
de la Société des Nations, il existait néanmoins une obligation de

soumettre des rapports àtoutes les nations civilisées,qu'ellesfussent
ou non Membres de la Sociétédes Nations, en tant que le bien-être
des peuples des territoires sous mandat formait une mission sacrée
de civilisation et que ce bien-être,pouvait être améliorési des
rapports étaient envoyés à tous les Etats civilisés. De même,on ne
peut soutenir que ce principe généraljustifie l'addition d'une clause
selon laquelle, à la disparition de la Sociétédes Nations, les organes
crééspar quelque autre traité ou convention remplaceraient les
organes mentionnés à l'article 22.
Les données historiques pertinentes confirment que les parties
qui sont convenues de l'article 22 du Pacte n'avaient pas une
intention commune de voir interpréter l'obligation d'envoyer des

rapports au Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations comme une obligation
généraled'accepterla surveillance internationale ou de faire rapport
à une institution internationale autre que le Conseil de la Société
des Nations.
On se rappellera que l'article 22 du Pacte a étéle résultat d'un
compromis. En fait, le premier ministre australien (quiparlait à la
fois au nom de l'Australie et de la Nouvelle-Zélande) a laissé claire-
ment entendre à la conférence de 1919 que ce compromis représen-
tait le (maximum des concessions qu'ils pouvaient faire ». A cette
occasion, le généralBotha, premier ministre de l'Afrique du Sud,
a fait notamment les déclarations suivantes:

cIl rend hommageaux idéauxdu présidentWilson ...Les délégués
ne doivent pas perdre de vue que leurs peuples ne pensent pas
sur tout de la mêmefaçon ...Personnellement, la question du Sud-

293 question of German South West Africa. He thought that it differed
entirely from any question they had to decide in this conference,
but he would be prepared to Say that he was a supporter of the
document handed in that morning py Lloyd George], because he
knew that, if the idea fmctified the League of Nations would consist
mostly of the same people who were present there that day, who
understood the position and who would not make it impossible for
any mandatory to govern the country. That was why he said he
would accept it [the mandatory system]."

It is clear that Australia, New Zealand and Respondent were not
agreeing to supervision by a possible future international organi-
zation, the composition of which they could not possibly have
known.
When an agreement is the result of a compromise and an issue
arises whether any given term should be implied or not, common
sense dictates that one should have due regard to the attitude of
the parties prior to the concession, or concessions, which made the
agreement possible. It should not be inferred that a party intended
to concede more than the words of the agreement conveyed and
more than was necessary to effect the compromise. It was with great
difficulty that certain States were persuaded to accept the super-
vision of the organs of the League; on what basis can it be assumed
that they would have agreed to the supervision of the organs of

another undefined organization?The words of a compromise should
never be whittled down by way of interpretation so as to arrive
at a result not contemplated by the parties. The Court clearly
cannot infer a common intention to contract on the basis of a term
not conveyed by the words employed by the parties where the sur-
rounding circumstances reveal that some of the parties at least
would not have agreed thereto had it been raised.
The conduct of the Members of the League subsequent to the
Covenant being entered into, and subsequent to the Mandate
Declaration, clearly reveals that there did not exist any coninion
intention that the functions and pourers of the League woiild
automatically be transferred to a similar international organization
on the demise of the Leagile. At no time during the existence of
the League did any Member thereof indicate that it considered
that the Covenant, or the Mandate instrument, was entered into on

the basis ofsuch a provision. If such an implied term in fact existed
one would have expected Members of the League who attended
the San Francisco Conference in 1945 to have said so when the
Mandates were discussecl. One would have expected the Members
of the Preparatory Commission to have made some reference
thereto. One w-ould have expected the Members of the League
to have referred to it at the dissolution of the League. On this OC-
casion the representative of China stated that there would be no
autoniatic succession of the League's functions in respect of the
Mandates to the United Nations and his statement was not chal- Ouest africain allemand lui tient particulièremàncŒur. Il estime
qu'ellediffèreentièrementde toutes les autres questionstrancher
par la conférence,maisil est prêtdéclarerqu'il approuve le docu-
ment présentéle matin même[par Lloyd George] car il sait que, si
cette idéeporte ses fruits, la Société desNations sera forméeen
majeure partie par ceux qui sont présentsaujourd'hui et qui com-
prennent la situation et n'empêcherontpas un Mandataire quel
qu'il soit d'administrer le pays. C'estpourquoi il donne son accep-
tation [au systèmedes Mandats]. »

Il est clair que l'Australie, la Nouvelle-Zélande et le défendeur
n'ont pas accepté la surveillance d'une organisation internationale
pouvant se constituer à l'avenir et dont il leur eût étéimpossible
de connaître la composition.
Lorsqu'un accord est le résultat d'un compromis et qu'on se
demande si l'on peut en déduire ou non une certaine clause, le bon
sens ordonne de tenir compte de l'attitude adoptée par les parties
avant qu'elles aient fait la ou les concessions qui ont rendu l'accord
possible. On ne devrait pas en déduire qu'une partie a eu l'intention

d'accorder plus que ce qu'indiquent les termes de l'accord et plus
que ce qui était nécessairepour amver au compromis. Ce n'est pas
sans grandes difficultés que certains États ont fini par accepter la
surveillance des organes de la Société desNations; sur quelle base
peut-on supposer qu'ils auraient acceptéla surveillance des organes
d'une organisation encore indéterminée?L'interprétation ne devrait
jamais réduire les termes d'un compromis de manière à arriver à
un résultat qui n'ait pas étéenvisagépar les parties. Il est clair que
la Cour ne peut pas déduire une intention commune de s'engager
sur la base d'une clause non exprimée par les parties, lorsque les
circonstances concomitantes révèlent qu'au moins certaines des
parties n'auraient pas étéd'accord si la question avait étésoulevée.
L'attitude des Membres de la Sociétédes Nations après la mise
en vigueur du Pacte et après la déclaration de Mandat révèle

nettement qu'il n'existait pas une intention commune de voir trans-
férer automatiquement les fonctions et pouvoirs de la Sociétédes
Nations, lors de sa disparition, à une organisation internationale
analogue. Au cours de l'existence de la Sociétédes Nations, jamais
aucun de ses Membres n'a laissé entendre qu'il considérait que le
Pacte, ou l'instrument de Man'dat, avait été conclu sur la base
d'une telle disposition. Si une clause implicite de ce genre avait
réellement existé, il est permis de penser que les Membres de la
Société desNations qui ont participé à la conférence de San Fran-
cisco en 1945 l'auraient mentionnée lors de la discussion sur les
Mandats. Il est permis de penser que les membres de la Commission
préparatoire y auraient fait quelque allusion. Il est permis de
penser que les Membres de la Sociétédes Nations en auraient fait

état lors de la dissolution de cette dernière. A cette occasion, le
représentant de la Chine a déclaré qu'iln'y aurait pas de succession
automatique des Nations Unies aux fonctions de la Société des lenged. In fact, not a single ex-Member of the League took up the
attitude that the United Nations had succeeded to the League's
functions in respect of the Mandates until 1918, when only four
States made statements which could possibly be construed as a
denial of Respondent's conterition that the supervisory functions
of the League had not been transferred to the Nations.

Thirty-four States participated in reports on debates conceming
mandated territories not placed under trusteeship, and of these,
29 States expressed views in conformity with the contention that
the United Nations has no supervisory authority in respect of
South West Africa. Of these 29 States a large number were Mem-
bers of the League at its inception. If the Covenant of the League,
or the Mandate Declaration, was intended to embrace an implied
provision that on the dissolution of the League another intemation-
al organization performing similar functions, although different-
1y constituted, would succeed the League, and that its organs
u~ould succeed the organs of the 1-eague, it is incredible that
not a word was ever said about it, particularly during the
crucial years 1945, 1946 and 1947.

1have, up to this stage, dealt with the question whether one is
justified in inferring a term that on the dissolution of the League
the functions and powers of the Council of the League and the

Mandates Commission would be transferred to similar organs of
a siniilar organization existing at the time of the dissolution of the
League, without considering whether the organs of tlie United
Nations can at al1 be said to be similar to those of the League.
As 1 shall show infrathere are very material differences between
the functions and the constitutiori of the organs of the Cnited
Nations and the functions and constitution of the organs of the
League and the Mandates Commission. My conclusion is that one
cannot find any implied term in the Covenant or the Mandate
Declaration to the effectthat the powers and functions ofthe Council
of the League and the Mandates Commission would be automati-
cally transferred on the demise of the League to another organiza-
tion differing in such material respects fronl the League. This
conclusion affords, for the reasons 1 have already stated, an ad-
ditional reason for holding that neither the Covenant of the League
nor the Mandate Declaration contained any implied provision to
the effect that on the dissolution of the League ex-Members of the
League, or Members of the United Nations, would be substituted
in Article7 of the Mandate for the Members of the League. Nations en ce qui concerne les Mandats et sa déclaration n'a pas
étécontestée. En fait, aucun ancien Membre de la Société des
Nations n'a défendu l'argument selon lequel les Nations Unies
auraient succédéaux fonctions de la Société des Nations en ce qui
concerne les Mandats, jusqu'en 1948, date à laquelle quatre Etats
seulement ont fait des déclarations que l'on pourrait interpréter
comme contestant l'argument du défendeurselon lequel les fonctions
de surveillance de la Société des Nations n'ont pas ététransférées
aux Nations Unies. Trente-quatre pays ont participé aux discussions
concernant les territoires sous Mandat non placés sous tutelle et
vingt-neuf d'entre eux ont exprimé des opinions conformes à la
thèse d'après laquelle les Nations Unies n'ont pas de pouvoir de
sprveillance à l'égarddu Sud-Ouest africain. Parmi ces vingt-neuf
Etats se trouvaient de nombreux pays qui avaient étéMembres de
la Sociétédes Nations depuis ses débuts. S'il avait étéentendu que
le Pacte de la Société des Nations ou la déclaration de Mandat
prévoyaient implicitement que, à la dissolution de la Sociétédes
Nations, une autre organisation internationale chargée de fonctions
similaires - et bien que différemment constituée -- succéderait à

la Sociétédes Nations et que ses organessuccéderaient aux organes
de la Société, il est incroyable que pas un mot n'ait étéprononcé
à ce sujet, en particulier au cours des années cruciales 19451 ,946
et 1947.
Jusqu'à présent, j'ai cherché à déterminer s'il est justifiable de
déduire une clause selon laquelle, à la dissolution de la Sociétédes
Nations, les fonctions et pouvoirs de la Sociétédes Nations et de
la Commission des Mandats seraient transférés à des organes simi-
laires d'une organisation analogue existant au moment de la disso-
lution de la Sociétédes Nations, sans m'occuper de savoir si les
organes des Nations Unies peuvent être assimilés à ceux de la
Sociétédes Nations. Ainsi que je vais le démontrer plus loin, il
existe des différences très substantielles entre les fonctions et la
constitution des organes des Nations Unies et les fonctions et la
constitution des organes de la Sociétédes Nations et de la Commis-
sion des Mandats. J'en conclus qu'on ne peut pas trouver de clause
implicite dans le Pacte ou dans la déclaration de Mandat selon
laquelle les pouvoirs et fonctions du Conseil de la Sociétédes

Nations et de la Commission des Mandats seraient transférés auto-
matiquement, lors de la disparition de la Sociétédes Nations, à
une autre organisation différant de la Sociétédes Nations dans des
aspects aussi substantiels. Cette conclusion offre, pour les raisons
que j'ai déjà énoncées,un motif de plus de considérer que ni le
Pacte de la Société des Nations ni la déclaration de Mandat ne
contiennent de disposition implicite d'après laquelle, lors de la dis-
solution de la Sociétédes Nations, les anciens Membres de la Société
ou les Membres des Nations Unies remplaceraient, dans le cadre
de l'article7 du Mandat, les Membres de la Sociétédes Nations. If neither the Covenant nor the Mandate contains any provision
to the effect that former Kembers of the League of Kations, or
Members of the Vnited Nations, would be substituted for Members
of the League of Nations on the dissolution of the League, itmust
follow that Article 7 of the Mandate could no longer apply on the
dissolution of the League unless the Respondent has been a party to

some other agreement whereby ex-Members of the League of Na-
tions, or BIembers of the Criited Nations, were substituted for
Nembers of the League of Nations in Article 7.
For the reasons already stated 1 shall also inquire whether
the provisions of paragraph 7of Article 22 of the Covenant, or the
provisions of Article of the Mandate Declaration, were inany man-
ner amended by the substitution of organs of the United Nations
for the organs of the 1-eague. It should however be emphasized
that even if it were to be found that Article 6 was thus amended
it does not follow that Article 7 was sirnilarly amended. Some of
the arguments advanced in support of the contention that Article 6
still applies cannot apply to Article 7.

1 now proceed to deal with the provisions of the United Nations
Charter.
The Charter of the United Xations was drafted, unanimously
agreed to and signed by al1the representatives at the San Francisco
Confere~iceheld between 24 April and 26 June 1945. It came into
force on 24 October 1945. The League of Nations remained in
existence until April 1946 when it was dissolved by its Members.

In a very loose and general sense it may be said that the United

Kations is a successor of the League of Nations, but from a legal
and historical point of view this is not so. Two of the major Powers
in the United Nations, the United States of America and the
U.S.S.R., were not Members of the League at its dissolution,
and both were opposed to any notion that the United Nations was
to be the League urider a different name or an automatic successor
in law to the League's assets, obligations, functions or activities.
The U.S.S.R. was expelled from the League in December 1939,
and the United States never was a member thereof. Membership
of the League and of the Vnited Kations were never identical.
Of the fifty-one nations wliich coilstituted the Founder Members
of the Vnited Nations, seventeen were not at the time Menibers
of the League, and eleven Members of the 1,eague were not original
Members of the Vnited Nations. The many and detailed treaties
between the League of Nations and the T7nited Nations relative
to assets and non-political functions taken over by the United
Kations constitute clear evidence of the fact that there was co
automatic succession. Si ni le Pacte ni le Mandat ne contiennent de disposition selon

laquelle les anciens Membres de la Sociétédes Nations ou les
Membres des Nations Unies pourraient remplacer les Membres de
la Société à la dissolution de cette dernière, il s'ensuit que l'ar7icle
du Mandat n'est plus applicable après la dissolution de la Société
des Nations, à moins que le défendeur n'ait étépartie à quelque
autre accord aux termes duquel les anciens Membres de la Société
des Nations ou les Membres des Nations Unies auraient étésubsti-
tués, à l'articl7, aux Membres de la Société des Nations.
Pour les raisons déjà indiquées je vais également chercher à
déterminer si les dispositions du paragraphe 7 de l'article22 du
Pacte, ou celles de l'article6 de la déclaration de Mandat, ont été
amendées de quelque façon que ce soit dans le sens d'une substitu-
tion des organes des Nations Unies à ceux de la Sociétédes Nations.
Je voudrais cependant souligner que, mêmesi l'on découvrait que
l'article6 a étéainsi amendé, il ne s'ensuit pas que l'article 7 ait
subi le mêmesort. Quelques-uns des arguments présentés pour ap-
puyer la thèse selon laquelle l'article 6 est encore applicable ne
s'appliquent pas à l'articl7.

Je vais maintenant m'occuper des dispositions de la Charte des
Nations Unies.
La Charte des Nations Unies a étérédigée,approuvée unanime-
ment et signée par tous les représentants à la conférence de San
Francisco qui s'est tenue du 24 avril au26 juin 194j. Elle est entrée
en vigueur le 24 octobre 1945. La Sociétédes Nations a continué
à exister jusqu'en avril1946, date à laquelle elle a étédissoute par
ses Membres.
On peut dire que, dans un sens très vague et général,lJOrganisa-
tion des Nations Unies est le successeur de la Société desNations,
mais ce n'est pas le cas juridiquement et historiquement. Deux
des Principales Puissances des Nations Unies, les Etats-Unis
d'Amérique et l'Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques
n'étaient pas Membres de la Sociétédes Nations au moment de sa
dissolution et toutes deux s'opposaient à l'idée que les Nations
Unies pussent êtrela Sociétédes Nations sous un nom différent,
ni le successeur légal et automatique des avoirs, obligations,fonc-
tions ou activités de la Société desNations. L'URSS a étéexclue

de la Sociétédes Nations en 1939 et les États-Unis n'en ont jamais
fait partie. La compositionde la Sociétédes Nations et celledes Ka-
tions Cnies n'ont jamais étéidentiques. Parmi les cinquante et une
nations qui ont été Membres originaires des Nations Unies, dix-
sept n'étaient pasà l'époque desMembres de la Sociétédes Nations
et onze Membres de la Sociétédes Kations n'ont pas étéMembres
fondateurs des Nations Unies. Les nombreux traités détaillés
conclus entre la Sociétédes Nations et les Kations Unies à propos
des avoirs et des fonctions non politiques reprises par les Nations
LTniesconstituent une preuve évidente de l'absence de succession
automatique.
296 What stnkes one forcibly is that no provision is made in any
of the protisions of the Charter of the United Nations, either

generally or specifically, for the assumption by or the transfer
to theUnited Nations or any of its organs of the functions or duties
of the organs of the League of Nations in respect of the mandates,
nor is there any provision which, directly or indirectly, provides
for the substitution of Members of the United Nations or ex-
Members of the League for Members of the League in the Mandate
Declarations. It seems that had the parties to the Charter intended
to substitute the United Nations or any of its organs for theCoimcil
of the League in Article 22 or the Mandate Declaration, or that
one or other of the organs of the Cnited Nations should assume
the functions of the organs of the League under the mandates, or
that Membership of the Cnited Nations or ex-Membership of the
League should be substituted for Membership of the League, such
intention wouM have been expressed in positive terms. It is in-
credible if in fact general agreement existed in regard to so fun-

damental a principle that it would have been omitted from a docu-
nient drafted with such care and caution. This is particularly so
when one bears in mind that the mandates are specifically referred
to in the Charter.

Chapters XII and XII1 of the Charter of the Cnited Nations
provide for the establishment of a Trusteeship System which, in a
very broad sense, may be said to correspond to the Mandate System
of the League of Nations, but it is clear that the supervisory
machinery provided for in these Chapters differs very materially
from that which had operated in respect of the mandates. Cnder
the Mandate System the Mandate Commission was a body of
independent experts, whereas the Trusteeship Council consists of
government representatives of Member States. Cnder the Mandate
System the ultimate supervisory authority was the Council of the

League, which could only arrike at decisions on a unanimous
vote. Under the Trusteeship System the ultiniate supervisory
authority is the Security Council in the case of a trusteeship
"in the strategic areas", or othernise it is the General AS-
sembly of the United Kations. In the Security Council decisions
may be taken by seven affirmative votes, including those oI five
permanent Members out of a total of eleven. Ir1 the General As-
senibly decisions ma! be arrited at by a bare majority, or on impor-
tant questions by a two-thirds majority.
In VotingProcedureon QuestionsrelatingtoReportsand Petitions
concerning theTerritoryof South West Africa, page 75, this Court
said :

"The voting system is related to the composition and functions
of the organ. It forms one of the characteristics of the constitution
of the organ.Taking decisionsby a two-thirds majority vote or by
297 C.equi est particulièrement frappant c'est qu'aucune des dispo-
sitions de la Charte des Nations Unies ne prévoit, soit d'une ma-
nière générale, soit d'une façon précise, la reprise par les Nations
Unies ou par un de leurs organes, ou le transfert à celles-ci ou à
un de leurs organes, des fonctions ou devoirs des organes de la
Sociétédes Nations en matière de Mandats; il n'existe pas non plus
dans les déclarations de Mandat de disposition prévoyant directe-
ment ou indirectement la substitution des Membres des Nations

Unies ou des anciens Membres de la Société desNations au. lieu
et place des Membres de la Sociétédes Nations. II semble que,
si les partiesà la Charte avaient voulu substituer les Nations Unies
ou un de leurs organes au lieu et place du Conseil de la Société
des Nations dans l'article 22 ou dans la déclaration de Mandat,
ou si elles avaient voulu que l'un ou l'autre des organes des Nations
Unies reprissent les fonctions attribuées par les Mandats aux organes
de la Sociétédes Nations ou que les Membres des Nations Unies
ou les anciens Membres de la Sociétédes Nations fussent substitnés
aux Membres de la Société desNations, cette intention aurait été
exprimée en termes positifs. S'il existait en fait un accord général

sur un principe aussi fondamental, il est incroyable qu'il ait été
omis dans un document préparéavec tant de soins et de prudence.
Il en est particulièrement ainsi quand on songe que les Mandats
sont mentionnés spécifiquement dans la Charte.
Les chapitres XII et XII1 de la Charte des Nations Unies pré-
voient l'établissement d'un régime de tutelle qu'en un sens très
généralon peut considérer comme correspondant au système des
Mandats de la SociétédesNations. Maisil est clair que le mécanisme
de surveillance établi dans ces chapitres diffère de façon très ap-
préciable de celui qui fonctionnait en matière de Mandats. Sous
le système des Mandats, la Commission des Mandats étaitcomposée

d'experts indépendants, alors que le Conçeil de tutelle consiste en
représentants des Gouvernements des Etats Membres. Sous le
système des Mandats, l'autorité de surveillance en dernier ressort
était le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations qui ne pouvait prendre
des décisionsqu'à l'unanimité. Dans le régime detutelle, l'autorité
de surveillance en dernier ressort est le Conseil de tutelle pour les
((zones stratégiques » et dans les autres cas l'Assembléegénérale
des Nations Unies. Au Conseil de Sécurité,les décisionspeuvent
être prises par sept votes en faveur de l'affirmative, y compris
ceux des cinq Membres permanents sur un total de onze. A 1'Assem-
blée générale,les décisionspeuvent êtreprises à la majorité simple

ou, pour des questions importantes, à la majorité des deux tiers.
Dans l'avis consultatif sur la Procédurede voteapplicableaux
questions touchant les rapports et pétitions relatifs au territoire du
Sud-Ouest africain, page 75, la Cour a dit:
«Le systèmede vote est lié à la compositionet aux fonctions de
cet organe. Il est l'une des caractéristiquesde la constitution de
l'organe. Prendre des décisionsàla majoritédes deux tiers OU à la

297 613 S. W.AFXICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
a simplemajority vote isoneofthe distinguishingfeatures ofthe Gen-
çralAs;embly, whilethe unanimity rule was one of the distinguishing
features of the Councilof the League of Nations. These two systems
are characteristic of different organs, and one system cannot be
substituted for the other without constitutional amendment. To
transplant upon the General Assembly the unanimity rule of the
Council of the Leame would not be simply the iiltroduction of a
procedure but would amount to a disregard of one of the charac-
teristics of the General Assembly. Consequently the question of
conformity of the voting system of the Genera As;embly with that
of the Council of the League of Nations presents insurmountable
difficulties of a juridical nature."

Apart from the sacred tnist referred to in Chapter XI, it is
clear that the framers of the Charter of the Cnited Nations coritem-
plated only one form of ti-usteeship, namely that provided for in
Chapters XII and XIII, and there was no contemplation of any
organs of the United Nations supervising mandates in terms
of the procedural provisions of the mandates concurrently with
the trusteeships. Article 77 (1)of the Charter provides that the
trusteeship system shall apply "to such territories in the following
categories as may be placed thereunder by means of trusteeship
agreements: (a) territories now held under mandate...". From this

it is clear that there could not have been any contemplation
that the Trusteeship System would automatically without any
agreement apply to the territories held under mandate. Only
trusteeship agreements could bring these territories under the
Trusteeship System. There could not possibly have been any
intention that the organs of the Triisteeship System would auto-
matically without any trusteeship agreement be substituted for
the organs of the 1,eague in respect of territories held under mandate.
Article 37 of the Statute of this Court merely provides that
when in a treaty or convention in force provision is made for
reference of a matter to inter alia the Permanent Court of In-
ternational Justice, the matter shall, as between the parties to

the Statute of this Court, be referred to this Court. This Article
does not even specifically refer to mandates. Its legal effect is
simply to substitute the International Court of Justice for the Per-
manent Court of International Justice in disputes between Mem-
bers of the United Nations where the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice &-ouldothemise in terms of a treaty or convention
in force have been the forum. It may be correct to Say that Articie 37
kept in force the compulsory jurisdiction provisions of treat'es or
conventions providing for reference of disputes to the Permanent
Court of International Justice which would othemise have lapsed
on- the disappearance of the Permanent Court of International
Justice, but itdoes not purport to keep alive treatiesor conventions
or provisions thereof that would have lapsed for any other reasor,. majoritésimpleest l'un des traits distinctifs del'Assembléegénérale,
tandis que la règlede l'unanimitéétaitl'un des traits distinctifs du
Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations. Ces deux systèmes caractérisent
des organes différentset, sans un amendement constitutionnel, l'on
ne peut substituer un système à l'autre. Transposerà l'Assemblée
générale la règlede l'unanimitédu Conseilde la Société des Nations,
ce ne serait pas simplement y introduire une procédure, ce serait
méconnaîtreune des caractéristiques de l'Assemblée générale P.ar
l'Assembléegénéraleavec celui du Conseilde la Société desteNations
présentedes difficultésinsurmontables de nature juridique. ))

En dehors de la mission zzcrée de civilisation mentionnée au
chapitre XI, il est clair que les rédacteurs de la Charte des Nations
Unies n'ont envisagé qu'une seule forme de tutelle, celle qui est pré-
vue aux chapitres XII et XIII, et qu'ils n'ont nullement envisagé
que, concurremment aux tutelles, un organe quelconque des
Nations Unies surveillerait les Mandats selon les dispositions

de procédure des Mandats. L'article 77, paragraphe 1, de la Charte
dispose que le régimedetutelle s'appliquera ((aux territoires entrant
dans les catégories ci-dessous et qui viendraient à être placés
sous ce régime en vertu d'accords de tutelle: a) territoires actuelle-
ment sous mandat.. .». Cela montre clairement qu'il n'a pas pu
êtreenvisagé que le régime de tutelle s'appliquerait automatique-
ment et sans accord aux territoires sous Mandat. Ce n'est que par
les accords de tutelle que ces territoires pouvaient être placés
sous le régime de tutelle. Il est impossible qu'il y ait eu une inten-
tion quelconque de substituer aux organes de la Sociétédes Nations,
en matière de territoires sous Mandat, les organes du régime de
tutelle, automatiquement et sans accords de tutelle.
L'article 37 du Statut de la Cour énonce simplement que, lors-
qu'un traité ou une convention en vigueur prévoit le renvoi inter

alia à la Cour permanente deJusticeinternationale, la présente Cour
constituera la juridiction entre les parties au Statut. Cet article
ne vise même pas expressément les Mandats. Son effet juridique
est simplement, pour les différends entre Membres des Nations
Unies, de substituer la Cour internationale de Justice à la Cour
permanente de Justice internationale dans les cas où la Cour
permanente de Justice internationale aurait été sans cela la juri-
diction compétente selon les termes d'un traité ou d'une convention
en vigueur. Il peut êtreexact de dire que l'article 37 a maintenu en
vigueur les dispositions visant la compétence obligatoire dans les
traités ou conventions qui prévoyaient la soumission des différends
à la Cour permanente de Justice internationale et qui, sans cela,
seraient devenus caducs lors de la disparition de celle-ci, mais il
ne prétend pas maintenir en vigueur les traités ou conventions ou

les dispositions de ceux-ci qui seraient devenus caducs pour toute
autre raison.614 S.W. AFRICA CASES (DIS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
Several conditions had to be fulfilledbefore Articl7 of the Man-
date could be invoked against the Respondent. Two of these

were (a) that there had to be a Permanent Court of International
Justice, and (b) that the dispute had to exist between the Respon-
dent and another Member of the League of Nations. Both these
r;onditions are incapable of being complied with today, but if
Article 7 of the Mandate is a treaty or convention in force, the
effect of Article37 of the Statute of this Court is to provide that
this Court takes the place of the Permanent Court of International
Justice, and the disappearance of the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice would therefore not be a valid reason for holding
that Article 7 of the Mandate no longer applies. The requirement
that the dispute must be one between the Mandatory and another
Member of the League of Nations is, however, not affected by
Article 37. It should be borne in mind that Article 37 is a general
provision applicable to al1 conventions or treaties in force con-
taining provisions for reference of matters to inter alia the Perma-

nent Court of International Justice, and any meaning given to
Article 37 in regard to any part~cular treaty or convention must
also apply mutatis rvtzttandisto al1 other treaties orconventions
in force containing provisions for reference of matters to the Per-
manent Court of International Justice. The words "as between
the parties to the present Statute" were clearly not intended to
alter and cannot be read as altering the conditions which had to
be fulfilled in terms of the requirements of the different treaties or
conventions before an action could be brought in the Permanent
Cûurt of International Justice. Thus, for example, if a treaty
covenng international fishing rights contained a provision for
reference of disputes to the Permanent Court of International
Justice by a party to the treaty, provided such party held a quali-
fication such as membership of an international fishing organiza-
tion, Article 37 did not substitute Membership of the United

Nations for the qualification required under the treaty. Article 37
does not purport to preserve locznsstandi. The words "as between
the parties to the present Statute" were obviously inserted because
the parties to treaties or conventions who were not parties to the
Statute of this Court would not be bound to accept the jurisdiction
of this Court in the place of the Permanent Court of International
Justice. Article 37 does not have and is not capable of being
construed as having the effect of amending the term of Article 7
of.the Mandate requinng the dispute to be one between the Man-
datory and another bIember of the League, and it does not mean,
and it is not capable of meaning, that Vnited Nations Membership
or ex-Membership of the League was substituted for Membership of
the League of Nations in Article 7. In this regard one must bear
in mind that when Article 37 came into operation the League and

the Permanent Court of International Justice were still legally
in existence but steps for their dissolution were in contemplation.
299 Avant de pouvoir invoquer contre le défendeur l'article 7 du

Mandat, il fallait remplir plusieurs conditions. Deux d'entre elles
étaient: a) qu'il existât une Cour permanente de Justice interna-
tionale et b) que le différend se fût élevéentre le défendeur et un
autre Membre de la Société desNations. Il est impossible aujour-
d'hui de remplir cesdeuxconditionsmais, sil'article 7 du Mandat est
un traité ou une convention en vigueur, l'article 37 du Statut de
la Cour a pour effet de mettre la présente Cour au lieu et place de
la Cour permanente de Justie internationale; par conséquent,
la disparition de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale ne
serait pas une raison valable de soutenir que l'article du Mandat
ne s'applique plus. En revanche, la condition d'après laquelle il
faut que le différend se soit élevéentre le Mandataire et un autre
Membre de la Société desNations n'est pas affectéepar l'article 37.
Il ne faut pas oublier que cet article est une disposition générale
applicable à tous les traités ou conventions en vigueur qui contien-
nent des dispositions pour le renvoi intsr alia à la Cour permanente
de Justice internationale et toute signification attribuée à l'ar-

ticle 37 à propos d'un traité ou d'une convention déterminés
doit s'appliquer également m~tatis rvrz~tag~dis tous les autres
traités ou conventions en vigueur prévoyant le renvoi à la Cour
permanente de Justice internationale. Il est clair que les mots
((entre les parties au présent Statut 1)n'étaient pas destinés à
modifier et ne peuvent s'interpréter comme modifiant les conditionà
remplir aux termes des dispositions des différents traités ou con-
ventions pour qu'une action puisse être introduite devant la Cour
permanente de Justice internationale. Ainsi, par exemple, si un
traité visant les droits de pêcheinternationaux contenait une dis-
position permettant à une partie à ce traité de soumettre un diffé-
rend à la Cour permanente de Justice internationale pourvu que
cette partie fût qualifiée,par exemple en tant que membre d'une
organisation internationale de pêche,l'article 37 n'a pas substitué
la qualité de Membre des Nations Unies à celle exigéeparle traité.
L'article 37 n'a pas pour objet de sauvegarder le locus stand;.
Les mots (centre les parties au présent Statut » ont étéévidem-
ment insérés parce que les parties aux traités ou conventions qui

n'étaient pas parties au Statut de la présente Cour n'auraient pas
ététenus d'accepter la compétence de celle-ci au lieu et place de
la Cour permanente de Justice internationale. L'article 37 n'a pas
pour effet et ne saurait s'interpréter comme ayant pour effet d'a-
mender la condition de l'article 7 du Mandat qui exige que le dif-
férend se soit élevéentre le Mandataire et un autre Membre de la
Sociétédes Nations; il ne signifie pas et ne peut avoir comme signi-
fication que la qualité de Membre des Nations Unies ou d'ancien
Membre de la Société desNations soit substituée dans l'article 7
à celle de Membre de la Société desNations. On se souviendra à
ce propos que, quand l'article 37 est entré en vigueur, la Société
des Nations et la Cour permanente de Justice internationale exis-

299 The fact that express provision mas made for substituting the
International Court of Justice for the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice in al1 treaties or conventions in force, without
any corresponding provision being made to substitute an organ

of the Vnited Nations for the Council of the League in Article 6 or
to amend the provision in Article 7 that the dispute had to be
between the Mandatory and another Member of the League of
Nations, is significant.ad it been the intention of the draftsmen
of the Charter to amend mandates in the respects suggested, they
would undoubtedly have inserted express provisions to that effect.
Article 37 clearly does not contain any provision, express or
implied, to the effect that the words "Member of the League of
Nations" in Article7 were replaced by the words "ex-Member of the
League of Nations" or "Member of the United Nations"

1 now proceed to consider the provisions of -4rticle 80, sub-
section 1,and in particular its legal effect in regard to Articles 6
and 7 of the Mandate. It read'sas follows:

"Except as may be agreed upon in individual trusteeship agree-
ments, made under Articles 77, 79 and 81, placing each territory
under the trusteeshipsystem,and until such agreements have been
concluded,nothing in this Chaptershall be construed in or of itself
to alter in any manner the rights whatsoever of any States or any
peoples orthe terms ofexisting international instruments to which
Membersof the United Nations may respectively be parties."

The ordinary grammatical meanirig of the words of Article 80 (1)
is that Chapter XII should not be construed as (a) altering in any
manner the rights whatsoever of any States, or (ig altering in any
manner the rights of any peoples, or (c) altering in any manner
the terms of existing international instrztments to which Members
of the LTnitedNations may be parties, until trusteeship agreements
have been concluded. It will be observed that this Article merely

purports to be an interpretation clause, and it expressly records
that it should not be interpreted as amending any rights under
any existing international instruments or the terms of such instrii-
ments. If Article 80 (1)applies to mandates, it follows that, far
from amending any rights under the mandates or the terms of
any mandate, it expressly records that this is not being done.

