Dissenting Opinion of Judge Sir Percy Spender

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032-19600412-JUD-01-10-EN
Parent Document Number
032-19600412-JUD-01-00-EN
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DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SIR PERCY SPENDER

1greatly regret that 1cannot agree with the Judgment of the
Court on certain important issues, though 1 do agree with certain
of its conclusions.
As to the Fifth and Sixth Prelirninary Objections of the Republic
of India to the jurisdiction of the Court,1 agree that these cannot

be sustained.
On the merits 1 agree: that Portugal in 1954 had acquired by
local custom a right of passage to the extent necessary for the
exercise of Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves, subject
however to the regulation and control of India, which right extended
at least to the passage ofprivate persons, Portuguese civil officials
and goods in general.
1 am unable, however, to agree that no right of passage had
been acquired by it in respect of armed forces or armed police or
arms and ammunition, or that India did not act contrary to its
obligation resulting from the right of passage which the Court has
found to have been acquired by Portugal. 1 shall state my reasons.

1 do not think it necessary to determine whether, under the
Treaty of Punem and the Sanads of 1783 and 1785, sovereignty over
the enclaves became vested in Portugal. Whatever was the precise
nature of the gant made thereunder, even if it were one in jagiror
saranjam, merely fiscal in character and unilaterally revocable at
any time in the absolute discretion of the Marathas, the grant
whilst it endured necessarily implied some right of passage in
Portugal between Daman and the villages of Dadra and Nagar-
Aveli, and the record establishes that during the Maratha period
it did imply a right of passage which, for al1 practical purposes,
was under the circumstances then existent, in substance the same
as would have resulted had the grant been one of sovereignty over
these villages.

The grant was made for the purpose of supporting the Portuguese
fortress of Daman. The authority of the Portuguese within the
villages included the collection of taxes, the maintenance of order,
the punishment of offenders and the power to quell rebellion (see
Capitulations of 1785,paras. 3, 4, 7and II,Annex 8to Portuguese
Memorial; see also Indian Annex F. No. 40 at p. 181).In point of
fact, the Portuguese during the Maratha period exercised passage
between Daman and the villages not only for administrative per-sonnel, but also for armed troops and armed police, to an extent
sufficient to enable them to exercise their authority over them.

This authority remained somewhat precarious until about 1814.
From then onwards, however, it appears to have been reasonably
entrenched.
The record further establishes that the passage between Daman
and the villages which in fact took place, was effected in exercise
of a right acknowledged by the Marathas. Taxes were levied in
kind. Timber, rice and other products were transported to Daman;
herds of cattle were driven in the same direction. Stall-holders in
the villages brought supplies from Daman. It was necessary for
Portuguese officials frequently to pass from Daman to the villages
and vice versa; in fact they did so pass and passed freely. When
occasion demanded, military officers, men and equipment were

sent to them from Daman for the purpose of preserving order.

The Maratha period was in 1818followed by that of the British.

It has been contended that the British, from the commencement
of their rule, refused to be bound by any rights granted to the
Portuguese by the Marathas under the Punem Treaty and the
Sanads of 1783 and 1785 In my view, the record fails to support
this contention. It is true that the British did refuse to acknowledge
or be bound by certain exemptions from customs and other taxes
on "all articles and timber" whichight be exported from Nagar-
Aveli to Daman, which exemptions the Portuguese claimed had
been granted to them as the result of the Treaty, but the record
does not support the view that the British refused to accept the
Treaty and the Sanads.
At the very commencement of the British rule the Portuguese
claimed that sovereigntyover the villages had been ceded to them
by the Marathas. It is improbable that the British would not have
made any enquiries of their own in relation not only as to the
Treaty and the Sanads,but also as to the practice as to passage
between Daman and the villages which had existed under the
Marathas. The Maratha records relating to the area in which the
villages lie, for ten years u1818 unning into some hundreds of
bundles, were despatched from Poona to the British in Bombay on
6 December 1818 . here is specific evidence that the British did
make some enquiries both in 1819 and 1859. It is in any event
beyond dispute that, from the commencement of and throughout
British de, whatever the premises on which their conduct was
based, the British treated the Portuguese as sovereign over the
villages (hereafter called "tenclaves").It is a proper inference
from the record that the British were aware of the practices to
passage which was in existence in 1818 and were aware that the
Portuguese were exercising that passage under a claim of right.

96 In order to determine whether Portugal acquired by custom any
right of passage and, if so, the nature and extent of the same, it is
necessary to examine the practice which was from time to time
followed.
The proper way of measuring the nature and extent of any such
custom, if established, is to have regard to the practice which itself
both defines and limits it. The first element in a custom is a constant
and uniform practice which must be determined before a custom
can be defined.

The record in my opinion establishes:

I. For the first two or three decades after 1818 there was no
essential change in the practice in relation to passage which had
been followed during the Maratha period.

z. The British-as subsequently did the Republic of India-
recognized Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves.
This is establishedbeyond allreasonablecontroversy. The conduct
of the British and India is wholly inconsistent with any other
conclusion. The record is heavy with instances of this recognition.
[During the British period: Counter-Mernorial, Vol. II, Indian
Annexes at pages 158, 164, 166, 167, 169-173, 174, 225, 251, 266,
565, 584; Rejoinder, Vol. II, Indian Annexes at pages 226, 233,
235, 249. During the Indian period: Counter-Memorial, Vol. II,
Indian Annexes at pages 398, 401, 402, 407; Rejoinder, Vol. II,
Indian Annexes at pages 250-252, 253, 267-268.1The notes from
India to Portugal of 1950and 1953,seeking the transfer by Portugal
to India of all the former's possessions in India, in themselves
provide powerful evidence of India's recognition.

During the oralhearing, on 12 October, Counselfor India admitted

the existence of Portuguese sovereignty. At a later date, on 29 Oc-
tober, when Counsel for Portugal put the following question
"Does India admit that Portuguese sovereignty still subsists", it
was not disputed by India that Portugal still had sovereignty over
the enclaves.
As between the Parties to and for the purposes of this dispute,
Portugal's sovereignty is not open to question.
This recognition of sovereignty in Portugal, both by the British
and India, is in my view the central fact in this dispute. 3. Despite the closest regulation and control from time to time
of inany aspects of passage, the constant and uniform practice of
the British was to allow passage in respect of all six categories
mentioned in the Judgment of the Court to an extent which was
at least sufficient tonable Portugal continuously to administer the
ènclaves.
The Court holds, and 1 agree, that the practice followed during
the British period and continued during that of India, resulted in
Portugal acquiring by local custom a right of passage in respect of
private persons, civil officials and goodIt is my opinion, however,
that the practice resulted in a custom by virtue of which Portugal

acquired a right of passage not only in respect of these categories,
but also in respect of armed forces, armed police, and arms and
ammunition.

These three categories require separate examination.

Movement of members of the armed forces passing between
Daman and the enclaves was', at least after the middle of the
nineteenth century, not very great. They appear to have dis-
charged in the main strictly police functions. The nurnbers who
exercised passage at any given time were small. Their func-
tions related primarily to the maintenance of interna1 order
within the enclaves ;passage between Daman and the enclaves, and
between the latter, was largely, if not principally, in relation to
relief of detachments, posting or re-posting, proceeding on leave,
escorting government funds or prisoners and other duties of a
police character. The movement of armed police presents a some-
what similar picture.

The constant and uniform practice during the British period was
to permit under regulation and control the passage of members of
the armed forces and police officials and arms and ammunition.
There appears never to have been an occasion when this passage
was not permitted.

In 1947 India succeeded the British as sovereign over the inter-
vening territory. From that time onwards, until shortly before July
1954, when the events arose from which this dispute stems, the
practice which had been followed during the British period was
continued.

The right of passage claimed by Portugal is an indivisible one
which was, however,in its exercise subject to regulation and control

9sby India. Portugal did not claim one right of passage for goods,
another for private individuals and a separate one for each of the

six categories into which, for the purposes of the Court's Judgment,
the passage has been divided.

This, however, presents no difficulty so long as the indivisible
character of the claim made by Portugal is kept constantly in
mind. Unless, however, this is done, distinctions in degree between
the regulation and control of passage exercised by the British and
later by India, on different occasions and from time to time in
respect of one or some of these different categories, may lead to
impermissible conclusions as to the nature and extent of the right
itself.
In reaching its conclusion that Portugal did not have in July 1954
any right of passage in respect of armed forces, armed police or
arms and ammunition, the Court has pursued certain distinctions
which it sees between one set of categories and another; which in
my opinion are but distinctions of degrees of regulation and control;
and has treated these distinctions as decisive. This has led it to
reach one conclusion in respect of what may conveniently be de-

scribed as the first three categories and an opposite one in respect
of the other three.

There cannot be any real dispute that it was the constant and
uniform practice during the British and post-British periods to
permit passage in respect of al1 six categories.
Each of these categories was at differenttimes subject to different
regulation and control. The passage of private persons and civil
officials was, until just prior to the events which occurred at Dadra,
subject to routine control, although the frontier controls included
during one period, 1857-1863, the prohibition of entry without a
licence of al1 foreigners; during the first World War the reporting
by Portuguese Europeans tothe police on arrival in Indian territory ;
and from 1935 the requirement of all-Portuguese not domiciled in

India to carry a passport when entering Indian territory from a
Portuguese possession over the land frontier (Counter-Memorial,
para. 46). The passage of goods in general was subject at certain
times to customs regulation and such regulation and control as
was necessitated by considerations of security or revenue. Indeed,
India's case was that the passage of goods was "subject at al1times
to control and on occasion even to prohibitions" (para. 358 of
Rejoinder) . In respect of the first three categories, these controls did not
preclude the Court from finding that a custom had arisen creating
a right of passage as at July 1954, which right was itself subject
to the regulation and control by India. This finding, as 1 read the
Court's decision, depended on the fact that in respect of private
persons and civil officials there was no restriction beyond routine
control, whilst in respect of goods in general, despite certain pro-
hibitions referred to in the Court's Judgment, in all other cases
the passage of goods was free, "no authorization or licence was
required".

It is in the absence or presence of any need to obtain prior

permission or licence for passage in respect of any category that
the Court finds a decisive distinction between the first three cate-
gories and the other three.
When, therefore, the Court turns to consider whether any right
of passage has been established in respect of armed forces, armed
police and arms and ammunition, its decision in respect of them is
based upon a preliminary finding that in this respect the position
as regards these three categoriesis clearly different.
It is then for consideration in what material respects, if any, it
was different, and whether any difference established is decisive.

Firstly, the difference is stated to lie in the fact that from 1818
to 1878, the passage of armed forces and armed police between
British and Portuguese possessions was regulated on a basis of
general reciprocity.
It is not apparent in what way this difference can be decisive.
Reciprocal arrangements between the British and the Portuguese

were not confined to the passage of armed forces and armed police
between their respective possessions; there were, during certain
periods, some reciprocal arrangements which also covered the
passage of certain goods, between specifically Daman and the
enclaves, free from customsor transit duties (see e.g. Indian Annex
C. No. 35; Counter-Memorial, Vol. II, Indian Annexes at pp. 134,
145, 149, 158, 163, 170, 177; Rejoinder, Vol. II, Indian Annexes
at P. 293).
It needs to be constantly stressed that we are concerned not
with the matter of general entry by British or Portuguese armed
forces or armed police into the possessions of the other, but with
the special case of passage between Daman and the enclaves. To the
extent to which the general covers the specific, the regulation of
entry and transit on the basis of reciprocity is quite consistent
with the right claimed by Portugal, consistent with freedom of
passage between Daman and the enclaves, and in no way incon-
sistent with a long continued practice giving rise through custom

to a right of passage between Daman and the enclaves. Passage
Io0could be regulated and controlled wholly or in part through agreed-
to arrangements just as it could through unilateral acts by the
British and India. The factual difference stated provides in my
view no foundation for a conclusion that throughout this period
the Portuguese knew that the British were entitled at any time at
their absolute and arbitrary discretion to stop all passage of armed
forces and armed police between Daman and the enclaves.

Moreover, the question with which we are concerned cannot be
dealt with as if the existence of the enclaves had no special signi-
ficance; passagebetween Daman and the enclaves cannot be equated
to any entry into or over British or Indian territory.

Secondly, the Court finds that after 1878 the position was that
passage could only take place with the previous authorization of
the British, and later of India, whether under a reciprocal arrange-
ment already agreed to or in individual cases, whereas, in the case
of private persons, civil officials and goods in general, no previous
authorization was required.

On the basis of these preliminary findings, the conclusion is
reached that "having regard to the special circumstances of the
case" the necessity for authorization before passage could take
place constitutes a negation of passage as of right in respect of
armed forces and armed police. This in the Court's view predicates
that the territorial sovereign had the absolute and arbitrary power
to refuse or withdraw permission at any time.
It is not evident what these specialcircumstances are.
India submitted that the essence of a right of passage is the power
to pass without permission; that the need for prior permission or

licence negates any right.

It does not appear to what extent, if at all, this proposition, which,
in my opinion is, asstated, unsound, has been accepted. If it be that
in this case the necessity for authorization before passage took
place constitutes a negation of passage as of right solelyecause of
certain special circumstances, it is important to know what those
special circumstances are. 1 assume the Court is referring to the
preliminary findings of fact just mentioned, which in my view do
not support its decision. No other special circumstances have been
suggested, and 1am not aware of any.
With regard to arms and ammunition, the Court's decision appears
to turn wholly on the finding that since 1878 the importation or
exportation of the same has been subject to prior permission or
licence. Thisseems to disregard as unimportant the practice which
had been followed from 1818 to 1878. In my opinion the record establishes that, prior to the Treaty of
1878, it was not the practice to seek prior permission of the British
before any passage of armed forces or armed police or arms and
ammunition took place, nor was it necessary to do so.