It has however been suggested that this Article purports to
safeguard the rights of States and peoples until trusteeship agree-
ments are concluded. The argument then proceeds that the protec-
tion afforded these peoples. by Articles 6 and 7 of the Mandate
Declarations could only be safeguarded if the obligations created
by these provisions remained in force after the dissolution of the

300taient toujours en droit mais que les mesures en vue de leur dissolu-
tion étaient à l'étude. Il est significatif que des dispositions expres-
ses aient été prises pour remplacer dans tous les traités ou conven-
tions en vigueur la Cour permanente de Justice internationale par
la Cour internationale de Justice, sans qu'aucune disposition cor-
respondante ait étéprise pour substituer un organe des Nations
Unies au Conseil de la Société des Nations dans l'article 6 ni pour
amender la disposition de l'article 7 d'après laquelle il fallait que
le différend se fût élevéentre le Mandataire et un autre Membre
de la Société des Nations. Si les rédacteurs de la Charte avaient

eu l'intention d'amender les Mandats sur les points suggérés,
il est certain qu'ils auraient inséré des dispositions expresses en ce
sens. Il est clair que l'article 37 ne contient aucune disposition
expresse ou tacite ayant pour effet de remplacer dans l'article 7
les mots (Membre de la Sociétédes Nations )!par les mots ((ancien
Membre de la Sociétédes Nations )ou (Membre desNations Unies ».
J'en arrive àl'examen desdispositions del'article 80,paragraphe 1,
et enparticulier àleur effet juridique sur lesarticles6 et7 du Mandat.
L'article s'exprime en ces termes:

«A l'exception de ce qui peut êtreconvenu dans les accords
particuliers de tutelle conclusconformément aux articles 77, 79et 81
et plaçant chaque territoire sous le régime detutelle, et jusqu'à ce
que ces accords aient étéconclus, aucune disposition du présent
chapitre ne sera interprétéecomme modifiant directement ou in-
directement en aucune manière les droits quelconques d'aucun
État ou d'aucun peuple ou lesdispositionsd'actesinternationaux en
vigueur auxquels des Membres de l'organisation peuvent être
parties.»
Le sens grammatical ordinaire des termes de l'article 80, para-
graphe 1, est qu'il ne faut pas interpréter le chapitre XII:a) comme
rnodifiant en aucune manière les droits quelconques d'aucun État,
ni b) comm? modifiant en aucune manière les droits d'aucun peuple,

ni c) comme modifiant en aucune manière les disfiositions d'actes
internationaux en viguez~~ auxquels les Membres des Nations LTnies
pourraient êtreparties, jusqu'à ce que des accords de tutelle aient
étéconclus. On remarquera que cet article constitue simplement
une clause d'interprktation et qu'il constate expressément qu'il
ne doit pas s'interpréter comme amendant les droits résultant des
actes internationaux en vigueur ni les dispositions de ces actes.
Si l'article 80, paragraphe 1, s'applique aux Mandats, il s'ensuit
que, loin d'amender les droits résultant des Mandats ou les termes
des Mandats, il constate expressément qu'il n'en est rien.

On a ce~endant prétendu que cet article tend à sauvegarder les
droits des Etats et des peuples jusqu'à ce que des accords de tutelle
aient été conclus. L'argument continue en disant que la protection
accordée à ces peuples par les article 6 et 7 des déclarations de
Mandat ne pouvait êtresauvegardée que si les obligations créées
par ces dispositions restaient en vigueur après la dissolution de laLeague until trusteeship agreements were entered into, and that
inasmuch as the existence of the 1,eague was essential for the ful-
filment of these provisions, the substitution of the orgafis of the
United Nations for the organs of the League and Members of
the United Nations or ex-Members of the League for Members of
the League in Articles 6 and 7 respectively must be implied. The
words of Article 80 (1)are however not capable of such a construc-
tion. They are clear and unambiguous. The Article merely purports
to safeguard rights in the sense that Chapter XII must not be
construed as changing any rights. Its provisions are entirely negative.
If the aforesaid suggested implied term is read into Article 80 (1)
it would in effect mean that the provisions of Articles 6 and 7

of the Mandate were amended in the respects indicated above;
but Article 80 (1)itself contains the instruction that Chapter XII
(Article 80is part of this Chapter) is not to be construed as amending
the terms of any instrument. It does not purport to provide for
the continuation of rights until trusteeship agreements are conclud-
ed where such rights would othenvise have terminated, either
on account of the provisions of theinstrument containing them or
for some other valid reason.

Article 80 (1) is clear and unambiguous, but even if it is not
the relevant facts preceding the Charter of the United Nations as

well as the subsequent conduct of the parties concerned make it
impossible to give Article 80 (1) any meaning other than what has
been stated above to be its ordinary grammatical meaning, or to
infer any implied term to the effect that al1 the provisions of
mandates were to remain in force after the dissolution of the
League ancl then say that for this purpose the supervisory functio~s
of the organs of the League were transferred to the organs of the
United Nations and that illembers of the United Nations or ex-
Members of the League must be substituted for Members of the
League.

If regard is had to the negotiations and discussions relating to
Article 80 (1)during the drafting of the Charter, there is no indica-

tion that the natural and ordinary meaning of the words of this
Article does not express the true common intention of the parties.
The delegation of the Respondent circulated on 7 May 1945 among
the other delegates and sought to introduce in Committee III4
a statement which was read in the Committee on 12 May. This
statement and the introductory remarks which preceded its reading
are as follows:

Mandate where the Mandatory principle cannot be achieved.y under
As an illustration, would refer to the former German territory
of South West Africa heldby South Africa under a 'C'Mandate.

301 Sociétédes Nations jusqu'à ce que les accords de tutelle aient été
conclus et que, pour autant que l'existence de la SociétédesNations
ait éténécessaire à l'application des ces dispositions, la substitution
des organes des Nations TTniesà ceux de la Sociétédes Nations et
des Membres des Nations Unies ou des anciens Membres de
la Société' des Nations aux Membres de la Sociétédans les ar-
ticles 6 et 7 respectivement doit se présumer. Mais les termes
de l'article 80, paragraphe 1, ne permettent pas cette inter-
prétation. Ils sont clairs et non ambigus. L'article se borne à
sauvegarder des droits en ce sens que le chapitre XII ne doit

pas s'interpréter comme les modifiant. Les dispositions de cet
article sont entièrement négatives. Si l'on introduisait dans l'ar-
ticle 80, paragraphe 1, la condition implicite suggéréeplus haut,
elle signifierait en fait que les dispositions des articles 6 et 7 du
Mandat ont étéamendées dans la mesure indiquée plus haut;
or l'article 80, paragraphe 1, lui-mêmeprescrit que le chapitre XII
(dont l'article 80 fait partie) ne doit pas s'interpréter comme modi-
fiant les termes d'aucun acte. Il ne prétend pas prévoir la conti-
nuation des droits jusqu'à ce que des accords de tutelle aient été
-,onclus, lorsque ces droits auraient sans cela pris fin, soit en raison
des dispositions de l'acte qui les contient, soit pour toute autre

raison valable.
L'article 80, paragraphe 1, est clair et non ambigu mais, même
s'il ne l'était pas, les faits pertinents qui ont précédéla Charte des
Nations Unies tout aussi bien que la conduite ultérieure des parties
intéresséesnepermettent pas d'attacher àl'article 80,paragraphe 1,
une signification autre que celle qui a étéindiquée plus haut comme
étant son sens grammatical ordinaire ni d'inférerdes termes impli-
cites selon lesquels toutes les dispositions des Mandats devaient
rester en vigueur après la dissolution de la Société des Nations,
après quoi on viendrait dire qu'à cette fin les fonctions de surveil-
lance des organes de la Sociétédes Nations ont ététransférées à

ceux des Nations Unies et que les Membres des Nations Unies ou
les anciens Membres de la Sociétédes Nations doivent prendre la
place des Membres de la Sociétédes Nations.
Si l'on tient compte des négociations et des discussions se rap-
portant .à l'article 80, paragraphe 1, qui ont eu lieu pendant la
rédaction de la Charte, on n'y trouve aucune preuve que le sens
naturel et ordinaire des mots de cet article n'exprime pas la véri-
table intention commune des parties. Le 7 mai 1945 a délégation
du défendeur a distribué aux autres déléguée st a tenté de présenter
au Comité III4 une déclaration qui a étélue au Comitéle 12 mai.
Cette déclaration et les remarques d'introduction qui la précèdent
s'exprime en ces termes:

«Je voudrais souligner qu'il existe des territoires déjà placés
sousMandat où le principe du Mandat ne saurait êtreappliqué.
Je citeraià titre d'exemplel'ancien territoire allemand du Sud-
Ouest africain, oùl'Unionsud-africaineexerceun Mandat (C )).
301 Thefactswith regard to this temtory aresetout a in memorandum
filed with the Secretariat, which 1 now read: When the disposa1of
enemy territory under the Treaty of Versailles was under consider-
ation, doubt was expressed as to the suitability of the Mandatory
form of administration for the temtory which formerly constituted
the German Protectorate of South West Africa.

Nevertheless, on 17th December 1920, by agreement between the
Principal Allied and Associated Powe s and in accordance with
a Mandate (commonly referred to as a C Mandate) was conferredreaty,
upon the Government of the Union of South Africa to administer
the said temtory.
Under the Mandate the Union of South Africa was granted full
power of administration and legislation over the territory as an
integral portion of the Union of Soiith Africa, with authority to
apply the laws of the Union to it.
For twenty-five years, the Union of South Africa has governed
and administered the temtory asan integral part of its own territory
and has promoted to the utmost the material and moral well-being
and the social progress of the inhabitants.
It has applied many of its laws to the territory and has faithfully
performed its obligations under the Mandate.
The temtory is in a unique position when compared with other
territories under the same form of Mandate.

It is geographically and strategically a part of the Union of
South Africa, and in World War No. Ia rebellion in the Union was
.fomented from it, and an attack launched against the Union.
It is in large measure economically dependent upon the Union,
whose railways serve it and from which it draws the great bulk of
it.ssupplies.
Its dependent native peoples spring from the same ethnological
stem as the great mass of the native peoples of the Union.

Two-thirds of the European population are of Union origin and
are Union Nationals, and the remaining one-third are Enemy
Nationals.
The temtory has its own Legislative Assembly granted to it by
the Union Parliament, and this Assembly has submitted a request
for incorporation of the territory as part of the Union.

ministration, including a system, of local government through-
Native Councils giving the Natives a voice in the management of
their own affairs; and under Union Administration Native Reserves
have reached a high state of economic development.

In view of contiguity and similarity in composition of the native
peoples in South West Africa the native policy followed in South
West Africa must always be aligned with that of the Union, three-
fifths of the population of which is native. Les faits relatifs à ce territoire sontexposés dans un mémoire
soumis au Secrétariat et dont je vais donner lecture:
Au moment où fut examinélesort du territoire ennemi aux termes
du traité de Versailles, des doutes avaient étéexprimés sur le point
de savoir si la forme d'administration du Mandat convenait au ter-
ritoire qui constituait auparavant le Protectorat allemand du Sud-
Ouest africain.
Cependant, le 17 décembre 1920, par un accord conclu entre les
Principales Puissances alliées et associées et en application de
l'article 22, parti1 (Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations) du traité, un

Mandat (généralement appelé Mandat «C ») a étéconféréau Gou-
vernement de l'Union sud-africainepour l'administration dudit tem-
toire.
Aux termes de ce Mandat l'Union sud-africaine se voyait accorder
tous pouvoirs d'administration et de législation sur ce territoire
comme partie intégrante de l'Union sud-africaine, avec autorité d'y
appliquer la législation de l'Union.
Pendant vingt-cinq ans l'Union sud-africaine a gouverné et
administré le territoire comme partie intégrante de son propre
territoire et a développéau maximum le bien-être matérielet moral
ainsi que le progrès social des habitants.
Elle a appliqué au territoire un grand nombre de ses lois propres
et a fidèlement rempli les obligations découlantpour elle du Mandat.
La condition actuelle du territoire est incomparable si l'on se
réfèreà d'autres territoires placés sous les Mandats de même caté-
gorie.
Géographiquement et stratégiquement il fait partie de l'Union
sud-africaine et au cours de la première guerre mondiale une rébel-
lion y fut fomentée et une attaque lancéecmtre l'Union.

Economiquement le territoire dépend dans une grande mesure de
l'Union, dont les chemins de fer le desservent et d'où il tire la
majeure partie de ses approvisionnements.
Les populations indigènes qui l'habitent descendent du même
tronc ethnique que la grande masse des populations indigènes de
l'Union.
Les deux tiers de la population européenne sont originaires de
l'Union, et sont des ressortissants de l'Union, l'autre tiers étant
forméde ressortissants ennemis.
Le territoire a été dotépar le Parlement de l'Union d'une Assem-
bléelégislative qui lui est propre et cette Assemblée a présentéune
demande visant à l'incorporation du territoire comme partie inté-
grante de l'Union.
L'union a appliqué dans le territoire une politique libérale d'ad-
ministration indigène, qui comprend un système de gouvernement
local où, par l'intermédiaire de conseils indiaènes, les autochtones
peuvent s-efaire entendre quant à l'administyation de leurs propres
affaires; et les réserves indigènes administrées par l'Union ont
atteint un niveau de développement économique élevé.

Compte tenu de la contiguïté et dela similarité dansla composition
des populations indigènes du Sud-Ouest africain, la politique
indigène adoptée pour le Sud-Ouest africain doit toujours s'aligner
sur celle de l'union, dont la population compte trois cinquièmes
d'éléments indigènes. There is no prospect of the territory ever existing as a separate
state, and the ultimate objective of the Mandatory principle is
therefore impossible of achievement.
The Delegation of the Union of South Africa therefore claims that
the Mandate should be terminated and that the temtory should be
incorporated as part of the Union of South Africa.
As territorial questions are however reserved for handling at
the later Peace Conference where the Union of South Africa intends
to raise this matter, it is here only mentioned for the information
of the Conference in connection with the Mandates question."

The Respondent's representative's statement on 14 May at the
fourth meeting of the aforesaid Committee is reported as follows:

"The delegate from the Union of South Africa, supplementing
his remarks at the third meeting, said that the Committer should
bear in mind, in drawing up general principles, that the tevms of
existing mandatescouldnot bealteredwithoutthe consentof the Man-
datoryPower." (Italics added.)
At the same meeting the representative of the United States of

America pointed out that his Government did not seek to change
the relations existing between a mandatory and a mandated terri-
tory without the former's consent. The Committee also recorded
the following statement by the United States delegate:
"The delegate for the United States said that paragraph B (5)
was intended as a conservatory or safeguarding clause. He was
willing and desirous that the Minutes of this Committee show that
it is intended to mean that al1rights, whatever they may be, remain
exactlythe same as they exist-that they are neither increased nor
diminished by the adoption of this Charter. Any change is left as
a matter for subsequent agreements. The clause should neither add
nor detract, but safeguard al1 existing rights, whatever they may
be." (Italics added.)
The final report of the Committee to Commission II contained ail
explanation that specific provisions should be made to the effect
that except asmay be agreed upon in individual trusteeship agree-
ments and until such agreements had been concluded, nothing in
the Chapter on dependent territories is to be interpreted as altering

the rights of any States or any peoples or the terms of existing
international instruments to which Member States may be parties.

Itwill be observed in the first place that the object of paragraph
B (5) (whichbecame Article 80) was to guard against the alteration
of rights as a result of the adoption of the Charter. In the second
place, what was safeguarded were the rights of States and of any
peoples and the terms of existing international instruments. It
follows that Article 80 was not intended to guard against an aiter-
ation of rights which came about by the dissolution of the League. AFF. S.-O. AFRICAIN (OPIT'J. DISS. DE M. VAN WYK) 618

Rien ne permet d'imaginer que le territoire puisse jamais cons-
tituer un État séparée,t i'objectif ultime du principe du Mandat est
donc impossible à appliquer.
La délégationde l'Union sud-africaine demande donc que le
Mandat soit supprimé et que le territoire soit incorporé à l'Union
sud-africaine.
Toutefois, la discussion des questions territoriales étant réservée
à la Conférencede la paix, où l'Union sud-africaine a l'intention de
soulever la question, ce problème n'est mentionné ici que pour
renseigner la Conférence à l'égard dela question des Mandats. »
Le 14 mai, à la quatrième séance du Comité précité,le procès-

verbal constate que le représentant du défendeur a fait la déclara-
tion suivante :
((Le délégué de l'Union sud-africaine, complétant les remarques
qu'il a faiteà la troisième séance déclareque le Comiténe devrait
pas oublier, en rédigeantles principes généraux,queles conditions
des mandatsactuelsne pourraientêtre modifiéessans le consentement
dela puissancemandataire )(lesitaliques sont de nous).

A la même séance,le représentant des États-unis d'Amérique a
signaléque son Gouvernement ne cherchait pas à modifier les rap-
ports existant entre un Mandataire et un territoire sousMandat sans
le consentement du premier. Le Comité a également pris acte de
la déclaration suivante du délégué des Etats-Unis:

((Le délégué deÉ stats-Unis déclare que le paragraphe B, 5, a
pour objet de constituer une clause conservatoire ou de sauvegarde.
Il désireque le compterendu indique que cette clause veut dire que
tous lesdroits, quels qu'ils soient,demeurent exactement tlu'ilssont
- qu'ils ne sont ni augmentés ni diminués par l'adoption de la
présenteCharte. Les changements opportuns ferontl'objet d'accords
ultérieurs. La clause ne devra ni ajouter ni soustraire aux droits
existants mais lessauvegarder, quels qu'ilssoient)(lesitaliquessont
de nous).
Le rapport final du Comité à la Commission II contenait une
mention expliquant qu'il faudrait prendre des dispositions précises
pour que, à l'exception de ce qui pourrait êtreconvenu dans les

accords particuliers de tutelle et tant que ces accords n'auraient
pas étéconclus, aucune des dispositions du chapitre se rapportant
aux territoires non ?utonornes ne fût interprétée comme modifiant
les droits d'aucun Etat ou d'aucun p:uple ou les termes d'actes
i-nternationauxen vigueur auxqz~elsles Etats 2Ciew:brep sourraie!!t être
parties.
On remarquera en premier lieu que le paragraphe B (5) (qui est
devenu lJarticIe 80) avait pour objet d'empêcherla modification des
droits à la suite de l'adoption de la Charte, En second lieu, il ne

s'agissait de sauvegarder que les droits des Etats et des peuples et
les dispositions d'actes internationaux en vigueur. Il s'ensuit que
l'article 80 n'était pas destiné à empêcher une modification de
droits résultant de la dissolution de la Société desNations.
303 In regard to Article 6 of the South West Africa Mandate, the
right against the Respondent was that an annual report should be
made to the Council of the League of Nations, and in regard to
Article 7 the right to bring an action in this Court was confined to
Members of the League of Nations. The facts related above clearly
provide no grounds for an inference that the United Nations or

any organ thereof was substituted for the Council of the League
on the dissolution of the League in Article 6 of the Mandate Decla-
ration, or that Members of the United Nations or ex-Members of
the League were substituted for Members of the League in Article 7.
On the contrary, they confirm the clear and unarnbiguous meaning
of the words of Article 80 (1). In any event, the subsequent conduct
of the Members of the League and Members of the United Nations
clearly revealed that they never regarded Article 80 (1)as contain-
ing an implied provision amending Articles 6 and 7 of the Mandate
in the respects indicated.

The League's attitude towards the transfer of its functions under
treaties and conventions, including the Mandate instruments, was
not known when the United Nations Charter was drafted and
agreed. It was at least known that one Member of the League,
namely, the Respondent, was opposed to such a transfer as far as
South West Africa was concerned. Furthermore, it is clear that the
whole Conference realized that the taking over of the functions of
the League required investigation and further agreement. It is for
this reason that towards the conclusion of the San Francisco

Conference on 25 June 1945 there was established a Preparatory
Con~mission of the United Nations, each signatory State having
one Member. One of the items of the preparatory work entrusted
to this Cornmittee was to "formulate recommendations concerning
the possible transfer of certainfunctio~zs,activities and assets of the
League of Nations which it may be considered desirable for the
new Organization to take over on terms to be arranged" (italics
added) .
An Executive Committee of this Commission was appointed, and
this Executive Committee again appointed a Sub-Committee to
investigate the possible transfer of functions, activities andassets
of the League. A report of the Executive Committee was considered
by the Commission in London on 24 November 1945, and the
Commission rendered its report on 23 December 1945.
The aforesaid Sub-Cornmittee recommended, witli certain ex-
ceptions and qualifications, the transfer of the functions, activities
and assets of the Lezgue, and one of the exceptions was the political
functions of the League "which have already ceased". In regard
to the transfer of functions arising from treaties, however, it
recommended that the United Nations should adopt a resolution
expressing its willingness to exercise such functions and powers

304 Pour ce qui est del'articl6 du Mandat pour leSud-Ouestafricain,

le droit opposable au défendeurétait celui d'après lequelun rapport
annuel devait êtreenvoyé au Conseil de la Société desNations et,
en ce qui concerne l'article 7, le droit d'introduire une instance
devant la Cour était limitéaux Membres de la Sociétédes Nations.
Il est clair que les faits qui viennent d'êtrerelatés ne fournissent
aucune base pour conclure que les Nations Unies ou un de leurs
organes aient étésubstitués au Conseil de la Société desNations,
lors de la dissolution de celle-ci, dans l'articlee la déclaration de
Mandat, ni que les Membres des Nations Unies ou les anciens
Membres de la Société desNations aient étésubstitués aux Membres
de la Sociétédans l'article 7. Ils confirment au contraire le sens
clair et non ambigu des termes de l'article 80, paragraphe I. En

tout cas, la conduite ultérieure des Membres de la Société des
Nations et de ceux des Nations Unies montre clairement qu'ils
n'ont jamais considéréque l'article 80, paragraphe 1, ait contenu
une disposition implicite amendant les articles 6 et 7 du Mandat
aux points de vue indiqués.
L'attitude de la Société à l'égard du transfert de ses fonctions
en vertu des traités et conventions, y compris des actes de Mandat,
n'était pas connue lorsque la Charte des Kations 'Clniesa étérédigée
et adoptée. On savait du moins qu'un Membre de la Société, à
savoir le défendeur, était opposé à ce transfert en ce qui concerne
le Sud-Ouest africain. En outre, il est évident que tous les Membres

de la Conférence se rendaient compte que la question de la
prise en charge des fonctions de la Sociétéexigeait d'êtreexaminée
plus avant et de faire l'objet d'un nouvel accord. C'est pourquoi,
vers la fin de la Conférencede San Francisco, le 25 juin 1945, fut
crééeune Commission préparatoire des Nations Ynies comprenant
un représentant de chacun des Etats signataires. L'un des points
du travail préparatoire confié àcette Commission étaitde (Formuler
des recommandations sur le transfert éoentueldes fonctions, activités
et avoirs de la Sociétédes Nations qu'il pourra sembler utile de
confier à la nouvelle Organisation duns des conditions à fix~. )(Les
italiques sont de nous.)
1.a Comn~issionnomma un Comité exécutifet celui-ci créa à son

tour un sous-comité chargé d'étudier le transfert possible des
fonctions, activités et avoirs de la Société desNations. Le rapport
du Comitéexécutif fut examinépar la Commission le 24 novembre
1945, à Londres, et celui de la Commission elle-mêmefut présenté
le 23 décembre 1945.
Le sous-comité recommandait, sous réserve de certaines excep-
tions et précisions, le transfert des fonctions, activités et avoirs de
la Sociétédes Kations; l'une des exceptions concernait les fonctions
politiques de la Société (qui ont pris fin 1)A l'égarddu transfert
des fonctions découlant des traités, le sous-comitétoutefois recom-
mandait l'adoption d'une résolution aux termes de laquelle les

Nations Ynies se déclaraient prêtes à exercer ces fonctions et pou- reserving, however, inter alia, the right to decide which functions
and powers it would be prepared to take over, and then added the
following :

"The transfer to the United Nations of functions or powers
entrusted to the League of Nations by treaties, conventions, agree-
ments or instruments having a political character would, if the
Partiestotheseilzstruwzentsdesired,be separately consideredin each
case." (Italics added.) ,

This paragraph was apparently not intended to apply to treaties,
conventions, agreements or instruments relating to the Mandates
System, as will appear from the specific observation made in regard

to the Mandates System. But it is significant that the Sub-Com-
mittee clearly considered that there was no general succession by
the United Nations to the functions and powers entriisted to the
League of Nations by treaties, conventions, agreements or instru-
ments having a political character. These matters were to be
separately considered in each case if the Parties to these instru-
ments so desired. The specific observation made in regard to
Mandates was as follows:

"Since the questions arisingfrom the windingup of the Mandates
on this subjectis included here."Chapter IV, no recominendation

It will be observed that the Sub-Committee considered that the
Mandates System was being wound up, not that it was being
continued, by a substitution of the organs of the United Nations

for the organs of the League of Nations.
In Chapter IV (this is the chapter referred to in the aforesaid
quotation), the Executive Committee recommended that, iri view
of possible delay in the establishment of a Tnisteeship Couilcil, a
Temporary Trusteeship Committee should be created to carry out
certain of the functions assigned to the Trusteeship Council. Peilding
the establishment of the Tnisteeship Council, this Temporary
Committee was to advise the General Assembly on matters that
might arise with regard to the transfer to the United Nations of
any functions and responsibilities exercised until then under the
Mandates System. It recommended that the following be included
in the proposed provisional agenda of the Temporary Trusteeship
Committee :

"Problems arising from the transfer of functions in respect of
existing Mandates from the League of Nations to the United
Nations."

1return to the recommendations of the Sub-Committee. It recom-
mended th'at a small committee should be appointed to negotiate
with the Supervisory Commission of the League of Nations withvoirs, se réservant toutefois le droit, entre autres, de décider quels
étaient les fonctions et pou~oirs qu'elles seraient prêtesà assumer,
en ajoutant ce qui suit:

((En ce qui concerne les traités, conventions, accords ou instru-
ments de caractèrepolitique, letransfertà l'organisation desNations
Unies des fonctions ou pouvoirs confiés à la Société desNations en
vertu deleurs dispositions ferait l'objet d'un examen dans chaque cas
d'espèce,si les Parties à ces instruments en exfirimenle désir.)(Les
italiquessont de nous.)

Ce paragraphe ne devait apparemment pas s'appliquer aux trâités,
conventions, accords ou instruments touchant le système des
Mandats, comme il ressort de l'observation particulière concernant
le système des Mandats. Mais il est significatif de voir que le sous-
comité a estimé très clairement que les Nations Unies n'héritaient
pas globalement des fonctions et pouvoirs dévolus à la Sociétédes
Nations en vertu de traités, de conventions, d'accords ou d'instru-
ments de caractère politique. Si les parties à ces instruments le

désiraient, ces questionsseraient étudiées séparémentet pour chacun
des cas. L'observation particulière au sujet de ces Mandats était la
suivante :
«Étant donnéque les questions soulevéespar la terminaison du
régimedes mandats sont traitées au chapitre IV de la Partie III, on

ne trouvera ici aucune recommandation à cet égard. »
On observera que le sous-comité estimait que le système des

Mandats était terminé et non pas qu'il se poursuivait par la
substitution des organes des Nations Unies à ceux de la Sociétédes
Nations.
Au chapitre Il' (c'est le chapitre dont il est question dans la cita-
tion précédente), le Comité exécutif recommandait, en prévision
d'unretard éventueldans lacréation du Conseilde tutelle, que fût con-
stitué un comité temporaire de tutelle pour assumer certaines des
fonctions assignées au Conseil de tutelle. En attendant la création
du Conseil de tutelle, ce comitétemporairedevait conseiller l'Assem-

bléegénéralesur les questions qui pourraient se poser au sujet du
transfert aux Nations Unies de toutes les fonctions et responsabilités
exercéesjusqu'alors dans le cadre du systèmedes Mandats. Il recom-
mandait d'inclure dans l'ordre du jour provisoire du comitétempo-
raire de tutelle le point suivant:

((Problèmes poséspar le transfert à l'organisation des Nations
Vnies des fonctions de la Sociétédes Nations ayant trait aux
mandats existants. ))

J'en reviens aux recommandations du sous-comité. Il recomman-
dait de nommer un comité restreint chargé d'entrer en rapport
avec la Commission de contrôle de la Sociétédes Nations au sujet
305621 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

regard to the possible transfer of functions, and activities, as well
as assets.
The Executive Committee in substance accepted the Sub-Corn-
mittee's recommendations. Its recommendation No. I reads as
follows :

"That the functions, activities and assets of the League of
Nations be transferred to the United Nations with such exceptions
without prejudice tossuch action as the United Nations may sub-and
sequently take, with the understanding that the contemplated
transfer doesnot include the political functions of the League, which
in fact already ceased, but solely the technical and non-political
functions."

A part of the footnote thereof reads:

be includedin the transfer. It makes no recommendation to transfer
the activities concerning refugees, mandates, or international
bureaux."

In regard to treaties, international conventions, agreements, and
other instruments having a political character, it suggested that
the following resolution should beadopted bythe General Assembly :

"The General Assembly of the United Nations decides that it
will itself examine or will submit to the appropriate organ of the
United Nations any request from thPeartiesthat the United Nations
should take over the exercise of functions or powers entrusted to
the League of Nations by treaties, international conventions, agree-
ments, or other instruments having a political character."
The above recommendations reveal that the Members of the
Sub-Committee of the Executive Committee did not consider that
the Cnited Nations had assumed the functions of the League of
Nations in treaties or conventions, agreements or instruments

having a political character. It was thought that the transfer to the
United Nations of the functions or powers of the League under
these instruments was still to be considered, and if the Parties to
such instruments so desired, separately in eacl~ case. In regard to
Mandates, it was specifically recommended that a Temporary
Trusteeship Committee should be appointed to advise the General
Assembly on matters that might arise with regard to the transfer
of any functions or responsibilities to the United Nations "hitherto
exercised under the Mandates System". The Executive Committee
made no recommendation to transfer the activities of the League
under the Mandates, but made a general recommendation in regard
to treaties or conventions, agreements or other instruments having
a political character, namely, that the United Nations would con-

sider a requestfrom theParties in regard to the taking over of such
functions or powers entrusted to the League. 621
AFF. S.-O. AYKICAIN (OPIW. DISS. DE M. VAN WYK)
du transfert éventuel des fonctions, des activités et desavoirs de la
Société.

Le Comité exécutif accepta en substance les recommandations
du sous-comité. Sa recommandation no I était la suivante:

(que lesfonctions,activités et avoirs dela SociétdesNationssoient,
avec les exceptionset précisionsénoncées aurapport susmentionné,
et sans préjudice des mesures que l'organisation pourra prendre
ultérieurement, transférés à l'Organisation, étant entendu que ce

transfert ne s'applique pas aux fonctionspolitiquesde la Sociétédes
Nations qui, en fait, ont déjà prisfin,et ne porte quesur sesfonctions
techniques et non politiques ».

Une note en bas de page indiquait notamment:

«Le Comitérecommande qu'aucune question politique ne soit
englobéedans ce transfert. Il ne formule aucune recommandation
visantletransfertdesactivités concernan lets réfugiésl,esmandatsou
les bureaux internationaux. »

A l'égard des traités, conventions internationales, accords et
autres instruments de caractère politique, le Comité suggérait que
l'Assemblée généraleadoptât la résolution suivante :

((L'Assembléegénérale desNations Unies décidequ'elle étudiera
elle-mêmeou soumettra à l'organe compétent des Nations Unies
toutedemandeémanantdesPartieset tendant à ce que l'organisation
reprenne l'exercice des fonctionsou pouvoirs confiésà la Sociétédes
Nations par lestraitéset conventions, accords ou autres instruments
internationaux de caractère politique.!)
Les recommandations ci-dessus prouvent que les membres du

sous-comité du Comitéexécutif ne considéraient pas que les Nations
Unies eussent repris les fonctions de la Sociétédes Nations découlant
des traités ou conventions, des accords ou instruments de caractère
politique. On estimait que la question du transfert aux Nations
Unies des fonctions ou pouvoirs de la Sociétédes Nations découlant
de ces instruments était encore à examiner et que, si les parties à
ces instruments le souhaitaient, il faudrait étudier chaque cas sépa-
rément. A l'égard des Mandats il était spécifiquement recommandé

que fût nommé un comité temporaire de tutelle chargéde conseiller
l'Assemblée généralesur les problèmes qui pouvaient surgir tou-
chant le transfert aux Nations Unies des fonctions ou responsabilités
((assumées jusqu'ici en vertu du régime des Mandats B.Le comité
exécutif ne faisait aucune recommandation visant à transférer les
activitésde la Société des Nations en matière de Mandats, mais une
recommandation générale concernant les traités, conventions,

accords ou autres instruments de caractère politique qui signifiait
que les Nations Unies examineraient toutedemande émanantdes par-
ties au sujet de la prise en charge de fonctions ou pouvoirs confiés
précédemment à la Société desNations.

306 At the discussion of the recommendations of the Executive

Committee by the Preparatory Commission, objections were raised
to the use of the word "transfer" in the recommendations concerning
functions and activities of the League, as this word appeared to
imply "a legal continuitfwhich would not in fact exist", and it uras
suggested that the phrase "the assumption of responsibility for
certain functions and activities" should be adopted. This was
eventually done. The recommendations of the Commission relevant
to functions and powers were adopted by the General Assembly in
its resolution of 12 February.
The Preparatory Commission did not accept therecommendations
in regard to a Temporary Trusteeship Committee. They were
replaced by a recommendation that the General Assembly should
adopt a resolution calling on States administering territories under
League of Nations Mandates to undertake practical steps for sub-
mitting trusteeship agreements in respect of these territories,
"preferably not later than during the second part of the first session

of the General Assembly". No other proposa1 regarding the transfer
of functions and activities or the assumption of these functions and
activities was substituted for therejected proposal. In the discussion
in the Fourth Committee of the Preparatory Commission, preceding
this resolution, Respondent's representative

"reserved the position of his delegation until the meeting of the
General Assembly, because his countv found itself in an unusual
position. The mandated territory of South West Afnca was already
a self-governing country, and last year its Legislature had passed
a resolution asking for admission into the Union. His Government
had replied that acceptance of this proposa1 was impossible owing
to their obligations under the Mandate.

The position remained open, and his delegation could not record
its vote on the present occasion if, by so doing, it would imply that
South West Africa was not free to determine its own destiny. His
Government would, however, do everything in its power to im-
plement the Charter."

In the discussion in the Plenary Committee meeting:

"the South African delegation associated itselfholly with a desire
of Committee IV to apply the principles laid down in the Charter,
and that its efforts had been directed towards that end. In view,
however, of the specialpositior, of the Union of South Africa, which
held a Mandate over South West Africa, it reserved its position
with regard to the document at present under review, and especially
because South Africa considered that it had fully discharged the
obligations laid upon it by the Allies, under the Covenant of the
League of Nations, on the advancement towards self-government
othe position to be examined as a whole. For that reason the South Lors de la discussion de la recommandation du Comité exécutif
au sein de la Commission préparatoire, certaines objections ont été
soulevées au sujet de l'emploi du mot «transfert » dans les recom-
mandations touchant les fonctions et activités de la Sociétédes
Nations, ce terme semblant impliquer ((une continuité juridique
qui, en fait, n'existera pas » et on a proposé d'utiliser la formule
« la prise en charge de certaines fonctions et activités ».Ce qui fut
fait. Les recommandations de la Commission touchant les fonctions
et pouvoirs ont étéadoptées par l'Assemblée générale dans sa

résolution du 12 février.
La Commission préparatoire n'a pas accepté les recommandations
touchant la constitution d'un comité temporaire de tutelle. Elles
ont été remplacées par une recommandation invitant l'Assemblée
générale à adopter une résolution demandant aux Etats adminis-
trant des territoires en vertu des Mandats de la Société desNations
de prendre des mesures pratiques pour soumettre les accords de
tutelle relatifsà ces territoires,«au plus tard pendant la deuxième
partie de la première session de l'Assemblée générale s.Aucune
autre proposition touchant le transfert des fonctions et activités,
ou la prise en charge des fonctions ou activités, n'a remplacé la

proposition repoussée. Au cours de la discussion au sein du Comité 4
de la Commission préparatoire qui a précédécette résolution, le
représentant du défendeur a déclaré
«[réserver]l'attitude de sa délégation jusqu'àla réunionde 1'Assem-
bléegénéraled , u fait que l'Union Sud-Africainese trouve dans une
situation insolite. Le territoire sous mandat du Sud-Ouest africain
est d'ores et déjà un pays qui se gouverne lui-même,et l'an dernier,
son parlement a adoptéune résolutionpar laquelle il demandait à
être admis dansl'Union. Le Gouvernement Sud-Africain a répondu
qu'il lui était impossible d'accepter cette proposition en raison des
obligations qui lui impose le mandat.
La question reste ouverte et la délégation Sud-Africaine ne
saurait, dans la circonstance actuelle, émettre un vote si elle devait
ainsi donner àentendre que le Sud-Ouest africain n'est pas libre de
statuer sur son propre sort. Sousbénéficde cesdéclarations,il tient
à ajouter que son Gouvernement fera tout en son pouvoir pour
donner effet aux dispositions de la Charte))

Dans la discussion qui a eu lieu en séanceplénièrede la Commission :
«La délégation sud-africaines'est associéeentièrementau désirdu
Comité4 de mettre en pratique les principes énoncés dans la Charte
et ses efforts sont dirigésdans ce sens. Toutefois, en raison de la
situation spécialede l'Union sud-africaine,détentrice du Mandat sur
le Sud-Ouest africain, cette délégation réservea position en ce qui
concerneledocument actuellement à l'étude, enparticulierparceque
l'Afriquedu Sudestimequ'elleacomplèmentsatisfaitaux obligations
qui lui avaient étéimposéespar les Alliésen vertu du pacte de la
Sociétédes Nations au sujet de l'avancement des populations sous
Mandat vers l'autonomie et que le moment est venu d'examiner
l'ensemblede la situation. Pour cette raison, la délégationsud-afri- African delegation reserved its attitude until the Assembly met."

Once again, these facts negative the existence of any implied
term, either in the Covenant of the League, or in the Mandate
Declaration, or in Article 80 (1) of the Charter of the United
Nations, to the effect that the supervisory functions of the Council
of the League would be transferred to an organ of the United
Nations, or could be assumed by that Organization without thè
consent of the Mandatories. If any such tacit agreement existed
and, in particular, if it had been intended that Article 80 (1) of the
Charter would have that effect, one would have expected that this

wou!d have been mentioned during these deliberations and, in
particular, in response to the observations of the representative of
the Respondent.
The Preparatory Commission's report was considered by the
General Assembly of the United Nations in January 1946. On
17 January the Respondent's representative stated :
"Under these circumstances, the Union Government considers
that it is incumbent upon it, as indeed upon al1other, mandatory
Powers, to consult the people of the mandated temtory regarding
the form which their own future government should take, since
they are the people chiefly concerned. Arrangements are now in
train for such consultationsto take place and, until they have been
concluded, the South Afncan Government must reserve its position
conceming the future of the mandate, together with its right of
full liberty of action, as providec'for in paragraphI of Article 80
of the Charter.

From what 1 have said 1 hope it will be clear Lhat South West
Africa occupies a special position in relation to the Union which
differentiates that territory from any other C Mandate. This
special position should be given full consideration in determining
the future status of the territory. South Africa is, nevertheless,
properly conscious of her obligations under the Charter. 1 can give
every assurance that any decision taken in regard to the future of
the mandate willbecharactenzed by a fullsenseof Ourresponsibility
as a signatory of the Charter, to implement its provisions, in con-
sultation with and with the approval of the local inhabitants, in the
manner best suited to the promotion of their material and moral
well-being."

Reservations were also made on this day by the representative
of the United Kingdom in regard to Palestine. Not a single delegate

expressed any view to the effect that the attitudes adopted by the
Respondent and the United Kingdom were inconsistent witli Article
80 (1) or any other provision of the Charter or Mandate. On the
contrary, the Respondent claimed that it had a full liberty of action
under Article 80 (1).
308 caine réserveson attitude jusqu'au moment où l'Assembléese réu-
nira.»

Une fois de plus, ces faitsdémentent l'existence detoute condition
implicite - soit dans le Pacte de la Société desNations, soit dans
la déclaration de Mandat, soit dans l'article 80, paragraphe 1, de
la Charte des Nations Unies - quiaurait eupour effet de transférer
les fonctions de surveillance du Conseil de la Société desNations à
un organe des Nations Unies, où ces fonctions auraient pu être

exercées par cette Organisation sans le consentement des Manda-
taires. Si un accord tacite de ce genre avait -existéet s'il avait été
notamment prévu que l'article 80, paragraphe 1,de la Charte aurait
cet effet, on peut croire qu'il en aurait étéfait mention au cours de
ces débats et notamment en réponse aux observations du représen-
tant du défendeur.
L'Assemblée généraledes Nations Unies a examiné en janvier
1946 le rapport de la Commission préparatoire. Le 17 janvier, le
représentant du défendeur déclarait:

((Dans cesconditions, le Gouvernement de l'Union estimequ'il lui
incombe à lui-même,ainsi qu'à toutes les autres Puissance manda-
taires, de consulter la population du territoire sous mandat au
sujet de la forme que devrait revêtir son futur gouvernement, en
effet, c'est cette population qui est principalementintéresséàcette
question. Des mesures sont actuellement en cours d'application en
vue de tellesconsultations; et aussi longtempsque celles-cin'auront
pas étéachevées,le Gouvernement de l'Union Sud-Africaine se voit
obligéde réserver sa position concernant l'avenir du mandat, en
mêmetemps que son droit à une entière liberté d'action,comme le
prévoitle paragraphe I de l'Article 80 de la Charte.
Ouest Africain se trouve, par rapportiràml'Union, dans une position
spécialequi place le Territoire dans une situation différentede celle
detout autre mandat C.Il conviendradetenir compte, à tous égards,
de cette position spéciale lorsqu'ondéterminera le statut futur du
Territoire. L'Afriquedu Sudn'en est pas moinsnettement consciente
des obligationsquelui imposela Charteet je peux donnerl'assurance
absolue que toute décisionqui sera prise au sujet de l'avenir du
mandat le sera par un Gouvernement profondément pénétré de la
responsabilité qui lui incombe en tant que signataire de la Charte,
celle de donner suite aux dispositions de cet instrument internatio-
nal, aprèsconsultation et avec l'approbation des populations locales,
de la manière propre à assurer le mieux le développement de leur
bien-être matériel etmord. »

Des réserves ont également étéfaites le même jour par le repré-
sentant du Royaume-Uni au sujet de la Palestine. Aucun délégué
n'a déclaréque l'attitude adoptée par le défendeur et par le Roy-
aume-Uni était incompatible avec l'article 80, paragraphe 1, ou
avec une quelconque disposition de la Charte ou du Mandat. Au

contraire, le défendeur a affirméqu'aux termes de l'article 80, para-
graphe 1, il avait toute liberté d'action. On 22 January 1946, in the Fourth Committee, Respondent's
representative
"referring to the text of Article7, said that under the Charter the
transfer of the mandates regirne to the trusteeship system was not
obligatory. According to paragraph I of Article 80, no rights would
be altered until individual trusteeship agreements were concluded.
It was wrong to assume that paragraph 2 of this Articleinvalidated
paragraph I. The position of the Union of South Africa was in
conformity with this legal interpretation.
He explained the special relationship between the Union and the
territory under its mandate, referring to the advanced stage of
self-government enjoyed by South West Africa, and commenting
on the resolution of the Legislature of South West Africa calling
for amalgamation with the Union. There would be no attempt to
draw up an agreement until the freely eupressed will of both the
European and native populations had been ascertained. When that
had been done, the decision of the Union would be submitted to
the General Assembly for judgment."

It will be observed that on this occasion the Respondent's
representative again relied upon Article 80 (1)of the Charter, stress-
ing that rights were not altered. Eis reference to submitting the
decision of the people of South West Africa to the judgment of the
General Assembly cannot be taken as an acknowledgment that the
supervis,ory functions of the Council of the League had been trans-

ferred to the General Assembly. It was no more than a specific
undertaking to ask the Geileral Assembly for its judgment on this
particular issue. It was obviously a matter which the Assembly
could discuss at the Respondent's request.
On g February 1946 the General Assembly passed a resolution
which stated, intearlia:

"with respectto ChaptersXII and XIII of the Charter,the General
Assembly :
Welcomesthe declarations,made by certain States administering
territories now held under mandate, of an intention to negotiate
trusteeship agreementsin respect of some of thoseterritoriesand, in
respect of Transjordan, to establish its independence.
Invites the States administeringterritories now held under man-
date to undertake practical steps, in concert with the other States
directly concerned, for the implementation of Article 79 of the
Charter (which provides for the conclusion of agreements on the
terms of trusteeship for each territory to be placed under the trustee-
ship system), in order to submit these agreements for approval,
preferably not later than during the second part of the first session
of the General Assembly."

On 12 February 1946,it passed the following further resolution: AFF. S.-O.AFRICAIN (OPIN. DISS. DE M. VAN WYK) 624
Le 22 janvier 1946, devant la Quatrième Commission, le représen-

tant du défendeur
((Se référantau texte del'Article 77 déclareque la Charte ne rend
pas obligatoire le transfert du régime des mandats au régime de
tutelle. En vertu du paragraphe I de l'Article 80, aucun droit ne
sera modifiéjusqu'au moment où les différends accords de tutelle
seront conclus. Il est faux de supposer que le paragraphe 2 de cet
Article annule le paragraphe 1. La thèse de l'Union Sud-Africaine
est conforme à cette interprétation juridique.
Aprèsavoir précisé le caractèreparticulier desrapports quiexistent
entre l'Union et le temtoire sous mandat, et soulignéle degréavancé
d'autonomie dont jouit le Sud-Ouest Africain, et développéla
résolution de l'Assemblée législativedu Sud-Ouest Africain qui
demande que ce territoire soit admis dans l'Union, il déclarequ'au-
cune tentative ne sera faite en vue d'élaborer un accord, avant que
ne soit librement expriméela volonté despopulations européennes
et indigène. Quand cette volonté sera connue, l'Union soumettra sa
décisionau jugement de l'Assembléegénérale. »

On observera qu'en cette occasion le représentant du défendeur
s'est encore fondé sur l'article 80, paragraphe 1, de la Charte en

soulignant qu'aucun droit n'était modifié. On ne saurait considérer
qu'en parlant de soumettre la décision des populations du Sud-
Ouest africain à l'avis de l'Assemblée généraleil reconnaissait que
les fonctions de surveillance du Conseil de la Société des Nations
avaient été transférées à l'Assemblée générale. Il se bornait à
demander à l'Assemblée générale de donner son avis sur ce pro-
blème particulier. Il s'agissait évidemment d'une question dont
l'Assemblée était habilitée à discuter à la demande du défendeur.
Le g février 1946, l'Assemblée générale a adopté une résolution
qui énonçait entre autres :

((En ce quiconcerneles chafiitresXII et XIII de la Charte,l'As-
semblée générale:
Accueille avec satisfaction les déclarations faites par certains
États administrant des territoires actuellement sous mandat, deleur
intention de négocier des accords de tutelle pour certains de ces
territoires, et en ce qui concerne la Transjordanie d'établir son
indépendance.
Invite les États qui administrent des territoires en vertu d'un
Mandat, à prendre de concert avec les autres États directement
intéressés,les mesures nécessaires pour la mise en application de
l'Article 79 de la Charte (qui prévoit la conclusion d'accords sur les
termes du régimedeTutelle,pour chacun des territoires à placer sous
ce régime) envue de soumettre ces accords pour approbation, de
préférence,au plus tard, pendant la deuxièmepartie de la première
session de l'Assemblée générale.»

Le 12 février 1946, elle a adopté une autre résolution qui est la
suivante: : "TRANSFER OF CERTAIN FUNCTIONS A CTIVITIES AND ASSETS OF THE
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
1

Functions and flowersbelongingto theLeagueof Nations under inter-
national agreements

Under various treaties and international conventions, agreements
exercise, or may be requested to exercise, numerous functions or
powers for the continuance of which, after the dissolution of the
League, it is, or may be, desirable that the United Nations should
provide.
Certain Members of the United Nations, which are parties to
some of these instruments and are Members of the League of
Nations, have informed the General Assembly that, at the forth-
coming session of the Assembly of the League, they intend to move
a resolution whereby the Members of the League would, so far as
this is necessary, assent and give effect to the steps contemplated
below.

Therefore:
I. The GeneralAssembly reserves the right to decide, after due
examination, not to assume any particular function or power, and
to determine which organ of the United Nations or which specialized
agency brought into relationship with the United Nations should
exercise each particular function or power assumed.
2. The General Assembly records that those Members of the
United Nations which are parties to the instruments referred to
above assent by this resolution to the steps contemplated below
and express their resolve to use their good officesto secure the co-
operation of the other parties to the instruments so far as this may
be necessary.

3. The General Assembly declares that the United Nations is
willing in principle, and subject to the provisions of this resolution
of certain functions and powers previously entrusted to the League
of Nations, and adopts the followingdecisions, set forth in A, B, and
C below.

A. Functions pertaining to a Secretariat
.......................

B. Functions and Powers of a Technical and Non-PoliticalChar-
acter
Among the instruments referred to at the beginning of this
resolution are some of a technical and non-political character which
contain provisions, relating to the substance of the instruments,
whose due execution is dependent on the exercise, by the League
of Nations or particular organs of the League, of functions or powers
conferred by the instruments. Certain of these instruments are
intimately connected with activities which the United Nations will
or may continue.
310Fonctions et pouvoirs appartenant à la Sociétédes Nations en vertzc
d'accordsinternationaux

Aux termes de divers traités, conventions, accords et autres instm-
ments internationaux, la SociétédesNations et ses organes exercent
ou peuvent êtreinvités à exercer de nombreux pouvoirs et fonctions
dont il est ou peut être souhaitable que l'Organisation assure la
continuité, aprèsla dissolution de la Société.

Divers Membres de l'organisation, parties à certains de cesinstru-
ments et Membres dela SociétédesNations,ont informél'Assemblée
généralede leur intention de présenter à la prochaine session de
l'Assembléede la Société une résolutionpar laquelle,les Membres de
la Sociétép, our autant qu'il sera nécessaire,approuveront les mesu-
res envisagéesci-dessous et leur donneront effet.

En conséquenc :e
I. L'Assembléegénéralese réserve le droit de décider, après
mûr examen, de ne pas assumer tel ou tel pouvoir ou fonction, et de
déterminer quel organe des Nations Unies ou quelle institution
spécialisée reliéà l'organisation exercera les pouvoirs et fonctions
qu'elle prendra à charge.

2. L'Assembléegénéralp erend acte que les Membres des Nations
présente résolution, les mesures envisagées ci-aprèset se déclarent
résolus àuser de leurs bons officesen vue d'obtenir, pour autant qu'il
sera nécessaire,la collaboration des autrespartiesà cesinstruments.

3. L'Assembléegénérald eéclare qu'en principeet sous réservedes
dispositions dela présenterésolutionet de la Charte, l'organisation
est prête à assumer certaines fonctions et certains pouvoirs précé-
demment confiés à la Sociétédes Nations, et elle adopte lesdécisions
énoncéesci-dessous aux paragraphes A, B et C.

A. Fonctionsde Secrétariat

B. Fonctions et pouvoirs de caractèretechniqueet non politique

Parmi les instruments mentionnés au début de la présente résolu-
tion il en est de caractèretechnique et non politique qui contiennent
des dispositions de fond dont l'application dépendde l'exercice, par
la Société desNations ou par certains de sesorganes, de fonctionsOU
pouvoirs conféréspar ces instruments. Certains instruments sont
étroitement liés à des activités dont l'Organisation assurera ou
pourra assurer la continuation. It is necessary, however, to examine carefully which of the organs
of the United Nations or which of the sprcialized agencies brought
into relationship with the United Nations should, in the future,
exercise the functions and powers in question, in so far as they are
maintained .

Therefore .
The GeneralAssembly is willing, subject to these reservations, to
take the necessary measures to ensure the continued exercise of
these functions and powers, and refers the matter to the Economic
and S,ocialCouncil.

C. FwnctionsandPowerswnderTreaties,International Conventions,
Agreementsand Other InstrwmentsHaving a Political Character
The GeneralAssembly will itself examine, or will submit to the
appropriate organ of the United Nations, any requestfrom the parties
that the United Nations should assume the exercise of functions or
powers entrusted tothe League of Nations by treaties,international
conventions, agreements and other instruments having a political
character..."
It will be observed that the statement of general willingness to

.ensure the continued exercise of the League's functions and powers
was liniited to functions and powers of a non-political character.
The supervisoryfunctions and powers of the organs of the League
under the Mandates were clearly political, and the portion of the
resolution under which such powers and functions fall is Part 1,
C (3), which requiredfor the assumption of such functionsor powers
by the United Nations (a) a request from the parties, and (b) an
examination of that request by the General Assembly or an ap-
propriate organ of the United Nations nominated by the General
Assembly.

In a Dissenting Opinion in the Hearing of Petitions by the Com-
mittee on South West Africa, 1956, I.C.J. 23, at page 65, Judges
Badawi, Basdevant, Hsu Mo, Armand Ugon and Moreno Quintana
remarked :

"Resolution 24 (1) adopted by the General Assembly on Feb-
ruary rzth, 1946,had made provision with regard to the method to
be adopted for the examination of any request 'that the United
Nations should assume the exercise of functions or powers entrusted
to the League of Nations by treaties, international conventions,
agreements and other instruments having d political character'.
to the League of Nations. But the course indicated by that Reso-d
lution wasnot followed.The Union of South Africa has not submitted
to the General Assembly any request that the latter should assume
the 'powersentrusted' to the Council of the League of Nations."

Once again, the significance of these facts is that they are
inconsistent with the suggestion that there must have been an Il y a lieu, cependant, d'examiner attentivement la question de
savoir quelsorganesdes Nations Unies ouquellesinstitutions spécia-
lisées reliéeàl'organisation exerceront à l'avenir ces fonctions et
pouvoirs dans la mesure où ils seront maintenus.

En conséquence.

L'Assemblée générale est disposée,compte tenu des réservesci-
dessus,à prendre les mesures nécessairespour assurerl'exercicein-
interrompu de ces fonctions et pouvoirs et renvoie la question au
Conseiléconomiqueet social.

C. FonctionsetPouvoirsrésultantdeTraités,Conventions,Accords
et autresinstruments internationauxde caractèrpeolitique
L'Assemblée générale étudiera elle-mêmeou soumettra à l'organe
compktent des Nations Unies toutedemandeémanantdes partieset
tendant à ce que l'organisation assume les fonctions ou pouvoirs
confiésà la Sociétédes Nations par des traités,conventions, accords
et autres instruments internationaux de caractère politiqu...»

On observera que la déclaration de consentement général visant
à assurer la continuité de l'exercice des fonctions et pouvoirs de la
Société (les Nations se limite aux fonctions et pouvoirs de caractère
non polj,tique. Il est bien évident que les fonctions et pouvoirs de
surveil1:ince que la Société desNations exerçait en vertu du Mandat

étaient, elles, de caractère nettement politique et la partie de la
résolution qui traite de ces pouvoirs et fonctions est la partie 1,
C (3) 4" exige, pour que ces fonctions et pouvoirs soient assumés
par les Nations Unies :a) que la demande en soit faite par les parties
et b) que cette demande soit examinée par l'Assemblée générale
du par un organe approprié des Nations Unies nommé par l'As-
semblée générale.
Dans leur opinion dissidente sur l'Admissibilité de l'audition de
+étitionnairespar le Comitédu Sud-Oztest africain, C.I. J. Recueil
1956, page 23: à la page 65, MM. Badawi, Basdevant, Hsu Rlo,

Armand Ugon et Moreno Quitana ont remarqué:
(La résolution24 (1) adoptéele 12 février1946par l'Assemblée
généraleavait prévu le mode selon lequel devrait être examinée
toute demande (tendant à ceque l'organisation assumeles fonctions
ou pouvoirs confiés à la Société desNations par des traités, con-
ventions, accords et autres instruments internationaux de caractère
politique».Ici apparaissait l'idée d'un transfert éventueldes pou-
voirs confiésàla Société des Nations. Mais la voie tracéepar cette
résolutionn'a pas étésuivie. L'Union sud-africaine n'a présenté à
l'Assembléegénérale aucune demandetendant à ce qu'elle assume
lesIpouvoirs confiés 1au Conseilde la Société desNations. »

Là encore, l'importance de ces faits réside en ce qu'ils sont
incompatibles avec la suggestion selon laquelle il a dû exister,
3x1implied agreement in Article 80 (1) of the Charter or any other
provision thereof that the United Nations would automatically,
without any agreement on the part of the Mandatones, take the
place of or assume the functions of the League, in regard to the
Mandates.
The Assembly of the League assembled for the last time from
8-18 April1946. On the last-mentioned date it dissolved the League.
It adopted resolutions refemng to the transfer of its assets and
non-political functions and, in addition, also passed the following
resolution relating to the Mandates :

"The Assembly :

Recalling that Article 22 of the Covenant applies to certain
territories placed under mandate the principle that the well-being
and development of peoples not yet able to stand alone in the
strenuous conditions of the modem world form a sacred trust of
civilization:
I. Expresses its satisfaction with the manner in which the organs
of the League have performed the functionsentrusted to them with
respect to the mandates system and in particular pays tribute to
the work accomplished by the Mandates Commission;

2. Recails the role of the League in assisting Iraq to progress from
its status under an 'A'mandate to a condition ofcompleteindepend-
ence, welcomes the termination of the mandated status of Syria,
of the Assembly, become independent members of the world com-ion
munity ;

3. Recognizesthat, on the temination of the League's existence,
its functions with respect to the mandated territories will come to
an end, but notes that ChaptersXI, XII and XII1 of the Charter of
the United Nations embody principles corresponding to those de-
clared in Article22 of the Covenant of the League;
4. Takes note of the expressed intentions of the members of the
League now administeringterritories under mandate to continzleto
administer them for the well-being and development of the peoples
concemed in accordancewith the obligationscontainedin the respec-
tive mandates until other arrangements have been agreed between
the United Nations and the respective mandatory powers." (Italics
added.)

To appreciate the significance of this resolution, knowledge of
the events that preceded it and, in particular, of the declarations
of the representatives of Mandatories at this final meeting of the

League, is essential. These events and statements also clearly reveal
that up to that stage there had been no agreement, express or
implied, that the functions of the League relative to .Mandates
were to be transferred to the United Nations. The following are
extracts from declarations by Mandatories :
312dans l'article 80, paragraphe 1, ou dans une autre disposition de
la Charte, un accord implicite par lequel les Nations Unies pren-
draient automatiquement et sans l'accord du Mandataire la place
de la Société des Nations ou en assumeraient les fonctions en ce
qui est des Mandats.
L'Assemblée de la Société desNations s'est réunie pour la der-
nière fois du 8 au a avril 1946. La Société aétédissoute le 18 avril
1946. L'Assemblée a adopté des résolutions touchant le transfert de
ses avoirs et de ses fonctions non politiques et elle a également
adopté au sujet des Mandats la résolution suivante:

L'Assemblée :

Rappelant que l'article 22du'Pacte applique à certains territoires
placéssous Mandats le principe que le bien-êtreet le développement
des peuples non encore capables de se diriger eux-mêmesdans les
conditionsparticulièrement difficilesdu monde moderneforment une
mission sacréede civilisation:
I. Exprime sa satisfaction pour la manièredont lesdiversorganes
de la Sociétédes Nations ont rempli les fonctions qui leur étaient
confiéespour l'application du système des Mandats et rend tout
particulièrement hommage à l'Œuvre accomplie par la Commission
permanente des Mandats;

2. Rappelle que la Société desNations a aidél'Irak à passer de
son statut de temtoire sous Mandat A à l'entière indépendance;se
féliciteque depuis la dernière session de l'Assemblée,la Syrie, le
Liban et la Transjordanie aient cesséd'êtredes territoires sous Man-
ternationale;nir des membres indépendants de la communauté in-

3. Reconnaîtquela dissolution dela SociétédeN s ations mettra fin
à ses fonctions en ce qui concerne les territoires sous Mandat.,mais
note que des principes correspondant à ceux que déclarel'article22
du Pacte sont incorporésdans les chapitresXI, XII et XII1 de la
Charte des Nations Unies;

des territoires sous Mandat ont exprimé leur intention de continuer
à les administrer,en vue du bien-êtreet du développementdes peu-
ples intéressésconformément aux obligations contenues dans les
divers Mandats, jusqu'à ce que de nouveaux arrangements çoient
pris entre les Nations Unies et les diverses Puissances mandataire1)
(Lesitaliques sont de nous.)

On ne saurait comprendre la portée de cette résolution sans se
rappeler les circonstances qui l'ont précédéeet en particulier les
déclarations faites par les représentants des Puissances mandataires

à la dernière session de la Sociétédes Nations. Ces événements
et déclarations révèlent aussi clairement qu'à ce stade il n'y a pas
eu d'accord, exprès ou implicite, selon lequel les fonctions de la
Sociétédes Nations ayant trait au Mandat auraient dû être trans-
féréesaux Nations Unies. En voici des extraits:
312 (i) By the representativeof the United Kingdom (on the 9th April,

1946):
"The Mandates administered by the United Kingdom were
of the Carneroons and part of Togoland. Two of these territoriespart
have already become independent sovereign States, Iraq in 1923,
and Transjordan just the other day in 1946. Asfor Tanganyika and
Togoland under their mandate, and the Carneroons under their
mandate, His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom have
already announced their intention of placing them under the trustee-
ship system of the United Nations, subject to negotiations on
satisfactory terms of trusteeship.

The future of Palestine cannot be decided until the Anglo-
American Conimittee of Enquiry have rendered their report, but
until the three African territories have actually been placed under
trusteeship and until fresh arrangements have been reached in
regard to Palestine-whatever those arrangements may be-it is
the intention of His Majesty's Governrnent in the United Kingdom
to continue toadministertheseterritoriesin accordancewith thegeneral
principles of the existing mandates." (Italics added.)

(ii) By the representativeof South Africa (on the 9th April, 1946).
"Since the 1st League meeting, new circumstances have arisen
obliging the mandatory Powers to take into review the existing
arrangements for the administration of their mandates. As was fully
explained at the recent United Nations GeneralAssemblyin London,
the Union Government have deemed it incumbent upon them to
consult the peoples of South West Africa, European and non-Euro-
pean alike, regarding the form which their own future Government
should take. On the bais of those consultations, and having regard
to the unique circumstances which so signally differentiate South
mandates, it is the intention of the Union Government, at the forth-
coming session of the United Nations General Assembly in New
York, to formulate its case for according South West Africa a status
under which it would be internationally recognised as an integral
part of the Union. As the Assembly will know, it is already admin-
istered under the terms of the Mandate as an integral part of the
Union. In the meantime the Union will continue to administer the
territory scrupulously in accordancewith the obligationsof the man-
date,for the advancementand promotion of theinterestsof the inhabit-
ants, as she has done during the past six years when meetingsof the
Mandates Commissioncouldnot beheld.

The disappearance of these organs of the League concerned with
the supervision of mandates, primarily the Mandates Commission
and the League Council, will necessarilyprecludecompletecompliance
withthe letterofthemandate.The Union Government willnevertheless
regard.the dissolution of the League as in no way diminishing its
obligations under the mandate, which it will continue to discharge
with the'full and proper appreciation of its responsibilities until such
313 AFF. S.-O. AFRICAIN(OPIN.DISS. DE M. VAN WYK) 628

i) Déclarationdu représentantdu Royaume- Uni (gavril 1946) :

(Les Mandats administrés par le Royaume-Uni étaient à l'origine
ceux de l'Irak, de la Palestine, de la Transjordanie, du Tanganyika,
d'une partie du Cameroun et d'une partie du Togo. Deux de ces
territoires sont déjà devenus des Etats souverains indépendants,
l'Irak en 1923 et la Transjordanie tout récemment en 1946. Quant au
Tanganyika et au Togo, sous Mandat britannique, ainsi qu'au

Cameroun sous Mandat britannique, le Gouvernement de Sa Majesté
dans le Royaume-Uni a déjà annoncé son intention de les placer
sous le système de Tutelle des Nations Unies, à la condition que les
modalités de cette Tutelle aient fait l'objet de négociations satis-
faisantes.
L'avenir de la Palestine ne saurait êtredécidéavant que la Com-
mission d'enquêteanglo-américaine n'ait déposé sonrapport, mais
tant que les trois territoires africains n'auront pas étéplacés effec-
tivement sous Tutelle et tant que de nouveaux arrangements, quels
qu'ils puissent être,ne seront pas intervenus en ce qui concerne la
Palestine, il est dans l'intention de Sa Majestédans le Royaume-Uni
de continuer à administrer ces territoires, conformémentaux principes
générauxdes Mandats existants. )(Les italiques sont de nous.)

ii) Déclarationdu représentant de L'Afriquedu Sud (g avril 1946):

((Depuis la dernière réunion de la Sociétédes Nations, les nou-
veaux événements qui se sont produits ont obligé les Puissances
mandataires à reconsidérer les arrangements existants pour l'admi-
nistration deleursMandats respectifs. Comme nous l'avons expressé-
ment indiqué à la récente Assembléegénéraledes Nations Unies, à
Londres, l'Union sud-africaine a estimé qu'il était de son devoir de
consulter les peuples du Sud-Ouest africain, tant européensque non
européens,au sujet de la forme que devait revêtir leur futur gouver-
nement. A la lumière de ces consultations, et tenant compte des
particularités qui différencient si nettement le Sud-Ouest africain,
territoire contiguà celui de l'Union, de tous les autres territoires sous
Mandat, il est dans l'intention du Gouvernement de l'Union sud-
africaine d'exposer, à la prochaine session des Nations Unies à New

York, les raisons pour lesquelles il conviendrait d'accorder au Sud-
Ouest africain un statut aux termes duquel ce territoire serait re-
connu internationalement comme formant partie intégrante de
l'Union. Ceterritoire est dès maintenant, l'Assemblée ne l'ignorepas,
administré, aux termes du Mandat, en tant que partie intégrante de
l'Union. Dans l'intervalle, 1'Cnion sud-africaine continuera à
l'administrer en se conformant scrupuleusement aux obligations du
Mandat, afin d'assttrerle progrès,et de sauvegarderles intérêtd se ses
habitants, comme elle l'a fait pendant les six dernièresannéesdurant
lesquellesla Commission des Mandats n'a pu se réunir.
La disparition des organes de la SociétédesNations qui s'occupent
du contrôle des Mandats, à savoir, en premier lieu, la Commission
des Mandats et le Conseil de la Société,empêcheraévidemmentde
se conformer entièrement à la lettre du Mandat. Le Gouvernement
de l'Union se fera, cependant, un devoir de considérer que la dispa-

rition de la Sociétédes Nations ne diminue en rien les obligations qui
découlent du Mandat; il continuera à s'en acquitter en pleine con-
313 status of the territory." (Italics added.) concerning the future

(iii)By therepresentativeof France (on the 10th April, 1946) :
"The French Government intends to pursue the execution of the
mission entrusted to it bythe League of Nations. It considers that it
is in accordance with the spirit of the Charter that this mission
should henceforth be carried out under the regime of trusteeship and
it is ready to examine the terms of an agreement to define this regime
in the case of Togoland and the Cameroons"

(iv) By the representativeof New Zealand (on the 11th April, 1946) :
"New Zealand has always strongly supported the establishment
of the International Trusteeship System, and has already declared
its willingness to place the mandated territory of Western Samoa
under trusteeship.. . New Zealand does not consider that the
dissolution of the League of Nations and, as a consequence, of the
Permanent Mandates Commissionwill have the effect of diminishing
her rights in the territory. Until the conclusion of orOur Trusteeship
Agreement for Western Samoa, therefore, the territoryufillcontinue
to beadministeredby New Zealand, in accordancewith thetermsof the
Mandate, for the firomotionof the well-beingand advancementof the
inhabitants." (Italics added.)

(v) By the Belgian representative(on the 11th April, 1946):
"At the meeting of the General Assembly of the United Nations
in London on January 20th last, she declared her intention of
entering into negotiations with a view to placing the Territory of.
Ruanda-Urundi under the new regime. In pursuance ofthisintention,
the Belgian Government has prepared a draft agreement setting out
the conditions under which it will administer the territory in ques-
tion.
In the course of the same declaration of January zoth, we ex-
pressed our confidence that the Trusteeship Council would soon come
to occupy in the United Nations Organization the important place
which it deserves. We can only repeat that hope here and give an
alive to al1 the obligations devolving on memberswill remof the United
Nations under Article 80 of the Charter."

(vi) By the Australian representative(on the 11th April, 1946) :
"The trusteeship system, strictly so called, will apply only to such
territories as are voluntary brought within its scope by individual
trusteeship agreements.. . After thedissolutionoftheLeagueofNations
and the consquent liquidationofthePermanent MandatesCommission,
it will beimpossibleto continuethemandatessystemin its entirety.