As regards the armed forces, theTreaty of Commerce andExtradi-
tion of 1878, which terminated in 1892, contained a clause (Article
XVIII thereof) which provided that "The armed forces of one of
the two High Contracting Parties shall not enter the Indian domin-
ions of the other, except for the purposes specified in former
Treaties, or for the rendering of mutual assistance as provided for
in the present Treaty, or except in consequence of a forma1 request
made by the party desiring such entry to the other." This Article
was of general application directed to entry into the dominions of
the other. It was proposed not by the British but by the Portuguese,
who had for just on IOO years prior thereto continuously exercised
passage in respect of armed forces between Daman and the enclaves.
The reasons for Portugal's request for the inclusion of this clause
had nothing to do with any question of passage between Daman and

the enclaves, but were concerned with matters of high policy. The
overriding reason was its desire to protect and preserve its sover-
eignty over its overseas possessions in India. It explained "the
exact meaning of this Article" (see Indian Annex F. No. 54,
Rejoinder, Vol. II, at page 227).

After the Treaty had come into force, and before 1890, although
there were apparently times when prior permission was in fact
applied for, there were a number of occasionswhen members of the
Portuguese armed forces passed between Daman and the enclaves
without seeking or having any prior permission to do so. The
Portuguese claim that these occasions numbered twenty-three.
Whatever the precise number, it is quite clear on the record that

there were several (Indian Annex F. No. 53, Rejoinder, Vol. II, at
pages 212, 213, 214, 216, 218, 219 and 220).
This gave rise in 1890 and 1891 to correspondence which passed
between the British and the Portumese authorities in which the
former took up the position that, byvirtue of Article XVIII of the
Treaty, forma1 request for permission should in al1 cases be made
whenever any Portuguese armed forces passed through British
territory. Whether the provisions of Article XVIII justified the
construction then placed upon it by the British authorities is a
question which need not be answered. The fact is that thereafter it
became a habit for the Portuguese to apply for prior permission.
This marked a point of departure in respect of the administrative
practice which had prevailed before 1878. In reaching its conclusion as to the practice with regard to the

passage of armed forces, the Court appears to have been much
persuaded by letter of the zznd December 1890 from the Gover-
nor General of Portuguese India to the Governor of Bombay (Indian
Annex F. No. 53, Rejoinder, Vol. II, at page 215) andthe Treaty of
1741 between the Marathas and the Portuguese. On examination,
however, these 1 think provide slender support for its conclusion.
On 8 December 1890 the Bombay Government communicated
with the Portuguese Government in India to the effect that "armed
men in the service of the Portuguese Government are in the habitof
passing without formal request" between Daman and Nagar-Aveli
and that this appeared in breach of Article XVIII of the Treaty of
1878. It was to this legal contention that the Governor General of
Portuguese India replied on 22 December, in which inter alia he
çtated: "On so delicate a subject 1 request leave to observe that
Portuguese troops never cross British territory without previous
permission and that small detachmentswhenever on the march meet
a military post or any force or British Authority, they halt and
only proceed further after applying for and obtaining fresh permis-

sion. For centuries has this practice been followed, whereby the
treaties have been respected and due deference shown to the British
authorities." The Bombay Government repliedby letter of 9 April
1891 in which it stated that application for permission, claimed to
be necessary under the terms of Article XVIII of the Treaty, had
not been observed in several instances. It was, however, made quite
clear that permission, when applied for in respect to Portuguese
armed men, "would be accorded in consonancewith past practice".
(Rejoinder, Vol. II, Indian Annexes at page 223.)

Whatever the precise meaning to be given to the statement inthe
letter of the Portuguese Governor General it is1 think, apparent on
the reading of the relevant correspondence that :

(a) The request for permission was treated very much as a for-
mality, though a not unimportant one. The "formal request" under
Article XVIII of the Treatyhad first to be made.

(b) When permission was applied for, it would be forthcoming
"in consonance with past practice".

That this letter of the Portuguese Governor General cannot be
accepted as establishing that the practice which had existed prior
to 1878 in relation to passage of armed forces between Daman and
the enclaves was to seek for and obtain permission or that prior
permission was necessary is, 1 think, reasonably clear elsewhere in
the record.
India contended that since 1879, when the Treaty came into
force, permission was necessary (para. 355 of Rejoinder). But "Thefact is ...that before 1879 the entry of troops or armed police of
either Government into the territory of the other was governed *by
a reciprocal arrangement. The existence of such an arrangement
naturally made it unnecessary for a forma1 request to be made and
permission to be granted on each occasionof entry (para. 333 of the
Rejoinder). (See also paras. 296 and 333 of Rejoinder, and paras.
132 and 136 of Counter-Memorial; Indian Annex F. No. 53,
Rejoinder, Vol. II, at pages 216, 218,219 and 220; Indian Annex
C. No. 39, Counter-Memorial, Vol. II, pages 192-193).
As for the Treaty of 1741,referring as it does to circumstances and
a time forty yearsprior to the Portuguese obtaining possession of the
enclaves, it seems sufficiently remote from the issues with which we
are called upon to deal as to provide little assistance. It seems there-
fore clear that prior to 1878 it was not usual for the Portuguese
to request prior permission nor does it appear that such permission
was necessary before passage took place.

When the Treaty of 1878was entered into the crystallization into
custom of the practice existing between 1818-1878 was already far
advanced, if indeed it had not by that time become a local custom,
as 1 incline to think was the case.
Whenever, however, subsequently permission was in fact applied
for, passage was allowed not generally, but always. It was "accorded
in consonancewith past practice".

In the case of armed police different arrangements were agreed
to from time to time or different administrative practices were
followed, which endured for certain periods. During some periods
no prior permissionwas applied for or appears to have been required.
During other periods it was required, or required when the number
intended to exercise the passage exceeded a given figure. On other
occasions previous intimation of intention was all that seemed to
be caJled for (see e.g. Indian Annex C. No. 53, Counter-Mernorial,
Vol.II, at p.307(1912) ; Indian Annex C. No. 57,ibid., p. 323 (1940)).
It was necessary to have "some sort of control or check over the

movements of armed police forces" (ibid.,at p. 324). Prior permission
never appears however to have been necessary before 1878 nor was
there any practice to apply for the same.

With respect to arms and ammunition, subsequent to 1878it was
the usual practice that permission had first to be applied for. But
the evidence does not establish that this was so during the period
1818-1878,or that it was usual during that period for the Portuguese
to ask permission.

But assuming that it were othenvise and that there was at ali
times an administrative or agreed-to requirement, either general inapplication or specifically applicable to passage between Daman and
the enclaves, that prior permission should be sought before armed
forces, armed police or arms and ammunition entered or passed
over British,-and later Indian, territory, thaé;-inmy opinion, would
not preclude a custom arising creating in Portugal a right of passage,
subject of course at all times to its regulation and control by the
sovereign of the intervening territory.

Portugal has throughout made it clear that the right claimed by
her to have arisen from local custom is subject in its exercise to
India's regulation and control. Despite such regulation and control
as from time to time applied to al1categories, it was the constant
and uniform practice, extending over more than a century and a
quarter, for both the British and India, to allow passage for each
of these categories. Never, until about the time of the events 1954,

did this practice alter.

Regulation and control take different forms, which may Vary
from time to time. As times and circumstances change, so
may regulation and control. The requirement of a licence to do
an act is a common, useful and practical form of admini-
strative regulation and control. (See in this case, for example,
Counter-Memorial, Vol. II, Indian Annex D. No. 4,Act of 5 Decem-
ber 1857 relating to foreigners, which provided that no foreigner
should travel or pass through British territory without a licence
which could be revoked at any time; Annex D. No. 5, Act of
12 February 1864 making similar provision to prevent (inte arlia)
subjects of foreign States from passing through British India without
the consent of the Government of British India.) A necessity to
apply for a licence before an act is done is not necessarily incom-
patible with a right to do that act. The legal systems of many
countries will provide examples where before an admitted right
may be exercised application for permission must first be made,

but where the right to accord or refuse permission is, in al1 the
circumstances, interpreted not as one of absolute discretion but as
a controllable discretion, one which must be used reasonably and
not capriciously, one which must be exercised in good faith.

In the present case, in respect of the three categories where the
Court has held a right of passage in Portugal to have arisen, there
were at different times routine controls or such regulations and
controls aswere necessitated by considerations ofsecurity or revenue.
It is not without significance that whereas the passage of certain
goods was at different times and over substantial periods totally
prohibited, the passage of armed forces, armed police, and arms andammunition were, until just before July 1954 ,lways allowed. The
constant and uniform practice was to allow passage in respect of al1
six categories sufficient to enable Portuguese authority to function,
subject however to the different controls in force from time to time.

In respect of any of the first three categories, the Judgment of
the Court confirms that the right of passage which arose out of
local custom may properly, in respect to matters connected with
the exercise thereof, be controlled or regulated by India. Custom,
which created the right, attached to it the qualification of regulation
and control by the sovereign of the intervening territory.

This also, in my opinion, was the case in relation to arrned forces,

armed police, and arms and ammunition where a stricter degree of
control and regulation may for obvious reasons be necessary. The
checking of the movement of any of these categoriesover the inter-
vening territory, the numbers, or quantity involved and the pur-
pose forwhich the passage is sought, the time, the route to be taken,
and other modalities of passage, are ali matters properly the sub-
ject of control and regulation (cf. Indian Annex C.No. 57,Counter-
Memorial, Vol. II,at p. 324).

Whether it was in respect of goods or persons or civil officiais, or
armed forces or armed police, or arms and ammunition, it was the
constant and uniform practice to allow their passage. In respect of
each category controls of different kinds operated on different
occasions or during different periods. But the controls differed only
in degree. The administrative need to apply for prior authority in
respect of any one or more category is not decisive in this dispute

any more than was the generalprohibition ofpassage ofgoods during
the Second World War or prohibitions on transit imposed on
different kinds of goods. Each in my opinion fell within the field
of regulation and control of the exercise of the right of passage.
In principle,1 do not see any decisive difference between any of the
regulations and controls which applied to the vanous categories at
different times.

The Court in its Judgment places little emphasis, if any, upon the
fact of recognition by the British and India of Portuguese sover-

106eignty over the enclaves, yet this recognition is not only an indispu-
table, it is as well the central, fact in the case. Another vital and
indisputable fact is that this sovereignty could not be exercised
unless some passage was accorded the Portuguese. Another is that
this was recognized by both the British and India.

In the course of the oral hearing, Counsel for India conceded
"that Portugal's sovereignty cannot operate if she is forbidden al1
passage of officia1organs and at the present time of police forces".
In determining whether custom has created a right of passage, and,
if so, its nature and extent, the facts above referred to have a
specialimportance. Themaintenance of interna1 order is an essential
aspect of the exercise of sovereignty. Its maintenance in these
enclaves was not possible if al1accesswere denied to the Portuguese
organs of government except unarmed civilian officials.

The history of the enclaves, their geographical situation, the
recognition of Portugal's sovereignty thereover, the obvious
necessity for some right of passage sufficient to enable Portuguese
sovereignty to be exercised, presents as well the background against
which the conduct of the Parties and the practice they followed
must be measured. Sovereignty is not a mere status, it connotes an
ability to exercise the rights of sovereignty. Recognition that

sovereignty over the enclaves was vested in Portugal was a recog-
nition of Portugal's rights to exercise sovereignty within them;
otherwise the recognition of sovereignty would have been mean-
ingless.
For Portugal to exercise its rights of sovereignty, passage not
only for private persons, unarmed Portuguese civil officials and
goods in general, but also for armed forces, armed police and arms
and ammunition was in fact indispensable. Necessity for passage
being implicit in the very existence of the enclaves, the recognition
of Portuguese sovereignty, taken in conjunction with the constant
and uniform practice which was followed, establishes in my opinion
that a right of passage in respect of al1the six categories referred to
had been acquired by Portugal long before the events of 1954.

The long, uninterrupted, and continuous passage permitted by
the British and India in respect of armed forces, armed police, and

arms and ammunition is, in al1 the circumstances, far more con-
sistent with a conclusion that both the British and India recognized
an obligation on their part, subject to their regulation and control,
to allow their passage, than with a conclusion that the matter of
passage was solely one for their absolute and arbitrary discretion
andthat they were at liberty, if they so wished, at any time to put
an end forever to further passage, isolate, for al1practical purposes,
107the enclaves from Portuguese authority and thus effectively
prevent the Portuguese from exercising their acknowledged sover-
eignty over the enclaves.
In my opinion the record establishes a practice during the
British and post-British periods, accepted as law by the Parties, to
allow the passage of armed forces, armed police, and arms and
ammunition, as well as that of private persons, civil officials and
goods in general, to the extent necessary in the exercise of Portu-
guese sovereignty over the enclaves, and subject to the regulation
and control of India, for the purposes of, but only for the purposes
of, the normal day-to-day administration thereof, including the
maintenance of law and order.

Aright of passage having been established, there was a correlative
obligation on India not to prevent the exercise of that passage; it
could regulate and control it; it could not prevent it or render it
nugatory or illusive.
The Court has held that no breach by India of its international'
obligation has been proved. Again, 1 regret that 1 am unable to
agree,even assuming-as for the purpose of this part of my opinion
1 do-that the right of passage acquired by Portugal was limited to
the first three categories mentioned in the Court's Judgment.

In 1954 India did not acknowledge that Portugal had any right
of passage. India had persuaded itself that it was in its absolute
discretion, if it wished, completely to prevent Portugal from having
any access to the enclaves.

In order to ascertain whether any breach was committed by
India it is, 1 think, proper to have regard to the background
furnished by certain events which occurred over a period of up-
wards of four years prior to July 1954. These disclose a widening
estrangement between Portugal and India and a progressive
tightening of restrictions on allmovement by the Portuguese into
and across Indian territory including ultimately and specifically
movement between Daman and the enclaves.

On 27 February 1950 the Government of India approached the
Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the view that Portugal
should agree to the integration of her territories in the Indian
Peninsula within the Republic of India. It sought the acceptance
108of this principle by Portugal, leaving to be discussed the ways and
means to give it effect.
By Memorandum dated 15 June 1950, Portugal made it clear that
the transfer of any Portuguese territory could not be considered.