Notwithstanding this, the Government of Australia does not
-regard the dissolution of the League as lessening the obligations im-
posed upon it for the protection and advancement of the inhabitants
of the mandated territories, which it regards as having still full forcescience et avec le juste sentiment de ses responsabilités, jusqu'au
moment où d'autres arrangements auront été conclus, quant au
statut futur de ce territoire. 1)(Lesitaliques sont de nous.)

iii) Déclarationdu représentantde la France (IO avril 1946) :
(Le ~ouvememeit français se propose de poursuivre l'exécution
de la mission qui lui a étéconfiéepar la Société des Nations. Il
considère qu'il est dans l'esprit de la' Charte que cette mission
s'exerce désormais sousle régimede la Tutelle et il est prêt à étudier
les termes de l'accord qui définirace régimedans le cas du Togo et
du Cameroun. »

iv) Déclarationdu représentantdelaNouvelle-Zélande (IIavril 1946) :
(La Nouvelle-Zélande a toujours appuyé avec force l'établisse-
ment du régime de Tutelle international et s'est déjà déclarée
disposée à placer sous Tutelle le territoire sous Mandat du Samoa
occidental ..La Nouvelle-Zélanden'estime pasque la dissolution de la
Société desNations et, partant, celle de la Commission permanente
des Mandats doive avoir pour effet de diminuer ses obligations en-
vers les habitants du Samoa occidental ou d'augmenter ses droits
dans ce territoire. Par conséquent, jusqu'à la conclusion de notre

accord de Tutelle relatif au Samoa occidental, le territoirecontinuera
à êtreadministrépar la Nouvelle-Zélande, conformémea nutx termes
du Mandat, en vue d'assurerle bien-être et le progrèsdes habitants. »
(Lesitaliques sont de nous.)
v) Déclarationdu représentantde la Belgique (II avril 1946) :
(Lors de l'Assembléegénérale desNations Unies qui s'est tenue
à Londres. elle a déclarél,e 20 janvier dernier, son intention d'ouvrir
desnégociationsen vue de pla6er sous cerégimenouveaule territoire

du Ruanda-Urundi. En exécution de cette intention, le Gouveme-
ment belge a élaboréun projet d'accord selon lequel il exercera sa
mission sur ce territoire.

Dans cette mêmedéclaration du 20 janvier, nous avons expri-
mé la confiance que le Conseil de Tutelle ne tarderait pas à
occuper, dans l'Organisation des Nations Unies, la place importante
qui lui revient. Kous ne pouvons que renouveler ici l'expression de
cet espoir, et donner l'assurance que, en attendant sa réalisation, la
Belgique restera pleinement consciente de toutes les obligations
qu'imposent aux Membres des Nations Unies les dispositions de
l'article 80 de la Charte. »
vi) Déclarationdu représentantde l'Australie (II avril 1946) :

(Le régime de Tutelle au sens strict du terme ne s'appliquera
cependant qu'aux territoires qui auront été volontairement placés
sous ce régime à la suite d'accords particulier de Tutelle ...Après la
dissolutiondelaSociété desNations etla liquidationdela Commission
$ermanentedesMandats qui s'ensuivra,il seraimpossibledecontinuer
à appliquerintégralemenlte systèmedesMandats.
Néanmoins,le Gouvernement australien considèreque la dissolu-
tion de la Société des Nations nele décharge en rien des obligations
qui lui ont étéimposéesd'assurer la protection et le progrès des
populations des territoires sous Mandat; il considère que ces obli-
314 trusteeship agreements under Chapter XII of the Charter, the Gov-te
ernment of Australia will continue to administer the present man-
dated territones, in accordancewith the provision of the Mandates,
for theprotectionnd advancementof theinhabitants. In making plans
for the dissolution of the League, the Assembly will very properljr
wish to be assured as to the future of the mandated territories, for
the welfare of the peoplesof which this League has been responsible.
Sofaras the Australian temtories are concerned, there is full assur-
ance. In due coursetheseterritories willbebrought under the trustee-
shipsystem of the United Nations; until then, the ground is covered
not only by the pledgewhich the Government ofAustralia has given
to this Assembly today but also by the explicit international obli-
gationslaiddown inChapterXI of theCharter,towhichI havereferred.
Therewillbenogap,nointerregnum,tobeprovidedfor." (Italics added.)

The words "to which 1 have referred" referred to a prior state-
ment which included inter alia the following comment relevant

to Chapter XI of the Charter:
"..Amongst otherthings, eachadministering authority under that
chapter undertakes to supply to the United Nations information
concerning economic, social and educational conditions in its
dependent terntories."

If any Member of the League thought that either the Mandate
Declaration, the Covenant of the League or the Charter of the
United Nations contained an implied provision which had the
effect of transferring the functions of the organs of the League to
the organs of the United Nations and,in particular, if Article 80 (1)
of the Charter had been intended to havethis effect, one would have
expected the Mandatories or other Members of the Leaguepresent at
this final meeting of the Assembly of the League to have said so.

The representative for Australia could not have thought it
necessary to refer to Article 73 if he thought that the duty to
account to the Council of the League would automatically be trans-
ferred to the Tjnited Nations on the dissolution of the League.

The Respondent's representative, when saying the following:

"The disappearance of those organs of the League concerned with
the supervision of Mandates, primarily the Mandates Commission
and the League Council, will necessarily preclude complete compli-
ance with the letter of the Mandate",

would have added that the Mandate contained an implied term or
that Article 80 (1) of the Charter had been intended to mean, that
the organs of the United Nations would be substituted for the
315 AFF. S.-O. AFRICAIN (OPIN. DISS. DE M. VAN WYK) 630

gations conservent toute leur validité et toute leur force. En consé-
quence, jusqu'à l'entréeen vigueur des accords de Tutelle envisagés
au chapitre XII de la Charte des Nations Unies, le Gouvernement
australien continuera à administrer les territoires actuellement sous
Mandat conformémena t ux dis#ositions de ces Mandats, en vue de
fiourvoiràla .protectioet au dévelo##emendteshabitants.Lorsqu'elle
établirales plans de dissolution de la Sociétél,'Assembléedésireraà
juste titre, recevoir des assurances quant à l'avenir des territoires
sous Mandat, au point de vue de la prospéritédes populations dont
la Sociétéa étéresponsable. En ce qui conceme les territoires sous
Mandat australien, cette assurance peut êtredonnéesans réserve.
Cesterritoires seront placésen temps voulu sousle régimede Tutelle
de l'Organisation des Nations Unies. Dans l'intervalle, toutes garan-
ties sont fournies non seulement par l'engagement que le Gouveme-
ment australien prend aujourd'hui devant l'Assemblée,mais aussi
par les obligationsinternationales précisesfigurant au cha#it~eXI
de la Charteet dont j'ai fait mention.Il n'y aura donc aucun vide,
aucuninterrègne à comblerentre lesdeuxrégimes ) (Lesitaliques sont
de nous.)

Les mots (dont j'ai fait mention 1se rapportent à un passage
précédent comprenant entre autres le commentaire suivant à
propos du chapitre XI de la Charte.

((..L'autoritéchargéede l'administration s'engagenotamment à
communiquer aux Nations Unies des renseignements relatifs aux
conditions d'ordre économique,social et éducatifexistant dans les
territoires dont elle est responsabl».

Si un Membre de la Sociétédes Nations avait pensé que la décla-
ration de Mandat, le Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations ou la Charte
des Nations Unies contenaient une disposition transférant implicite-
ment aux organes des Nations Unies les fonctions dévolues aux
organes de la Sociétédes Nations et s'il avait été notamment prévu
que l'article 80, paragraphe 1,de la Charte aurait cet effet, il est
permis de croire que les Puissances mandataires ou d'autres Membres

de la Sociétédes Nations présents à sa dernière session l'auraient
relevé.
Le représentant de l'Australie n'aurait pas estimé nécessaire de
faire mention de l'article 73 s'il avait pu penser que l'obligation de
rendre compte au Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations serait transférée
automatiquement aux Nations Unies lors de la dissolution de la
Société.

En déclarant :
((La disparition des organes de la Société des Nations qui s'occu-
pent du contrôle des Mandats, à savoir, en premier lieu, la Commis-
sion des Mandats et le Conseilde la Société,empêchera évidemment
de se conformer entièrement à la lettre du Mandat »,

le représentant du défendeur aurait ajoutéque le Mandat contenait
une clause implicite ou que l'article 80, paragraphe 1,de la Charte
avaitétéconçu comme signifiant que les organes des Nations Unies

315 S. W. AFRICA.CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
631
organs of the League. But he did not Say so. On the contrary, he
said that the Respondent would continue to administer the territory
"scrupulously in accordance with the obligations of the Mandate
for the advancement and promotion of the interests of the inhabitants,
as she has done during the past six years when meetings of the Man-

dates Commission could not be held". (Italics added.) During this
period referred to by the Respondent, Article 6 was not applied.
Nor was Article 7invoked. There was no suggestion that the super-
visory functions of the Council of the League were being transferred
to any organ of the United Nations. Similarly, when the represen-
tative of the United Kingdom stated thatit was the intention of His
Majesty's Government "to continue to administer these territories
in accordance with the generalprinciples of the existing Mandates",
he did not suggest that Great Britain was prepared to accept
the supervision of the United Nations in the place of the Council
of the. League. This is not only implicit in the words used by the
representatites, but also emerges clearly from the report of the
United Nations SpecialCommittee on Palestine, which is fully dealt
with infra. A portion of the report reads as folloms:

"The mandatory Power, in the absence of the League and its
Permanent Mandates Commission,had no international authorityto
whichitmightsubmit reports andgenerallyaccountfor theexerciseofits
responsibilitiesin accordancewith the terms of the Mandate. Having
thisin mind, ut the final sessionof the LeagueAssembly the United
Kingdom representativedeclaredthat Palestine wowldbeadministered
'inaccordancewith the generalprinciples'of theexistingMandate until
'fresharrangementshad beenreached'." (Italics added.)

The representative of China, Dr. Liang, appreciated that the
aforesaid declarations of intent by the representatives oI the
Respondent and the United Kingdom did not embrace any under-
taking to accept the supercision of the United Nations in the
place of the League, and accordingly on afternooil of 9 April 1946
wished to propose for discussion the following draft resolution:

"The Assembly :
Consideringthat the Trusteeship Council of the United Nations
hasnot yet been constituted and that al1mandated temtories under
the League have not been transformed into territories under trustee-
ship;
Considering that the League functions as supervisory organ for
mandated territories should be transferred to the United Nations
after the dissolution of the League in order to avoid a period of
interregnumin the supervision of the mandated territories;
Recommendsthat the mandatory powers aswell as those admin-
istering ex-enemy mandated territories shall continue to submit
annual reports on these territories to the United Nations and to
submit to inspection by the same until the trusteeship council shall
have been constituted."

316se substitueraient à ceux de la Sociétédes Nations. Mais il n'en a
rien fait. Bien au contraire, il a déclaréque le défendeur conti-
nuerait à administrer le territoire «en se conformant scrupuleuse-
ment aux obligations du Mandat afin d'assurer le progrèset de sauve-
garder les intérêts deses habitants, comme elle l'a fait pendant les six
dernièresannéesdurant lesquelles la Commission des Mandats n'a pu
se réunir » (les italiques sont de nous). Durant ces années, l'arti-
cle 6 n'avait pas étéappliqué, ni l'article 7 invoqué. Rien ne per-

mettait de penser que les pouvoirs de surveillance exercés par le
Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations seraient transférés à un organe des
Nations Unies. De même, lorsque le représentant du Royaume-
TJni déclarait que le Gouvernement de Sa Majesté se proposait
a de continuer à administrer ces territories conformément aux
principes généraux des Mandats existants »,il ne laissait pas en-
tendre que la Grande-Bretagne fût disposée à accepter la surveil-
lance des Nations Unies au lieu de celle qu'exerçait le Conseil de
la Sociétédes Nations. Non seulement cette conclusion se dégage
implicitement des termes utilisés par les délégués,mais encore elle

ressort clairement du rapport du Comité spécial des Nations Cnies
sur la Palestine, ci-après analysé en détail. En voici un extrait:
((La Société des Nationset sa Commissionpermanente des Man-
dats n'existant plus, il n'y avait pas d'autoriinternationaleà qui
la Puissance mandataire pût présenterdes rapports et rendre compte
de la façon dont elle s'était acquittdees tâches que lui imposait le
Mandat. C'estpourquoi, lors dela sessionfinale del'Assembléede la
Société deNsations, le représentantdu Royaume-Uni déclaraque la
Palestine serait administrée conformémentaux principes générau )
du Mandat existant, « tant que denouveaux arrangementsne seraient
pas intervenus». »(Lesitaliques sont de nous.)

M. Liang, représentant de la Chine, ayant relevé que ces décla-
rations d'intention des représentants du défendeur et du Royaume-
Uni ne valaient pas acceptation de la substitution de la surveil-
lance des Nations Unies à celle de la Sociétédes Nations, proposait
en conséquence à la discussion, l'après-midi du 9 avril 1946, le
projet de résolution suivant :

« L'Assemblée :
Considérantque le Conseilde Tutelle n'a pas encore étéconstitué
et que tous les territoires sous Mandat de la Société desNations
n'ont pas encore Ctétransformésen territoires sous Tutelle;

Considérantqu'il y aurait lieu, afin d'éviter toute interruption
dans la surveillance du régimedes Mandats dans ces territoires, de
transférerà l'organisation des Nations Unies les fonctions assumées
àcet égard parla Société desNations;

Recommandeque les Puissances mandataires ainsi que les Puis-
sances administrant des territoires sous Mandat ex-ennemi conti-
nuent à présenter aux Nations Unies des rapports annuels et accep-
tent que cesTerritoires soient inspectés par l'Organisation, jusqu'au
moment où le Conseilde Tutelle aura étéconstitué. ))
316 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
632
This resolution was, however, ruled not relevant to the items
under discussion and was not proceeded with. Informa1 discussions
followed, and Dr. Liang eventually introduced a neu7 draft which
differed very materially from the one he originally sought to

introduce. This new draft was unanimously agreed to by the
I.eague Assembly. In proposing the new draft, Dr. Liang

"recalled that he had already drawn the attention of the Committee
to the complicated problems arising in regard to mandates from the
transfer of functions from the League to the United Nations. The
United Nations Charter in Chapters XII and XII1 established a
system of trusteeship based largely upon the principles of the
mandates system, but the functions of the League in that respect
werenot transferredautomaticallyto the United Nations. The Assem-
bly should therefore take steps to secure the continued application
of the principles of the mandates system. As Professor Bailey had
pointed out to the Assembly on the previous day, the League would
wishtobeassured as tothefuture ofmandated territories.The matter
had also been referred to by Lord Ceciland other delegates.
It was gratifying to the Chinese delegation, as representing a
country which had always stood for the principle of trusteeship,
that allthe Mandatory Powers had announced their intention to
administer the territories under their control in accordance with
their obligations under the mandates system until otherarrangements
were agreedupon. It was to be hoped that the future arrangements
to be made with regard to these territories would apply in full the
principle of trusteeshipunderlying the mandates system.
The Chinese delegation had pleasure in presenting the draft
resolution now before the Committee, so that the question could be
discussed by the Assemblyin a concrete form and the position of the
League clarified." (Italics added.)

The delegate for Egypt abstained from voting, as the view of
his Government was that the dissolution of the 1-eague terrninated
the Mandates.
The above facts again clearly reveal that there could not have
been any understanding that the Covenant, the Mandate Declara-
tions or Article 80 (1)of the Charter impliedly provided that the
functions of the organs of the League under the Mandate instru-
ments tvould be transferred to the United Nations until trusteeship
agreements wrereintroduced, or that the Mandate instruments were
being amended in any other respect.
It has been suggested that the aforesaid resolution of the AS-
sembly of the League, relative to the Mandates, in effect constitutes

a tacit agreement in terms whereof the Mandatories, including
the Respondent, agreed with the other Members of the League
that the Mandate Declarations would be amended by substituting
ex-Members of the 1,eague or Members of the United Nations in the
compromissory clauses for Members of the League, and to the trans-
fer of the supervisol functions of the League to the United Nations.
317 AFF. S.-O.AFRICAIN (OPIN.DISS. DE M. VAN WYK) 632

Mais, la résolution ayant étéjugée par le président comme non
pertinente quant aux questions à l'examen, il n'y a pas étédonné
suite. Des discussions officieuses se sont tenues, la suite desquelles
M. Liang a présentéun nouveau projet différant très sensiblement
de celui qu'il avait tout d'abord voulu soumettre. Ce nouveau
projet a étéapprouvé àl'unanimité par l'Assembléede la Sociétédes
Nations. En le présentant M. Liang

((rappelle qu'il a déjà attiré l'attention de la Commission sur les
problèmescompliqués que soulèventles Mandats, du fait du trans-
fert de fonctions de la Sociétédes Nations aux Nations Unies.
La Charte des Nations Unies, aux chapitres XII et XIII, a établi
un système de Tutelle fondé,en grande partie, sur les principes du
système des Mandats, mais les fonctions pertinentes de la Société
n'ont pas ététransmises automatiquemena tux Nations Unies. L'As-
sembléedevrait donc prendre des mesures pour assurer la continuité
d'application des principes du systèmedes Mandats. Commele pro-
fesseurBaileyl'asignaléla veillàl'Assembléel,a SociétédesNations
désireêtrsûrede l'avenir des territoires sous Mandat. Lord Cecilet
d'autres déléguéosnt aussi fait allusiàncette question.
C'est avec une vive satisfactionque la délégation chinoise, repré-
sentant un pays qui a toujours préconiséle principe de la Tutelle,
constate que toutes les Puissances mandataires ont annoncéleur
intentiond'administrer les territoires dont elles ont la garde suivant
les règlesdusystème des Mandats, jusqu'àcequed'autresdispositions
aientétéadoptées.II faut espérque les arrangements qui serontpris
au sujet de ces territoires appliquerontintégralementle principe de
la Tutellequi està la base du systèmedes Mandats.
La délégationchinoise a le plaisir de présenterle projet de résolu-
tion actuellement soumis à la Commission,de sorte que la question
pourra êtreexaminéepar l'Assembléesous une forme concrète et la
position de la Société précisé».(Lesitaliques sont de nous.) .

Au cours du vote, le délégué.de l'Égypte s'est abstenu, son
Gouvernement estimant que la dissolution de la SociétédesNations
mettait fin aux Mandats.
A nouveau, les faits ci-dessus montrent clairement qu'il n'a pas
pu y avoir d'entente sur le fait que le Pacte, les déclarations de

Mandat ou l'article 80, paragraphe 1,de la Charte auraient implici-
tement prévu soit le transfert aux Nations Unies, jusqu'à la con-
clusion des accords de tutelle, des fonctions imparties aux organes
de la Société desNations par les actes de Mandat, soit toute autre
modification des actes de Mandat.
On a prétendu que la résolution ci-dessus mentionnée de l'As-
semblée de la Sociétédes Nations relative aux Mandats constitue
en fait un accord tacite aux termes duquel les Mandataires, y
compris le défendeur, sont convenus avec les autres Membres de
la Sociétédes Nations que les déclarations de Mandat seraient

modifiées par la substitution dans les clauses compromissoires
des mots ((ancien Membre de la Sociétédes Nations »ou «Membre
des Nations Unies » à l'expression ((Membre de la Société des
317 This resolution, however, particularly if it is considered against the
background set out above, clearly reveals that there existed no
such tacit agreement.

The suggestion that the resolution was adopted "with a view of
averting any objections that might be derived from the form of

the words 'another Member of the League of Nations' " is the 1962
product of a fruitful imagination. It has no factual basis.
The wording of the resolution shows that there was no intention
to record therein any agreement whatever. It "notes" that "Chap-
ters XI, XII and XII1 of the Charter of the United Nations embody
principles corresponding to those declared in Article22 of the Coven-
ant of the League". It "takes note" of the expressed intentions of
the Members of the League "to administer them for the well-being
and development of the peoples concemed in accordance with the
obligations contained in the respective Mandates". If it was the
intention of the parties to agree that the terms of the Mandate
Declarations should be amended in the important respects suggest-

ed, the resolution would have said so. It is inconceivable that the
trained lawyers and the skilled draftsmen at the disposa1 of the
League would have employed the wording they did had the inten-
tion been to amend the provisions of the Mandates.
Not one of the Mandatories had made a declaration to the effect
that the procedural provisions of the Mandate Declarations would
continue to apply, or that they would be amended in any particular
manner so as to make their fulfilment possible. The United Kingdom
in its declaration had reserved its future intentions in regard to
Palestine. The Respondent made it clear that it would continue to
adrninister the territory as it hadone during the "past six years".
During those years the League was moribund and the Permanent

Mandates Commission did not function. The League Assembly was
aware that the United Nations had resolved that it would consider
assuming the powers of the League in regard to the Mandates only
at a request from the interested parties. The Chinese representative
realized that in the absence of a request by the Mandatory the
functions of the League could not be assumed by the United Nations.
This he wanted to avoid when he sought to propose his first draft,
in which the view was expressed that the League functions as
supervisory organ for the Mandated territories should be transferred
to the United Nations. This view Ras not only inconsistent with
the views of the Members of the United Nations who had been
parties to the aforesaid resolution of the United Nations, but also

in conflict with the clear attitudes of at least two of the Mandatories
who were present at the dissolution of the League. That such a
resolution could not receive the unanimous support of the Members
of the League seems obvious.Nations »et que les fonctions de surveillance de la Société desNa-
tion'çseraient transférées aux Nations Unies. Mais il ressort nette-
ment de la résolution, surtout si on la considère dans le contexte
que je viens de décrire, qu'il n'y a eu aucun accord tacite de cette
sorte.
L'idéeque la résolution ait étéadoptée en vue de prévenir toute
objection qui pourrait êtredéduite de la formule «un autre Membre

de la Sociétédes Nations »est le produit des imaginations fécondes
de 1962. Elle ne repose sur aucun fondement réel.
Le texte de la résolution montre l'absence d'intention d'y inclure
quelque accord que ce soit. Il y est noté« que des principes corres-
pondant à ceux que déclare l'article 22 du Pacte sont incorporéç
dans les chapitres XI, XII et XII1 de la Charte des Nations Unies 1).
Il y est également noté que « les Membres de la Sociétéont exprimé
leur intention ...de continuer à les administrer en vue du bien-
être et du développement des peuples intéressés, conformément
aux obligations contenues dans les divers Mandats ».Si l'intention
des parties avait étéd'accepter des amendements aux termes des
déclarations de Mandat portant sur les points importants que Son
prétend, la résolutionl'aurait dit. 11est inconcevable que lesjuristes

expérimentéset les rédacteurs avertis dont disposait la Société des
Nations aient employé les termes dont ils se sont servis, si leur
intention a étéde modifier les dispositions des Mandats.
Aucun des mandataires n'a jamais dit que les dispositions de
procédure des déclarations de Mandat continueraient à s'appliquer,
ni qu'elles seraient amendées d'une manière quelconque afin
d'être applicables. Dans sa déclaration, le Royaume-Uni a fait
une réserve quant à ses intentions futures à l'égard dela Palestine.
Le défendeur a clairement énoncéqu'il continuerait à administrer
le territoire ainsi qu'il l'avait fait pendant les «six dernières
années 1)Au cours de cette période,la SociétédesNations avait été
moribonde et la Commission permanente des Mandats n'avait
plus fonctionné. L'Assemblée de la Sociétédes Nations savait

que les Nations Unies avaient résolu de n'envisager de reprendre
les pouvoirs de la Société des Nations en matière de Mandats
que sur la demande des parties intéressées.Le représentant de la
Chine voyait bien que, faute d'une demande du Mandataire,
les fonctions de la Société ne pourraient êtrereprises par les Na-
tions Unies. C'est ce qu'il cherchait à éviter lorsqu'il a voulu
proposer son premier projet, aux termes duquel il y avait lieu
de transférer aux Nations Unies les fonctions de surveillance
assumées par la Société des Nations. Cette manière de voir était
contraire non seulement à celle des Membres des Nations Unies
qui avaient étéparties aux résolutions susmentionnées de cette
Organisation, mais aussi à l'attitude nette de deux au moins des
Mandataires présents lors de la dissolution de la Sociétédes Na-

tions. Il est évident qu'une telle résolution ne pouvait bénéficier
de l'appui des Membres de la Société.
318 If it had bten the intention to amend the Mandates in the
respects suggested, why was the representative of Egypt not told
when he declined to vote for the resolution on the ground that, in

his view, the dissolution of the League terminated the Mandates?
To suggest that the parties had deliberately decided to express
in tacit terms what had been proposed in the first Chinese draft
resolution in express terms is absurd.
The resolution can clearly only reflect what the aeclarations
by the Mandatories intended to convey, and these declarations
made no reference to the procedural provisions of the Mandates
Declarations but were conficed to the administrative obligations
relating to the well-being and development of the peoplesco~icerned.
Only the Council of the League and the Mandatories concerned
could have amended the terms of the Mandates under the provisions
of Article7 of the Mandate Declaration for South West Africa and
similar provisions appearing in al1the other Mandate Declarations.
Had the members of the Council (or the Assembly acting on behalf
of the Council) intended to act in terms of these provisions, this fact
would have appeared in the resolution

It must be borne in mind that a decision of the Council of the
League had to be unanimous, andthis means that before such a tacit
intention can be ascribed to the Council, one must be satisfied that
every member of the Council who voted for the resolution must
have intended it to constitute an agreement amending the terms
of the Mandate Declarations.
The representative of Australia had made it clear in his Declara-
tion that the view of Australia was that Article 73 of the Charter
ofthe United Nations applied to the Mandates. This view was ap-
parently shared by the Members of the League, hence the reference
to Chapter XI in the resolution. It does not matter whether the
representative of Australia or the Members of the League were right
or wrong in thinking that Article 73 applied to the Mandated
territories. The fact is that they thought so, and this has an impor-
tant bearicg on their probable intentions in regard to the suggested

aniendments of the Mandate Declarations. If C,hapter XI applies
(Article73 is one of the two articles of Chapter XI) to the Rfandated
territories, and if the resolution of the League was intended to
amend the Mandate Declarations in the respects suggested, it
means that the Members of the Leagie intended that after the
dissolution of the 1,eague there would be in operation two over-
lapping sacred trusts in respect of each Mandated territory, super-
vised by the same body, to which each Mandatory had to render
two reports, that different procedures had to be followed in respect
of each, and that this Court may have compulsorj~jurisdiction iri
regard to one, but not in regard to the other. Such an absurd result
could not possibly have been contemplated Si l'intention avait étéde modifier les Mandats de la manière

prétendue, pourquoi ne l'a-t-on pas dit au représentant de l'Égypte
lorsqu'il s'est refusé voter en faveur de la résolution parce qu'à
son avis la dissolution de la Sociétéavait mis fin aux Mandats?
Prétendre que les parties auraient délibérémentdécidéd'ex-
primer tacitement ce qui avait été proposé en termes explicites
dans le premier projet chinois de résolution est absurde.
La résolution ne peut clairement indiquer que ce que les dé-
clarations des Mandataires voulaient dire et ces déclarations n'ont
pas fait état des dispositions de procédure des déclarations de
Mandat; elles se sont bornées aux obligations administratives
touchant au bien-être et au développement des peuples intéressés.
Seuls le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations et les Manda-
taires intéressésauraient pu modifier les termes des Mandats en
ce qui concernait les dispositions de l'article7 de la déclaration
de Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain et les dispositions analo-
gues de toutes les autres déclarations de Mandat. Si les Membres
du Conseil ou de l'Assembléeagissant au nom du Conseil avaient

entendu faire quelque chose au sujet de ces dispositions, cela aurait
figurédans la résolution.
On doit se souvenir que les décisions du Conseil de la Société
devaient êtreprises à l'unanimité, ce qui fait qu'avant d'attribuer
pareille intention tacite au Conseil on doit vérifier que chacun des
Membres du Conseil ayant voté pour la résolution a dû avoir
l'intention que celle-ci constituât un accord modifiant les termes
des déclarations de Mandat.
Le représentant de l'Australie a clairement indiqué dans sa
déclaration que, de l'avis de l'Australie, l'article3 de la Charte
des Nations Unies s'appliquait aux Mandats. Cet avis a apparem-
ment été partagépar les Membres de la Société desNations, ce
qui explique la mention du chapitre XI dans la résolution. Peu
importe que les représentants de l'Australie ou les Membres de la
Sociétéaient eu tort ou raison de penser que l'article s'appliquait
aux territoires sous Mandat. Le fait est qu'ils l'ont penséet cela est
important pour déterminer leurs intentions probables quant aux

prétendus amendements aux déclarations de Mandat. Si le chapitre
XI (dont l'article73 est l'un des deux articles) s'appliquait aux
territoires sous Mandat et si la résolution de la Sociétédes Nations
etait destinée à modifier la déclaration de Mandat de la manière
que l'on prétend, cela signifierait que les Membres de la Société
des Nations auraient voulu qu'après la dissolution de celle-ci
deux missions sacrées fussent en concurrence potir chaque terri-
toire sous Mandat et cela sous la surveillance du mêmeorganisme,
auquel chaque Mandataire aurait à soumettre deux rapports;
que des procédures différentes fussent suivies au sujet de chacune
de ces missions; et qu'il pût y avoir juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour pour l'une mais non pour l'autre. Il est impossible que l'on
ait envisagéun résultat aussi absurde.

319 1have already made it clear that in this matter the consent of
the Court's jurisdiction must be embodied in a treaty or conven-
tion.

This Court can therefore only have regard to the resolution of
the League for the purposes of determining jurisdiction if it is a
treaty or convention in force. 1fail to see how an implied term of
a resolution such as the one in question can ever be regarded as a
treaty or convention; but even if it is, it cannot berivoked in this
Court inasmuch as Article 102 of the Charter provides that no
treaty or international agreement entered into after the Charter
came into force may be invoked before anyorgan of the United
Nations if it has notbeen registered in accordance with the provi-
sions of paragraph (1)of Article102. The aforesaidresolution of the
League has not been registered. 1 may add that several treaties
entered into in pursuance of the other resolutions of the League
passed at its dissolution have been duly registered. The inference
that the parties did not consider the resolution to constitute a
treaty or international agreement is inescapable.

Neither before nor since the dissolution of the 1-eague kas
the Respondent been a party to any agreement in terms whereof
any of the provisions of the Mandate instrument were aniended.
At no time did the Respondent request the United Nations to
assume any function or power of the League under the Mandates,
nor did the General Assembly of the United Nations or any organ
nominated by it ever consider such a request. The Respondent
did not at any time admit that the United Nations had taken over
the functions of the League; on the contrary, it has consistently
denied that the Cnited Nations had been substituted for -the
League.
Many of the founder Rlembersof the United Nations who attended
the San Francisco Conference and the dissolution of the League
have expressed views which reveal that they were unaware of
any common intention or tacit agreement that the United Nations
was being substituted for the League in the Mandate instruments

or that the obligation to report to the Couilcil of the 1,eague of
Nations had been aniended so that the report now has to be made
to the Cnited Nations. How can such a common intention be icfer-
red when it does not appear from the words of the instruments
and when so many parties to the instruments were unaware
thereof ?
The trusteeship agreement for the Mandated territory of Narau
was entered into as late as November 1947 ,.e. more than a year
after the League of Nations had ceased to exist. The Vnited
Kingdom withdrew from the administration of Palestine in May
1948, more than two years after the dissolution of the League,
yet no repods were submitted to the United Nations in respect of J'ai déjà exposé clairement pourquoi, en l'espèce, le consente-
ment à la juridiction de la Cour doit êtrecompris dans un traité ou
une convention.
La Cour ne peut donc prendre en considération la résolution dela
Sociétédes Nations en vue de déterminer sa compétence que si
cette résolution est un traité ou une convention en vigueur. Je
vois mal comment une disposition implicite d'une résolution telle
que celle dont il s'agit pourrait jamais êtreconsidéréecomme un

traité ou une convention; mais, mêmes'il en était ainsi, elle ne
saurait être invoquée devant la Cour en raison des dispositions de
l'article102 de la Charte qui prévoient qu'aucun traité ou accord
international conclu après l'entrée en vigueur de la Charte ne peut
êtreinvoqué devant un organe de l'Organisation s'il n'a pas été
enregistré conformément aux dispositions de l'article 102, para-
graphe I. Or, la résolution de la Société desNations dont il s'agit
n'a pas étéenregistrée. Je puis ajouter que plusieurs traités conclus
en application des autres résolutions prises par la Société des
Nations lors de sa dissolution ont été dûment enregistrés. Je ne
puis éviter d'en déduire que les parties ne considéraient pas que la
résolution constituât un traité ou un accord international.
Ni avant ni après la dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations, le
défendeur n'a été partieà un accord aux termes duquel des disposi-

tions quelconques de l'acte de Mandat auraient été modifiées.
A aucun moment, le défendeur n'a invité les Nations Unies à re-
prendre des fonctions ou pouvoirs impartis à la Sociétédes Nations
aux termes des Mandats; de même, ni l'Assembléegénérale des
Nations Unies ni aucun organe constitué par celle-ci n'ont jamais
considéré une telle demande. Le défendeur n'a jamais admis que
les Nations Unies eussent repris les fonctions de la Société des Na-
tions; au contraire il a constamment nié que les Nations Unies
aient remplacé la Sociétédes Nations.
De nombreux Membres originaires des Nations Unies ayant
assisté à la conférence de San Francisco et à la dissolution de la
Société des Nations ont exprimédes avis qui prouvent leur ignorance
de toute intention commune ou de tout accord tacite aux termes
desquels les Nations Unies auraient été substituées à la Société

des Nations dans les actes de Mandat ou aux termes desquels
l'obligation de faire rapport au Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations
aurait été amendée de telle sorte qu'il s'agit de faire rapport aux
Nations Unies. Comment peut-on conclure à une telle intention
commune lorsqu'elle ne ressort pas de la rédaction des actes et
lorsqu'un si grand nombre de parties à ces actes l'ignoraient?
L'accord de tutelle pour le territoire sous Mandat de Nauru n'a
étéconclu qu'en novembre 1947, c'est-à-dire plus d'un an après
la dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations. Le Royaume-Uni a aban-
donné l'administration de la Palestine en mai 1948, soit plus de
deux ans après la dissolution de la Société. Or,aucun rapport n'a
étésoumis aux Nations Unies pour ces territoires au cours desdites

320 either temtory during the aforesaid periods. If there had bee~

the suggested tacit agreement, one would have expected reference
to have been made thereto, when no reports were forthcoming
from the Mandatories of the aforesaid territories. It is common
cause that not a single State ever suggested that such reports
should be submitted.
A study of the history of the Palestine Mandate reveals that
Members of the United Nations could not have had any intention
of substituting the United Nations in the place of the League in
Mandates. The resolution of the League Assembly applied as much
to Palestine as it applied to South West Africa; Article 80 (1) of
the Charter of the United Nations applied as much to Palestine as
it applied to South West Africa. A United Nations Special Com-
mittee, consisting of eleven Members, was appointed to examine
the case of Palestine. These members were Australia, Canada,
Czechoslovakia, Guatemala, India, Iran, Netherlands, Peru, Sweden,

Uruguay and Yugoslavia. In its report dated 3 September 1947,
the Committee clearly expressed its view that there was on the
dissolution of the League no supervisory authority in respect of
the administration of Palestine, andthat no obligation on the part
of the Mandatory to submit to any supervision existed. This appears
from the following extracts from the report:

"The Mandatory Power, in the absence of the League and its
Permanent Mandates Commission, had no international authority
. to which it might submit reports and generally account for the exer-
cise of its responsibilities in accordance with the terms of the
Mandate."
"The international trusteeship system, however, has not auto-
matically taken overthe functions oftheMandatesSystem withregard
to mandated territories. Territones can be placed under trusteeship
only by means of trusteeship agreements approved by a two-thirds
majority of the General Assembly. The most the Mandatory could
now do, therefore, in the event of the continuation of the Mandate,
would be to carry out its administration in the spirit of the Mandate
without being able to discharge its international obligations in
accordance with the intent of the Mandates System."
The above report on Palestine contained, inter alia, also a special
note by Sir Abdur Rahman, the representative of India, whicl-i
contained the following passage :
"Moreover, the international machinery in the form of the Per-
manent Mandates Commission which had been created for the
purpose of scrutinising the actions of the Mandatory Powers, and to
which they were bound to submit annual reports has, along with
the League of Nations, ceased to exist. Thereareno meansby =Rich
the international obligationsin regardto Mandates can bedischarged
by the UnitedNations." (Italics added.)
1have already pointed out that until 1948 not a single Member
ex-Member of the League contend-
of the United Nations or a single
321périodes. S'il y avait eu l'accord tacite que l'on prétend, il est per-
mis de croire qu'il en aurait été fait mention lorsqu'il est apparu
que les Mandataires desdits territoires n'envoyaient aucun rap-
port. Il est communément admis que pas un seul État n'a jamais
prétendu que de tels rapports dussent être soumis.

Une étude historique du Mandat pour la Palestine montre que
les Membres des Nations Unies n'ont pu avoir l'intention de subs-
tituer les Nations Unies à la Sociétédes Nations en matière de
Mandats. La résolution de l'Assemblée de.la Société des Nations
s'appliquait à la Palestine aussi bien qu'au Sud-Ouest africain;
l'article 80, paragraphe 1,de la Charte des Nations Unies s'appli-
quait à la Palestine aussi bien qu'au Sud-Ouest africain. Une com-
mission spéciale des Nations Unies comprenant onze membres a

étéconstituée pour examiner les affaires de Palestine. Ces membres
étaient l'Australie, le Canada, le Guatemala, l'Inde, l'Iran, les
Pays-Bas, le Pérou, la Suède, la Tchécoslovaquie, l'Uruguay et la
Yougoslavie. Dans son rapport daté du 3 septembre 1947 ,a Com-
mission a clairement exprimé son opinion qu'il n'y avait à la disso-
Iution de la Sociétédes Nations aucune autorité de contrôle pour
l'administration de la Palestine et que le Mandataire n'était tenu
de se soumettre à aucun contrôle. Cela ressort des extraits suivants
de ce rapport :

((La Société desNations et sa Commissionpermanente des man-
dats n'existant plus, il n'y avait pas d'autorité internationale à
qui la Puissance mandataire pût présenter des rapports et rendre
compte de la façon dont elle s'était acquittée des tâches que lui
imposait le Mandat. ))
(Toutefois, le Régimeinternational detutelle n'apas automatique-
ment repris les fonctions du système des mandats quant aux terri-
toires placés sousMandat. Les territoires ne peuvent êtremis sous
tutelle qu'au moyen d'accords individuels de tutelle approuvéspar
la majorité des deux tiers de l'Assembléegénérale.La Puissance
mandataire pourrait donc tout au plus, dans le cas où son Mandat
se continuerait, poursuivre son administration dans l'esprit du
Mandat, sans être à mêmede remplir ses obligations intematio-
nales conformément àl'intention du systèmedesmandats. ))
A ce rapport sur la Palestine était annexé, entre autres, un mé-
morandum spécial de sir Abdur Rahman, représentant de l'Inde,
dont voici un extrait :

« De plus, l'organisme international qu'était la Commission per-
manente des mandats, créée afin dc eontrôler lesactes des Puissances
mandataires et à laquelle celles-cidevaient soumettre des rapports
annuels, a cesséd'exister en même temps que la Société des Nations,
et il n'existe aucun moyen pour l'Organisationdes Nations Unies de
s'acquitter des obligations internationales relatives aux mandats.))
(Lesitaliques sont de nous.)
J'ai déjà souligné que jusqu'en 1948 aucun Membre des Nations
Unies,ni aucun ancien Membre dela SociétédesNations, n'a jamais

321ed that the organs of the United Nations had been substituted for
the organs of the League in respect of the Mandates. No less than
29 States expressed views in conformity with the Respondent's
contention that the United Nations has no supervisory authority
in respect of South West Africa. 1quote a few examples:

On 25 September 1947, I\llr. Lui Chieh of China expressed the
following view in the Fourth Committee:

"The only choice lay between trusteeship and the grant of
independence. Article 80, paragraph2,of the Charter further proved
the obligatory character of the (the trusteeship) system ...If the
Union of South Africa placed South West Africa under trusteeship,
it would not be deprived of the administration of the territory;
and theonly changewould bethe placing of that administration under
international su$ervision." (Italics added.)
Again, on I November 1947, he made the following statement in
the General Assembly :

"We are told that the Union of South Africa would administer
the Territory of South West Africain the spirit of the Mandate of the
League of Nations. 1do not doubt the sincerity of this statement on
the part of the Union of South Africa, but we all know that the
mandate system has ceased to exist and that the TrusteeshipSystem
has been established. Would it not be more desirable to administer
the Territoryin question under aliving system than under the shadow
of a ghost system?"
On the same day, Mr. Yepes of Colombia made the following

remarks in the General Assembly :
"..on whose behalf would the mandate of the old League of Nations
be exercised?
It could certainly not be the League of Nations, for it has ceased
to exist, and the mandate could not be exercised on behalf of a dead
institution. In civil laas we al1know, power of Attorney ceases
upon the death of the principal. The same idea extends, by analogy,
to international law. We can conclude that, since the League of
Nations is dead, mandates exercised under its authority have also
lapsed, and the territories concerned musta11under the Trusteeship
System established by Article 77 of the Charter."

On 26 September 1947, the representative of Cuba made the
following statement in the Fourth Committee:

MY. Meyer: "...the information submitted by the Government
of the Union of South Africa with regard to South West Africa
could not be examined since South West Africa was neither a
Trust Territory nor a Non-Self-Governing Territory"

In December 1947, India submitted a draft resolution which
contained the following statement :
322prétendu que les organes des Nations Unies eussent étésubstitués

à ceux de la Sociétéenmatière de Mandats. Pas moins de vingt-neuf
États ont exprimé des opinions conformes à la thèse du défendeur
d'après laquelle les Nations Unies n'ont aucun pouvoir de surveil-
lance en ce qui concerne le Sud-Ouest africain. Voici quelques
exemples :
Le 25 septembre 1947, M. Lui Chieh, déléguéde la Chine, expo-
sait le point de vue suivant devant la Quatrième Commission:

((LesÉtats n'ont pas d'autre choix que d'accorder l'indépendance
ou d'adopter le régime de tutelle. Le caractère obligatoire de ce
régime découleégalementdu second paragraphe de l'article 80 ...Si
l'Union sud-africaine place le Sud-Ouest africain sous tutelle, elle ne
perdra pas son droit d'administrer ce territoire ; la seule digérence
seraque son administrations'exercerasous ?An contrôleinternational.»
(Lesitaliques sont de nous.)

De même,le I~~novembre 1947, il faisait la déclaration suivante
devant l'Assemblée générale :

((On nous dit que l'Union sud-africaine administrera le territoire
du Sud-Ouest africain dans l'esprit du Mandat de la Société des
Nations. Je ne mets pas en doute la sincérité de la déclaration de
l'Union sud-africaine, mais nous savons tous que le système des
Mandats a cesséd'exister et que le Régimede tutelle a été établi.
Ne serait-il pas préférabled'administrer le territoire dont il s'agit
conformément à un régime actuellement en vigueur et non à un
régimeaujourd'hui disparu? 1)

Le même jour, M. Yepes, déléguéde la Colombie, formulait les
observations suivantes devant l'Assemblée générale :
((..au nom de qui serait alors le Mandat de l'ancienne Société des
Nations ?
Cene serait certainementpas au nom decette dernière,car celle-ci
a bel et bien cesséd'exister; ce n'est pas au nom d'une institution
morte que l'on pourrait exercer ce Mandat. En droit civil, nous le
savonstous,la procuration prend fin par lamort du mandat. Il en est
demême,par analogie, endroitinternational. Nouspouvons en dédui-
re que,du moment quela Société desNations est morte, les Mandats
exercés sous son autorité ont également disparu et les territoires
intéressés doivent tomber sous le Régimede tutelle établi par l'ar-
ticle 77 de la Charte.»

Le 26 septembre 1947, devant la Quatrième Commission, le re-
présentant de Cuba s'exprimait ainsi:

((...les renseignements soumis par le Gouvernement sud-africain
au sujet du Sud-Ouest africain ne peuvent êtreexaminés puisque
le Sud-Ouest africain n'est ni un territoire sous tutelle ni un terri-
toire autonome ».

En décembre 1947, l'Inde présentait un projet de résolution qui
contenait la déclaration suivante:

322635 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

"Whereas the territory of South West Africa, though not self-
governing, is at present outside the control and supervision of the
United Nations."
On 12 December 1947, hr. Gerig oI the United States of America
expressed the following view in the Trusteeship Council:

member object, that while we al1hope-mynoon, delegation as much asy
any delegation feels that way-that there will be a trusteeship
agreement for this territory, wedonot,in the absence of a trusteeship
agreement, havesu#ervisoryfunctions overthis territory.Therefore, 1
do not think we ought to imply that we do have supervisory func-
tions to ensure that the UnionGovernment discharges its duties under
the present mandate, admitting that it exists." (Italics added.)

On 19 March 1948, the United States representative expressed
the following view in the Security Council:
"The United Nations does not automatically fall heir to the re-
sponsibilities either of the League of Nations or of the Mandatory
Power in respect of the Palestine Mandate. The records seem to us
entirely clear that the United Nations did not take over the Leagse
of Nations Mandates System."

During the years following the establishment of the United
Nations, the Respondent's representatives repeatedly asserted that
the supervisoryfunctions of the organs of the League had not been
transferred to the United Nations, and until1948 not a single State
contradicted this assertion. Thus, for example, on 25 September
1947, in the Fourth Committee, Mr. Lawrence, representing the
Respondent, said :

"In respect of its Administration of South West Africa, that
Government [of the Union of South Africa] would maintain the
statusquoin the spirit of the Mandate. It would not submit a trustee-
ship agreement, but would transmit information annually. Infor-
mation relating to 1946 was now in the hands of the Secretary-
General."
And two days later, also in the Fourth Committee, he amplified
his remarks as follows:
"In reply tothe request made by the Danish representative at the
31st meeting regarding clarification of document A/334, Mr Law-
rence stated that the Mandate gave certain powers and imposed
certain obligations. The Government of the Union of South Africa
had full powers of administration over South West Africa, and it
proposed to continue to exercise them,just asit wouldcontinue to ful-
fil its obligations under the Mandate to promote the moral andmate-
rial well-being ofthe population and to advance social progress. The
Union of South Africa did not claim that South West Africa was a
colony, but it was willingto submit annual reports like those required
for the Non-Self-Governing Territories under Article 73 (e). ccConsidéragzfque le territoire du Sud-Ouest africain, bien que
n'étantpas autonome,se trouve actuellement en dehors de l'autorité
et de la surveillance de l'organisation des Nations Unies.»
Le 12 décembre 1947, M. Gerig, des États-unis d'Amérique,
s'exprimait devant le Conseil de tutelle en ces termes:

« On a déclaréau cours de la séance - et personne n'a formulé
d'objection- queleConseiln'aaucun pouvoir pour exercerun contrôle
sur le territoire, l'absence d'un accord de tutelle, bien que nous
espérionstous, ma délégationautant que les autres, qu'un accord
de tutelle sera conclu en ce qui concerne ce territoire. J'estime donc
que nous ne devrions pas laisser entendre que nous avons des
fonctions de contrôle nous permettant de veiller àce que le Gouver-
nement de l'Union sud-africaine remplisse les obligations qui lui
incombent aux termes du Mandat, si l'on suppose que ce Mandat est
toujours en vigueur. ))(Les italiques sont de nous.)
Le 19 mars 1948, le déléguédes États-unis déclarait devant le
Conseil de Sécurité :

((L'Organisation des Nations Unies ne doit pas nécessairement
hériterdes responsabilités dela SociétédesNations ni de cellesdela
Puissance mandataire en ce qui concerne le Mandat sur la Palestine.
Il nous semble clairement établi que l'Organisation des Nations
Unies n'a pas repris lesystèmedesMandats dela Société desNations. »
Au cours des années qui ont suivil'institution des Nations Unies,
les représentants du défendeur ont dit et répétéque les fonctions
de surveillance des organes de la Sociétédes Nations n'avaient pas
ététransférées aux Nations Unies et, jusqu'en 1948, aucun Etat ne
lesa contredit sur ce point. Ainsi, le25 septembre 1947, M. Lawrence,

représentant du défendeur, déclarait-il devant la Quatrième Com-
mission :
ctEn ce qui concerne l'administration du Sud-Ouest africain,
le Gouvernement sud-africain désire maintenir le statu quo dans
l'esprit de mandat. Il n'est pas disposé à soumettre un accord de
tutelle, mais il transmettra volontiers des renseignements annuels.
Les renseignements pour l'année 1946 sont actuellement entre les
mains du Secrétaire général. »
Et deux jours plus tard, toujours devant la Quatrième Commission,

il développait ses observations de la manière suivante:
((En réponseau représentant du Danemark qui, à la 31rneséance,
a sollicité des éclaircissementssur le document A/334, M. Lawrence
déclareque le Mandat confère certains pouvoirs et impose certaines
obligations. Le Gouvernement de l'Union sud-africaine dispose de
pleins pouvoirs pour administrer le Sud-Ouest africain, et il se pro-
pose de continuer à les exercer, exactement comme il continuera de
remplir ses obligations de Puissance mandataire en développant le
bien-êtremoral et matériel des populations et leur progrès social.
L'Union ne prétend pas considérerle Sud-Ouest africain comme une
colonie, mais elle est disposée à soumettre des rapports annuels
comme il est fait pour les territoires non autonomes en vertu de
l'articl73 r.
323 The right to petition had ceased to exist with the disappearance
of the League of Nations, the authority to which petitions could be
addressed. In the absence of a trusteeship agreement, the United
Nations had no jurisdiction over South West Africa and therefore
no right to receive petitions."
On I November 1947, in the General Assembly, Mr. Lawrence
again emphasized that reports rendered by the Union to the United
Nations were being rendered on the basis that the United Nations
has no supervisory jurisdiction in respect of the territory. He is
reported to have said:

"In addition, the Govemment of the Union of South Africa has
expressed its readiness to submit annual reports for the information
of the United Nations. That undcrtaking stands.
Although these reports, if accepted, will be rendered on the bais
that the United Nationshas no supervisoryjurisdiction in respect of
this Territory, they will serveto keep the United Nations informedin
much the same way asthey will bekept informed in relation to Non-
Self-Goveming Territories under Article 73 (e)of the Charter."

These assertions were not challerged.
One therefore finds that, not only was nothing said in the Charter
of the United Nations or at the time of its drafting, to the effect
that the Council of the League was beirg superseded in the Mandate
by an organ of the United Nations, or that. the supervisoryfunctions
of the Council of the Le~gue were being transferred to the United
Nations, but also that nothing was said to this effect prior to the

dissolution of the League, at the dissolution of the League, or during
the years immediately followirg the dissolution of the League. On
the contrary, one finds that the declarations by the Respondent's
representatives, and the representatives of other Members of the
United Nations during this time, reveal that it was not assunied
that the organs of the United Nations would automatically become
heir to the powers and functions of the organs of the League in the
Mandate instruments.
The history of the Preparatory Commission, the history of the
dissolution of the League, the report of the Palestine Commission,
the statements by the Kespondent and other Members of the United
Nations in a variety of circumstances and situations, and within a
comparatively short time after the San Francisco Conference, when
the events of what happened at the Conference were stillreasonably
fresh in their menlories, effectively negative the suggestion that
there was a tacit agreement between Members of the United Nations

and the Mandatories that the organs of the United Nations would
be substituted for the organs of the League relative to the super-
vision of the Mandates.
It should be noted that at no stage was it even suggested that
the Mandate instruments were being amended by substituting ex-
324 AFF. S.-O.AFRICAI?; (OPIN. DISS. DE M. V.4N WYK)
639
Le droit de pétition a cesséd'exister avec la disparition de la
Sociétédes Nations, autorité à qui les pétitions pourraient être
adressées.En l'absence d'un accord de tutelle, l'organisation des
Nations Unies n'a aucune juridiction sur le Sud-Ouest africain et
n'est donc pas fondéeà recevoir des pétitions))

Le ~er novembre 1947 ,evant l'Assembléegénérale,M. Lawrence
soulignait à nouveau que, si des rapports étaient remis par l'Union
à l'organisation des Nations Unies, c'était en partant de l'idéeque
l'organisation n'était pas compétente pour exercer un contrôle sur
le territoire en question. Voici, d'après le compte rendu, ce qu'il
a dit:

«En outre, le Gouvernement de l'Union sud-africaine a déclaré
qu'il était prêà soumettre, pour information, à l'organisation des
Nations Unies, des rapports annuels. Cet engagement tient toujours.
Bien que ces rapports, s'ils sont acceptés,doivent êtreremis à
l'organisation des Nations Unies en partant de l'idée quecelle-ci
n'est pas compétentepour exercer un contrôle sur le temtoire dont
il s'agit, ilsserviront cependàntenir l'Organisation informéede la
mêmefaçon qu'elle l'est sur ce qui se passe dans les territoires non
autonomes, conformément à l'article 7e de la Charte.))
Ces affirmations n'ont pas étécontestées.
On constate donc non seulement que rien n'a été dit dans la
Charte des Nations Unies, ni à l'époque de sa rédaction, qui pût

indiquer que le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations fût remplacé par
un organe des Nations Unies en matière de Mandats ou que ses
fonctions de contrôle fussent transférées aux Nations Unies, mais
aussi que rien n'a étédit en ce sens avant la dissolution de la
Société desNations, lors de cette dissolution ni au cours des années
qui ont immédiatement suivi. Il ressort au contraire desdéclarations
faites à l'époque par les représentants du défendeur et d'autres
Membres des Nations Unies que l'on ne supposait pas que les
organes des Nations Unies succéderaient automatiquement aux
pouvoirs et fonctions impartis par les actes de Mandat aux organes

de la Société desNations.

L'historique de la Commission préparatoire, l'historique de la
dissolution de la Société desNations, le rapport de la Commission
pour la Palestine, les déclarations du défendeur et d'autres Membres
des Nations Unies faites en des circonstances et en des situations
diverses et relativement peu de temps après la conférence de San
Francisco, alors que ce qui s'y était passé était encore raisonnable-
ment présent dans les mémoires, tout cela réduit à néant le prétendu

accord tacite entre les Membres desNations Unies et les Mandataires
d'après lequel les organes des Nations Unies auraient étésubstitués
à ceux de la Sociétédes Nations en matière de contrôle desMandats.

11convient de noter qu'à aucun moment il n'a étéprétendu que
les actes de Manda.t fussent modifiés par la substitution des motsmembership of the League or membership of the C-nited Nations
for membership in the League of Nations in the provisions of the
Mandates Declarations. It was not nientioned at the San Francisco
Conference, it was not mentioned by the Preparatory Committee,
it was not mentioned at the dissolution of the League. During the
years following immediately upon the dissclution oi the League
not a single State expressed the view that it was under the im-
pression that such an amendment had been brought about.

The above considerations compel me to conclude that those
provisions of the Mandates which depended for their fulfdment on
the existence of the League of Nations were not impliedly amended
in any respect, and accordingly ceased to apply on the demise of
the League; in any event that the compromissory clause in Article
7 was not amended in any way, and accordingly no longer applies.

The conclusion to which 1 have come is in conflict with parts of
the Advisory Opinion of this Court given in 1950 in International
Status of South West Africa, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 128. It must
therefore be carefully examined, Although the Court's finding in
regard to Article 6 is not directly relevant to the issue now being
considered, it is difficult owing to the overlapping of reasons to
confine oneself to the Court's reasons for its conclusion in regard to
Article 7 witliout reference to the decision in regard to Article 6.
The conclusion of the majority of the Court in regard to Articles 6
and 7 of the Mandate is to be found in the following extracts from
the Opinion:

"It followsfrom what is said above that South West Africa is still
to be considered as a territory held under the Mandate of December
Assembly should not therefore exceed that which applied under theai
Mandates System,and should conformas far as possibleto the proce-
dure followedin this respect by the Councilof the League of Nations.
These observationsare particularljr applicable to annual reports and
petitions.
According to Article 7 of the Mandate, disputes between the
mandatory State and another Meinber of the League of Nations
relating to the interpretation or the application of the provisions
of the Mandate, if not settled by negotiation, should be submitted
to the Permanent Court of International Justice. Having regard to
Article 37 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and
Article 80, paragraph1,of the Charter, the Court is of opinion that
this clause in the Mandate is still in force and that, therefore, the
Union of South Africa is under an obligation to accept the compul-
sory jurisdiction of the Court according to those provisions."

Before dealing with the specific reasons aclvanced in the inajority
Opinion for the aforesaid conclusions, sonie general remarks in the
Opinion preceding these reasons should be commentecl on:

325« ancien Membre de la Société des Nations 1)ou « Membre des
Nations Unies 1à l'expression «Membre de la SociétédesNations ))

dans les dispositions des déclarations de Mandat. Il n'en a pas été
fait état à la conférence de San Francisco, il n'en a pas été fait
état devant la Commission préparatoire, il n'en a pas étéfait état
lors de la dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations. Au cours des années
qui ont immédiatement suivi la dissolution de la Société,aucun
État n'a jamais déclaré avoir l'impression qu'un tel amendement
eût été effectué.
Les considérations qui précèdent m'obligent à conclure que les
dispositions des Mandats dont l'exécution dépendait de l'existence
de la Sociétédes Nations n'ont étéimplicitement modifiées en

aucune manière et sont donc devenues caduques à la dissolution
de la Sociétéet qu'en tout état de cause la clause compromissoire
de l'article7 n'a étémodifiéeen aucune manière et n'est donc plus
applicable.
La conclusion à laquelle j'aboutis exige un examen attentif car
elle est contredite par certaines parties de l'avis consultatif rendu
parla Cour en 1950 sur le Statut international du Sud-Ouest africain,
C. I. J. Recueil 1950 , age 128. Bien que la décision de la Cour sur
l'article 6 ne soit pas directement pertinente au problème que
j'étudie, les motifs sont si intriqués qu'il estdiecile de se borner à
l'examen des motifs de la conclusion de la Cour sur l'article 7 sans

se référer à sa décision relative à l'article6.
La conclusion de la majorité de la Cour sur les articles 6 et 7
du Mandat se trouve dans les passages suivants de l'avis:

(Il découlede ce qui a étédit plus haut que le Sud-Ouest africain
doit toujours êtreconsidérécomme un territoire tenu en vertu du
Mandat du 17 décembre1920.Le degréde surveillance à exercer par
l'Assembléegénéralense aurait doncdépasserceluiqui a été appliqué
sous le Régimedes Mandats et devrait être conforme, autant que
possible,à la procédure suivie en la matière par le Conseil de la
Sociétédes Nations. Cesobservationss'appliquent en particulier aux
rapports annuels et aux pétitions.
Suivant l'article 7 du Mandat, les différendsqui viendraient à
s'éleverentre l'État mandataire et un autre Membre de la Société
des Nations et relatifàl'interprétation ouà l'application des dispo-
sitions du Mandat devaient êtresoumis, au cas où ils n'auraient pas
étérégléspar des négociations, à la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale. Vu l'article 37 du Statut de la Cour internationale
de Justice et l'article 80, paragraphe premier, de la Charte, la Cour
est d'avis que cette disposition du Mandat est encore en vigueur et
qu'en conséquencel'union sud-africaine est tenue de reconnaître
comme obligatoire la juridiction de la Cour dans les termes prévus
par ces dispositions))
Avant d'analyser les raisons précises invoquées par la majorité à

l'appui de ses conclusions, il y a lieu de dire quelques mots sur les
remarque- généralesdont l'avis fait précéderson argumentation : "The object of the Mandate regulated by international rules far
exceededthat ofcontractual relationsregulated by international law.
The Mandate was created, in the interest of the inhabitants of the
temtory, and of hurnanity in general, as an international institution
with an international object-a sacred trust of civilization. It is
therefore not possible to draw any conclusion by analogy from the
notions ofmandate in national law or fromany other legalconception
of that law. The international des regulating the Mandate consti-
tuted an international status for the Territory recognized by ali the
Members of the League of Nations, including the Union of South
Africa."
While it is correct to Say that the notions of mandate in mu-
nicipal la~vcannot be applied in the interpretation of the provisions
of the Mandate instruments, this is no reason for jgnoring the fact
that Article 22 of the Covenant of the League is a term of an
agreement, and that the rights and obligations created thereby
must be determined i~iaccordance with the provisions of the inter-

national law relating to the interpretation of treaties and conven-
tions, that is, this Court must determine as accurately as possible
the true common intention of all the parties concerned, in ac-
cordance with the appropriate rules of construction. Rosenne, ofi.
cit.,page 318, crisply states the principle as follows :
"Treaty interpretation attempts to elucidate the combined in-
tention of two or more signatones."

It has been shown that Article 22 of the Covenant must be inter-
preted with due regard to al1its provisions and to al1 the relevant
facts, and that the detailed obligations of the Respondent recorded
therein cannot be amended by this Court by reason of the general
principles stated therein; in particular, this Court has no power to
provide for its own compulsory jurisdiction.
If, therefore, the above quoted statement of the Court was
intended to suggest that the obligations of the Respondent exceeded
those it intended to undertake when agreeing to Article 22 of the
Covenant, it cannot be accepted as correct. Nor can the Mandate
Declaration be interpreted as meaning that the Respondent had
agreed to accept the supervision of another international body on
the dissolution of the League, or that it had agreed that the words

"Member of the League" in Article 7 could be amended by this
Court to read "Members of the United Nations" or "ex-Members
of the League".

On page 133 the Opinion states, "the authority which the Union
Government exercises over the territory is based on the Mandate".
To this one should add that, similarly, the Respondent's obligations
are based on the Mandate.
The Opinion then proceeds:
"If the Mandate lapsed, as the Union Government contends, the
latter's authority would equallv have lapsed. To retain the rights «Le but du Mandat régipar des règlesinternationales dépassait
de beaucoup celui de rapports contractuels régispar un droit na-
tjonal. Le Mandat a étécrééd , ans l'intérêtdes habitants du Terri-
toire et de l'humanitéen généralc,omme une institution internatio-
naleà laquelle étaitassignéun but international: une mission sacrée
de civilisation. Il n'est donc pas possible de tirer une conclusionpar
analogie des notions de mandat en droit interne ou de toute autre
conception juridique de ce droit. Les règlesinternationales régissant
le Mandat constituaient pour le Territoire un statut international
reconnu par tous les Membres de la Société desNations, y compris
l'Union sud-africaine.))

S'il est exact d'observer que les notions de mandat en droit
interne ne peuvent guider l'interprétation des dispositions des
accords de Mandat, on n'en peut tirer argument pour ignorer le
fait que l'article 22 du Pacte de la Société des Nations est une
disposition contractuelle et que les droits et obligations qui en
découlent doivent êtrefixésconformément aux règleçde droitinter-
national relatives à l'interprétation des traités et des conventions;

c'est dire qu'il appartient à la Cour d'établir aussi exactement que
possible, selon les règles d'interprétation adéquates, l'intention
commune réelle de toutes les parties intéressées; principe que
Rosenne, op.cit.,page 318, formule péremptoirement en ces termes:
« L'interprétation des traités tend à découvrir l'intention com-
mune de deux ou plusieurs signataires. ))

J'ai montré qu'il faut, eninterprétant l'article22 du Pacte, tenir
compte de toutes ses stipulations et de l'ensemble des faitspertinents
et que la Cour ne saurait, en raison des principes généraux qui y
sont énoncés,modifier les obligations détaillées qu'il impose au
défendeur ni, en particulier, établirsa propre juridiction obligatoire.

La constatation formulée par la Cour, que l'on vient de citer,

ne peut donc êtretenue pour bien fondée si elle tend à suggérer
que les obligations du défendeur sont plus étendues que celles qu'il
entendait contracter en souscrivant à l'article22 du Pacte. On ne
saurait non plus interpréter la déclaration de Mandat de façon à y
lire que le défendeur a accepté de se prêter à la surveillance d'un
autre organe international après la dissolution de la Sociétédes
Nations ou qu'il a reconnu à la Cour le pouvoir de remplacer les
termes « Membre de la SociétédesNations »qui figurent à l'article 7
par les mots (Membre des Nations Unies » ou (anciens Membres

de la Sociétédes Nations B.
A la page 133 de l'avis, on lit: « L'autorité que le Gouvernement
de l'Union exerce sur le territoire est fondée sur le Mandat. » A
quoi il faudrait ajouter que les obligations du défendeur sont, elles
aussi, fondées sur le Mandat.
Et l'avis -oursuit :
« Si le Mandat avait cesséd'exister, comme le prétendle Gouver-
nement de l'Union, l'autorité de celle-ci aurait également cessé derived from the Mandate and to deny the obligations thereunder
could not be justified."

Inasmuch as the Respondent's attitude in 1950 was that the
Mandate had lapsed, the above remark was relevant to show that
this attitude was inconsistent with any claim that the Respondent
still had rights which flowed from the Mandate. It however has no
relevance to the question whetlier Article 6 or 7 still applies. In
any event, if in law Articles6 and 7no longer apply, and if the effect
thereof is that Respondent's rights under the Mandate have termi-
nated, the fact that Respondent still claims these rights cannot

revive Articles 6 and 7. If the whole of the Mandate has lapsed,
Article 7 no longer applies; if Articles 1-6 or 1-5 are still in force, it
does not follow that the compromissory clause in Article 7 still
applies in the sense that it is capable of being .nvoked. As 1 have
already indicated, the compromissory clause of Article 7 is clearly
not essential for the existence of the other provisions.

The Opinion then proceeds:

"These international obligations, assumed by the Union of South
Afnca, wereoftwo kinds. Onekind was directlyrelated to the admin-
istration of the Territory, ~d corresponded to the sacred trust of
civilization referred to in Art22lofthe Covenant.Theotherrelated
to the machinery for implementation, and was closely linked to the
supervision and control of the League. It corresponded to the
'secunties for the performance of this trust' referr+? in the same
article."

If this statement was intended to mean that the provisions of
Article 7 of the Mandate which provide that any Member of the
League of Nations could institute proceedings against the Respon-
dent in the event of a dispute relating to the interpretation or
application of the provisions of the Mandate was one of the securi-
ties referred to in Article22, it is incorrect. 1 have already pointed
out, when dealing with the provisions of Article 22,that this Article
required the application of the principle that securities for the per-
formance of the sacred trust were to be embodied in the Covenant,
and that no provision in regard to compulsory jurisdiction relative
to the Mandates was embodied in the Covenant. If this Court were
to hold that the compulsory jurisdiction provided for in Article 7
of the Mandate Declaration corresponds to the securities "for the

performance of this trust referred to in Article 22", it would be
treating the words "should be embodied in this Covenant" as
meaningless.
The Opinion then proceeds :
"The first-mentioned group of obligations are defined in Artic22
of the Covenant and in Articles 2 to 5 of the Mandate. The Union
undertook the general obligation to promote tothe utmost the mate-

327 d'exister. Rien ne permet de conserver les droits dérivés du Mandat
tout en répudiant les obligations qui en découlent. »

Cette remarque, qui était pertinente dans la mesure où il fallait
montrer que le défendeur ne pouvait sans se contredire soutenir,
comme il le faisait en 1950, que le Mandat avait cessé d'exister
tout en prétendant par ailleursavoir conservé des droitsen dérivant,
est néanmoins sans rapport avec la question de savoir si l'article 6
ou 7 est toujours applicable. De toute manière, si juridiquement
les articles 6 et 7 ne sont plus applicables et si les droits que le
défendeur tenait du Mandat sont par conséquent éteints, le défen-
deur ne ressuscitera pas les articles 6 et7 en prétendant n'avoir pas
perdu ses droits. Si le Mandat dans son ensemble a cesséd'exister,
l'article7 ne peut plus s'appliquer; si les articles I à 6 ou I à 5

sont toujours en vigueur, il ne s'ensuit pas que la clause compro-
missoire de l'article 7 est encore applicable en ce sens qu'elle peut
êtreinvoquée. Celle-ci, je l'ai souligné auparavant, n'est manifeste-
ment pas indispensable à l'existence des autres dispositions du
Mandat.
L'avis continue en ces termes :

« Ces obligations internationales, assumées par l'Union sud-
africaine, étaientde deux sortes. Les unes concernaient directement
l'administration du Territoire et correspondaient à la mission
sacréede civilisation mentionnée à l'articl22 du Pacte. Les autres
avaient trait au mécanismede mise en Œuvre et étaient étroitement
liéesà la surveillance et aux fonctions de contrôle de la Société des
Nations. Elles correspondaient aux ((garanties pour l'accomplisse-
ment de cette mission »,mentionnéesdans le mêmearticle. »

Cette déclaration n'est pas exacte si elle prétend établir qu'il
faut voir dans l'article 7 du Mandat, stipulant que tout Membre
de la Sociétédes Nations peut actionner le défendeur si un différend
vient à s'élever relatif à l'interprétation ou à l'application des
dispositions du Mandat, l'une des garanties mentionnées à l'arti-
cle 22. En traitant de celui-ci, j'ai déjàobservé qu'il prescrit l'appli-
cation du principe de l'incorporation dans le Pacte des garanties
pour l'accomplissement de la mission sacrée, mais que le Pacte ne
contient aucune disposition relative à la juridiction obligatoire en

matière de Mandats. La Cour ne pourrait, sans tenir les termes cil
convient d'incorporer dans le présent Pacte ))pour dénués de sens,
estimer que la clause de juridiction obligatoire figurant à l'article7
de la déclaration de Mandat correspond aux garanties ((pour l'ac-
complissement de la mission mentionnée à l'article22 ».