On receipt of this Memorandum the Indian Minister in Portugal
stated that his Government could not accept the Portuguese refusa1
of India's proposa1 as a final disposition of the question or acquiesce
in the continuance of the existing position.

On 14 January 1953, the Indian Government addressed a further
Note on the same subject to the Government of Portugal. Itasked
that the principle of direct transfer should be accepted first and
that this should be followed by a de factotransfer of the administra-
tion. "No longer ...is it compatible with the status of India ...that
pockets of foreign territory, however small in area ...should
continue to exist on Indian soi1 ..." "The Government of India has
come to the conclusion that no solution is now possible except on
the basis of a direct transfer which would ensure the merger of
these territories at an early date with the Indian Union."
On I May 1953, Portugal having refrained from replying to this
renewed request and having refused to discuss the question of a
direct transfer with the Indian Chargéd'Affaires, India, by Note of
this date, notified Portugal that unless it was prepared to discuss
the question of direct transfer, it proposed to close its Legation in
Lisbon. The Note stressed again the Government of India's view
that Portuguese possessions should become an integral part of the
territory of the Union of India.

Portugal, on 15 May 1953, replied to both the preceding Notes.
It adhered to its refusa1to discuss India's request, and asked India
to reconsider its intention to close its Legation.

On 26 May 1953 India notified Portugal that its Legation would
be closed from II June 1953.
In October 1953India prohibited the transit of armed Portuguese
police or military personnel across Indian territory.
On 2 December 1953 the Portuguese Legation at New Delhi, by
Note to India's Foreign Affairs Ministry, stated that information
had been received that Indian authorities had as from 26 November
1953 forbidden the transit of the Governor of Daman District, of
the European officiaisand the car of the Portuguese police through
Indian territory between Daman and Nagar-Aveli unless provided
with passports and Indian visas. The Portuguese Note stated that it

would "hamper administration of the said territories"; it was felt
that the measure was unfriendly. This complaint was referred to in an Indian Note of 23 December
1953. India stated that it had been compelled to review its policy in
<<ew of the "general unfriendly attitude" of the Portuguese and the
misuse" of concessions hitherto enjoyed by Portuguese officials.
However, to facilitate the administration of Nagar-Aveli the
District Magistrates at Surat were "as a very special case" authori-
zed to grant transit visas to permanent Portuguese European
officials of Daman and Silvassa but no further concession could be
considered. This practice as applied to transit between Daman and
Nagar-Aveli was, 1 think, an innovation (seeAnnexes 35 and 39 to
Portuguese Memorial, and Indian Annexes E. 51 and 52). It was

the subject of further protests on the part of the Portuguese, on
18 January 1954 and II February 1954 (Annexes 39 and 40 to
Memorial). The Note of 18 January (para. 4) stated that "the
Governors of Daman, as well as the other officials of the district,
including the Europeans, had always been allowed, by custorn and
tradition, to cross Indian territory between Daman and Nagar-
Aveli ...without any formalities of visas or of presenting themselves
to the Indian authorities".

On 3 February 1954, with immediate effect, trans-shipment
through India from and to the Portuguese possessions in India
of arms and ammunition of al1 categories was prohibited. The pro-

hibition extended also to Portuguese civil and military personnel,
excepting only the Governor-General of Goa and diplomatic and
career consular officials accredited to the Government of India
(Annex 45 to Memorial).

We now come to the events which occurred at Dadra and Kagar-
Aveli.
Itis, 1 think, important to consider those which took place at
Nagar-Aveli separately from those at Dadra. India has throughout

this case dealt with the two series of events as in substance one
occurrence. There was of course an interconnection between them
but they were quite separate occurrences.
Onthe evening of 21 July 1954 a band of men entered Dadra from
Indian territory for the purpose of taking over the administration
there. A mêlée ensued. Two Portuguese officers were killed. Portu-
guese resistance was overcome andits control displaced.

On 13 June 1954, the transit of vehicles between Daman and
the enclaves had been interrupted by the Indian authorities.
On 17 July 1954, India "decided to make certain changes in the concessions hitherto granted to the Portuguese administration
at Daman and Nagar-Aveli" with immediate effect. A number
of new restrictions were imposed, the most important of which
was that "the transport of firearms, and ammunition and military
stores by a Portuguese officer, or intended for the Portuguese
India Government, passing through Indian territory, will be
prohibited. On the day preceding 21 July the Governor of Daman,
proceeding to Dadra, was prevented from crossing the border.
The Indian explanation is that he had merely been asked to
submit certain clarificationsregarding his return visa, that he had
refused to give them and said he would obtain separate visas for

the outward andreturn journeys. This he did, and he passed through
to Dadra on zr July. At the same time, on 20 July 1954, a bus on
the regular service between Daman and Nagar-Aveli was forced to
return when it was nearing Dadra.

Itis stated by India that "in April1954 the position in regard to
travel between Portuguese possessions and India was that Goans
who were not in the service of the Portuguese Government could
enter Indian territory without formalities and freely move within
it; and that Indian nationals also could enter the Portuguese
possessions without requirement of passport and visa, but were
required to report to the police authorities within a certain time of
arriva1 and were subject to inspection of identity certificates.
Portuguese Europeans and Portuguese native subjects who were in
the service of the Portuguese Government were required to produce

'Guias' or passports having a visa for entry in or transit through
India. There was no ban on such entry ortransit rightup to thedate of
the insurrectionin Dadra. The day before the insurrection in Dadra,
that is, on21 July 1954, the Governor of Daman had been allowed
to enter Indian territory and proceed to Dadra and to complete the
retum journey on the strength of visas granted by the Indian
Government. After the insurrection in Dadra, the Indian Government
ceasedto grant visas toPortugueseEuropeans or to native subjects in
the service of the Portuguese Governmentwishing to go to Dadra and
Nagar-Aveli." (Indian Counter-Memonal, para. 211.)

On 26 July the Portuguese Government requested that delegates
of the Governor of Daman (if necessary limited to three) should be
permitted to go to Nagar-Aveli in order to enter into contact with
the population, examine the situation and take the necessary

measures on the spot. The request stated that if possible this
delegation would also visit Dadra and examine the situation there.
It mentioned that the delegation could be routed directly to Nagar-
Aveli from Daman and need not necessarily pass through Dadra.
This request was refused (Annex 52 to Memorial). This was prior to any occurrences in Nagar-Aveli. It was not
until29 July that the first event which led during August to the
overthrow of Portuguese authority in Nagar-Aveli occurred. Up to
29 July conditions within Nagar-Aveli were normal.

From the time of the events in Dadra and thenceforward the
passage of al1Portuguese civil officials or employees to either of the
enclaves was banned. Al1 passage was refused. In my opinion the
banning of al1 transit by and the stopping of al1 further visas to
Portuguese civil officials, whether native or European, followed by
the refusa1to permit the passage of these few delegates-the refusa1
of al1passage to the enclaves-was in breach of India's international

obligation in relation to Portugal's right of passage, unless itn be
excused as within the qualification to Portugal's right which per-
mitted India to regulate and control its exercise.

India contends that to have granted passage could have resulted
in increased tensions and could have led to undesirable conse-
quences.
It is relevant to observe that India did not purport in any way to
regulate and control any right of Portugal to passage. Her attitude
is that no such right existed.
IfIndia had in fact purported to regulate and control Portugal's
right of passage, it would have been relevant to enquire whether
the action taken by India was in reality a regulation or control of

the right of passage, or was directed to another and different
purpose. It would have been relevant to enquire whether it was in
fact directed to control and regulation as such, or whether it was
directed to the right of passage as such so as to render it nugatory.
India cannot be in any better position in this case than she would
have been had she purported to have regulated and controlled
Portugal's right of passage.
In my opinion, the key to the question whether its actions were
or were not a breach of its obligation to conduct itself in consonance
with the international right acquired by Portugal, is to be found in
the conduct of India and the series of progressive restrictions on
passage imposed by it since 1953 .he refusa1 to grant visas to any
civil officialsafter the incursion into Dadra and the refusa1to permit
the passage to Nagar-Aveli of but a few delegates of the Governor
of Daman cannot be seen in isolation. They were part of the pattern
already formed by the past.

An examination of the evidence forces me to the conclusion that
the dominant purpose of India immediately after the events at
Dadra, to which al1other considerations were subordinated, was toexclude the Portuguese thenceforth from any further access to the
enclaves. For reasons unconnected with any question of regulation
or control of passage as such or of any right of passage, it was not
prepared to permit civil officials or any organ of Government to
pass to the enclaves under any circumstances and acted accordingly.
By India's actions Nagar-Aveli became isolated from the Portuguese
authorities at Daman before the events which occurred there had

taken place, and has, in the events which have happened, continued
to be so ever since.
The qualification of Portugal's nght making it in its exercise
subject to India's control and regulation affords in the circumstances
no protection to India. Breach of its international obligation has
been established. In my opinion the Court should have so found
and should then have proceeded to consider the resulting situation,
and the contentions advanced by India to the effect that any
obligationswith regard to passagebinding on it in July1954 should
be regarded as having lapsed or become unenforceable against it
as a result of events and circumstances which have since occurred

(Signed) Percy SPENDER.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SIR PERCY SPENDER

1greatly regret that 1cannot agree with the Judgment of the
Court on certain important issues, though 1 do agree with certain
of its conclusions.
As to the Fifth and Sixth Prelirninary Objections of the Republic
of India to the jurisdiction of the Court,1 agree that these cannot

be sustained.
On the merits 1 agree: that Portugal in 1954 had acquired by
local custom a right of passage to the extent necessary for the
exercise of Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves, subject
however to the regulation and control of India, which right extended
at least to the passage ofprivate persons, Portuguese civil officials
and goods in general.
1 am unable, however, to agree that no right of passage had
been acquired by it in respect of armed forces or armed police or
arms and ammunition, or that India did not act contrary to its
obligation resulting from the right of passage which the Court has
found to have been acquired by Portugal. 1 shall state my reasons.

1 do not think it necessary to determine whether, under the
Treaty of Punem and the Sanads of 1783 and 1785, sovereignty over
the enclaves became vested in Portugal. Whatever was the precise
nature of the gant made thereunder, even if it were one in jagiror
saranjam, merely fiscal in character and unilaterally revocable at
any time in the absolute discretion of the Marathas, the grant
whilst it endured necessarily implied some right of passage in
Portugal between Daman and the villages of Dadra and Nagar-
Aveli, and the record establishes that during the Maratha period
it did imply a right of passage which, for al1 practical purposes,
was under the circumstances then existent, in substance the same
as would have resulted had the grant been one of sovereignty over
these villages.

The grant was made for the purpose of supporting the Portuguese
fortress of Daman. The authority of the Portuguese within the
villages included the collection of taxes, the maintenance of order,
the punishment of offenders and the power to quell rebellion (see
Capitulations of 1785,paras. 3, 4, 7and II,Annex 8to Portuguese
Memorial; see also Indian Annex F. No. 40 at p. 181).In point of
fact, the Portuguese during the Maratha period exercised passage
between Daman and the villages not only for administrative per- OPINION DISSIDENTE DE SIR PERCY SPENDER

[Traduction]
Je regrette de ne pouvoir me rallier à l'arrêtde la Cour sur cer-
tains points importants, tout en étant d'accord avec certaines de
ses conclusions.
Au sujet de la cinquième et sixième exceptions préliminaires
présentéespar la République de l'Inde àl'égard dela compétencede
la Cour, je conviens qu'elles ne peuvent êtreretenues.
Sur le fond, j'admets que le Portugal possédait en 1954 un droit
de passage découlant de la coutume locale, dans la mesure néces-
saire à l'exercice de sa souveraineté sur les enclaves et sous le
contrôle et la réglementation de l'Inde, pour ce qui concerne
à tout le moins le passage des personnes privées, des fonctionnaires
civils portugais et des marchandises en général.
Je ne saurais cependant admettre que le Portugal n'eût acquis

aucun droit de passage touchant les forces armées,la police armée
et les armes et munitions, ni quel'Inde n'ait pas agi contrairement
aux obligations que lui imposait le droit de passage que la Cour a
reconnu au Portugal. J'en exposerai les raisons.

Je ne crois pas qu'il soit nécessaire de déterminer si, aux termes
du traité de Poona et des sanads de 1783 et 1785 le Portugal

jouissait d'une souveraineté sur les enclaves. Quelle qu'ait étéla
nature de la concession établie par ces documents, mêmes'il ne
s'agissait que d'un jagir ou d'un saranjam ne présentant qu'un
caractère fiscal et révocable à tout moment et unilatéralement à
la discrétion absolue des Mahrattes, cette concession, pendant
toute sa durée, impliquait nécessairement un droit de passage en
faveur du Portugal entre Damao et les villages de Dadra et de
Nagar-Aveli, et le dossierprouve qu'au cours de la période mahratte
cette concession entraînait un droit de passage qui, en pratique et
dans les circonstances de l'époque, était en substance le même
que celui qui aurait découléd'une concession de souveraineté sur
ces villages.
La concession a étéfaite pour l'entretien de la forteresse portu-
gaise de Damao. La souveraineté du Gouvernement portugais sur
ces villages comprenait la perception des impôts, le maintien de
l'ordre, le châtiment des coupables et le droit de réprimer toute
rébellion(voir Capitulations de 1785, par. 3, 7,et II, annexe 8 au

mémoire portugais; voir aussi l'annexe indienne F. no 40, p. 181).
En fait, pendant la période mahratte le Portugal a exercé entre
Damao et lesvillagesun passage applicable non seulement au person-
95sonnel, but also for armed troops and armed police, to an extent
sufficient to enable them to exercise their authority over them.

This authority remained somewhat precarious until about 1814.
From then onwards, however, it appears to have been reasonably
entrenched.
The record further establishes that the passage between Daman
and the villages which in fact took place, was effected in exercise
of a right acknowledged by the Marathas. Taxes were levied in
kind. Timber, rice and other products were transported to Daman;
herds of cattle were driven in the same direction. Stall-holders in
the villages brought supplies from Daman. It was necessary for
Portuguese officials frequently to pass from Daman to the villages
and vice versa; in fact they did so pass and passed freely. When
occasion demanded, military officers, men and equipment were

sent to them from Daman for the purpose of preserving order.