L'avis poursuit :

((Les obligations du premier groupe sont définiesdans l'article 2.2.
du Pacte et dans les articles z à 5 du Mandat. L'Union assumait
l'obligation généralede favoriser au maximum lebien-être matériel
327 rial and moral well-being and the social progress ofthe inhabitants.
It assumed particular obligations relating to slave trade, forced
labour, ;traffic in arms and ammunition, intoxicating spirits and
gationsrelating to freedom ofconscience and free exercise of worship,
including special obligations with regard to missionaries.

These obligations represent the very essence of the sacred trust
of civilization. Theirraison d'êtreand original object remain. Since
their fulfilment did not depend on the existence of the League of
Nations, they could not be brought to an end merely because this
supervisory organ ceased to exist. Nor could the right of the popu-
lation to have the Territory administered in accordance with these
rules depend thereon. "

Itseemsclear that the learned judges musthave overlooked, just
as Counsel in the present matter apparently overlooked, the fact
that Article 5 of the Mandate Declaration contains, inter alia, the
following provision :

"The Mandatory ...shall allow all missionaries, nationals of any
State Member of the League of Nations, to enter into, travel and
reside in the territory for the purpose of prosecuting their calling",

andthat, unlike the other provisions of Articles 2 to5, this provision
depended on the existence of the League for its fulfilment. In this
respect this provision should have been classified w-ith Articles 6
and 7.
The first reason advanced by the Court for its finding that the
supervisory functions of the League with regard to mandated ter-
ritories not placed under the new Trusteeship System were trans-
ferred to the United Nations is the following (page 136):

"The obligation incumbent upon a mandatory State to accept
international supervision and to submit reports is an important
part of the Mandates System. \%en the authors of the Covenant
created this system, they considered that the effective performance
of the sacred trust of civilization bythe mandatory Powers required
that the administration of mandated territories should be subject
to international supervision. The authors of the Charter had in
Trusteeship System. The necessity for supervision continues to exist
despite the disappearance of the supewisory organ under the Man-
dates System. It cannot be admitted that the obligation to submit
to supervision has disappeared merely because the supervisory organ
had ceased to exist, when the United Nations has another inter-
national organ performing similar, though not identical, supervisory
functions."

It is not clear on what principles the above reasoning is based.
The Court apparently equated the supervisory functions of the

328 et moral et le progrès social des habitants. Elle prenaià sa charge
des obligations particulières relativesà la traite des esclaves, au
travail forcé,au trafic de l'armement et des munitions, à celui des
spiritueux et des boissons alcooliques, l'instruction et aux établis-
sementsmilitaires, ainsi que des obligationsrelatives àla liberté de
conscience et au libre exercice du culte, y compris des obligations
spécialesà l'égard des missionnaires.
Ces obligationsreprésentent l'essence mêmede la mission sacrée
de civilisation. A tous égardsleur raison d'êtreet leur objet primitif
demeurent. Commeleur exécutionne dépendait pas del'existence de
la SociétédesNations, cesobligations ne pouvaient devenircaduques
pour la seuleraison que cet organe desurveillance avait cesséd'exis-
ter. Le droit de la population de voir le Territoire administré confor-
mément à ces règlesne pouvait pas non plus en dépendre. ))

Il semble clair que les éminents juges, de même apparemment
que l'avocat en la présente cause, ont oublié que l'article 5 de la
déclaration de Mandat prescrit notamment:

«Le mandataire ...donnera à tous les missionnaires, sujets ou
citoyens de tous Membres de la Sociétédes Nations, la faculté de
pénétrer,de circuler et de résider dans le territoire dans le but
d'exercer leur ministère.))

Coptrairement aux autres dispositions des articles 2 à 5, c'est là
une clause dont l'exécution dépendait de l'existence de la Société
des Nations. A cet égard, cet article aurait dû être rangé dans le
même groupe que les articles 6 et 7.
Pour conclure que les tâches de surveillance exercées par la
Société des Nations à l'égard des territoires sous Mandat qui n'a-
vaient pas été placés sous le nouveau régime de tutelle étaient
transférées aux Nations Unies, la Cour a d'abord fait état du motif

suivant (p. 136) :
((L'obligation incombant à un État mandataire de se prêter
à une surveillanceinternationale et de soumettre des rapports tient
une place importante dans le système des Mandats. En instituant
celui-ci, les rédacteurs du Pacte ont eu la penséeque, pour ,assuFer
effectivement l'accomplissement de la mission sacréede civilisation
-confiéeà la Puissance mandataire, il importait de soumettre à une
surveillance internationale l'administration des territoires SOUS
Mandat. Les rédacteurs de la Charte ont eu la mêmepréoccupation
lorsqu'ils ont organisé un Régime international de Tutelle. La
nécessitéd'une telle surveillancesubsiste en dépit de la disparition
de l'organe de contrôle prévu pour les Mandats. On ne saurajt
admettre que l'obligation de se soumettre à surveillance aurait
disparu pour la simple raison que cet organe de contrôle a cessé
d'exister, alors que les Nations Unies offrent un autre organe inter-
national chargé de fonctions analogues encore que non identiques. »

On ne voit pas clairement quels principes inspirent ceraisonnement.
La Cour semble avoir assimilé à une ((surveillance internationale )),

328 Council of the League to "international supervision", and similarly-
equated the supervisory functions under the trusteeship system
to "international supervision", then found that the necessity for
"international supervision" remained after disçolution of the League
and concluded that, therefore, the one "international supervisionJ'
must be substituted for the other "international supervision".
This approach ignores the basic rule of construction that one must
have regard to the intention of the parties. It in any event ignores
the important difference between the League and the United Na-
tions, the historical facts relating tohese institutions and, above
dl, the plain meaning of the provisions oftherespective instruments.

There are no express provisions in the Covenant, the Mandate
or the Charter providing for the substitution of any organ of the

United Nations for the Council of the League. The Court'sconclusion
could therefore only have been based on what it considered were
the implied provisions of the Covenant and/or the Mandate and/or
the Charter. 1have dealt in great detail with these instruments and
1think 1 have shown conclusively that no such implied provisions
are to be found in any of them.
1 have already indicated that Article 22 of the Covenant and
Article6 of the Mandate did not provide for "international super-
vision"; they provided for an annual report by the Mandatory in
reference to the territory comniitted to its charge, to be rendered
to the Council of the League of Nations, and for a permanent com-
mission to receive and examine such reports, and to advise the
Council of the League on al1 matters relating to observance of
the Mandate. There is no justification for imputing to the States
concerned an intention of contracting on the basis that on the disso-

lution of the League, the supervisory functions of the organs of
the League would be transferred to the organs of another interna-
tional organization performing similar functions but differently
constituted. Neither the words of Article 22 of the Covenant and
Article 6 of the Mandate, nor the circumstances under which these
instruments were entered into justify such an inference. In fact,
it is clear that had such a term been suggested, it would not have
been agreed to by the Mandatories. The subsequent conduct of
the parties clearly reveals that no such intention existed. To sub-
stitute an obligation to accept the supervision of an organ of the
United Nations for al! obligation to accept the supervision of the
Council of the League is to amend and increase the obligation
undertaken by the Respondent. It would amount to legislation
and this Court has no legislative powers.
It is correct to Say that the authors of the Charter had in mind

supervision of territories placed under trusteeship agreements by
orgaas of the United Nations, but it is also clear that the intention
.was that this supervision would only take place after trubteeship
agreements had been entered into. The fact then that the Covenant
329 d'une part, les tâches de surveillance du Conseil de la Société des
Nations et, d'autre part, celles qui découlent du régimede tutelle,
pour constater ensuite que la nécessitéd'une telle surveillance
subsistait malgréla disparition de la SociétédesNationset conclure
que la seconde forme de ccsurveillance internationale ))devait par
conséquent se substituer à la première. Cette manière de voir ne

tient pas compte de la règle fondamentale d'interprétation selon
laquelle il faut considérerl'intention des parties. De toute manière
elle fait fi des différencesimportantes existant entre la Société des
Nations et les Nations Unies, des faits historiques pertinents à ces
institutions et surtout du sens évident des dispositions des textes
respectifs.
Le Pacte, le Mandat ou la Charte ne contiennent aucune dispo-
sition prévoyant expressément la substitution d'un organe des
Nations Unies au Conseil de la Société des Nations. La Cour n'a
donc pu fonder sa conclusion que sur des dispositions qu'elle a
estinié implicitement contenues dans le Pacte, le Mandat ou la

Charte. J'ai traité de ceux-ci de manière approfondie et je crois
avoir démontré d'une manière concluante qu'aucun d'entre eux ne
renferme de telles dispositions implicites.
J'ai déjàindiqué que l'article 22 du Pacte et l'article 6 du Mandat
n'ont pas prévu une ((surveillance internationale »; ils ont prévu
un rapport annuel à envoyer par le Mandataire au Conseil de la
Sociétédes Nations concernant les territoires dont il avait la charge
et une Commission permanente chargée de recevoir et d'examiner
ces rapports et de donner au Conseilson avis sur toutes les questions
relatives à l'exécution des Mandats. Rien ne permet d'imputer aux
États l'intention de s'engager sur la base de ce qu'à la dissolution

de la Société des Nations le rôle de surveillance confiéaux organes
de celle-ci serait transféré à ceux d'une autre organisation inter-
nationale remplissant des fonctions analogues mais constituée de
manière différente. Ni les termes de l'article 22 du Pacte et de
l'article6 du Mandat, ni les circonstances dans lesquelles ces instru-
ments ont étépassés ne justifient cette déduction. En fait il est
clair que, si pareille proposition avait étésuggérée, lesMandataires
n'y auraient pas consenti. La conduite ultérieure des parties montre
clairement qu'il n'existait aucune intention de ce genre. Substituer
l'obligation d'accepter la surveillanced'un organedesNations Unies

à celle d'accepter la surveillance du Conseildela Sociétédes Nations,
c'est amender et augmenter l'obligation contractée par le défendeur.
C'est un acte législatif et la Cour n'a pas de pouvoir législatif.

Il est exact de dire que les auteurs de la Charte ont envisagéla
surveillance par les organes des Nations Unies des territoires visés
dans les accords de tutelle, mais il est clairégalementquel'intention
était que la surveillance n'interviendrait qu'après la passation des
accordsde tutelle. Donc le fait quele Pacte prévoyait la surveillanceprovided for supervision of Mandates by the Council of the League
and the Permanent Commission, and that the Charter provides
for supervision by the Trusteeship Council, the General Assembly
and the Security Council after mandated territories had been
brought under the International Trusteeship System can, however,
not justify an inference that therefore an obligation to subrnit to
supervision of an organ of the United Nations rests upon the man-
datories after the supervisory organs of the League had ceased
to exist, even though no trusteeship agreement has been entered

into. As already indicated, neither the express provisions of the
Charter, nor the relevant circumstances justify an inference that
it was the intention to transfer the supervisory functions of the
organs of the League to the organs of the United Nations.

If Article73 of the Charter does not apply to mandated territones,
it may be said that it would have been desirable that provision
should have been made for supervision of the Mandates by an
organ of the United Nations after the dissolution of the League,
and until trusteeship agreements were entered into, but this is no
justification for reading an implied provision to this effect into
the Charter. It is the duty of this Court to interpret treaties,
not to revise them. To Say that in such a situation international

law refuses to acknowledge that no legal provision for international
supervision exists and that this Court is therefore entitled to nomi-
nate an organ of an international organization as a substitute
for the organ that has disappeared, is to propound a new rule for
which no legal basis exists.
The above conclusion of the Court is even more startling when
it is borne in mind that the Court found that this unexpressed
term whereby organs of the United Nations were substituted for
the organs of the League was qualified in several respects, viz.,
this supervision should not exceed that which applied under the
Mandate System, and should conform asfar as possible to the pro-
cedure followed by the Council of the League of Nations. The
difficulty experienced by the Members of this Court in 1955 and

1956 in interpreting this implied provision is in itself a strong
indication that the requisite common intention to contract on the
basis of such a term never existed, and should not be inferred.

The above reason is followed by the following:
"These general considerations are confirmed by Article 80,
paragraph 1,of the Charter, asthis clausehasbeeninterpreted above.
It purports to safeguard, not only the rightofStates, but also the
rights of the peoples of mandated territories until Trusteeship
Agreements are concluded. The purpose must have been to provide
dreal protection for those rights; but no such rights of the peoples
could be effectively safeguarded without international supervision
and a duty to render reports to a supervisory organ."des Mandats par le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations et par la
Commission permariente tandis que la Charte prévoit la surveillance
par le Conseil de tutelle, par l'Assembléegénéraleet par le Conseil
de Sécuritéaprès que les territoires sous Mandat auront étéplacés
sous le régimeinternational de tutelle, ne saurait cependant justifier
la conclusion que dans ces conditions les Mandataires sont dans
l'obligation de se soumettre à la surveillance d'un organe desNations

Unies après que les organesde surveillance de la SociétédesNations
auront cesséd'exister et alors mêmequ'aucun accord de tutelle
n'aura été passé. Comme je l'ai déjà indiqué, ni les dispositions
expresses de la Charte, ni les circonstances pertinentes ne justifient
la déduction que les parties ont eu l'intention de transférer aux
organes des Nations Unies les fonctions de surveillance confiées à
ceux de la Sociétédes Nations.
Si l'articl73 de la Charte ne s'applique pas aux territoires sous
Mandat, on peut dire qu'il aurait étésouhaitable de prendre des
dispositions en vue de la surveillance des Mandats par un organe
des Nations Unies, après la dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations et
en attendant que les accords de tutelle aient étépassés, mais cela
ne justifie pas l'introduction dans la Charte d'une disposition impli-
cite en ce sens. La Cour a le devoir d'interpréter les traités, non de

les reviser. Dire qu'en pareil cas le droit international refuse d'ad-
mettre qu'il n'existe aucune disposition juridique visant la surveil-
lance internationale et que la Cour a donc le droit de désigner un
organe d'une organisation internationale pour remplacer cclui qui
adisparu, c'est proposer une règlenouvelle sansfondement juridique.

La conclusjon ci-dessus à laquelle est parvenue la Cour est plus
étonnante encore si l'on songe qu'elle a constaté que cette condition
non exprimée d'après laquelle les organes des Nations Unies rem-
placent ceux de la Société desNations était limitée à plusieurs
égards,par exemple que la surveillance ne devait pas dépasser celle
qui s'appliquait sous le régime des Mandats et devait autant que
possible se conformer à la procédure suivie par le Conseil de la
Sociétédes Nations. Les difficultésrencontrées par les Membres de

la Cour en 1955 et 1956 pour interpréter cette disposition implicite
indiquent fortement en elles-mêmesquela condition d'une commune
intention de contracter dans ces termes n'a jamais existé et ne
devrait pas être présumée.
Après le motif qui précède, on lit ce qui suit :
(Ces considérationsgénéralessont confirméespar le paragraphe
premier de l'article80 de la Charte, tel quce texte a étéjnterprété
ci-dessus.Il viseà garantir non seulement les droits desEtats, mais
aussi les droits des peuples des temtoires sous Mandat jusqu'au
moment où seront conclusles Accordsde Tutelle. Sonbut a certaine-
ment été d'assurerà cesdroits une protectionréelle;or, cesdroits des
peuples ne sauraient êtreefficacementgarantis sans contrôle inter-
national et sans l'obligation de soumettre des rapports un organe
de contrôle.»
330 In another passage, when dealing with the question whether
the group of obligations containedin -4rticle2 and 5 of the Mandate
(which the Court held did not depend for their fulfilment on the
existence of the League) came to an end on the dissolution of the
League, the Court said at page 133:
"This viewis confirmedby Article So,paragraph 1,of the Charter,
which maintainç the rights of States and peoples and the terms of
existing international instrumentsuntil the territories in question
are placed under the Trusteeship System. It is true that this pro-
vision only says that nothing in Chapter XII shall be construed to
alter the rights of States or peoples or the terms of existing inter-
national instruments. But-as far as mandated territories are
concerned, to which paragraph 2 of this article refers-thisprovi-
sion presupposes that the rights of States and peoples shall not
lapse automatically on the dissolution of the League of Nations.
It obviously Tvaçthe intention to safeguard the rights of States and
peoples under al1 circumstances and in al1 respects, until each
territorv should be placed under the TrusteeshipSystem."

The true effect of the aforesaid statements of the Court seems
to be that it found that Article 80 (1) impliedly amended the pro-
visions of the Mandates, so that al1 their provisions should conti-
nue to apply, but the specific nature of these amendments has not
been indicated. However, as stated above, Article 6of the Mandate
could only apply after the dissolution of the League if one or other
organ of the United Nations was substituted for the organs of the
League, and that Article 7 could on!y apply if ex-Membership of the
League or Membership of the United Nations was substituted for
Membership of the League. 1shall assume that the Court intended

to convey that it thought that these amendments were impliedly
brought about by Article 80 (1).

There is clearly no justification for reading any such implied
terms into Article 80 (1).There is nothing in the Article to suggest
that the parties must have contracted on the basis of such amend-
ments. On the contrary, the suggested construction would be in
direct conflict with the clear and express injuction in the Article
that it shall not be construecl as altering in any manner the terms
of the Mandates.
Article 80 (1) clearly does not purport to "maintain" or "safe-
guard" anything against something not contained in Chapter XII
of the Charter.
Afinding that Articles 6 and 7 ceased to apply on the dissolution
of the League does not in any \Tay conflict with the provision of

Article 80 (1). The "rights" of the peoples of South West Africa did
not include the continued application of Articles 6 and 7 of the
Mandate after the demise of the organization on which these articles
depended for their fulfilment.
33r Dans un autre passage, où il est traité de la question de savoir
si le groupe d'obligations contenu dans les articles 2 et5 du Mandat
(dont la Cour a dit que leur exécution ne dépendait pas de l'exis-
tence de la Société desNations) a pris fin à la dissolution de la
Société des Nations, la Cour a dit, à la page 133:

(Cette manièrede voir est confirméepar I'articIe80, paragraphe
premier, dela Charte,quimaintient lesdroits desÉtats et despeuples
et lesdispositionsdes actes internationaux en vigueur jusqu'à ceque
les territoires dont il s'agit soient placéssous le Régimede Tutelle.
Il est vrai que cette clauseprévoitseulement qu'aucune disposition
du chapitre XII ne sera interprétéecomme modifiant les droits
d'aucunÉtat ou d'aucun peuple ou les dispositions d'actes intema-
tionaux en vigueur. Mais, en tant qu'elles'applique aux territoires
sous Mandat, lesquels sont expressémentmentionnésau paragra-
phe 2 du mêmearticle, cette clause présuppose que lesdroits des
États et des peuplesne sont pas devenus caducs par le simple effet
de la dissolutionde la SociétédesNations. L'intention a évidemment
étéde sauvegarder les droits desÉtats et des peuplesen toutes cir-
constances et à tous égards, jusqu'àce que chaque territoire soit
placé sous leRégimede Tutelle. »
Le véritable effet de ce prononcé de la Cour semble étre qu'elle
a jugé que l'article 80, paragraphe 1, avait implicitement amendé
les dispositions des Mandats, en sorte que toutes leurs dispositions

devraient continuer à s'appliquer, mais la nature spécifique de
ces amendements n'a pas étéindiquée. Toutefois, comme il est dit
plus haut, l'article 6 du Mandat ne pouvait s'appliquer après la
dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations que si l'un ou l'autre des
organes des Nations Unies était substitué à ceux de la Sociétédes
Nations et l'article 7 ne pouvait s'appliquer que si on substituait
aux Membres de la Sociétédes Nations les anciens Membres de
celle-ci ou les Membres des Nations Unies. Je vais supposer que

la Cour a voulu dire qu'à son avis ces amendements résultaient
implicitement de l'article 80, paragraphe I.
Il est clair que rien ne permet d'introduire de telles dispositions
implicites dans l'article 80, paragraphe I. Rien dans l'article ne
suggèreque les parties ont dû contracter sur la base de tels amende-
ments. Au contraire, l'interprétation suggéréeirait directement à
l'encontre de l'injonction claire et expresse de l'article qui doit
s'interpréter comme ne modifiant en aucune façon les termes des
Mandats.

II est clair que l'article 80, paragraphe 1, ne prétend pas (main-
tenir ))ou (garantir ))quoi que ce soit contre quelque chose qui ne
serait pas prévu au chapitre XII de la Charte.
La conclusion que les articles 6 et 7 ont cesséde s'appliquer à
la dissolution de la Société desNations n'est en rien contraire à la
disposition de l'article 80, paragraphe I. Les ((droits ))des popula-
tions du Sud-Ouest africain ne comportaient pas le maintien en
application des articles 6 et 7 du Mandat après la dissolution de la

Sociétédont dépendait l'application de ces articles.
33= There can be no doubt that the parties to the Charter would
have used positive terms had they intended that the provisions
of the Mandates ~vould be amended so that they could remain
effective under al1 circumstances and in al1 respects until each
territory was placed under the Trusteeship System; they would
not have used language incapable of having this meaning.

If regard is had to the history of the Charter, there is even less
justification for the assumption by the Court that Article 80 (1)
presupposes that none of the provisions of the Mandates would
cease to apply on the dissolution of the League. The relevant facts,
such as the travaux #réparatoires, including statements by Re-
spondent's representative at the San Francisco Conference, the
subsequent conduct of the parties including statements on behalf
of the Respondent, the recommendations of the Preparatory
Commission, the resolutions of the United Nations, the statements
and resolutions at the dissolution of the League, the report of
the Palestine Con~missionand the numerous statements of Members
of the United Nations during the years 1946, 1947 and 1948 clearly

reveal that no such common intention existed.

In dealing with Article 80 (1) Sir Arnold McNair in his Separate
Opinion said, at p. 160:
"A second contention was based on the expression occurring in
Article 80, paragraph1, of the Charter that 'nothing in this Chapter
[XII] shall be construed in or of itself to alter in any manner the
rights whatsoever of any States or peoples or the terms of existing
international instruments to which Members of the United Nations
may respectively be parties'. But the cause of the lapse of the super-
vision of the League and of Articl6 of the Mandate is not anything
contained in Chapter XII of the Charter but is the dissolution of
the League, so that it is difficult to see the relevance of this Article."

The legal effect of Article 80 (1) is very aptly stated by Mr.
Joseph Nisot in an article on the Advisory Opinion of the Inter-
national Court of Justice on the International Status of South
West Africa (South AJricanLaw Journal), Vol. 68, Part III (August

19511, pp. 278-279:
"The only purpose of the Article is to prevent Chapter XII of
the Charter from being construed as in any manner affecting or
altering the rights whatsoever of States and peoples, as they stand
pending the conclusion of trusteeship agreements. Such rights draw
their judicial life from the instruments which created them; they
remain valid in so far as the latter are themselves still valid. If
they are maintained, it is by virtue of those instruments, not by
virtue of Article 80,which confinesitselfto providing that the rights
of States and peoples-whatever they may be and to whatever
extent may subsist-are -1eftuntouched by Chapter XII. Il ne saurait faire de doute que les parties à la Charte auraient

employé dèstermes positifs si elles avaient voulu amender les dispo-
sitions des Mandates en sorte qu'elles pussent demeurer en vigueur
en toutes circonstances et à tous égards, jusqu'à ce que chaque
territoire fût placé sous le régime de tutelle. Elles ne se seraient
pas servi de termes ne comportant pas cette signification.
Si l'on tient compte de l'historique de la Charte, la Cour est
moins encore fondée à présumer que l'article 80, paragraphe 1,
présuppose qu'aucune des dispositions des Mandats ne cessera de
s'appliquer à la dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations. Les faits
pertinents, tels que les travaux préparatoires où l'on trouve des
déclarations des représentants du défendeur à la Conférence de

San Francisco, la conduite ultérieure des parties et en particulier
les déclarations faites au nom du défendeur, les recommandations
de la Commission préparatoire, les résolutions des Nations Unies,
les déclarations et les résolutions passées à la dissolution de la
Société desNations, le rapport de la Commission pour la Palestine
et les nombreuses déclarations faites par des Membres des Nations
Unies en 1946, 1947 et 1948, révèlentclairement qu'il n'existait pas
de commune intention en ce sens.
Traitant dans son opinion individuelle de l'article 80, paragra-
phe 1, sir Arnold McNair a dit à la page 160:

« Une seconde thèse se fondait sur les mots qui figurent a l'arti-
cle80,paragraphe 1,de la Charte, selonlesquels «aucune disposition
du présent chapitre [XII] ne sera interprétée comme modifiant
directement ou indirectement, en aucune manière, les droits quel-
conques d'aucun État ou d'aucun peuple, ou les dispositionsd'actes
internationaux en vigueur auxquels des Membres de l'organisation
peuvent êtreparties ». Toutefois, l'extinction de la sunleillance
exercéepar la Société desNations et de l'article 6 du Mandat n'est
due à rien qui soit contenu dans le chapitre XII de la Charte, mais
à la dissolution de la Société desNations, en sorte qu'il est difficile
d'apercevoir la pertinence de cet article))

L'effet juridique de l'article 80, paragraphe 1, est très heureu3e-
ment exposé par M. Nisot dans un article sur l'avis consultatif de
la Cour internationale de Justice relatif au Statut international du
Sud-Ouestafricain (SouthAfrican Law Jozwnal, volume 86, 3rnepar-
tie, août 1951, pages 278-279) :

«Le seul but de l'article est d'empêcherque le chapitre XII de
la Charte ne soit interprétéde manière à affecter ouà modifierd'une
manière quelconque les droits quels qu'ils soient des États et des
peuples tels qu'ils existent en attendant la conclusion d'accords de
Tutelle. Ces droits tirent .leur existence juridique des actes qui les
ont créés; ils demeurent valablesaussi longtemps que ces derniers
eux-mêmessont valables. S'ilssont maintenus, c'est en vertu de ces
actes et non en vertu de l'article 80 qui se borne à disposer que les
droits des États et des peuples- quels qu'ils soient, et dans quelque
mesure qu'ilssubsistent - ne serontpas affectéspar le chapitre XII.648 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE V.SX WYK)
These rights, the Court holds, continue to exist, since they have
been maintained by Article 80. But even supposing it did maintain
anything, Article 80 could only maintain whatever existed. It could
neither resurrect extinct nor create new ones.
Now, what, in actuality, were the rights derived by peoples from
the Mandate and from Article 22 of the Covenant? They were not
rights to the benefit of abstract supervision and control. They con-
sisted of the right to have the administration supervised and con-
trolled by the Counci2of the League of Nations, and, in particular,
the right to ensure that annual reports were rendered by the
mandatory Power to the Councilof theLeagueof Nations, as it was,
and the right to send petitions to the Secretariat of the League of
Nations. What has become of these rights? They have necessarily
disappeared as a result of the disappearance of the organs of the
League (Council, Permanent Mandates Commission, Secretariat).
The Court could not correctly conclude that such rights had been
maintained by Article 80, except by contending at the same time
that, for the purposes of the Mandate for South West Africa, the
said organs had survived the dissolution of the League.
(d) Being unable, and for good reasons, so to contend, the Court
creates new rights. To the Court, the right of peoples 'maintained'
by Article 80 is linked to the United Nations Organization. It is a
right to supervision and control by the United Nations, to which
annual reports and petitions are, in consequence, to be rendered
and addressed. Lacking any other available provision in the Charter,
the Court founds such a conclusion on Article 80. According to iti
thesis, it is because Article 80 'maintains' the rights of peoples that
these, though linked to the League, must now be deemed linked to
the United Nations! To infer this from a text worded as Article 80
amounts to assuming that, with respect tothe Mandates System, the
United Nations stands as the legal successor of the League, an
assumption inconsistent with the discussions of San Francisco and
with the very fact that the Charter provides for the conclusion of
Trusteeship Agreements."

Manley O. Hudson in the American Journal of International
Law, Vol. 45, 1951 ,riticizes the Court's decision as follows:
"Article 80 (1)of the Charter seems to be the principal basis of
the Court's conclusion that the Union of South Africa must report
to the General Assembly. This Article provided that, until the
conclusion of Trusteeship Agreements, nothing in Chapter XII of
the Charter should 'be construed in or of itself toaltevin any manner
the rights whatsoeverof any States or any fieoples or the terms of
existing international instruments' (italics supplied). The text
clearly shows an intention that Chapter XII should not effect any
alteration of rights or terms. This intention was 'entirely negative
in character'. The provision served an obvious purpose when Chapter
XII of the Charter was drawn up: the Mandate was still in force
at that time: asthe League of Nations had not then been dissolved,
any alteration of the existing situation was a matter forits considera-
tion. Article 80 (1)was a precautionary provision designed .to
negative the accomplishment of any change in the existing situation
by reason of Chapter XII 'in or of itself'. Itis not surprising that
333 Mais mêmeen supposant qu'il ait maintenu quelque chose, l'arti-
cle 80 n'a jamais pu maintenir que ce qui existait. 11ne pouvait ni
ressusciter des droits éteints ni en créer de nouveaux.

Or, quels étaient effectivement les droits des peuples dérivant

du Mandat et de l'article 22 du Pacte? Il ne s'agissait pas de droits
au bénéficed'une surveillance et d'un contrôle abstraits. Il s'agissait
du droit de voir l'administration surveilléeet contrôléepar le Conseil
de la Sociétédes Nations et en particulier du droit d'obtenir que la
Puissance mandataire soumette des rapports annuels au Conseilde
laSociétédesNations, tel qu'il existait alors, et dudroit d'envoyer des
pétitions au Secrétariatde la Société deNsations. Qu'est-il advenu de
ces droits? Ils ont nécessairement disparu avec la disparition des
organes de la Société desNations (Conseil,Commission permanente
des Mandats, Secrétariat).
La Cour ne pouvait pas légitimement conclure que ces droits
avaient étémaintenus par l'article 80, à moins de soutenir en même
temps qu'aux fins du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, ces organes
avaient survécu à la dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations.

d) Comme elle ne pouvait le soutenir, et pour cause, la Cour a
crééde nouveaux droits. Pour elle, le droit des peuples«maintenu
par l'article 80 se rattache àl'organisationdes Nations Unies. C'est
un droit à la surveillance et au contrôle deNations Unies auxquelles
doivent en conséquence êtretransmis et adressésles rapports et les
pétitions. Faute d'une autre disposition possible dans la Charte, la
Cour fonde cette conclusion sur l'article 80. D'après la thèse de la
Cour, c'est parce que l'article 80((maintient »les droits des peuples
qu'on doit considérerque ces droits, bien que rattachés àla Sociétédes
Nations, sont aujourd'hui liésaux Nations Unies! Le déduire d'un
texte rédigécomme l'article 80, c'est admettre qu'en ce qui concerne
le système des Mandats, les Nations Unies constituent le successeur
de la Société des Nations, conception incompatible avec les discus-
sions à San Francisco et avec le fait mêmeque la Charte prévoit la
conclusion d'accords de Tutelle. ))

Dans I'American Joztrnal of International Law, volume 45, 1951.
Manley O. Hudson critique l'avis dela Cour dans les termessuivants :

« L'article 80, paragraphe 1,dela Charte semble êtrelemotif prin-
cipal pour lequel la Cour a conclu que l'Union sud-africaine dojt
soumettre des rapports à l'Assembléegénérale.Cet article prévoyait
que jusqu'à la conclusion des accords de Tutelle, aucune disposition
du chapitre XII de la Charte «ne sera interprétée comme modifiant
directement ouindirectement,en aucunemanière,lesdroitsquelconques
d'aucun État ou d'aucun fieufileou les dispositions d'actes inter-
nationaux en vigueur auxquels les Membres de l'Organisation peu-
vent être parties » (les italiques sont de nous). Le texte montre
clairement l'intention d'empêcherle chapitre XII d'effectuer une
modification quelconque dans les droits ou les conditions. Cette
intention était « d'un caractère purement négatif ». La disposition
jouait un rôle évidentquand on a rédigéle chapitre XII de la Charte:
à cette époque, le système des Mandats était encore en vigueur et,

la Société desNations n'ayant pas encore étédissoute, toute modi-
fication à la situation existanterelevait de son examen. L'article 80
333649 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)
Judge McNair found it 'difficultto see the relevance of this Article'.

I'et the Court gave an affirmative effect to Article Yo(1), turning
it into a positive 'safeguard' for maintaining the rights of States
and the rights of the peoples of the Mandated Territory. This is the
more notable because at a later stage the Court stressed the 'entirely
negative' character of Article So (z),declining to Saythat the latter
imposed a positive obligation on the Mandatory even to negotiate
with a view to the conclusion of a Trusteeship -Agreement.

No attention was paid by the Court to the fact that certain
States, which as Members of the former League of Nations may
have 'rights' under Article 22 of the Covenant and under the Ifan-
date itself, had no responsibility for the Charter and have never
become Members of the United Nations. For example, Finland,
Ireland and Portugal, which were represented at the final session
ofthe Assembly of the League of Nations in 1946,arein this category.
If their rights are 'maintained' by Article So (1) of the Charter,
they have no voice in the supervisioil to be esercized by the General
.Assembly.''