The Maratha period was in 1818followed by that of the British.

It has been contended that the British, from the commencement
of their rule, refused to be bound by any rights granted to the
Portuguese by the Marathas under the Punem Treaty and the
Sanads of 1783 and 1785 In my view, the record fails to support
this contention. It is true that the British did refuse to acknowledge
or be bound by certain exemptions from customs and other taxes
on "all articles and timber" whichight be exported from Nagar-
Aveli to Daman, which exemptions the Portuguese claimed had
been granted to them as the result of the Treaty, but the record
does not support the view that the British refused to accept the
Treaty and the Sanads.
At the very commencement of the British rule the Portuguese
claimed that sovereigntyover the villages had been ceded to them
by the Marathas. It is improbable that the British would not have
made any enquiries of their own in relation not only as to the
Treaty and the Sanads,but also as to the practice as to passage
between Daman and the villages which had existed under the
Marathas. The Maratha records relating to the area in which the
villages lie, for ten years u1818 unning into some hundreds of
bundles, were despatched from Poona to the British in Bombay on
6 December 1818 . here is specific evidence that the British did
make some enquiries both in 1819 and 1859. It is in any event
beyond dispute that, from the commencement of and throughout
British de, whatever the premises on which their conduct was
based, the British treated the Portuguese as sovereign over the
villages (hereafter called "tenclaves").It is a proper inference
from the record that the British were aware of the practices to
passage which was in existence in 1818 and were aware that the
Portuguese were exercising that passage under a claim of right.

96 ne1administratif, mais encore aux forces arméeset à la police armée
dans la mesure nécessaire à l'exercice de sa souveraineté sur ces

villages.
Cette souverainetéest demeurée assez précaire jusqu'aux environs
de 1814. Il semble toutefois que depuis cette époque elle ait été
assez solidement établie.
Le dossier établit en outre que le passage exercé en fait entre
Damao et les villages découlait effectivement d'un droit reconnu
par les Mahrattes. Les impôts étaient perçus en nature. Le bois,
le riz et autres produits étaient envoyésà Damao; le bétail prenait
la même direction. Les marchands des villages se fournissaient
à Damao. Il était indispensable.que les fonctionnaires portugais
se rendent fréquemment de Damao dans les villages et vice versa;
en fait, c'est ce qu'ils faisaient, et ils le faisaient librement. Lorsque
les circonstancesl'exigeaient, des officiers, des hommes de troupe et
du matériel étaient envoyés de Damao dans les villages en vue du

maintien de l'ordre.
Lapériodemahratte a pris fin en 1818 et a étésuiviepar la période
britanniaAe.
On a soutenu que, dèsle début de leur souveraineté, les autorités
britanniques ont refusé de se reconnaître liées par tous droits
accordésau Portugal par les Mahrattes en vertu du traité de Poona
et des sanads de 1783 et de 1785. J'estime que les écrituresne corro-
borent pas cette affirmation. Il est vrai que les auforités britanniques
ont refusé dereconnaître certaines exemptions portant sur les droits
de douane et autres taxes affectant (tous articles et bois))pouvant
êtreexportésde Nagar-Aveli àDamao, ou d'êtreliéespar cesexemp-
tions aue les Portugais affirmaient leur avoir étéaccordées Dar le
traité,'mais rien dans le dossier ne confirme que les autoritis bri-

tanniques aient refusé d'accepter le traité et les sanads.
Dès l'établissement de l'autorité britannique, les Portugais ont
soutenu qu'une souveraineté sur les villages leur avait étéconcédée
par les Mahrattes. Il est peu probable que les autorités britanniques
ne se soient pas renseignées pour leur propre compte, non seule-
ment sur le traité et les sanads, mais encore sur la pratique suivie
sous les Mahrattes en matière de transit entre Damao et les villages.
Les documents mahrattes relatifs à la région où ces villages sont
situéset portant sur les dix années qui ont précédé 1818, représen-
tant plusieurs centaines de liasses, furent expédiés de Poona aux
autorités britanniques à Bombay le 6 décembre 1818. Des preuves
précisestémoignent que les Britanniques ont fait certaines recher-
ches à ce sujet tant en 1819 qu'en 1859. Il est hors de doute en

tout cas que dès le début de la période britannique et pendant
toute cette période, quelles qu'aient étéles prémissessur lesquelles
se fondait leur conduite, les autorités britanniques ont considéré
les autorités portugaises comme souveraines sur les villages (appelés
ci-après ((les enclaves »). Le dossier permet de conclure que les
Britanniques connaissaient l'existence de la pratique suivie en In order to determine whether Portugal acquired by custom any
right of passage and, if so, the nature and extent of the same, it is
necessary to examine the practice which was from time to time
followed.
The proper way of measuring the nature and extent of any such
custom, if established, is to have regard to the practice which itself
both defines and limits it. The first element in a custom is a constant
and uniform practice which must be determined before a custom
can be defined.

The record in my opinion establishes:

I. For the first two or three decades after 1818 there was no
essential change in the practice in relation to passage which had
been followed during the Maratha period.

z. The British-as subsequently did the Republic of India-
recognized Portuguese sovereignty over the enclaves.
This is establishedbeyond allreasonablecontroversy. The conduct
of the British and India is wholly inconsistent with any other
conclusion. The record is heavy with instances of this recognition.
[During the British period: Counter-Mernorial, Vol. II, Indian
Annexes at pages 158, 164, 166, 167, 169-173, 174, 225, 251, 266,
565, 584; Rejoinder, Vol. II, Indian Annexes at pages 226, 233,
235, 249. During the Indian period: Counter-Memorial, Vol. II,
Indian Annexes at pages 398, 401, 402, 407; Rejoinder, Vol. II,
Indian Annexes at pages 250-252, 253, 267-268.1The notes from
India to Portugal of 1950and 1953,seeking the transfer by Portugal
to India of all the former's possessions in India, in themselves
provide powerful evidence of India's recognition.

During the oralhearing, on 12 October, Counselfor India admitted

the existence of Portuguese sovereignty. At a later date, on 29 Oc-
tober, when Counsel for Portugal put the following question
"Does India admit that Portuguese sovereignty still subsists", it
was not disputed by India that Portugal still had sovereignty over
the enclaves.
As between the Parties to and for the purposes of this dispute,
Portugal's sovereignty is not open to question.
This recognition of sovereignty in Portugal, both by the British
and India, is in my view the central fact in this dispute. 1818 en matière de passage et n'ignoraient pas que les Portugais
exerçaient ce passage en le revendiquant comme un droit.

Pour déterminer si le Portugal a acquis par la coutume un droit
de passage et, dans l'affirmative, pour définirla nature et la portée
de ce droit, il est nécessaire d'examiner la pratique suivie d'une

période à l'autre.
La méthode à suivre pour mesurer la nature et la portée d'une
telle coutume, si elle est démontrée, est de considérer la pratique
qui elle-même,tout ensemble, la définit et la limite. Le premier
élément d'une coutumeest l'existence d'une pratique constante et
uniforme qui doit êtreétablie avant qu'on puisse définir une cou-
tume.
A mon avis, le dossier établit les points suivants:

I. Après 1818, au cours des deux ou trois premières décennies
qui ont suivi, la pratique adoptée en matière de passage au cours
de la périodemahratte n'a pas subi de modification d'un caractère
essentiel.

2. Les Britanniques - et ultérieurement la République de
l'Inde - ont reconnu la souveraineté du Portugal sur les enclaves.
Ce fait est établi sans conteste possible. L'attitude des Britan-
niques et de l'Inde ne permet logiquement aucune autre conclusion.
Le dossier abonde en exemples prouvant la reconnaissance de la
souveraineté du Portugal. [Pour la période britannique : contre-
mémoire, vol. II, annexes du Gouvernement de l'Inde, pp. 158, 164,

166, 167, 169-173, 174, 225, 251, 266, 565, 584; duplique du Gou-
vernement de l'Inde, vol. II, annexes, pp. 226,233,235,249. Pourla
période indienne : contre-mémoire du Gouvernement de l'Inde, an-
nexes, pp. 398,401,402,407; duplique du Gouvernement de l'Inde,
vol. II, annexes, pp. 250-252, 253,267-268.1 Les notes adresséespar
l'Inde au Portugal en 1950et 1953visant le transfert par le Portugal
à l'Inde de toutes les possessions de celui-ci en Inde, constituent
en elles-mêmesun puissant témoignage de la reconnaissance par
l'Inde de la souveraineté du Portugal.
Au cours de l'audience du 12 octobre, le conseil du Gouvernement

de l'Inde a admis l'existence de la souveraineté du Portugal. A une
date ultérieure, le 29 octobre,lorsquele conseil du Gouvernement du
PortugaI a poséla question suivante : (Est-ce que l'Inde admet que
la soaveraineté portugaise subsiste », l'Inde n'a pas contesté que le
Portugal possédait encore la souveraineté sur les enclaves.
Entre les Parties au présent différend et aux fins de l'espèce,
la souveraineté du Portugal n'est pas mise en doute.
Cette reconnaissance de la souveraineté du Portugal, à la fois par
les Britanniques etpar l'Inde, constitue àmon avis le fait central du
présent différend. 3. Despite the closest regulation and control from time to time
of inany aspects of passage, the constant and uniform practice of
the British was to allow passage in respect of all six categories
mentioned in the Judgment of the Court to an extent which was
at least sufficient tonable Portugal continuously to administer the
ènclaves.
The Court holds, and 1 agree, that the practice followed during
the British period and continued during that of India, resulted in
Portugal acquiring by local custom a right of passage in respect of
private persons, civil officials and goodIt is my opinion, however,
that the practice resulted in a custom by virtue of which Portugal

acquired a right of passage not only in respect of these categories,
but also in respect of armed forces, armed police, and arms and
ammunition.

These three categories require separate examination.

Movement of members of the armed forces passing between
Daman and the enclaves was', at least after the middle of the
nineteenth century, not very great. They appear to have dis-
charged in the main strictly police functions. The nurnbers who
exercised passage at any given time were small. Their func-
tions related primarily to the maintenance of interna1 order
within the enclaves ;passage between Daman and the enclaves, and
between the latter, was largely, if not principally, in relation to
relief of detachments, posting or re-posting, proceeding on leave,
escorting government funds or prisoners and other duties of a
police character. The movement of armed police presents a some-
what similar picture.

The constant and uniform practice during the British period was
to permit under regulation and control the passage of members of
the armed forces and police officials and arms and ammunition.
There appears never to have been an occasion when this passage
was not permitted.

In 1947 India succeeded the British as sovereign over the inter-
vening territory. From that time onwards, until shortly before July
1954, when the events arose from which this dispute stems, the
practice which had been followed during the British period was
continued.

The right of passage claimed by Portugal is an indivisible one
which was, however,in its exercise subject to regulation and control

9s 3. Malgréla réglementation et le contrôle les plus étroits exercés
de temps à autre sur de nombreux aspects du passage, la pratique
constante et uniforme des Britanniques a été d'autoriser le passage
pour les six catégories énumérées dans l'arrêt de la Cour dans une
mesure au moinssuffisante pour permettre au Portugal d'administrer
les enclavesd'une manière continue.
La Cour estime - et je suis de son avi- que la pratique suivie
au cours de la période britannique et maintenue au cours de la
périodeindienne a eu pour conséquencel'acquisition par le Portugal,

en vertu de la coutume locale, d'un droit de passage pour les per-
sonnes privées, les fonctionnaires civils et les marchandises. A
mon avis, cependant, la pratique suivie a donné naissance à une
coutume en vertu de laquelle le Portugal a acquis un droit de
passage non seulement pour les catégories susmentionnées, mais
aussi pour les forces armées, la police armée,les armes et les muni-
tions.
II convient d'examiner séparément ces trois dernières catégories.

Les mouvements d'effectifs des forces arméesentre Damao et les
enclaves ont été,du moins après le milieu du XIXme siècle, peu
importants. Il semble que ces effectifs aient assumé essentiellement
des fonctions de nature strictement policière. Les effectifs qui ont
exercéle passage ont à chaque occasion étéfaibles. Leurs fonctions
tendaient principalement au maintien de l'ordre intérieur au sein
des enclaves et le passage entre Damao et les enclaves et entre

ces dernières a étédans une large mesure, sinon essentiellement,
exercé à l'occasion de la relève de détachements, de l'affectation
ou de la réaffectation de personnel, de départs en permission, de
transport de fondspublics ou de conduite de prisonnierssousescorte
et dans I'accomplissement d'autres fonctions de nature policière.
Les mouvements de la police armée présentent un tableau à peu
près analogue.
La pratique constante et uniforme au cours de la période bri-
tannique a étéd'autoriser, tout en le soumettant à une réglemen-
tation et à un contrôle, le passage des effectifs des forces armées et
desfonctionnaires de la police, ainsi que des armes et desmunitions.
Il semble qu'il n'y ait jamais eu d'occasion où ce passage n'ait été
autorisé.
En 1947, l'Inde, succédant aux Britanniques, est devenue souve-
raine sur le territoire intermédiairA.partir de cette date et jusqu'à
peu avant le mois de juillet 1954, époque à laquelle sont survenus

les événementsaui ont donné naissance au ré sentdifférend. la
pratique suivie au cours de la période britannique a été maintenue.

Le droit de passage revendiqué par le Portugal a un caractère
indivisible, tout en étant cependant soumis, dans son exercice, àby India. Portugal did not claim one right of passage for goods,
another for private individuals and a separate one for each of the

six categories into which, for the purposes of the Court's Judgment,
the passage has been divided.

This, however, presents no difficulty so long as the indivisible
character of the claim made by Portugal is kept constantly in
mind. Unless, however, this is done, distinctions in degree between
the regulation and control of passage exercised by the British and
later by India, on different occasions and from time to time in
respect of one or some of these different categories, may lead to
impermissible conclusions as to the nature and extent of the right
itself.
In reaching its conclusion that Portugal did not have in July 1954
any right of passage in respect of armed forces, armed police or
arms and ammunition, the Court has pursued certain distinctions
which it sees between one set of categories and another; which in
my opinion are but distinctions of degrees of regulation and control;
and has treated these distinctions as decisive. This has led it to
reach one conclusion in respect of what may conveniently be de-

scribed as the first three categories and an opposite one in respect
of the other three.

There cannot be any real dispute that it was the constant and
uniform practice during the British and post-British periods to
permit passage in respect of al1 six categories.
Each of these categories was at differenttimes subject to different
regulation and control. The passage of private persons and civil
officials was, until just prior to the events which occurred at Dadra,
subject to routine control, although the frontier controls included
during one period, 1857-1863, the prohibition of entry without a
licence of al1 foreigners; during the first World War the reporting
by Portuguese Europeans tothe police on arrival in Indian territory ;
and from 1935 the requirement of all-Portuguese not domiciled in

India to carry a passport when entering Indian territory from a
Portuguese possession over the land frontier (Counter-Memorial,
para. 46). The passage of goods in general was subject at certain
times to customs regulation and such regulation and control as
was necessitated by considerations of security or revenue. Indeed,
India's case was that the passage of goods was "subject at al1times
to control and on occasion even to prohibitions" (para. 358 of
Rejoinder) .la réglementation et au contrôle de l'Inde. Le Portugal n'a pas

revendiqué un droit de passage pour les marchandises, et un autre
pour les personnes privées, ni un droit particulier pour chacune des
six catégoriesen lesquelles ce droit a étésubdivisé aux fins de l'arrêt
de la Cour.
Cela ne présente toutefois aucune difficultétant que l'on garde
présent à l'esprit le caractère indivisible de la revendication portu-
gaise :faute de quoi,toutefois, les distinctions de degréétabliesentre
la réglementation et le contrôle du droit de passage exercés par les
autorités britanniques et ultérieurement par l'Inde à différentes
occasions et de temps en temps à l'égardd'une ou de plusieurs de
ces diverses catégoriesrisquent d'aboutir à des conclusions inaccep-
tables quant à la nature età l'étendue du droit lui-même.
En décidant que le Portugal ne possédait en juillet 1954 aucun
droit de passage en ce qui concerne les forces armées, la police

armée.les armes et munitions. la Cour a établicertaines distinctions
qu'elle aperçoit entre une série de catégories et une autre; alors
qu'à mon avis il n'existe que des distinctions entre les degrésde
réglementation et de contrôle; et elle a considéré cesdistinctions
comme décisives.Elle a étéamenéeainsi àune conclusion touchant
ce qu'on peut appeler, pour plus de commodité, les trois premières
catégories, et à une conclusion opposée à l'égard destrois autres.

On ne saurait mettre en doute que la pratique constante et
uniforme au cours des périodes britannique et post-britannique

a étéd'autoriser le passage pour les six catégoriessans exception.
Chacune de ces catégories a étésoumise, à différentes époques,
à une réglementation et à un contrôle différents. Jusqu'à la veille
des événementsqui se sont produits à Dadra, le passage des person-
nes privées et des fonctionnaires civils était soumis à un contrôle
normal, bien que les contrôles àla frontière aient compris: pendant
une certaine période, de 1857 à 1863, l'interdiction d'entrer sans
permis pour tous les étrangers; au cours de la première guerre
mondiale l'obligation pour les Européens portugais de se présenter
à la police à leur arrivée en territoire indien;et, à partir de 1935,
l'obligation pour tous les Portugais non domiciliés en Inde d'avoir
un passeport pour pénétrersur le territoire indien en venant d'une
possession portugaise par la frontière terrestre (contre-mémoire,
par. 46). Le passage des marchandises en général était soumis, à
certaines époques, à une réglementation douanière et à tels régle-

mentation et contrôle qu'exigeaient des considérations touchant la
sécuritéou la fiscalité. En fait, l'Inde a affirméque le passage des
marchandises « a toujoirs étésoumis au contrôle et parfois même
frappé d'interdiction ))(par. 358 de la duplique). In respect of the first three categories, these controls did not
preclude the Court from finding that a custom had arisen creating
a right of passage as at July 1954, which right was itself subject
to the regulation and control by India. This finding, as 1 read the
Court's decision, depended on the fact that in respect of private
persons and civil officials there was no restriction beyond routine
control, whilst in respect of goods in general, despite certain pro-
hibitions referred to in the Court's Judgment, in all other cases
the passage of goods was free, "no authorization or licence was
required".

It is in the absence or presence of any need to obtain prior

permission or licence for passage in respect of any category that
the Court finds a decisive distinction between the first three cate-
gories and the other three.
When, therefore, the Court turns to consider whether any right
of passage has been established in respect of armed forces, armed
police and arms and ammunition, its decision in respect of them is
based upon a preliminary finding that in this respect the position
as regards these three categoriesis clearly different.
It is then for consideration in what material respects, if any, it
was different, and whether any difference established is decisive.

Firstly, the difference is stated to lie in the fact that from 1818
to 1878, the passage of armed forces and armed police between
British and Portuguese possessions was regulated on a basis of
general reciprocity.
It is not apparent in what way this difference can be decisive.
Reciprocal arrangements between the British and the Portuguese

were not confined to the passage of armed forces and armed police
between their respective possessions; there were, during certain
periods, some reciprocal arrangements which also covered the
passage of certain goods, between specifically Daman and the
enclaves, free from customsor transit duties (see e.g. Indian Annex
C. No. 35; Counter-Memorial, Vol. II, Indian Annexes at pp. 134,
145, 149, 158, 163, 170, 177; Rejoinder, Vol. II, Indian Annexes
at P. 293).
It needs to be constantly stressed that we are concerned not
with the matter of general entry by British or Portuguese armed
forces or armed police into the possessions of the other, but with
the special case of passage between Daman and the enclaves. To the
extent to which the general covers the specific, the regulation of
entry and transit on the basis of reciprocity is quite consistent
with the right claimed by Portugal, consistent with freedom of
passage between Daman and the enclaves, and in no way incon-
sistent with a long continued practice giving rise through custom

to a right of passage between Daman and the enclaves. Passage
Io0 Quant aux trois premières catégories, ces contrôles n'ont pas

empêchéla Cour de conclure qu'une coutume s'était établie et
qu'elle avait engendré un droit de passage existant au mois de
juillet 1954, droit soumis lui-même à une réglementation et à
un contrôle de la part de l'Inde. Cette conclusion, si je comprends
bien la décision dela Cour, découlaitdufait qu'il n'existait àl'égard
des personnes privées et des fonctionnaires civils aucune restric-
tion s'étendant au-delà d'un contrôle normal, tandis qu'en ce qui
concerne les marchandises en général,en dépit de certaines inter-
dictions citées dans l'arrêt de la Cour, dans tous les autres cas le
passage des marchandises était libre, ((ni autorisation ni licence
n'étaient exigées 1).
C'est dans le fait qu'il existait ou non obligation d'obtenir une
autorisation ou licence préalable pour le passage del'une quelconque

des catégories que la Cour découvre les éléments d'une distinction
décisiveentre les trois premières catégories et les trois autres.
En conséquence,lorsque la Cour en vient àexaminer si un droit de
passage quelconque a étéétabli pour les forces armées, la police
arméeet les armes et munitions, sa décisionà cet égardse fonde sur
une constatation préliminaire, à savoir qu'à ce sujet la situation est
nettement différente en ce qui concerne ces trois catégories.
Ily a donc lieu d'examiner comment se traduisait en pratique
cette différence,à supposer qu'il y en ait une, et si toute différence
qui peut êtreétablie est décisive.
En premier lieu, on aperçoit cette différence dans le fait que,
de 1818 à 1878, le passage des forces arméeset de la police armée
entre possessions britanniques et portugaises a étéréglésur une
base de réciprocitégénérale.

Il n'apparaît pas clairement en quoi cette différence peut être
décisive. Les accords réciproques conclus entre les Britanniques
et les Portugais rie se limitaient pas au passage des forces armées et
de la police armée entre leurs possessions respectives; pendant
certaines périodes des accords réciproques se sont également
appliqués au passage de certaines marchandises, en particulier
entre Damao et les enclaves, en franchise de droits de douane ou
de transit (voir par exemple annexe indienne C. no 35; contre-mé-
moire, vol. II, annexes indiennes, pp. 134, 145, 149, 158, 163, 170,
177; duplique, vol. II, annexes indiennes, p. 293).
Il y a lieu de rappeler constamment qu'il ne s'agit pas en l'espèce
de la question généralede l'entrée desforces arméesou de la police
armée britanniques ou portugaises dans les possessions respectives

des deux Etats, mais du cas particulier du passage entre Damao et
les enclaves. Dans la mesure où le général couvre le particulier, la
réglementation de l'entréeet du transit sur une base de réciprocité
est tout à fait compatible avec le droit revendiqué par le Portugal,
ainsi qu'avec la liberté de passage entre Damao et les enclaves, et
elle n'est nullement incompatible avecl'existence d'une longue pra-
tique continue donnant naissance par la coutume à un droit de
IO0could be regulated and controlled wholly or in part through agreed-
to arrangements just as it could through unilateral acts by the
British and India. The factual difference stated provides in my
view no foundation for a conclusion that throughout this period
the Portuguese knew that the British were entitled at any time at
their absolute and arbitrary discretion to stop all passage of armed
forces and armed police between Daman and the enclaves.

Moreover, the question with which we are concerned cannot be
dealt with as if the existence of the enclaves had no special signi-
ficance; passagebetween Daman and the enclaves cannot be equated
to any entry into or over British or Indian territory.

Secondly, the Court finds that after 1878 the position was that
passage could only take place with the previous authorization of
the British, and later of India, whether under a reciprocal arrange-
ment already agreed to or in individual cases, whereas, in the case
of private persons, civil officials and goods in general, no previous
authorization was required.

On the basis of these preliminary findings, the conclusion is
reached that "having regard to the special circumstances of the
case" the necessity for authorization before passage could take
place constitutes a negation of passage as of right in respect of
armed forces and armed police. This in the Court's view predicates
that the territorial sovereign had the absolute and arbitrary power
to refuse or withdraw permission at any time.
It is not evident what these specialcircumstances are.
India submitted that the essence of a right of passage is the power
to pass without permission; that the need for prior permission or

licence negates any right.

It does not appear to what extent, if at all, this proposition, which,
in my opinion is, asstated, unsound, has been accepted. If it be that
in this case the necessity for authorization before passage took
place constitutes a negation of passage as of right solelyecause of
certain special circumstances, it is important to know what those
special circumstances are. 1 assume the Court is referring to the
preliminary findings of fact just mentioned, which in my view do
not support its decision. No other special circumstances have been
suggested, and 1am not aware of any.
With regard to arms and ammunition, the Court's decision appears
to turn wholly on the finding that since 1878 the importation or
exportation of the same has been subject to prior permission or
licence. Thisseems to disregard as unimportant the practice which
had been followed from 1818 to 1878.passage entre Damao et les enclaves. Le passage pouvait être
réglementéou contrôlétotalement ou en partie par des accords tout

aussi bien que par des actes unilatéraux de la part des Britanniques
et de l'Inde. A mon avis, la différencede fait énoncéene permet
aucilnement de conclure que, pendant toute cette période, les
Portugais savaient que les Britanniques avaient le droit à tout
moment et à leur discrétion absolue et arbitraire d'interrompre
tout passage des forces arméeset de la police arméeentre Damao et
les enclaves.
Au surplus, la question qui nous occupe ne saurait être traitée
comme si l'existence des enclaves ne présentait aucune importance
particulière; le passage entre Damao et les enclaves ne peut être
mis sur le mêmeplan que n'importe quelle entrée dans le territoire
britannique ou indien ou qu'un transit sur ce territoire.
En deuxième lieu, la Cour constate qu'après 1878 la situation
était la suivante: le passage ne pouvait avoir lieu qu'avec I'autori-

sation préalable des Britanniques, puis de l'Inde, donnée soit en
vertu d'un accord réciproque antérieur, soit dans des cas d'espèce,
tandis que dans le cas des personnes privées, des fonctionnaires
civils et des marchandises en général iln'était pas exigéd'autori-
sation préalable.
Se fondant sur ces constatations préliminaires on en conclut que,
((eu égardaux circonstances spécialesde l'espèce »,l'exigence d'une
autorisation préalable au passage est la négation mêmede l'exer-
cice du passage à titre de droit en ce qui concerne les forces
arméeset la police armée. De l'avis de la Cour, cela suppose que le
souverain territorialavait le pouvoir absolu et arbitraire de
refuser ou de retirer son autorisation àtout moment.
La nature de ces circonstances spécialesn'est pas évidente.
L'Inde a prétendu que l'essence d'un droit de passage est la
faculté d'exercer le passage sans permission; que l'exigence d'une

permission préalable ou d'un permis est la négation mêmede l'exis-
tence d'un droit.
Il n'apparaît pas dans quelle mesure cette affirmation, qui selon
moi est, comme je l'ai dit, mal fondée,a étéacceptée, Si l'exigence
d'une autorisation préalable au passage doit constituer en l'espèce
la négation même de l'exercicedu passage à titre de droit du seul
fait de certaines circonstances spéciales, il importe de connaître
la nature de ces dernières. Je présume que la Cour se réfère aux
constatations préliminaires de fait dont je viens de parler qui, à
mon avis, ne soutiennent pas sa décision.Il n'a pas étémentionné
d'autres circonstances spécialeset je n'en connais pas.
En ce qui concerne les armes et les munitions, la décisionde la
Cour semble reposer entièrement sur la constatation que depuis
1878 leur importation ou exportation a étésoumise à l'octroi d'une
Il semble donc qu'on ait
permission préalable ou d'une licence.
négligéla pratique qui avait été suivie de 1818 à 1878, comme si
elle était sans importance.
IO1 In my opinion the record establishes that, prior to the Treaty of
1878, it was not the practice to seek prior permission of the British
before any passage of armed forces or armed police or arms and
ammunition took place, nor was it necessary to do so.