George Schwarzeilberger in Ilzternational Law, 3rd edition,
Vol. 1,p. IOI, commented igzteralia as follo~~s:

"...the World Court was faced with the issue of whether the United
Sations had become responsible for the discharge of the supervisory
function which the League had formerly exercizrd in relation to the
only still surviving Mandate. In support of a psitive answer, the
Court could neither rely on any general principle of succession
between international perçons nor any relevant transaction between
the two collective systems. Nonetheless, on the basis of a threefold
argument, it arrived at this co~iclusion.
The Court pointed out that the 'raisond'êtra end original object'
of the international obligations entered into by the Union of South
-4fricahad not changed. Al1that had liappened was that the former
supervisory organ had disappeared. The United Nations, however,
had at its disposa1 'another international organ performing similar,
though not identical supervisory functions'. The Court strengthened
this reasoning by its interpretation of the declared intentions of
the Ilandatories, including the Union of South .Africa,to continue
the administration of the mandates in accordance with the man-
dates treaties until other arrangements should have been made
between the United Nations and the Alandatories. The Resolution of
Xpril ~Sth, 1946, of the League Assembly which took note of these
intentions of the Mandatories presupposed that 'the supervisory
functioils esercized by the League would be taken over by the United
Sations'. The still missing link with the United Yations was provided
by the Court's interpretation of Article So of the Charter of the
United Nations. It \vas admitted in the majority Opinion that 'this
provision only says that nothing in Chapter XII shall be construed
to alter therigl-itsof States or peoples or the terms of existing inter-
334 AFF. S.-O. AFRICAIN (OPIN. DISS. DE M. VAN WYK) 649

(1)était une mesure de précaution destinée à empêcherque le cha-
pitre XII, en lui-même oupar lui-même n'accomplisseune modifi-
cation quelconque dans la situationexistante. Il n'est passurprenant
que le juge McNair ait eu de la peine à «apercevoir la pertinence de
cet article)).
Et cependant la Cour a attaché au paragraphe I de l'Article 80
un effet positif le transformant en une ((garantie » positive pour
maintenir les droits des États et les droits des peuples des territoires
sous Mandat. Cela est d'autant plus remarquable que la Cour a
soulignéplusloin le caractère «entièrement négatif 1)de l'Article 80,
paragraphe 2, déclinant de dire que cette dernière disposition
imposait une obligation positive aux Mandataires mêmede négocier
et conclure un accord de Tutelle.
La Cour n'a pas retenu le fait que certains États qui, en tant que
Membres de l'ancienne Société desNations pouvaient avoir des
((droits» en vertu de l'article22 du Pacte et du Mandat lui-même,
n'avaient aucune responsabilité en vertu de la Charte et n'étaient
mêmejamais devenus Membres des Nations Unies. La Finlande,
l'Irlande et le Portugal, par exemple, qui étaient représentés à la
dernière session de la Sociétédes Nations en 1946 sont dans cette
catégorie. Bien que leurs droits sont «maintenus »par l'Article 80,
paragraphe 1, de la Charte, ils ne participent pas au contrôle à
exercer par l'Assembléegénérale. e

George Schwarzenberger dans I.izternationa1Law, 3rne édition,
volume 1, page 101, a formulé notamment le commentairesuivant :

«...la Cour mondiale étaitsaisie du problème de savoir si les Nations
Unies étaient devenues responsables de l'accomplissement des fonc-
tions de surveillance que la Société desNations avait exercées
antérieurement sur le seul Mandat encore existant. A l'appui d'une
réponse affirmative, la Cour ne pouvait invoquer ~?iprincipe général
de succession entre personnes internationales, ni passation d'un acte
pertinent entre les deux systèmes collectifs. Néanmoinssur la base
d'un triple argument elle est arrivée à cette conclusion.
La Cour a signaléque «la raison d'êtreet le but primitif »des
obligations internationales acceptées par l'Union sud-africaine
n'avaient pas changé.Tout ce qui s'était produit c'est que l'ancien
organe de surveillance avait disparu mais les Nations Unies «offrent
un autre organe international chargéde fonctions analogues encore
que non identiques ».La Cour a renforcéce raisonnement par son
interprétation des intentions déclarées desmandataires y compris
l'Union Sud-africaine de continuer d'administrer les mandats
conformémentau traité de Mandat jusqu'à ce que d'autres arrTge-
ments aient étépassésentre les Nations Unies et les mandataires.
La résolution du 18 avril 1946 de la Société desNations qui a pns
note de ces intentions des mandataires présupposait que (les fonc-
tions de surveillance exercées par la Société desNations seraient
reprises par les Nations Unies ».Le chaînon manquant du côté des
Nations Unies a étéfourni par l'interprétation que la Cour a donnée
de l'Article 80 de la Charte des Nations Unies. L'opinion de la
majorité a reconnu que « cette clause prévoit seulement qu'aucune
disposition du chapitre XII ne sera interprétée comme modifiant
les droits d'aucun État ou d'aucun peuple ou les dispositions d'actes

334 national instruments'. Still, with the assistance of a somewhat
debatable presupposition and 'obvious' intentions, the last gap
was bridged. It is not surprising that Judge McNair should have
found it 'difficultto see the relevance of this Article'.
Having filled the legal void which separated the supervisory
functions of the League of Nations from those of the United Na-
tions, the Court proceeded with its self-imposed task of 'judicial
legislation".

The third reason advanced by the Court for its finding that the
functions of the organs of the League may now be exercized by
the organs of the United Nations is as follows:

"The Assembly of the League of Nations, in its Resolution of
April 18th, 1946, gave expression to'a corresponding view. It rec-
ognized, as mentioned above, that the League's functions with
regard to the Mandated Terntories would come to an end, but
noted that Chapters XI, XII and XII1 of the Charter of the United
Nations embody principles corresponding to those declared in
of the Mandatory States to continue to administer the territories
in accordance with the obligations contained in the Mandates until
other arrangements should be agreed upon between the United
Nations and the Mandatory Powers. This Resolution presupposes
that the supervisory functions exercized by the League would be
taken over by the United Nations."

This Resolution of the Assembly of the League of 18 April 1946
has already been fully dealt with. It will be recalled that the United
Nations Resolution of 12 February 1946 relating to the functions
and powers of the League under treaties,international conventions,
agreements or other instruments of a political character were to
the effect that the United Nations would examine any request
from the parties, and that the United Nations should assume the
exercise of functions or powers entrusted to the League of Nations.

The League Resolution remained silent in regard to this particular
Resolution, and apart from the one dealing specifically with the
Mandates, it confined its resolutions to functions, powers and
activities of a non-political character. From this one must infer
that inasmuch asthe United Nations in terms of its resolutions had
resolved that it would examine each treaty separately when re-
quested to do so by the parties, the League Assembly considered
that there was no further function for it to perform. The Assembly
of the League was aware of the resolutions of the United Nations
and if,despite these resolutions, it intended to transfer the League's
function relative to the Mandates to the United Nations, it would
have passed a resolution to that effect. The draft resolution of
China, it will be recalled, expressly drew the League's attention
to the fact that the supervisory function of the organs of the
League were noi being transferred to the United Nations, and
proposed that the League's function as supervisory organ for internationaux en vigueur )).Néanmoins, grâce à une supposition
préalableassezdiscutable et à des intentions (évidentes »,le dernier
obstacle a été franchi.11n'est pas étonnant que le juge McNair ait
estiméqu'il était (difficiled'apercevoirla pertinencede cet article».
Ayant comblé levide juridique qui séparait les fonctions de sur-
veillance de la Société desNations et celles des Nations Unies, la
Cour a poursuivi le rôle qu'elle s'étaitimposéde ((législateurjudi-
ciaire». »

Le troisième motif invoqué par la Cour pour dire que les organes
des Nations Unies peuvent aujourd'hui exercer les fonction des
organes de la Sociétédes Nations est le suivant:

(iPar sa résoiution du18avril 1946,l'Assembléede la Société des
Nations avait exprimédes vues analogues.Elle reconnut - commeil
a étédit plus haut - que les fonctjons de la ,SociétédesNations
relativement aux territoires sous Mandat prendraient fin, mais elle
nota que des principes correspondant à ceux que déclarel'article 22
du Pacte sont incorporésdans les chapitres XI, XII et XII1 de la
Charte des Nations Unies.E1le:notaenoutre quelesÉtats mandataires
avaient exprimé leurintention de continuer à administrer les tem-
toires conformémentaux obligations contenues dans les Mandats
jusqu'à ce que de nouveaux arrangements fussent pris entre les
Nations et les Puissances mandataires. Cette résolutionprésuppose
que les fonctions de surveillance exercées par la Sociétédes Nations
seraient reprises par les Nations Unies. »

Cette résolution de l'Assemblée de la Sociétédes Nar~uris du
18 avril 1946 a déjàétéexaminée de façon complète. On se souvien-
dra que la résolution des Nations Unies du 12 février 1946, relative
aux fonctions et aux pouvoirs de la Sociétédes Nations définispar
les traités, conventions internationales, accords ou autres instru-
ments de caractère politique, portait que les Nations Unies étudie-

raient toute demande émanant des parties et que les Nations Unies
assumeraient l'exercice des fonctions et pouvoirs confiés àla Société
des Nations. La résolution de la Sociétédes Nations n'a rien dit
sur cette résolution part,iculière et, en dehors de celle qui traite
spécifiquement des Mandats, elle a borné ses résolutions aux fonc-
tions, pouvoirs et activités de caractère non politique. Il faut en
déduire que les Nations Unies ayant décidé,par les termes de leur

résolution, d'examiner séparément chaque traité lorsque les parties
les inviteraient à le faire, l'Assemblée de la Sociétédes Nations a
estimé qu'elle n'avait pas d'autre fonction à remplir. Cette Assem-
blée connaissait les résolutions des Nations Unies et, si en dépit
de ces résolutions elle avait voulu transférer aux Nations Unies les
fonctions de la Sociétédes Nations en matière de Mandats, elle
aurait passé une résolution à cet effet. On se souviendra que le
projet de résolution chinois attirait expressément l'attention de la
Sociétédes Nations sur le fait que les fonctions de surveillance des

organes de la Sociétédes Nations n'étaient pas transférées aux
Nations Unies et proposait de transférer aux Nations Unies, jusqu'à
335mandated territories should be transferred to the United Nations
until the Trusteeship Council should be constituted. This was in
direct conflictwith the Resolution of the United Nations and would

in al1 probability not have had the unanimous approval that a
resolution of the League required. The fact that it was dropped and
another resolution, omitting the aforesaid provision, adopted, proves
that the League of Nations did not intend to transfer its functions
as the supervisory organ for mandated territories to the United
Nations. See in this regard Hogg's Treaty Interpretation, Min-
nesota Law Review, 1959, page 43.

1 have already dealt with the statements of the Mandatories
andthe Resolution of the Assembly of the League at its dissolution.
They, too, contain no evidence of an assumption that the super-
visory function of the League would be taken over by the United
Nations. On the contrary, if regard is had to allthe facts, there
is no justification whatsoever for the assumption in the majority
Opinion in regard to the "presupposition" that the supervisory
function of the League would be taken over by the United Nations.

Tlie Court was obviou-y unaware of al1 the relevant facts relating
to the Resolution of the League Assembly, e.g. the original resolu-
tion of the representative of China. It was certainly unaware of its
significance as no mention is made thereof in the Judgment. Had
the Court been aware of al1 the facts and their true significance,
it would not, and could not have arrived at the conclusion it did.

In any event the League resolution is not a treaty or convention,
and even if it is, it has not been registered in terms of Article 102
of the Charter, and cannot therefore be invoked in this Court.

Nisot, op. cit., p. 280, criticizes the Court as follows

"(e) However, the Court also invokes, as supporting its con-
clusions, the Resolution of 18th April 1946 whereby the Assembly
of the League of Nations 'recognizesthat, on the termination of the
League's existence, its functions with respect to the mandated
territoneswillcometo an end, but notes that Chapters XI, XII and
XII1 of the Charter of the United Nations embody pnnciples corres-
ponding to those declaredinArticle22ofthe Covenantofthe League'.
But one fails to see how this statement can provide any support
for a suggestion that it wasthe Assembly's opinionthat a Mandatory
nn obligation to submit to supervision and control by the United
Nations.
This was no more the opinion of the Assembly of the League of
Nations than that of the General Assembly of the United Nations,
which, by its Resolution of 9th February 1946,urged the conclusion
of trustoeship agreements, implying that no implementation of the

336 la constitution du Conseil de tutelle, les fonctions de la Sociétédes
Nations en tant qu'organe de surveillance pour les territoires sous
Mandat. Cette proposition était directement en confit avec la
résolution des Nations Unies et, en toute probabilité, elle n'aurait
pas réuni l'approbation unanime requise pour une résolution de la
Société desNations. Le fait qu'elle a étéabandonnée et qu'une
autre résolution qui ne contenait pas cette disposition a été adoptée
prouve que la Société desNations n'a pas envisagé de transférer
aux Nations Unies ses fonctions comme organe de surveillance pour
les temtoires sous Mandat. Voir sur ce point l'article de Hogg,
Treaty Interpretation, ,%finnesotaLaw Reviezel, 1959, page 43.
J'ai déjàtraité desdéclarations desMandataires et des résolutions

de la Sociétédes Nations lors de sa dissolution. Elles non plus ne
contiennent aucune preuve de la reprise par les Nations Unies de
la surveillance exercée par la Société desNations; au contraire, si
l'on tient compte de tous les faits, on voit qu'il n'existe aucune
justification quelconque permettant de présumer, comme le fait
la majorité dans l'avis consultatif, la ((présupposition )) que les
fonctionsde surveillance de la Société des Nations seraient reprises
par les Nations Unies. Il est é~ident~quela Cour ne connaissait
pas tous les faits pertinents se rapportant à la résolution de la
Sociétédes Nations, tels que par exemple la résolution primitive du
représentant de la Chine. Il est certain qu'elle en ignorait la signi-

fication, puisqu'elle n'en a fait aucune mention dans son avis. Si
la Cour avait connu tous les faits et leur signification véritable, elle
n'aurait pas abouti, et elle n'aurait pu aboutir, à la conclusion à
laquelle elle est arrivée.
De toute façon, la résolution de la Sociétédes Nations n'est pas
un traité ou une convention et, mêmesi elle l'était, elle n'a pas
étéenregistrée conformément à l'article102 de la Charte et ne peut
donc pas êtreinvoquée devant la Cour.

Nisot (op.cit., p. 280) critique la Cour en ces termes,:

((e) La Cour invoque cependant à l'appui de ses conclusionsla
résolutiondu 18 avril 1946 par laquelle l'Assembléede la Société
des Nations ((reconnaît que la dissolution de Ia Sociétdes Nations
mettra fin à ses fonctions en ce qui concerne les territoires, ~ous
Mandat maisnote quedes principescorrespondant à ceuxque declare
- l'articl22 du Pacte sont incorporésdans les chapitres XI, XII et
XII1 de la Charte des Nations Unies ».
Mais onne voit pas commentcette formule peut étayer l'idée que
l'Assembléeétait d'avis qu'une Puissance mandataire quoique non
liéepar un accord de tutelle étaitdans l'obligationde se soumettre
à la surveillanceou au contrôle desNations Unies.

Ceci n'était pas plus l'opinion de l'Assembléede la Société des
Nations que cellede l'Assemblée générale deNs ations Uniesqui, par
sa résolution du 9 février1946, recommandait la conclusiond'ac-
cords de tutelle ce qui supposait qu'aucune application desrincipes
336 principles of the Trusteeship System-therefore, no supervision or
control-was possible in the absence of such agreements."

Hall, in Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship, p. 273,
commented as follows in regard to the League Açsembly Resolution
of18 April 1946:
"Tlie significance of this Resolution of the League Assembly
becomes clearer when it is realized that for many months the most
elaborate discussions had beenaking placebetween the governments
asto the exact procedure to be adopted in making the transition
between the League and the United Nations. It was the function 'of
the Preparatory Commission and the committees succeeding it to
make recommendations on the transfer of functions, activities, and
assets of the League. Ail the assets of the-League had been carefuily
tabulated. Al1its rights and obligations that could be bequeathed to
the United Nations and which the latter desired to take over were
provided for in agreements that were made. But in the case of
mandates, the League died without a testament."

Manley O. Hudson commented as follows in the Twenty-Ninth
Year of the World Court, American Journal O/ International Law,
vol.45, 1951 , .13:

"To support its additional conclusion that the Union of South
Africaisobliged to submit to the supervision of, and to render annual
reports to, the United Nations, the Court relied upon a resolution
adopted by the final Assembly of the League of Nations on 18 April
1946, which was said to presuppose 'that the supervisory functions
exercized bythe League would be taken over by the United Nations'.
This is hardly borne out by the text of the Resolution, however."
The final reason advanced in the majority Opinion and the
Court's conclusion are as follows :
"The competence of the General Assembly of the United Nations
to exercise such supervision and to receive and examine reports is
derived from the provisions of Article IO of the Charter, whicli
authorizes the General Assembly to discuss any questions or anj-
matters within the scope of the Charter and to make recommenda-
tions on these questions or matters to the Members of the United
Nations. This competence was in fact exercized by the General
Assembly in Resolution 141 (II) of November ~st, 1947, and in
Resolution 227 (III) of November 26th, 1948, confirmed by Resolu-
tion 337 (IV) of December bth, 1949.
For the above reasons, the Court has arrived at the conclusion that
the General Assembly of the United Nations is legally qualified to
exercise the supervisory functions previously exercized bythe League
of Nations with regard to the administration of the Territory, and
that the Union of South Africa isunder an obligation to submit to
supervision and control of the General Assembly and to render
annual reports to it."
This final reason can hardly be termed the reason for the above
conclusion. It will be observed that Article IO only applies if a

337 AFF. S.-o. AFRIL.AIN (OPIX. DISS. DE M. VAN IVYK)
652
du régimede tutelle - et par conséquent aucune surveillance ou
contrôle - n'étaitpossible en l'absence de pareils accords. ))

Hall, dans son ouvrage Illandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship,
page 273, a formulé le commentaire suivant sur la résolution de
l'Assemblée de la Sociétédes Nations du 18 avril 1946:

«La portée decette résolution de la Société desNations devient
plus claire si l'on songe que les discussions les plus approfondies
s'étaientpoursuivies pendant plusieurs mois entre lesgouvernements
quant à la procédure exacte à adopter pour assurer la transition
entre la Société desNations et les Nations Unies. La Commission
préparatoire et les comités qui lui ont succédéavaient pour fonc-
tions de faire desrecommandations au sujet dutransfert desfonctions,
des activités et des avoirs de la Sociétédes Nations. Tous les avoirs
de celle-ci avaient été soigneusement inventoriés; tous ses droits
et obligations qui pouvaient êtreconférésaux Nations Unies et que
cette dernière désirait reprendre étaient prévusdans les accords qui
ont étépassés.Mais, dans le cas des Mandats, la Société desNations
est morte sans testament. ))

Dans son article siir la vingt-neuvième année de la Cour mondiale,
American Jozlrnal of International Law, volume 45, 1951, page 13,
Manley O. Hudson a formulé le commentaire suivant :

« Pour étayersa conlusionadditionnelle que l'Union sud-africaine
est tenue de se soumettre au contrôle des Nations Unies et de leur
présenterdes rapports annuels, la Cour invoque la résolutionadoptée
par la dernière Assembléede la Société des Nations le 18 avril 1946,
qui aurait présupposé«que les fonctions de surveillance exercées
par la Société des Nationsseraient reprises par les Nations Unies ».
Mais cela ne ressort guère du texte de la résolution. ))

Le dernier motif invoqué par la majorité dans l'avis consultatif
et la conclusion de la Cour sont les suivants:
((La compétence del'Assembléegénérale desNations Unies pour
exercer un tel contrôle et pour recevoir et examiner des rapports
se déduitdes termes générauxde l'article IO de la Charte qui autorise
l'Assembléegénérale à discuter toutes questions ou affaires rentrant
dans le cadre de la Charte et à formuler sur ces questions ou affaires
des recommandations aux Membres des Nations Unies. Cette com-
pétencea étéen fait exercéepar l'Assembléegénéraledans sa résolu-
tion 141 (II) du ~er novembre 1947 et sa résolution 227 (III) du
26 novembre 1948,confirméespar la résolution337 (IV) du 6 décem-
bre 1949.

Pour ces motifs, la Cour arrive à la conclusion que l'Assemblée
générale desNations Unies est fondéeen droit à exercer les fonctions
de surveillance qu'exerçait précédemmentla Société desNations en
ce qui concerne l'administration du Territoire et que l'Union sud-
africaine a l'obligation de se prêterà la surveillance de l'Assemblée
généraleet de lui soumettre des rapports annuels. ))

11est dificile de qualifier ce dernier motif de la conclusion ci-

dessus. On remarquera que l'article IO s'applique seulement si
337 question or matter is within the scope of the Charter or relates to
the pouTerand functions of any organ provided for in the Charter,
and the General Assembly is merely authorized to discuss and make
recommendations on such questions or matters. The General
Assembly undoubtedly has the right to discuss a report that is
made to it, but its rjght to discuss a report which is made to ithas
no bearing on the question whether there is a legal obligation to
report to it. If the legal effect of Article 80 (1)of the Charter is
that the Mandatory's obligations to make annual reports to the
Council of the League relating to the administration of. the man-
dated territories were to be converted into obligations to furnish
these reports to an organ of the United Nations after the dissolu-
tion of the League and until trusteeship agreements were entered
into, discussions and recomniendations in regard thereto would

be within the powers of the General Assembly in terms of Article IO.

Manley O. Hudson, op. cit. p,. 14, remarks as follows:
"The Court seems to have placed emphasis on the competence of
the General Assembly to exercise supervision cd to receive and
examine reports. Such competence can hardly be doubted. Yet it
does not follow from the conclusion that the General Assembly
'islegally qualified to exercise the supervisory functions previously
exercised by the League of Nations', that the Union of South Africa
is under an obligation to submit to supervision and control by the
General Assembly, or that it is obligated to render annual reports
to the General Assembly."
In dealing with Article 7 of the Mandate, the aforesaid majority
Opinion states :
"According to Article 7 of the Mandate, disputes between the
Mandatory State and another Member of the League of Nations
relating to the interpretation or the application of the provisions of
the Mandate, if not settled by negotiation, should be submitted to
the Permanent Court of International Justice. Having regard to
Article 37 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and
Article 80, paragraph 1,of the Charter, the Court is of opinion that
this clause in the Mandate is still in force and that, therefore, the
Union of South Africa is under an obligation to accept the compul-
sory jurisdiction of the Court according to those provisions."

No other reasons were stated forthis conclusion. It will be observ-
ed that the first, third (the Resolution of the League at its dissolu-
tion) and fourth reasons advanced in the majority Opinion for
the conclusion that the supervisory functions of the League were
transferred to the United Nations, are not mentioned in the above
paragraph. The only articles referred to are Article 80 (1) of the
Charter of the United Nations, and Article 37 of the Statute of

the International Court of Justice. une question ou un problème entrent dans ce cadre de la Charte ou
se rapportent aux pouvoirs et fonctions d'un organe prévu par la
Charte et que l'Assemblée généraleest simplement autorisée à dis-
cuter ces questions ou problèmes et à formulerdesrecommandations
à leur sujet. L'Assemblée généralea certainement le droit de dis-
cuter un rapport qui lui est présenté; mais ce droit de discuter un
rapport qui lui est soumis n'a aucun lien avec la question de savoir
s'il existe une obligation juridique de lui faire rapport. Si l'effet

juridique de l'article 80, paragraphe 1, de la Charteest que l'obliga-
tion du Mandataire d'envoyer au Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations
des rapports annuels concernant l'administration des territoires
sous Mandat devait être convertie en obligation de présenter ces
rapports à un organe des Nations Unies après la dissolution de la
Société desNations et jusqu'à ce que des accords de tutelle aient
été passés, les discussions et les recommandations en la matière
rentreraient dans les pouvoirs de l'Assemblée générale définispar
yarticle IO.
Manlegr O. Hudson (op. cit., p14) remarque :
«La Cour semble avoir insistésur la compétencede l'Assemblée
généralepour exercer une surveillance et recevoir et examiner des
rapports. Cette compétence ne fait guère de doute. Cependant il
ne suit pas de la conclusion que l'Assembléegénérale«est fondée
en droit à exercer les fonctions de surveillance qu'exerçait précé-
demment la Société des Nations » que l'Union sud-zfricainea l'obli-
gation de se prêter à la surveillance et au contrôle de l'Assemblée
générale ou qu'ellesoittenue de lui soumettre des rapports annuels))

Traitant de l'article 7 du Mandat, la majorité déclare dans l'avis

consultatif déjà cité :
((Suivant l'article 7 du Mandat, les différendsqui viendraient
à s'éleverentre l'État mandataire et un autre Membrede la Société
des Nations et relatifsà l'interprétation ouà l'application des dis-
positionsdu Mandat devaient êtresoumis, au cas où ils n'auraient
pas étéréglés par des négociations,à la Courpermanente de Justice
internationale. Vu l'article 37 du Statut de la Courinternationale de
Justice et l'article 80, paragraphe premier, de la Charte, la Cour est
qu'en conséquencel'Union sud-africaine est tenue de reconnaître
comme obligatoire la juridiction de la Cour dans les termes prévus
par ces dispositions))

Aucun autre motif n'a été indiquéà l'appui de cette conclusion.
On remarquera que le premier motif, le troisième motif (résolution
prise par la SociétédesNationslors de sa dissolution) et le quatrième
motif invoqués par la majorité dans l'avis consultatif pour conclure
que les fonctions de surveillance de la Sociétédes Nations ont été
transférées aux Nations Unies ne sont pas mentionnés dans le
passage ci-dessus. Les seuls articles invoqués sont l'article 80,
paragraphe r, de la Charte des Nations Unies et l'article 37 du
Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice.

338 As already stated, if Articl7 of the Mandate remained unamend-
ed, it can no locger apply as it depended for its fulfilment on the
existence of the League. As there is no League in existence there
can be no Members of the League, and accordir?gly no State has
locus standi-to bring proceedicgs under the provisions of Article 7
in its original form. If Article7 still applies, it can only apply in

an amended form, that is, if ex-members of the League or Iklembers
of the United Nations have been substituted for Members of the
League, ancl if this Court has been substituted for the Permanent
Court of International Justice. 1 shall assume that the Court
meant that this was brought about by. the provisions of Arti-
cle 37 of its Statute and Article 80 (1) of the Charter.

I have already pointed out that the legal effect of Article 37
of the Statute of this Court is that in treaties or conventions in
force, this Court is substituted for the former in the place oI inter
alia the Permanent Court of International Justice. It does not
purport to amend the qualifications prescribed in any treaty or
convention and it does not, and cannot, have the effect of substi-
tuti~g ex-Membership of the League of Nations or Membership of
the United Nations, for Membership of the Leagiie in Article 7
of the Mandate. The Court must therefore have relied exclusively

on the provision of Article 80 (1)for its view that Article 7 was
amended by substituting ex-llembership of the League or Member-
ship of the Cnited Xations for Membership of the League.
1 have already dealt with Article 80 (1) of the Charter, and 1
have shown that it does not and was not intended to alter the
provisions of any mandates. There was not the slightest suggestion
at any time, either when Article 80 was drafted, or therefater that
ex-Members of the League or lfembers of the United Nations were
substituted in Article 7.

Judge Read in his separate Opinion at page 169 said:

"The legal rights and interests of Members of the League in
respect of the Mandate, survived with one important exception-
this Court, their right to implead the Union before the Permanent
Court lapsed."

It is not clear on what reasoning the learned Judge arrived at
this conclusion. He apparently argued that inasmuch as the
Mandate for South West Africa was still in existence, the rights of

States which were Members of the League at its dissolution must
still exist.It is not possible to reconciie this reasoning with the
Judge's conclusion that inasmuch as the League had come to an
end Respondent's obligations in respect of reporting and account-
ability had come to an end. He does not appear to have appreciated
339 Si, nous le répétons, l'articl7 du Mandat n'a pas étéamendé, il
n'est plus applicable puisque son application dépendait de l'exis-
tence de la SociétédesNations. Puisqu'il n'existe plus de Sociétédes
Nations, il ne peutrplus y avoir de Membres de la Sociétéet par
conséquent aucun Etat ne jouit du loc?isstalzdi indispensable pour
ouvrir une action aux termes de l'article 7 sous sa forme originale.
Si l'article7 est encore en vigueur, ce ne peut êtreque sous une
forme amendée, c'est-à-dire si les anciens Membres de la Société
des Nations ou les Membres desNations Unies ont étésubstitués aux
Membres de la Sociétédes Nations et si la présente Cour a été subs-

tituée à la Cour permanente de Justice internationale. Je suppose
que dans l'esprit des Membres de la Cour c'est ce qui découlait des
dispositions de l'article 37 de son Statut et de l'article 80, para-
graphe 1, de la Charte.
J'ai déjà soulignéque l'effet juridique de l'article 37 du Statut
de la Cour est que, dans les traités ou conventions en vigueur, la
présente Cour est substituée iqztevalia à l'ancienne Cour permanente
de Justice internationale. Il ne vise pasà amender les qualifications
prescrites dans des traités ou conventions et il n'a pas, et ne saurait
avoir, pour effet de substituer dans l'articl7 du Mandat les anciens
Membres de la Société des Nations ou les Membres des Nations
Unies aux Membres de la Sociétédes Nations. La Cour doit donc
s'être fondée exclusivement sur les dispositions de l'article 80,
paragraphe 1,lorsqu'elle a jugéque l'article 7 était amendé par la

substitution des anciens Membres de la Société des Nations ou des
Membres des Nations Unies aux Membres dela Société des Nations.
J'ai déjà traité de l'article 80, paragraphe 1, de la Charte, pour
montrer qu'il n'a pas modifiéles dispositions des Mandats et qu'il
n'avait pas étéconçu pour cela. Il n'a jamais étéindiqué le moins
du monde, à quelque époque que ce fût, ni lorsque l'article 80 a été
rédigéni plus tard, que les anciens Membres de la Société des
Nations ou les Membres des Nations Unies fussent substitués dans
l'article7 aux Membres de la Société desNations.
M. Read déclare,dans son opinion indivuduelle, page 169:

(...les droits et intérêjuridiques des Membresde la Société des
Nations en matièrede Mandat ont subsisté à une exception impor-
tante près - dans le cas des Membres qui ne sont pas devenus
parti-esau Statut de la Cour,leur droit d'intenter une action contre
l'Union devant la Courpermanente est devenu caduc ».

On ne voit pas clairement par quel raisonnement l'éminent juge
en est venu à cette conclusion. Il soutient apparemment que, dans
la mesure où 1~Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain existe encore,
les droits des Etats qui étaient Membres de la Société desNations
lors de sa dissolution doivent encore exister. Il est impossible de
concilier ce raisonnement avec la conclusion du juge selon laquelle,
dans la mesure où la Société desNations est dissoute, les obligations
du défendeur concernant le devoir de faire rapport et de rendrethat just as Article 6 of the Mandate depended for its fulfilment
on the existence of the League, so Article 7 depended for its ful-
filment on the existence of Members of the League. Presumably his
reasons were the same as those of Judge McNair, with which 1
shall deal presently .

In his separate Opinion Sir Arnold McNair said:
"The judicial suflervisionhas been expressly preserved by means
of Article 37 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice
adopted in 1945:
'Whenever a treaty or convention in force provides for reference
of a matter to a tribunal to have been instituted by the League of
Nations, or to the Permanent Court of International Justice,
the matter shall, as between the parties to the present Statute,
be referred to the International Court of Justice.'
This article effected a successionbythe International Court to the
compulsory jurisdiction conferred upon the Permanent Court by Ar-
ticle 7 of the Mandate; for there can be no doubt that the Mandate,
which embodies international obligations, belongs to the category of
treaty or convention; in the judgment of the Permanent Court in the
Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions(Jurisdiction) case, Series A,
No. 2,p. 35, the Palestine Mandate was referred to as an 'interna-
tional agreement'; and 1 have endeavoured to show that the agree-
ment between the Mandatory and other Members of the League
embodied in the Manàate is still 'in force'. The expression 'Member
of the League of Nations' is descriptive, in my opinion, not condi-
tional, and does not mean 'solong asthe League exists andthey are
Members of it'; their interest in the performance of the obligations
of the Mandate did not accrue to them merely from membership of
the League, as an examination of the content of the Mandate makes
clear. Moreover, the Statute of the International Court empowers
it to cal1from the parties for 'any document' or 'any explanations'
(Article 49);and to entrust any 'individual, body, bureau, commis-
sionor other organization that it may select, with the task ofcarrying
out an enquiry.. .'(Article 50). Article 94 of the Charter empowers
dations or decide upon measures to be taken to give effect to the
judgment' of the Court, in the event of a party to a case failing to
carryout a judgment ofthe Court. In addition, the GeneralAssembly
or the Security Council of the United Nations may request the Court
to give an advisory opinion on any legal question (Article 96 of the
Charter)."

1 must confess that I do not understand the significance in the
inquiry of the articles of the Statute of this Court andthe Charter
referred to in the sentence commencing: "Moreover the Statute
of the International Court. .."
The learned Judge came to the conclusion that the word Meinber
.of the League of Nations in Article 7 is descriptive, and that it
did not mean "so long as,the League exists and they are Members AFF. S.-O. AFRICAIN (OPIN. DISS. DE M. VAN WYK) 655

compte ont aussi pris fin. Il ne semble pas s'êtrerendu compte que,
de mêmeque l'exécution de l'article 6 du Mandat dépend de l'exis-
tence de la Sociétédes Nations, celle de l'article 7 dépend de l'exis-
tence des-Membres de la Société. Sesraisons sont vraisemblablement
les mêmes que celles de sir Arnold McNair dont je vais parler

maintenant.
Dans son opinion individuelle, sir Arnold McNair déclare:
«La surveillance judiciairea étéconservée expressément, grâce à
l'article 37 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice qui a été
adoptéen 1945:

«Lorsqu'un traité ou une convention en vigueur prévoit le
renvoi à une juridiction que devait instituer la SociétédesNations
ou à la Cour permanente de Justice internationale, la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice constituera cette juridiction entre les parties
au présent Statut. ))
En vertu de cet article, la Cour internationale a hérité de la
juridiction obligatoire, conféréeà la Cour permanente par l'article 7
du Mandat ;on ne saurait douter, en effet, que le Mandat, dans lequel
sont incorporées des obligations internationales, appartienne à la
catégoriedes traités ou des conventions; dans l'arrêt rendupar la
Cour permanente en l'affaire desConcessionsMavrommatisen Pales-
tine (compétence),SérieA, no 2,p. 35, le Mandat pour la Palestine
a étéqualifié d'((accord international »; et je me suis efforcéde
démontrer que l'accord entre le mandataire et les autres Membresde
la Société, accord contenudans le Mandat, est encore «en vigueur n.
L'expression ((Membre de la Société des Nations » est, selon moi,
descriptive et non conditionnelle, et ne signifie pas «tant que la

Société desNations existera et qu'elle comptera des Membres ».
L'intérêtqu'ils ont à ce que les obligations du Mandat soient exécu-
tées neprovient pas pour eux simplement de leur participation à la
Société, ainsi quele révèlenettement l'examen du contenu du Man-
dat. En outre, le Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice confère
à celle-ci le pouvoir de demander aux parties de ((produiretout
document et de fournir toutes explications » (article 49;et de confier
«une enquête ou une expertise à toute personne, corps, bureau,
commission ou organe de son choix » (article 50). L'article 94 de la
Charte confèreau Conseil de Sécurité desNations Unies le pouvoir
de «faire desrecommandations et décider desmesures à prendre pour
faire exécuterl'arrêt))dela Cour, si une partieà un litige ne satisfait
pas aux obligations qui lui incombent en vertu d'un arrêtrendu par
celle-ci. En outre, l'Assembléegénérale oule Conseil de Sécurité des
Nations Unies peuvent demander à la Cour des avis consuitatifs sur
toute question juridique (article 96 de la Charte).))