As regards the armed forces, theTreaty of Commerce andExtradi-
tion of 1878, which terminated in 1892, contained a clause (Article
XVIII thereof) which provided that "The armed forces of one of
the two High Contracting Parties shall not enter the Indian domin-
ions of the other, except for the purposes specified in former
Treaties, or for the rendering of mutual assistance as provided for
in the present Treaty, or except in consequence of a forma1 request
made by the party desiring such entry to the other." This Article
was of general application directed to entry into the dominions of
the other. It was proposed not by the British but by the Portuguese,
who had for just on IOO years prior thereto continuously exercised
passage in respect of armed forces between Daman and the enclaves.
The reasons for Portugal's request for the inclusion of this clause
had nothing to do with any question of passage between Daman and

the enclaves, but were concerned with matters of high policy. The
overriding reason was its desire to protect and preserve its sover-
eignty over its overseas possessions in India. It explained "the
exact meaning of this Article" (see Indian Annex F. No. 54,
Rejoinder, Vol. II, at page 227).

After the Treaty had come into force, and before 1890, although
there were apparently times when prior permission was in fact
applied for, there were a number of occasionswhen members of the
Portuguese armed forces passed between Daman and the enclaves
without seeking or having any prior permission to do so. The
Portuguese claim that these occasions numbered twenty-three.
Whatever the precise number, it is quite clear on the record that

there were several (Indian Annex F. No. 53, Rejoinder, Vol. II, at
pages 212, 213, 214, 216, 218, 219 and 220).
This gave rise in 1890 and 1891 to correspondence which passed
between the British and the Portumese authorities in which the
former took up the position that, byvirtue of Article XVIII of the
Treaty, forma1 request for permission should in al1 cases be made
whenever any Portuguese armed forces passed through British
territory. Whether the provisions of Article XVIII justified the
construction then placed upon it by the British authorities is a
question which need not be answered. The fact is that thereafter it
became a habit for the Portuguese to apply for prior permission.
This marked a point of departure in respect of the administrative
practice which had prevailed before 1878. A mon avis, le dossier démontre qu'avant le traité de 1878
la pratique n'était pas de demander aux autorités britanniques une
permission préalable en cas de passage des forces armées, de la
police armée ou des armes et munitions et qu'iln'étaitpas nécessaire
de le faire.
A l'égard desforces armées,le traité de commerce et d'extradition
de 1878, qui a cesséd'êtreen vigueur en 1892, contenait une clause
(article XVIII) qui disposait: «La force armée de l'une des deux
Hautes Parties contractantes n'entrera pas dans les possessions
indiennes de l'autre, excepté dans les cas spécifiéspar des traités

antérieurs, ou pour se prêter un mutuel secours comme cela est
prévu dans le présent traité, ou lorsqu'une demande formelle en
aura étéfaite par la partie qui désirera cette entrée de l'autre. ))
L'application de cet article était générale pour l'entréesur le terri-
toire des possessions des parties respectives. Il avait étéproposé
non pas par les autorités britanniques mais par les autorités portu-
gaises qui, au cours du siècleprécédent,avaient constamment fait
passer des forces arméesentre Damao et les enclaves. Les raisons
pour lesquelles le Portugal avait demandél'inclusion de cette clause
n'avaient rien à voir avec une quelconque affaire de passage entre
Damao et les enclaves, mais se rattachaient à des questions de
politique générale. La plus importante était le désir du Portugal

de protéger et de maintenir sa souveraineté sur ses possessions
d'outre-mer en Inde. Il a expliqué « le sens exact de cet article ))
(voir annexe indienne F. no 54, duplique, vol. II, p. 227).

Après l'entréeen vigueur du traité et jusqu'en 1890, s'il est vrai
qu'à certaines époques une autorisation préalable a bien étéde-
mandée, des membres des forces armées portugaises ont, à de nom-
breuses reprises, circulé entre Damao et les enclaves sans en avoir
demandé ni requ l'autorisation préalable. Les Portugais affirment
qu'on a compté vingt-trois cas de ce genre. Quel que soit le nombre
exact, il ressort clairement du dossier qu'il y en a eu plusieurs
(annexe indienne F. no 53, duplique, vol. II, pp. 212, 213, 214,

216, 218, 219 et 220).
Il en est résulté en1890 et 1891 un échangede correspondance
entre les autorités britanniques et portugaises au cours duquel la
position des premières a étéqu'en vertu de l'article XVIII du
traité, une demande formelle d'autorisation était nécessaire dans
tous les cas, chaque fois que les forces armées portugaises traver-
saient le territoire britannique. Il n'est pas nécessairede trancher
la question de savoir si les dispositions de l'article XVIII justi-
fiaient l'interprétation qu'en ont alors donnéeles autorités britanni-
ques. Le fait est que, par la suite, les Portugais prirent l'habitude
de solliciter une autorisation préalable, ce qui était une déviation

par rapport à la pratique administrative suivie avant 1878.
IO2 In reaching its conclusion as to the practice with regard to the

passage of armed forces, the Court appears to have been much
persuaded by letter of the zznd December 1890 from the Gover-
nor General of Portuguese India to the Governor of Bombay (Indian
Annex F. No. 53, Rejoinder, Vol. II, at page 215) andthe Treaty of
1741 between the Marathas and the Portuguese. On examination,
however, these 1 think provide slender support for its conclusion.
On 8 December 1890 the Bombay Government communicated
with the Portuguese Government in India to the effect that "armed
men in the service of the Portuguese Government are in the habitof
passing without formal request" between Daman and Nagar-Aveli
and that this appeared in breach of Article XVIII of the Treaty of
1878. It was to this legal contention that the Governor General of
Portuguese India replied on 22 December, in which inter alia he
çtated: "On so delicate a subject 1 request leave to observe that
Portuguese troops never cross British territory without previous
permission and that small detachmentswhenever on the march meet
a military post or any force or British Authority, they halt and
only proceed further after applying for and obtaining fresh permis-

sion. For centuries has this practice been followed, whereby the
treaties have been respected and due deference shown to the British
authorities." The Bombay Government repliedby letter of 9 April
1891 in which it stated that application for permission, claimed to
be necessary under the terms of Article XVIII of the Treaty, had
not been observed in several instances. It was, however, made quite
clear that permission, when applied for in respect to Portuguese
armed men, "would be accorded in consonancewith past practice".
(Rejoinder, Vol. II, Indian Annexes at page 223.)

Whatever the precise meaning to be given to the statement inthe
letter of the Portuguese Governor General it is1 think, apparent on
the reading of the relevant correspondence that :

(a) The request for permission was treated very much as a for-
mality, though a not unimportant one. The "formal request" under
Article XVIII of the Treatyhad first to be made.

(b) When permission was applied for, it would be forthcoming
"in consonance with past practice".

That this letter of the Portuguese Governor General cannot be
accepted as establishing that the practice which had existed prior
to 1878 in relation to passage of armed forces between Daman and
the enclaves was to seek for and obtain permission or that prior
permission was necessary is, 1 think, reasonably clear elsewhere in
the record.
India contended that since 1879, when the Treaty came into
force, permission was necessary (para. 355 of Rejoinder). But "The En arrivant à sa conclusion quant à la pratique suivie pour le
passage de forces armées, la Cour semble avoir étéprofondément

influencéepar une lettre du gouverneur général de l'Inde portugaise
au gouverneur de Bombay, datée du 22 décembre 1890 (annexe
F. no 53, duplique, vol. II, p. 215) et par le traité luso-mahratte de
1741. Mais à l'examen, je crois que ces documents n'offrent qu'un
appui fragile à cette conclusion.
Le 8 décembre 1890, le Gouvernement de Bombay a envoyé au
Gouvernement portugais en Inde une communication d'après la-
quelle « des hommes en armes au service du Gouvernement portugais
ont l'habitudede traversersans enformuler oficiellementlademande ))

entre Damao et Nagar-Aveli, ce qui paraissait contraire à l'article
XVIII du traité de 1878. C'est à cette thèse juridique qu'a répondu
le 22 décembrelegouverneur général de l'Inde portugaise, en disant
notamment: « Sur un sujet aussi délicat, je me permettrai de faire
observer que les troupes portugaises ne traversent jamais le terri-
toirebritannique sans autorisation préalable et que de petits détache-
ments, chaque fois qu'ils rencontrent dans leurs déplacements un
poste militaire ou toute autre force ou autorité britannique,
s'arrêtentet ne poursuivent leur chemin qu'après avoir demandé et
obtenu une nouvelle autorisation. Cette pratique a étéobservée

depuis des siècles, en respect des traités et par déférence à l'égard
des autorités britanniques. » Le Gouvernement de Bombay a
répondu par une lettre du g avril 1891 où il est déclaréque dans
plusieurs cas la nécessitéd'une demande d'autorisation, exigéeaux
termes de l'article XVIII du traité, n'a pas étérespectée. Mais il
était pourtant très clairement indiqué que l'autorisation, lorsqu'elle
serait sollicitée pour les forces armées portugaises, serait accordée
« conformémentàla pratique suivie dans lepassé ».(Duplique, vol. II,
annexes indiennes, p. 223.)
Quel que soit le sens précis qu'on attache à l'énoncéde la lettre

du gouverneur général portugais, je crois qu'il ressort de la corres-
pondance pertinente :
a) Que la demande d'autorisation étaittraitéesurtout comme une
formalitéencore qu'elle eut son importance. La «demande formelle ))
exigée aux termes de l'article XVIII du traité devait d'abord
êtrefaite.

b) Quand la pern~issionétaitsollicitée,elle étaitaccordée «confor-
mément à la pratique suivie dans le passé )).
Je crois qu'il ressort assez clairement 'des autres élémentsdu

dossier que cette lettre du gouverneur généralportugais ne saurait
êtreacceptée comme démontrant que la pratique antérieure à 1878
quant au passage des forces armées entre Damao et les enclaves
était de solliciter et d'obtenir une permission ou qu'une autorisation
préalable fût nécessaire.
L'Inde a soutenu que depuis l'entrée en vigueur du traité en
1879, l'autorisation était nécessaire (duplique, par. 355). Mais ((le

103fact is ...that before 1879 the entry of troops or armed police of
either Government into the territory of the other was governed *by
a reciprocal arrangement. The existence of such an arrangement
naturally made it unnecessary for a forma1 request to be made and
permission to be granted on each occasionof entry (para. 333 of the
Rejoinder). (See also paras. 296 and 333 of Rejoinder, and paras.
132 and 136 of Counter-Memorial; Indian Annex F. No. 53,
Rejoinder, Vol. II, at pages 216, 218,219 and 220; Indian Annex
C. No. 39, Counter-Memorial, Vol. II, pages 192-193).
As for the Treaty of 1741,referring as it does to circumstances and
a time forty yearsprior to the Portuguese obtaining possession of the
enclaves, it seems sufficiently remote from the issues with which we
are called upon to deal as to provide little assistance. It seems there-
fore clear that prior to 1878 it was not usual for the Portuguese
to request prior permission nor does it appear that such permission
was necessary before passage took place.

When the Treaty of 1878was entered into the crystallization into
custom of the practice existing between 1818-1878 was already far
advanced, if indeed it had not by that time become a local custom,
as 1 incline to think was the case.
Whenever, however, subsequently permission was in fact applied
for, passage was allowed not generally, but always. It was "accorded
in consonancewith past practice".

In the case of armed police different arrangements were agreed
to from time to time or different administrative practices were
followed, which endured for certain periods. During some periods
no prior permissionwas applied for or appears to have been required.
During other periods it was required, or required when the number
intended to exercise the passage exceeded a given figure. On other
occasions previous intimation of intention was all that seemed to
be caJled for (see e.g. Indian Annex C. No. 53, Counter-Mernorial,
Vol.II, at p.307(1912) ; Indian Annex C. No. 57,ibid., p. 323 (1940)).
It was necessary to have "some sort of control or check over the

movements of armed police forces" (ibid.,at p. 324). Prior permission
never appears however to have been necessary before 1878 nor was
there any practice to apply for the same.

With respect to arms and ammunition, subsequent to 1878it was
the usual practice that permission had first to be applied for. But
the evidence does not establish that this was so during the period
1818-1878,or that it was usual during that period for the Portuguese
to ask permission.

But assuming that it were othenvise and that there was at ali
times an administrative or agreed-to requirement, either general infait est...qu'avant 1879 l'entrée des troupes ou de la police armée
d'un gouvernement sur le territoire de l'autre était régiepar un
accord réciproque. Il devenait doncinutile, étant donné l'existence
de cet accord, de faire une demandeoficielle de passageet d'accorder
une autorisation à l'occasionde chaqueentrée » (par. 333 de la du-
plique). (Voir également par. 296 de la duplique et par. 132 et 136
du contre-mémoire; annexe indienne F. no 53, duplique, vol. II,
p. 216, 218,219 et 220; annexe indienne C. no 39, contre-mémoire,
vol. II, pp. 192-193).
Quant au traité de 1741 qui se réfèreà des circonstances et à une

époque de quarante ans antérieure à la prise de possession des
enclaves par les Portugais, il semble assez éloignédes questions que
nous sommes appelés à traiter pour ne pouvoir êtred'une grande
utilité. Il sembledonc clair qu'avant 1878 les Portugais n'avaient
pas l'habitude de solliciter une autorisation préalable, et il ne
semblepas qu'une telle autorisationfût nécessaireavant le passage.
Lors du traité de 1878, la cristallisation en une coutume de la
pratique existant entre 1818 et 1878 était déjà très avancée, si
mêmeelle n'était pas déjà devenue à l'époque une coutume locale,
comme j'incline à le croire.
Cependant, toutes les fois que par la suite l'autorisation était
sollicitée en fait, le passage était autorisé, non pas d'une façon
générale,mais toujours. Il était accordé « conformément à la pratique
suivie dans le passé».
Dans le cas de la police armée,des arrangements différentsfurent

conclus à diverses époques ou bien des pratiques administratives
variables furent suivies pendant certaines périodes. Tantôt aucune
autorisation préalable n'était sollicitée ou bien ne semblait néces-
saire, tantôt elle était exigée,ou bien elle était nécessaire lorsque
les effectifs devant exercer le passage dépassaient un certain chiffre.
Parfois aussi, il semble que seule une notification préalable ait été
exigée(voir par exemple annexe indienne C. no 53, contre-mémoire,
vol. II, p.307 (1912) ;annexe indienne C. no 57, ibid. p. 323 (1940)).
II était nécessaire d'imposer «un certain contrôle ou une certaine
réglementation aux mouvements de la police armée » (ibid. p. 324).
Cependant, il ne semble pas qu'aucune autorisation préalable eût
éténécessaireavant 1878 et on ne relève aucun usage imposant de
solliciter une pareille autorisation.
Pour ce qui est des armes et des munitions, la pratique courante

après 1878 était de solliciter l'autorisation préalable. Mais les
preuves ne démontrent pas qu'il en fût ainsi pendant la période
1818-1878 OU que pendant cette période les Portugais eussent
coutume de solliciter l'autorisation.

Mais en admettant qu'il en soit autrement et qu'il ait toujours
existé une obligationsoit de caractère administratif, soit issue d'un

104application or specifically applicable to passage between Daman and
the enclaves, that prior permission should be sought before armed
forces, armed police or arms and ammunition entered or passed
over British,-and later Indian, territory, thaé;-inmy opinion, would
not preclude a custom arising creating in Portugal a right of passage,
subject of course at all times to its regulation and control by the
sovereign of the intervening territory.

Portugal has throughout made it clear that the right claimed by
her to have arisen from local custom is subject in its exercise to
India's regulation and control. Despite such regulation and control
as from time to time applied to al1categories, it was the constant
and uniform practice, extending over more than a century and a
quarter, for both the British and India, to allow passage for each
of these categories. Never, until about the time of the events 1954,

did this practice alter.

Regulation and control take different forms, which may Vary
from time to time. As times and circumstances change, so
may regulation and control. The requirement of a licence to do
an act is a common, useful and practical form of admini-
strative regulation and control. (See in this case, for example,
Counter-Memorial, Vol. II, Indian Annex D. No. 4,Act of 5 Decem-
ber 1857 relating to foreigners, which provided that no foreigner
should travel or pass through British territory without a licence
which could be revoked at any time; Annex D. No. 5, Act of
12 February 1864 making similar provision to prevent (inte arlia)
subjects of foreign States from passing through British India without
the consent of the Government of British India.) A necessity to
apply for a licence before an act is done is not necessarily incom-
patible with a right to do that act. The legal systems of many
countries will provide examples where before an admitted right
may be exercised application for permission must first be made,

but where the right to accord or refuse permission is, in al1 the
circumstances, interpreted not as one of absolute discretion but as
a controllable discretion, one which must be used reasonably and
not capriciously, one which must be exercised in good faith.

In the present case, in respect of the three categories where the
Court has held a right of passage in Portugal to have arisen, there
were at different times routine controls or such regulations and
controls aswere necessitated by considerations ofsecurity or revenue.
It is not without significance that whereas the passage of certain
goods was at different times and over substantial periods totally
prohibited, the passage of armed forces, armed police, and arms andaccord applicable à titre général, ou, spécifiquement, au passage
entre Damao et les enclaves imposant de solliciter une autorisation
préalable avant de faire entrer ou transiter des forces armé~s,de
la police armée ou des armes et munitions en territoire britannique
et plus tard en territoire indien, le fait, à mon avis, n'exclut pas
qu'une coutume ne soit née et n'ait crééau profit du Portugal un
droit de passagetoujours soumis, bien entendu, à la réglementation
et au contrôle exercéspar le souverain du territoire intermédiaire.

Le Portugal a toujours précisé quel'exercice du droit qu'il reven-
dique comme issu delacoutume locale est soumis àla réglementation
et au contrôle de l'Inde. En dépit de la réglementation et du con-
trôle appliquésde temps en temps àtoutes les catégories,la pratique
constante et uniforme pendant plus de cent vingt-cinq ans a été,
pour les autorités britanniques comme pour l'Inde, d'autoriser le
passage de chacune de ces catégories. Jamais cette pratique n'a été
modifiée jusqu'à l'époquedes événementsde 1954.

La réglementation et le contrôle prennent différentes formes qui
peuvent varier de temps à autre. Comme varient les temps et les
circonstances, ainsi peuvent aussi varier la réglementation et le
contrôle. L'obligation d'obtenir une autorisation préalable avant
d'agir est une forme courante, utile et pratique de réglementation
et de contrôle administratif. (Voir dans la présente affaire, par
exemple, contre-mémoire, vol. II, annexe indienne D. no 4: Act
du 5 décembre 1857 relatif aux étrangers qui dispose qu'aucun

étranger ne peut voyager ni transiter en territoire britannique s'il
n'est muni d'une licence révocable à tout moment; annexe D. no 5:
Act du 12 février1864 contenant des dispositions similaires visant
à interdireinter alia aux sujets des États étrangers de traverçer le
territoire de l'Inde britannique sans le consentement de cet Etat.)
L'obligation de demander une autorisation préalable n'est pas
nécessairement incompatible avec le droit d'agir. Les systèmes
juridiques d'un grand nombre de pays fournissent des exemples qui
témoignent qu'avant d'exercer un droit reconnu il y a lieu de
solliciter l'autorisation de l'exercer, mais quele droit d'accorder
ou de refuser cette autorisation est toujours interprété non pas
comme une discrétion absolue mais comme une discrétion con-
trôlable, dont l'usage doit êtreraisonnable et non pas capricieux,
et qu'il doit êtreexercé en toute bonne foi.
Dans la présente affaire, en ce qui touche les trois catégories
pour lesquelles la Cour a conclu à un droit de passage au profit du
Portugal, des contrôles normaux ou certaines mesures de réglemen-

tation et de contrôle imposéspar des considérations de sécuritéou
de fiscalité ont étéétablisà différentes époques. Il est assez signi-
ficatif, tandis que le passage de certaines marchandises a été
totalement interdit à différentes époques et pour d'assez longuesammunition were, until just before July 1954 ,lways allowed. The
constant and uniform practice was to allow passage in respect of al1
six categories sufficient to enable Portuguese authority to function,
subject however to the different controls in force from time to time.

In respect of any of the first three categories, the Judgment of
the Court confirms that the right of passage which arose out of
local custom may properly, in respect to matters connected with
the exercise thereof, be controlled or regulated by India. Custom,
which created the right, attached to it the qualification of regulation
and control by the sovereign of the intervening territory.

This also, in my opinion, was the case in relation to arrned forces,

armed police, and arms and ammunition where a stricter degree of
control and regulation may for obvious reasons be necessary. The
checking of the movement of any of these categoriesover the inter-
vening territory, the numbers, or quantity involved and the pur-
pose forwhich the passage is sought, the time, the route to be taken,
and other modalities of passage, are ali matters properly the sub-
ject of control and regulation (cf. Indian Annex C.No. 57,Counter-
Memorial, Vol. II,at p. 324).

Whether it was in respect of goods or persons or civil officiais, or
armed forces or armed police, or arms and ammunition, it was the
constant and uniform practice to allow their passage. In respect of
each category controls of different kinds operated on different
occasions or during different periods. But the controls differed only
in degree. The administrative need to apply for prior authority in
respect of any one or more category is not decisive in this dispute

any more than was the generalprohibition ofpassage ofgoods during
the Second World War or prohibitions on transit imposed on
different kinds of goods. Each in my opinion fell within the field
of regulation and control of the exercise of the right of passage.
In principle,1 do not see any decisive difference between any of the
regulations and controls which applied to the vanous categories at
different times.

The Court in its Judgment places little emphasis, if any, upon the
fact of recognition by the British and India of Portuguese sover-

106périodes, que le passage des forces armées, de la police armée
et des armes et munitions ait toujours étéautorisé jusqu'à l'époque
précédant immédiatement le mois de juillet 1954. La pratique
constante et uniforme pour ces six catégories sans exception
était d'autoriser le passage dans la mesure nécessaire à l'exercice
de la souveraineté portugaise, sous réserve toutefois de divers
contrôles appliqués de temps àautre.
A l'égard de l'une quelconque des trois premières catégories,
l'arrêt de la Cour confirme que le droit de passage découlant de
la coutume locale peut équitablement, en ce qui concerne les ques-

tions se rattachant à l'exercice de ce droit, êtrecontrôlé et régle-
menté par l'Inde. La coutume,.qui a crééce droit, l'a soumis à la
réglementation et au contrôle du souverain du territoire inter-
médiaire.
J'estime qu'il en est de mêmeà l'égard des forces armées, de
la police armée et des armes et munitions sur lesquelles, pour des
raisons évidentes, il peut êtreindispensable d'exercer un contrôle
et une réglementation plus étroits. Les mouvements de l'une quel-
conque de ces catégories sur le territoire intermédiaire, leur impor-
tance numérique ou autre, et la raison pour laquelle le passage est
demandé, l'époque,l'itinéraire et autres modalités de transit sont
autant d'élémentsqui peuvent, équitablement, faire l'objet de
contrôle et de réglementation (cf. annexe indienne C. no 57, contre-
mémoire, vol. II,p. 324).

Qu'il se soit agi des marchandises, des personnes ou des fonc-
tionnaires civils, des forces armées ou de la police armée, ou des
armes et des munitions, la pratique constante et uniforme a été
d'autoriser le passage. Chacune de ces catégories a donné lieu à
des contrôles de types divers exercés en différentes occasions ou

au cours de diverses périodes. Mais il n'existait qu'une différence
de degréentre ces contrôles. La formalité administrative consistant
à solliciter une autorisation préalable pour une ou plusieurs de ces
catégories n'a pas un caractère plus décisifdans leprésent différend
que ne l'ont eu l'interdiction générale dupassage des marchandises
édictéeau cours de la seconde guerre mondiale ni les interdictions
opposées au transit de différents types de marchandises. A mon
avis, chacune de ces mesures ressortissait à la réglementation et au
contrôle de l'exercice du droit de passage. En principe, je ne vois
aucune différence décisiveentre aucune des mesures de réglemen-
tation et de contrôle qui ont étéappliquées aux diverses catégories
à différentes époques.
*

La Cour, dans son arrêt, n'accorde qu'une attention réduite,
pour ne pas dire inexistante, au fait que les Britanniques et l'Inde

106eignty over the enclaves, yet this recognition is not only an indispu-
table, it is as well the central, fact in the case. Another vital and
indisputable fact is that this sovereignty could not be exercised
unless some passage was accorded the Portuguese. Another is that
this was recognized by both the British and India.

In the course of the oral hearing, Counsel for India conceded
"that Portugal's sovereignty cannot operate if she is forbidden al1
passage of officia1organs and at the present time of police forces".
In determining whether custom has created a right of passage, and,
if so, its nature and extent, the facts above referred to have a
specialimportance. Themaintenance of interna1 order is an essential
aspect of the exercise of sovereignty. Its maintenance in these
enclaves was not possible if al1accesswere denied to the Portuguese
organs of government except unarmed civilian officials.

The history of the enclaves, their geographical situation, the
recognition of Portugal's sovereignty thereover, the obvious
necessity for some right of passage sufficient to enable Portuguese
sovereignty to be exercised, presents as well the background against
which the conduct of the Parties and the practice they followed
must be measured. Sovereignty is not a mere status, it connotes an
ability to exercise the rights of sovereignty. Recognition that

sovereignty over the enclaves was vested in Portugal was a recog-
nition of Portugal's rights to exercise sovereignty within them;
otherwise the recognition of sovereignty would have been mean-
ingless.
For Portugal to exercise its rights of sovereignty, passage not
only for private persons, unarmed Portuguese civil officials and
goods in general, but also for armed forces, armed police and arms
and ammunition was in fact indispensable. Necessity for passage
being implicit in the very existence of the enclaves, the recognition
of Portuguese sovereignty, taken in conjunction with the constant
and uniform practice which was followed, establishes in my opinion
that a right of passage in respect of al1the six categories referred to
had been acquired by Portugal long before the events of 1954.