Je dois avouer ne pas comprendre l'importance qui s'attache à
l'examen des articles du Statut de la Cour et de la Charte mention-
nésdans la phrase commençant par les mots: ((En outre, le Statut
de la Cour internationale de Justice ..))
L'éminent juge conclut que l'expression « Membre de la Société
des Nations )revêtdans l'article 7 un caractère descriptif et qu'il ne
signifie pas (ctant que la Sociétédes Nations existera et qu'elle

340of it".1 have dealt fully with the provisions of the Mandate and
the Covenant and 1 have indicated that the phrase "Member
of the League of Nations" cannot mean "ex-member of the League
of Nations". "Member of the League" must clearly in the absence
of any amendment of Article 7 be given the same meaning today it

had when the Mandate first came into existence. Membership of
the League was necessary before a State could obtain locus standi
to bring proceedings under Article 7, and similarly continued
Membership was necessary to retain such loczfisstandi. The clear
and unambiguous meaning of the words "Member of the League" is
therefore a Member of the League at the time when the particular
provisions of the Article are sought to be applied. It was clearly
never intended that the rights conferred on Members of the League
as Members of the League would continue to be held after Member-
ship had ceased. The words "Member of the League" appear in
al1the Mandates and when construed in their context cannot include
States which were but are no longer Members of the League.

The meaning of the words "Member of the League" in Article 7
is so clear that the task of interpretation can hardly be said to arise.
It is not allowed to interpret that which has no need of interpre-
tation.
The learned Judge further stated that the interest of Members of
the League in the performance of the obligations of the Mandate

"did not accrue to them merely from Membership of the League,
as an examination of the content of the Mandate makes clear".
Be this as it may, it is clear that the right to bring proceedings in
the Permanent Court of International Justice accrued to Members
of the League entirely from such Membership. This right flowsfrom
Article 7 of the Mandate and from nothing else. IfArticle 7 were
repealed no such right would have remained. If the Article never
existed, the right would never have existed.

It is accordingly clear that even if Members of the League had
an interest in the performance of the Mandate which did not accrue
from their Membership such interest could not provide any State
with locus standi to bring proceedings in the Permanent Court of
International Justice where such locus standi was not conferred by
Article 7 of the Mandate.

Manley O. Hudson criticizes Judge Mcil'air'sopinion as follows
in the American Journal of InternationaLaw, Vol.45 (1951 p),16:

scriptive,not conditional',andthatt does not mean so longas the-

341comptera des Membres ».J'ai traité très complètement des dispo-
sitions du Mandat et du Pacte et j'ai indiqué que l'expression
((Membre de la Société desNations » ne peut pas signifier ((ancien
Membre de la Saciétédes Nations ».Il faut évidemment donner
aujourd'hui aux termes «Membre de la Société des Y t'ons )t,en
l'absence de tout amendement à l'article 7, le mêmesens que celui
qu'ils avaient lorsque le Mandat est venu au jour. L'appartenance
à la Société des Nations était indispensable à tout Etat pour
obtenir le locus standi permettant d'ouvrir une procédure aux

termes de l'article7 et, de même,il était indispensable de continuer
à êtreMembre de la Sociétédes Nations pour conserver ce locus
standi. Le sens clair et dépourvu de toute ambiguïté des termes
« Membre de la Société desNations » indique donc qu'il s'agit d'un
Membre de la Société desNations à l'époque oii les dispositions
particulières de l'article doivent étreappliquées. Il est évident qu'il
n'a jamais étéprévu que les droits conférésaux Membres de la
Société desNations en tant que tels persisteraient lorsque leur
appartenance à la Sociétéaurait pris fin. Les mots (Membre de la

Société desNations » apparaissent dans tous les Mandats, et inter-
prétésdans leur contexte, ils ne sauraient désigner lesÉtats qui ont
été,mais ne sont plus Membres de la Société.
Le sens des mots ((Membre de la Sociétédes Nations »dans l'arti-
cle 7 est si clair qu'il semblà peine nécessairede l'interpréter. On
ne saurait interpréter ce qui n'a pas besoin de l'être.

L'éminent juge déclare ensuite que l'intérêtdes Membres de la
Société desNations dans l'exercice des devoirs du Mandat « ne

provient pas pour eux simplement de leur participationà la Société,
ainsi que le révèlenettement l'examen du contenu du Mandat ».
Quoi qu'il en soit, il est évident que le droit d'ouvrir une instance
devant la Cour permanente de Justice internationale découlait
entièrement pour les Membres de la Société des Nations de leur
appartenance à cette Société.Il découlait de l'article7 du Mandat
et il en découlait exclusivement. Si l'article 7 était annulé, il ne
resterait rien de ce droit. Si l'article 7 n'avait jamais existé, ce
droit n'aurait jamais existé.

II est également évident que, mêmesi les Membres de la Société
avaient à l'application du Mandat un intérêtqui ne découlât pas de
leur appartenance-à la Sociétédes Nations, cet intérêtne pouvait
assurer à aucun Etat le locus standi lui permettant d'ouvrir une
instance devant la Cour permanente de Justice internationale dès
lors que ce locus standi ne lui aurait pas étéconférépar l'article 7
du Mandat.
Manley 0. Hudson, dans The American Journal of International
Law, volume 45, 1951 ,age 16, critique comme suit l'opinion de

sir Arnold McNair:
(Le juge McNaira exprimél'avis que cette expression est (des-
criptive et non conditionnelle et qu'ellene signifiepas tant qula
341 Leagueexists and thy are Membersof it. Yet what States does it
describe?Does the phrase mean another State which wasa Member
of the League of Nations on December17, ~gzo?If so, Brazil would
be included,though it withdrew fromthe Leagueof Nations in 1923,
and Egypt and Mexicowould be excluded because they were ad-
mitted to the Leagueof Nations at later dates. Doesthe phrase now
mean another State which was a Member of the League just prior
to its dissolution? JudgecNairseemsto have been willingto give
it this import. Yet some States in this category-for example,
nowbe 'States entitled to appear beforethe Court'.In any event, the
meaning is so imprecise that perhaps the Court might have shown
morehesitancein declaringthe replacementto be made in the second
paragraph of Article7 of the Mandate."

The question now anses to what extent the 1950 Advisory
Opinion of this Court should be considered binding in these pro-
ceedings. It is common cause that an Opinion has not the authority
of res jz,tdicatanor does the stare decisis rule apply.1have already
referred to the provisions of Article38 and Article 59 of the Statute
of this Court, the effect of which is that a decision of this Court is
only binding on the parties thereto and that its decisions must be
regarded as subsidiary means for the determining of des of law.
In its Opinion of 30 March 1950 (Interpetution of Peace Treaties
1950, I.C.J., page 71), this Court held that "The Court's reply is
oniy of an advisory character, it has no binding force", and "The
Court's Opinion is given not to States but to the organ which is
entitled to request it". This Court will obviously not readily depart
from a prior ruling especially if the subsequent proceedings involve
substantially the same legal issues. It must, in view of its high

mission, attribute to its Opinions legal value and moral authority,
but when in a subsequent proceeding it becomes clear that an
Opinion previously given is wrong, this Court, however reluctant
it may be to do so, has no option but to Say so.

The issue with which this Court was primarily concerned in 1950
was whether the Mandate was still in force; the question whether
Article 7 still applied was not formulated as a specific question for
the Court's consideration and was merely an incidental issue. It
apparently received very little attention. Dr. Stein, who appeared
on behalf of the Respondent, advanced the contention that by
reason of the dissolution of the League there were no longer any
States which could invoke Article 7 of the Mandate but he ap-
parently regarded this contention as a legal proposition which did

not require further argument.The Majority Opinion disposed there-
of in one single passage, the meaning of which is obscure. In any
event, it has been shown that the two Articles, that is, Article 37
of the Statute of this Court and Article 80 (1) of the Charter, relied
upon by the Court, cannot support its conclusion. It is abundantly
342 SociétédesNationsexisteraetq~'ellecom$tergdesMembres.Maisquels
États décrit-elle?Signifie-t-elle:un autre Etat qui étaitMembre de
la sociétédes Nations le 17 décembre~gzo? S'il en était ainsi, le
Brésilserait inclus,bien que s'étantretirédela Sociétédes ations en
1923,et l'Égypte et le Mexiqueseraient exclus comme n'y ayant été
admis qu'ultérieurement.L'expression signifie-t-ellemaintenant:un
autre État qui était Membre de la Société des Nations juste avant
sa dissolution? Le juge McNair çemble avoir voulu lui donner ce
sens. Maisil se peut que certains Etats relevant d'une telle définition
- comme le Portugal dont les territoires jouxtent le Sud-Ouest
africain- ne soient pas des«Etats admis à ester devant la Cour II.
En tout cas le sensest siimprécisquela Couraurait pu montrer plus
d'hésitationà conclure à la substitutionà faire dans le deuxième
alinéa del'article 7 du Mandat.))
La question se pose à présent de savoir dans quelle mesure l'avis
consultatif rendu par la Cour en 1950 doit être considérécomme

obligatoire dans la présente procédure. Il est constant qu'un avis
n'a pas l'autorité de la chose jugée et que la règle stare decisis ne
s'applique pas en pareil cas. J'ai déjà parlé des dispositions de
l'article38 et de l'article 59 du Statut de la Cour dont l'effet est
que les décisions de la Cour ne sont obligatoires que pour les parties
en litige et qu'ellesc doivent êtreconsidéréesque comme uil moyen
auxiliaire de détermination des règles de droit. Dans son avis du
30 niars 1950 (Interprétation des traitésde paix, C. 1.J. Recueil
1950 ,.71), la Cour a énoncé: « 1.a réponse de la Cour fi's qu'un
caractère consultatif: comme telle, elle ne saurait aoir d'effet
obligatoire » et:((L'avis est donné par la Cour non aux Etats, mais

à l'organe habilité pour le lui demander. » La Cour ne saurait évi-
demment s'écarter d'une décision antérieure, surtout si les procé-
dures subséquentes impliquent en substance les mêmes questions
juridiques. Compte tenu de sa haute mission, la Cour doit attribuer
àses avis une valeur juridique et une autorité moralemais, lorsqu'au
cours d'une procédure ultérieure il apparaît à l'évidence qu'un avis
rendu précédemment est erroné, elle n'a pas d'autre choix que de
le dire, quelque peu disposée qu'elle puisse être à le faire.
La question dont la Cour avait avant tout à décider en 1950
était de savoir si le Mandat était encore en vigueur; la question de
savoir si l'article 7 était encore applicable n'a pas étésoumise

spécifiquement.à l'examen de la-Cour et n'a été qu'un à-côté. Il
semble qu'on y ait prêté trèspeu d'attention. M. Stein, qui repré-
sentait le défendeur, a affirmé qu'en raison de la dissolution de la
Société desNations aucun Etat ne pouvait plus invoquer l'article 7
du Mandat, mais il a apparemment considérécette assertion comme
une proposition juridique qu'il n'y avait pas lieu de développer
davantage. Dans son avis, la majorité n'en a parlé que dans un
seul passage dont le sens est obscur. En tout cas, il a étéprouvé
que les deux articles, à savoir l'article37 du Statut de la Cour et
l'article 80, paragraphe I, de la Charte, sur lesquels la Cour s'ap-

puyait ne sauraient confirmer sa conclusion. Il est tout à fait
342clear that the Court was either unaware of al1 the facts or failed
to appreciate their true significance. A full consideration of all the
material facts leads to the inescapable conclusion that the aforesaid
statement inthe 1950Opinion was erroneous. In these circumstances
there can be no doubt that it is now this Court's duty to rectify
and not to perpetuate its error.
1accordingly come to the conclusion that Article 7 of the Mandate
cannot be invoked as there are no longer Members of the League

to do so. The Respondent has not been a party to any agreement
in terms whereof it agreed that after the dissolution of the League
ex-Members of the League or Members of the United Nations would
be substituted for Member of the League in Article 7of the Mandate
Declaration. It follows that the Applicants have no loczrstandi and
this Court no jurisdiction in the present proceedings.

It is clear that a finding in favour of the Respondent on any of
the issues raised in the Objectionsnécessarilymeans that this Court
has no jurisdiction to deal with the present matter, but in view of
the importance of this matter 1 shall briefly state my views in
regard to some aspects of the remaining issues. At the-outset 1wish
to state that 1am in full agreement with the Opinions of President
Winiarski, Judge Sir Percy Spender and Judge Sir Gerald Fitz-
maurice and Judge Morelli.
The issues stated in the Applications in effect relate exclusively
to the tutelage obligations of the Respondent concerning the peoples
of South West Africa and the Applicants do not claim that their

own interests or that of their citizens are affected. Itis clear that
the Applicants' only motive for bringing these proceedings is their
humanitarian concern for the peoples of the aforesaid territory.

This raises the question whether the Respondent has agreed to
~he Applicants submitting to this Court disagreements relating
exclusively to the interpretation or application of the Respondent's
tutelage obligations and not affecting the Applicants' legal rights
or the legal rights of their citizens.
The compromissory clause in Article 7 provides for reference of
any "dispute" relating to the interpretation or application of the
provisions of the Mandate to the Permanent Court of International
Justice. The enquiry is whether what is sought to be referred to
this Court is a "dispute" within the meaning of this clause.
The first question that anses is whether the word "dispute" in
Article 7means "disagreement embracing any difference of opinion"
or whether it means "a difference concerning the legal rights of the
parties". Both meanings are possible and one must now invoke the
rules of construction and determine, in the light of such evidence

343évident que la Cour n'était pas au courant de l'ensemble des faits
ou bien qu'elle n'a pas mesuré leur véritable importance. Un
examen complet de tous les faits pertinents amène inévitablement

à la conclusion que ledit passage de l'avis de Igjo était erroné.
Dans ces conditions, il ne fait aucun doute que le devoir de la Cour
est à présent de rectifier et non pas de perpétuer son erreur.
Je conclus donc qu'on ne saurait invoquer l'article 7 du Mandat
puisqu'il n'existe plus de Membres de la Sociétédes Nations en état
de le faire. Le défendeur n'a jamais étépartie à aucun accord aux
termes duquel il aurait accepté qu'après la dissolution de la Société
les anciens Membres de la Société ou lesMembres des Nations Unies

fussent substitués,. dans l'article 7 de la déclaration de Mandat,
aux Membres de la Société. Il s'ensuit que les demandeurs ne
jouissent pas du locus standi et que Ia Cour n'est pas compétente en
la présente affaire.

Il est clair que conclure en faveur du défendeur sur l'une quel-
conque des questions soulevéesdans les exceptions équivaut néces-

sairement à conclure à l'incompétence de la Cour en l'espèce,mais.
étant donnél'importance des présentes affaires, je vais brièvement
exposer mon opinion sur certains aspects des autres questions. Je
voudrais dire tout d'abord que je suis entièrement d'accord avec
les opinions du Président Winiarski, de sir Percy Spe~lder et sir
Gerald Fitzmaurice et de M. Morelli.
Les questions dont il est fait état dans les requêtesse rapportent
en fait exclusivement aux obligations du défendeur relatives à la

tutelle des populations du Sud-Ouest africain et les demandeurs ne
prétendent pas que leurs propres intérêtsou ceux de leurs ressortis-
sants soient en cause. II est donc clair que c'est uniquement dans
un souci humanitaire à l'égarddesdites populations que les deman-
deurs ont introduit les présentes instances.
Cela soulève la question de savoir si le défendeur a accepté que
les demandeurs soumettent à la Cour des différends se rapportant
exclusivement à l'interprétation ou à l'application des obligations

tutélaires du défendeur et n'affectant pas les droits des demandeurs
ou de leurs ressortissants.
La clause compromissoire de l'article 7 prévoit le renvoi devant
la Cour permanente de Justice internationale de tout (différend »
relatif à l'interprétation ou à l'application des dispositions du
Mandat. Il convient donc de rechercher si les affaires dont on veut
saisir la Cour constituent des (différends ))au sens de cette clause.
La première question qui se pose est de savoir si le mot ((diffé-

rend ))utilisé à l'article 7 signifie ((désaccord comprenant toute
divergence d'opinion ))ou ((désaccord relatif aux intérêtsjuridiques
des parties )).Les deux acceptions étant recevables, il faut invoquer
maintenant les règles d'interprétation pour déterminer celle quiof intention as is available, which of these meanings should be
preferred. The reasons for preferring the latter meaning are, in
my opinion, unanswerable.
If the word "dispute" is given the meaning of "disagreement
embracing any difference of opinion" it leads to absurd results. It
would mean that it was intended that a Member State could bring

academic differences of opinion to this Court or differences of opinion
relating solely to the interests of another Member of the League or
even a non-Member.
Itwill be recalled that the draft Mandate ~eclaration submitted
by the British Govemment to the Council of the League contained
a provision which provided for disputes between Members of the
League relating to the interpretation orapplication of the provisions
of the Mandate to be submitted to the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice. The reason for changing the wording to the present
form was that Members of the League could not be bound without
their consent. There was no intention to change the meaning of the
word "dispute". If the wording of the original draft was retained
and if the word "dispute" is given the meaning of any difference
of opinion it would have meant that one Member of the League
could have brought proceedings against another Member of the

League relating to a difference of opinion as to the rights of a
third State.
A study of the provisions of Article 36 of the Statute of the
Permanent Court of International Justice leaves no doubt that it
was intended that the Permanent Court of International Justice
should, apart from its duty to give Opinions, be concerned with
legal disputes only. It seems to me quite clear that had any State
referred a dispute to the Permanent Court of International Justice
for adjudication in respect of a matter which did not concern the
rights of such State or its citizens the Court would have refused to
deal with the matter. It would have said that in terms of its own
constitution it was not competent to deal with differences of opinion
or with conflicts of views unrelated to the legal rights of the party
requesting adjudication.
The generally accepted meaning of the word "dispute" in compro-

missos. clauses is a differencebetween States conceming their legal
rights.
Itis clear from the Judgment of the majority, as well as from the
rninonty Opinions in the Mavrommatis case, P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 2,that a legal right was regarded as necessary for locus standi
on the part of the Applicant. If the word "dispute". was considered
to embrace all disagreements irrespective of any legal right or
interest on the part of the Member of the League seeking to invoke
the Article there would have been no need for enquiring into the
legal rights of the Greek Government.
In my view, there can be no doubt that the word "dispute" should
be interpreted as meaning a disagreement between the Mandatos. AFF. S.-O. AFRICAIN (OPIPI. DISS. DE M. VAN WYK)
659
doit être retenue, compte tenu des preuves de l'intention qui
peuvent êtrerapportées. Il est, je crois, incontestable que la seconde
acception doit prévaloir.

Sil'on attribue au mot ((différend )le sens de (désaccord compre-
nant toute divergence d'opinion N, on aboutit à des résultats
absurdes. Celasignifierait qu'on entendait autoriser un Etat Membre
à saisir la Cour de controverses doctrinales ou de divergences
d'opinion se rapportant uniquement aux interêtsd'un autre Membre
de la Société desNations ou mêmed'un Etat non membre.
On se rappellera que le projet de déclaration de Mandat soumis

par le Gouvernement britannique au Conseil de la Société des
Nations contenait une disposition prévoyant le renvoi devant la
Cour permanente de Justice internationale des différends s'élevant
entre les Membres de la Sociétéau sujet de l'interprétation ou de
l'application des dispositions du Mandat. La rédaction a étémodi-
fiéesous la forme que nous connaissons parce que les Membres de
la Sociétédes Nations ne pouvaient êtreliéssans leur consentement.

Mais on n'entendait pas modifier le sens du terme différend N. Si,
eu égard à la rédaction du projet original, on attribue au terme
(differend ))le sens de ((toute divergence d'opinion », il s'ensuit
qu'un Membre de la Société desNations aurait pu actionner un
autre Membre de la Socijté à raison d'une divergence d'opinion
relative aux droits d'un Etat tiers.
L'examen des dispositions de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour

permanente de Justice internationale montre à l'évidence qu'en
dehors de sa fonction consultative elle devait êtreexclusivement
saisie de différends juridiques. Il me semble ne faire aucun doute
que, si un Etat avait soumis au jugement de la Cour permanente
de Justice infernationale un différend ne se rapportant pas aux
droits de cet Etat ou de ses ressortissants, la Cour aurait refuséd'en
connaître. Elle aurait déclaréque son acte constitutif ne l'habilitait

pas à statuer sur des divergences ou des conflits d'opinion n'affectant
pas les droits ou intérêtsjuridiques du demandeur.

L'acception généralement admise du terme (différend 2)dans une
clause compromissoire est celle d'un désaccord entre Etats rela-
tivement à leurs droits.

De l'arrêtde la majorité aussi bien que des opinions minoritaires
dans l'affaire &lavronznzatis,C. P. J. I., Série A no 2, il ressort
clairement que l'existence d'un droit juridique appartenant au
demandeur a été tenue pour indispensable au locr~sstandi. Si le
terme ((différend ))s'était entendu de n'importe quel désaccord,
sans égardaux droits ou intérêtsjuridiques du Membre de la Société
des Nations invoquant la disposition, il n'aurait pas éténécessaire

de s'interroger sur les droits du Gouvernement grec.
Il est à mon avis incontestable que le terme (différend ))doit
être interprétécomme visant un désaccord entre le Mandataire et
344660 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIN. OF JUDGE VAN WYK)

and another Member of the League concerning the legal rights of
such Member.
The next enquiry is whether the present proceedings relate to a
disagreement concerning the Applicants' legal rights.

Applicants contend that they possess the legal right to demand

compliance by the Respondent of al1its tutelage obligations, irre-
spective of whether such obligations affect their rights or the rights
of their citizens. This contention requires a careful examination of
the provisions of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations
and the provisions of the Mandate Declaration.
It will be observed that paragraph 2 of Article22 of the Covenant
provides that the tutelage of the peoples of the territory concerned
should be exercised by the Mandatory on behalf of the League. It

does not provide that the tutelage should be exercised on behalf
of the League and its individual Members. The Mandatory is re-
quired by paragraph 7 of Article22, to report to the Council of the
League. There is no provision requiring the Mandatory to account
to any individual Member of the League. Paragraph I of Article 22
provides that securities for the performance of the sacred trust .
of civilization are to be embodied in the Covenant itself. These
securities do not include supervision by the individual Members of
the League.

Article22 of the Covenant of the League requires the Mandatory
to exercise the tutelage of the peoples concerned on behalf of the
League. It is clear that Article 22 conferred no general rights on
individual States to supervise the Mandatories in any way other
than through their activities as Members of the League. The fact
that Members of the League were concerned about the well-being
and development of these peoples does not mean that it was intend-
ed that each individual State should have the right to demand
from the Mandatory compliance with the tutelage obligations. The

fact that Members of the League were entitled to participate in the
discussions of the League did not confer legal rights on each Member
of the League to supervise the Mandates. The common humani-
tarian concern of Member States forthe well-being and development
of these peoples led to the creation of a super\7isory body and this
supervisory body was clothed with the general right to claim
compliance by the Mandatory of its tutelage obligations.
Itis clear that the intention was that al1the provisions relating

to the Mandatories should be embodied in Article 22 Save that
under the provisions of paragraph 8 of Article 22 "the degree of
authority, control or administration to be exercised by the Manda-
tory" was to be agreed upon by the Members of the League and if
they failed to do so it was to be explicitly defined by the Council
of the League. There, accordingly, was not only no provision to the
effect that individual Member States of the League would have the
right to demand cornpliance by the Mandatory of its sacred trust

345un autre Membre de la Société desNations concernant les intérêts
juridiques de ce dernier.
La question qui se pose ensuite est de savoir si les présentes
instances ont trait àun désaccord relatif aux intérêtsjuridiques des

demandeurs.
Les demandeurs soutiennent qu'ils ont le droit d'exiger du défen-
deur qu'il se conforme à toutes ses obligations tutélaires, que celles-
ci affectent ou non leurs droits ou ceux de leurs ressortissants.
Cette thèse oblige à examiner attentivement les dispositions de
l'article22 du Pacte de la Société desNations et celles de la décla-
ration de Mandat.
On notera que le paragraphe 2 de l'article22 du Pacte prévoit
que la tutelle des habitants du territoire intéressé seraexercéepar

le Mandataire au nom de la Société desNations. Il ne prévoit pas
.que la tutelle doive êtreexercée au nom de la Sociétéet de ses
Membres pris individuellement. Le Mandataire est tenu par le para-
graphe 7 de l'article 22 de faire rapport au Conseil de la Société
des Nations. Aucune disposition n'oblige le Mandataire à rendre
compte à un Membre individuel de la Société. Leparagraphe I de
l'article22 prescrit qu'il convient d'incorporer dans le Pacte même
des garanties pour l'accomplissement de la mission sacréede civili-
sation. Ces garanties ne comprennent pas la surveillance par des
Membres individuels de la Sociétédes Nations.

L'article22 du Pacte de la Société desNations, qui impose au
Mandataire d'exercer la tutelle des populations intéresséesau nom
de la Société,ne confère manifestement pas aux Etats pris indivi-
duellement un droit généralde surveiller les Mandataires autrement
que par l'exercice de leurs activités de Membres de la Société. Le
fait que les Membres de la Sociétése préoccupassent du bien-être
et du développement de ces populations ne signifie pas que l'on
entendait octroyer individuellement à chacun le droit d'exiger du
Mandataire qu'il exécutât ses obligations tutélaires. Le fait que les

Membres de la Sociétéfussent autorisés à prendre part aux débats
de la Sociéténe conférait pas à chacun d'entre eux le droit de
surveiller les Mandats. Le souci humanitaire à l'égarddu bien-être
et du développement de ces populations, commun aux Etats
Membres, les a amenés à créer un organe de surveillance et c'est à
cet organe que l'on a reconnu le droit générald'obliger 1CManda-
taire à exécuter ses obligations tutélaires.
Il ne fait aucun doute que l'on se proposait d'incorporer dans
l'article22 toutes les dispositions relatives aux Mandataires, étant

entendu que, selon le paragraphe 8 dudit article,((le degréd'autori-
té, de contrôle ou d'administration à exercer par le Mandataire »
devait faire l'objet d'une convention entre les Membres de la Société
ou, à ce défaut, qu'il devait êtreexpressément statué sur ces points
par le Conseil. Par conséquent, non seulement aucune disposition
ne stipulait que les Membres individuels de la Sociétépouvaient
exiger du Mandataire qu'il exécutât les obligations inhérentes à sa

345obligations but no provision was made for any organ of the League,
or any other body, adding a provision to this effect. Article 22 of
the Covenant of the League could only be amended by the Members
of the League whose representatives composed the Council and by
a majority of the Assembly in terms of Article 26 of the Covenant.
The Council of the League could not do so on its own. The Council
of the League could, therefore, only define the degree of control,
authority or administration to be exercized by the Mandatory but

could not amend Article 22. The authority to define the degree of
control, authority oradministration did not include authority. to add
to the securities set out in Articl22,not only because its authority
under paragraph 8 did not include such a power, but also because
Article 22 requires in terms the application of the principle that
securities for the performance of the trust should be embodied in
the Covenant.

The Council of the League was not authorized to add to, or to
Vary, the securities set out in Article 22. Its sole function was to

define the degree of authority, control or administration to be exer-
cized by the Mandatory. It had no authority to provide for the
control to be exercized over the Mandatory.
If it is correct toay the Council of the League could not amend
Article 22 and if it is correct to Say that the Council of the League
could not add to the securities for the performance of the sacred
trust set outin Article 22, it follows that if Articl7of the Mandate
Declaration purported to have this effect it cannot be valid. If
Article 7 means that each Member of the League of Nations was.
given the legal right to demand compliance with the sacred trust

obligations of the Mandatory, it means that the Council not only
exceeded its authority under Article 22 (8)but that it purported to
amend Article 22. Article 7should be given a meaning which renders
it valid rather than one that renders it invalid. It would be valid
if it is construed as a provision that Members of the League
could refer disagreements relating to their own rights to the Per-
manent Court of International Justice.

In addition to the provisions exclusively designed to promote the
well-being and development of the peoples of the territories con-

cerned, Article 22 also contained provisions designed primarily for
the benefit of Member States, e.g., the so-calledopen-door provisions
for trade and commerce. Even in regard to these obligations
Members of the League were clearly given no general right to
demand compliance therewith. Each State could only demand com-
pliance in so far asits interests, or the interests of its citizens, were
concerned. If, for example, State A was given greater opportunities
of trade by a Mandatory than any other State, State A could not
institute proceedings under the provisions of the compromissory
clause to claim that its opportunity should be less or that the

opportunities of another State should be more.
346 AFF. S.-O. AFRICAIN (OPIN. DISS. DE M. VAK WYK) 661
mission sacrée, mais encore aucune disposition n'autorisait un
organe de la Société outoute autre institution à ajouter une stipu-

lation en ce sens. L'article 22 du Pacte ne pouvait êtremodifié,
selon l'article26 du Pacte, que par les Membres de la Sociétédont
les représentants composaient le Conseil et par la majorité des
Membres de l'Assemblée. Le Conseil de la Sociéténe pouvait le
modifier de sa propre initiative. Il était 'donc seulement habilité à
statuer sur le degré de contrôle, d'autorité ou d'administration à
exercer par le Mandataire mais ne pouvait modifier l'article 22.Le
pouvoir de statuer sur le degréde contrôle, d'autorité ou d'adminis-
tration ne comprenait pas celui d'ajouter aux garanties prévues

par l'article 22, à la fois parce que la compétence que le Conseil
tenait du paragraphe 8 ne s'étendait pas à ce pouvoir et parce que
l'article22 prévoyait expressément l'application du principe de
l'incorporation dans le Pacte des garanties pour l'accomplissement
de la mission.
Le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations n'était pas habilité à ajouter
aux garanties prévues par l'article 22 ni à les modifier. Sa seule
tâche était de statuer sur le degréde contrôle, d'autorité ou d'ad-
ministration à exercer par le Mandataire. Il n'était pas habilité à
statuer sur le contrôle auquel le Mandataire devait se préter.

Si l'on est fondé à dire que le Conseil de la Société desNations
ne pouvait, d'une part, modifier l'article22 ni, d'autre part, ajouter
aux garanties pour l'accomplissement de la mission sacrée prévue
par cet article, il s'ensuit que l'articlee la déclaration de Mandat
est nul s'il tend à produire ces effets. Car, s'il signifie que chaque
Membre de la Société desNations était juridiquement fondé à
exiger du Mandataire qu'il exécutât les obligations dérivant de sa
mission sacrée, il faut en conclure que le Conseil n'a pas seulement
excédéles pouvoirs que lui conférait l'article 22, paragraphe 8,
mais qu'il a entendu modifier l'article 22.L'article 7 devrait se voir

attribuer un sens qui le rende valable plutôt qu'un sens qui le rende
nul. Or, il est valable si on l'interprète comme reconnaissant aux
Membres de la Société desNations la faculté de soumettre àla Cour
permanente de Justice internationale des différends relatifs à leurs
propres droits.
Outre les dispositions exclusivement destinées à favoriser le bien-
êtreet le développement des habitants des territoires intéressés,
l'article22 cqntient des dispositions rédigées en premier lieu dans
l'intérêtdes Etats Membres, par exemple la clause dite de la porte

ouverte en matiere d'échangescommerciaux. Il est clair que, même
de celles-ci,les Etats Membres de la Société desNations ne se sont
pas vu conférerun droit générald'exiger l'exécution. Chaque Etat
n'en pouvait exiger l'exécution que dans la mesure où ses intéfêts
ou ceux de ses ressortissants étaient en cause. Par exemple, 1'Etat
A, s'ilsevoyait accorder par le Mandataire desfacilités commerciales
plus étendues qu'un autre État, ne pouvait introduire une instance
en vertu de la clause compromissoire pour ,demander que ces
facilitésfussent réduites et que celles de l'autre Etat fussent accrues.

346 662 S. W. AFRICA CASES (DISS. OPIP:OF JUDGE V.4NWYK)

It seems clear that the compromissory clause in Article 7 was
not designed to create legal obligations other than the obligation
on the part of the Respondent to submit to the jurisdiction of the
Permanent Court of International Justice in respect of any pro-
ceedings brought by Members of the League to enforce their legal
rights under the Mandates. In other words, Article 7 merely provides
for the adjudication of disagreements in which the Plaintiff State

has a legal right, but itdoes not create any other legal rights. The
legal rights of the Member States must be gathered from Article 22
of the Covenant of the League and the Mandate as a whole. 1 have
already indicated that the supervisory functions with regard to the
Mandates were in express terms reserved for the Council of the
League, and that there could not have been any intention that in
addition each and every Member of the 1,eague would stand in the
position of custodian of the rights of the peoples of the territories
concerned.
My conclusion, accordingly, is that the Respondent has not
agreed to the Applicants instituting any action against it on the

interpretation or application of the provisions of the Mandate where
the Applicants' own rights, or the rights of their citizens, are
not in issue, and this affords an additional reason for holding that.
this Court has no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the present
proceedings. Il apparaît évident que la clause cornpromissoire de l'articl7
n'était pas destinée à imposer au défendeur d'autres obligations
juridiques que celle d'accepter la compétencede la Cour permanente
de Justice internationale à raison d'affaires soumises par des
Membres de la Société desNations pour garantir le respect des

droits que leur reconnaissaient les Mandats. En d'autres termes,
l'article prévoyait simplement le règlement des différends dans
lesquels l'État demandeur possédait un intérêtjuridique, mais il
ne créait aucun autre droit. Les droits des Etats Membres dérivaient
de l'article22 du Pacte de la Société desNations et du Mandat
dans son ensemble. Comme je l'ai déjà relevé, les fonctions de
surveillance enmatière de Mandats étaient expressément réservées
au Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations et l'intentioli ne peut avoir été
qu'en outre chaque Membre de la Sociétéagirait en qualité de
protecteur des intérêtsdes populations des territoires intéressés.

J'en conclus donc que le défendeur n'a pas accepté que les
demandeurs l'actionnent à raison de l'interprétation ou de l'applica-
tion des dispositions du Mandat si les droits des demandeurs ou

de leurs ressortissants nesont pas en cause; et cela fournit une
raison supplémentaire de conclure que la Cour n'a pas compétence
pour trancher les présentes affaires.

(Signé J. T. v.4~ WYK.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge van Wyk

Links