The long, uninterrupted, and continuous passage permitted by
the British and India in respect of armed forces, armed police, and

arms and ammunition is, in al1 the circumstances, far more con-
sistent with a conclusion that both the British and India recognized
an obligation on their part, subject to their regulation and control,
to allow their passage, than with a conclusion that the matter of
passage was solely one for their absolute and arbitrary discretion
andthat they were at liberty, if they so wished, at any time to put
an end forever to further passage, isolate, for al1practical purposes,
107ont reconnu la souveraineté portugaise sur les enclaves, reconnais-
sance qui pourtant non seulement est incontestable, mais encore
constitue le fait central en l'espèce.Autre fait vital et incontestable:
l'exercice de cette souveraineté exigeait l'octroi d'un certain
passage aux Portugais. Un autre encore: la reconnaissance de cette
situation tant par les Britanniques que par l'Inde.
Au cours de la procédure orale, le conseil du Gouvernement de

l'Inde a admis (que le Portugal ne pouvait exercer sa souveraineté
si on lui interdisait tout passage d'agents officiels et, ce qui est
actuellement le cas, de forces de police ». Les faits susmentionnés
revêtentune importance particulière pour déterminer si la coutume
a créé undroit de passage et, dans l'affirmative, en définirla nature
et la portée. Le maintien de l'ordre intérieur est un aspect essentiel
de l'exercice de la souveraineté. Son maintien dans les enclaves
était impossible dès lors qu'on en refusait entièrement l'accèsaux
agents gouvernementaux portugais, à l'exception des fonctionnaires
civils non armés.
L'histoire des enclaves, leur situation géographique,la reconnais-
sance de la souveraineté du Portugal sur elles, la nécessité évidente
d'un certain droit de passage suffisant pour permettre au Portugal
d'y exercer sa souveraineté, tels sont les éléments en fonctiondes-

quels il convient d'apprécier l'attitude des Parties et la pratique
qu'elles ont suivie. La souveraineté n'est pas un simple statut, elle
implique la faculté d'en exercer les droits. Reconnaître que la
souveraineté sur les enclaves appartenait au Portugal, c'était
reconnaître également les droits du Portugal à y exercer sa
souveraineté; sans quoi la reconnaissance de la souveraineté
n'eût étéqu'un vain mot.
Pour que le Portugal puisse exercer ses droits de souveraineté,
le passage non seulement des personnes privées, des fonctionnaires
civils portugais non armés et des marchandises en général, mais
aussi des forces armées, de la police armée,des armes et des muni-
tions était en fait indispensable. La nécessitédu passage étant im-
plicitement contenue dans l'existence même desenclaves, la recon-
naissance de la souveraineté portugaise, considéréeconjointement
avec la pratique constante et uniforme qui a étésuivie, établit, à

mon avis, que le Portugal avait acquis un droit de passage pour
chacune des six catégoriesconsidérées àune date très antérieure aux
événements de 1954.
Étant donnélepassage prolongéet ininterrompu autorisé par les
Britanniques et par l'Inde pour les forces armées,la police armée,les
armes et les munitions et eu égard à toutes les circonstances de
l'espèce, il est beaucoup plus logique de conclure que les Britan-
niques et l'Inde ont chacun reconnu à leur propre charge I'obli-
gation, sous leur réglementation et leur contrôle, d'autoriser ce
passage, plutôt que d'en déduire quela question du passage relevait
exclusivement de leur discrétion absolue et arbitraire et qu'il leur
était loisibleà tout moment, si tel était leur désir, de mettre finthe enclaves from Portuguese authority and thus effectively
prevent the Portuguese from exercising their acknowledged sover-
eignty over the enclaves.
In my opinion the record establishes a practice during the
British and post-British periods, accepted as law by the Parties, to
allow the passage of armed forces, armed police, and arms and
ammunition, as well as that of private persons, civil officials and
goods in general, to the extent necessary in the exercise of Portu-
guese sovereignty over the enclaves, and subject to the regulation
and control of India, for the purposes of, but only for the purposes
of, the normal day-to-day administration thereof, including the
maintenance of law and order.

Aright of passage having been established, there was a correlative
obligation on India not to prevent the exercise of that passage; it
could regulate and control it; it could not prevent it or render it
nugatory or illusive.
The Court has held that no breach by India of its international'
obligation has been proved. Again, 1 regret that 1 am unable to
agree,even assuming-as for the purpose of this part of my opinion
1 do-that the right of passage acquired by Portugal was limited to
the first three categories mentioned in the Court's Judgment.

In 1954 India did not acknowledge that Portugal had any right
of passage. India had persuaded itself that it was in its absolute
discretion, if it wished, completely to prevent Portugal from having
any access to the enclaves.

In order to ascertain whether any breach was committed by
India it is, 1 think, proper to have regard to the background
furnished by certain events which occurred over a period of up-
wards of four years prior to July 1954. These disclose a widening
estrangement between Portugal and India and a progressive
tightening of restrictions on allmovement by the Portuguese into
and across Indian territory including ultimately and specifically
movement between Daman and the enclaves.

On 27 February 1950 the Government of India approached the
Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the view that Portugal
should agree to the integration of her territories in the Indian
Peninsula within the Republic of India. It sought the acceptance
108pour toujours au passage, d'isoler dans la pratique les enclaves de
l'autorité portugaise et ainsi d'empêcher effectivement les Portu-
gaisd'exercer la souveraineté qui leur étaitreconnue sur les enclaves.
L4mon avis, le dossier établit l'existence au cours des périodes
britannique et post-britannique d'une pratique acceptée comme

étant le droit par les Parties, consistant à autoriser le passage des
forces armées, de la police armée, et des armes et munitions, ainsi
que des personnes privées, des fonctionnaires civils et des marchan-
dises en général,dans la mesure nécessaire à l'exercice de la souve-
raineté portugaise sur les enclaves et sous la réglementation et le
contrôle de l'Inde, en vue, mais en vue seulement, de l'adminis-
tration normale journalière de ces enclaves, y compris le maintien
du droit et de l'ordre.

Ln droit de passage une fois établi,il existaàtla charge de l'Inde
une obligation correspondante de ne pas empêcher l'exercicede ce
passage; l'Inde pouvait le soumettre à sa réglementation et à son
contrôle; elle ne pouvait l'empêcherni le rendre nul ou illusoire.
La Cour a estimé qu'on n'avait prouvé à la charge de l'Inde
aucun manquement à ses obligations internationales. Cette fois
encore, je regrette de ne pouvoir me ranger à cette vue, mêmeen
présumant - comme je le fais dans cette partie de mon opinion -
que le droit de passage acquis par le Portugal était limité aux trois
premières catégories mentionnées dans l'arrêtde la Cour.
En 1954, l'Inde n'a reconnu l'existence d'aucun droit de passage

en faveur du Portugal. Elle s'est convaincue qu'il lui était entière-
ment loisible, si tel était son désir,de refuser au Portugal tout accès
aux enclaves.

Pour trancher la question de savoir si l'Inde a commis un man-
quement quelconque à ses obligations, il convientà mon avis de la
situer dans le cadre de certains événementssurvenus au cours d'une
périoderemontant jusqu'à quatre ans avant le mois de juillet 1954.
Ceux-ci montrent comment le Portugal et l'Inde se sont progressive-
ment éloignésl'un de l'autre et comment se sont resserrées les res-
trictions imposées à tout mouvement des Portugais pour pénétrer

dans le territoire indien ou le traverser, y compris, finalement et
spécifiquement, aux déplacements entre Damao et les enclaves.

Le 27 février 1950, le Gouvernement de l'Inde a pris contact avec
le ministère des Affaires étrangèresdu Portugal pour lui faire con-
naître qu'à son avis le Portugal devrait accepter l'intégration dans

la République de l'Inde de ses territoires de la péninsule indienne.of this principle by Portugal, leaving to be discussed the ways and
means to give it effect.
By Memorandum dated 15 June 1950, Portugal made it clear that
the transfer of any Portuguese territory could not be considered.

On receipt of this Memorandum the Indian Minister in Portugal
stated that his Government could not accept the Portuguese refusa1
of India's proposa1 as a final disposition of the question or acquiesce
in the continuance of the existing position.

On 14 January 1953, the Indian Government addressed a further
Note on the same subject to the Government of Portugal. Itasked
that the principle of direct transfer should be accepted first and
that this should be followed by a de factotransfer of the administra-
tion. "No longer ...is it compatible with the status of India ...that
pockets of foreign territory, however small in area ...should
continue to exist on Indian soi1 ..." "The Government of India has
come to the conclusion that no solution is now possible except on
the basis of a direct transfer which would ensure the merger of
these territories at an early date with the Indian Union."
On I May 1953, Portugal having refrained from replying to this
renewed request and having refused to discuss the question of a
direct transfer with the Indian Chargéd'Affaires, India, by Note of
this date, notified Portugal that unless it was prepared to discuss
the question of direct transfer, it proposed to close its Legation in
Lisbon. The Note stressed again the Government of India's view
that Portuguese possessions should become an integral part of the
territory of the Union of India.

Portugal, on 15 May 1953, replied to both the preceding Notes.
It adhered to its refusa1to discuss India's request, and asked India
to reconsider its intention to close its Legation.

On 26 May 1953 India notified Portugal that its Legation would
be closed from II June 1953.
In October 1953India prohibited the transit of armed Portuguese
police or military personnel across Indian territory.
On 2 December 1953 the Portuguese Legation at New Delhi, by
Note to India's Foreign Affairs Ministry, stated that information
had been received that Indian authorities had as from 26 November
1953 forbidden the transit of the Governor of Daman District, of
the European officiaisand the car of the Portuguese police through
Indian territory between Daman and Nagar-Aveli unless provided
with passports and Indian visas. The Portuguese Note stated that it

would "hamper administration of the said territories"; it was felt
that the measure was unfriendly.Il demandait au Portugal une acceptation de principe, les modalités
d'exécution devant faire l'objet de négociations.
Par un mémorandum en date du 15 juin 1950, le Portugal a
répondu qu'il ne saurait envisager le transfert d'aucun territoire
portugais.
Au reçu de ce mémorandum, le ministre de l'Inde au Portugal a
déclaré queson Gouvernement ne saurait accepter le refus opposé
par le Portugal à la proposition de l'Inde comme un règlement défi-
nitif de la question, ni se satisfaire du maintien de la situation
existante.
Le 14 janvier 1953, le Gouvernement de l'Inde a adressé une

nouvelle note sur le mêmesujet au Gouvernement du Portugal.
Il demandait l'acceptation préalable du principe d'un transfert
direct, qui devrait êtresuivie d'un transfert de fait de l'adminis-
tration. « Ily a désormaisincompatibilité entre le statut de l'Inde
...et le maintien sur son sol de poches de territoire étranger, aussi
réduites soient-elles. 1)cLe Gouvernement de l'Inde est parvenu
à la conclusion qu'aucune solution du problème n'est plus possible,
si ce n'est sur la base d'un transfert direct qui assurera à une date
rapprochée la réunion de ces territoires à l'Union indienne. ))
Le Portugal s'étant abstenu de répondre à cette demande renou-
veléeet ayant refusé de discuter la question d'un transfert direct
avec le chargé d'affaires de l'Inde, l'Inde, par une note en date du

ler mai 1953, a fait connaître au Portugal qu'elle se proposait de
fermer sa légation à Lisbonne, à moins que le Gouvernement portu-
gais ne se montre disposé à discuter la question du transfert direct.
La note soulignait une fois de plus que, selon la thèse du Gouverne-
ment de l'Inde, les possessions portugaises devraient devenir partie
intégrante du territoire de l'Union indienne.
Le 15 mai 1953, le Portugal a répondu aux deux notes qui précè-
dent. Il maintenait son refus de discuter la demande de l'Inde et
lui demandait de reconsidérer ses projets de fermeture de sa
légation à Lisbonne.
Le 26 mai 1953, l'Inde a notifiéau Portugal que sa légation serait

fermée à partir du II juin 1953.
En octobre 1953, l'Inde a interdit le transit en territoire indien
de forces de police ou de personnel militaire portugais armés.
Le 2 décembre 1953, la légation du Portugal à New Delhi, dans
une note adresséeau ministère des Affaires extérieuresde l'Inde, a
déclaréce qui suit: il avait été porté à sa connaissance que les
autorités indiennes avaient interdit, à partir du 26 novembre 1953,
le passage sur le territoire de l'Union indienne entre Damao et
Nagar-Aveli du gouverneur du district de Damao, des fonctionnaires
européenset de la voiture de la police portugaise, à moins qu'ils ne
soient munis de passeports portant le visa indien. La note portu-

gaise soulignait que cette mesure rendait « difficilel'administration
desdits territoires» et paraissait empreinte d'un caractère
hostile. This complaint was referred to in an Indian Note of 23 December
1953. India stated that it had been compelled to review its policy in
<<ew of the "general unfriendly attitude" of the Portuguese and the
misuse" of concessions hitherto enjoyed by Portuguese officials.
However, to facilitate the administration of Nagar-Aveli the
District Magistrates at Surat were "as a very special case" authori-
zed to grant transit visas to permanent Portuguese European
officials of Daman and Silvassa but no further concession could be
considered. This practice as applied to transit between Daman and
Nagar-Aveli was, 1 think, an innovation (seeAnnexes 35 and 39 to
Portuguese Memorial, and Indian Annexes E. 51 and 52). It was

the subject of further protests on the part of the Portuguese, on
18 January 1954 and II February 1954 (Annexes 39 and 40 to
Memorial). The Note of 18 January (para. 4) stated that "the
Governors of Daman, as well as the other officials of the district,
including the Europeans, had always been allowed, by custorn and
tradition, to cross Indian territory between Daman and Nagar-
Aveli ...without any formalities of visas or of presenting themselves
to the Indian authorities".

On 3 February 1954, with immediate effect, trans-shipment
through India from and to the Portuguese possessions in India
of arms and ammunition of al1 categories was prohibited. The pro-

hibition extended also to Portuguese civil and military personnel,
excepting only the Governor-General of Goa and diplomatic and
career consular officials accredited to the Government of India
(Annex 45 to Memorial).

We now come to the events which occurred at Dadra and Kagar-
Aveli.
Itis, 1 think, important to consider those which took place at
Nagar-Aveli separately from those at Dadra. India has throughout

this case dealt with the two series of events as in substance one
occurrence. There was of course an interconnection between them
but they were quite separate occurrences.
Onthe evening of 21 July 1954 a band of men entered Dadra from
Indian territory for the purpose of taking over the administration
there. A mêlée ensued. Two Portuguese officers were killed. Portu-
guese resistance was overcome andits control displaced.

On 13 June 1954, the transit of vehicles between Daman and
the enclaves had been interrupted by the Indian authorities.
On 17 July 1954, India "decided to make certain changes in the Dans sa note du 23 décembre 1953, l'Inde, faisant état de cette
doléance,a déclarés'être vuc eontrainte de reconsidérerson attitude
en raison (de l'attitude généralement hostile ))des Portugais et
(de l'usage abusif ))fait des concessions dont bénéficiaientjusqu'à
présent les fonctionnaires portugais. Néanmoins, afin de faciliter
l'administration de Nagar-Aveli, le District Magistrate de Surat
était «à titre de cas très particulier 1)autorisé à accorder des
visas de transit àdesfonctionnairesportugais permanents à Damao
et Silvassa, mais il ne pouvait êtreenvisagéde faire aucune autre
concession. Cette pratique en matière de transit entre Damao et
Nagar-Aveli constituait, à mon sens, une innovation (voir annexes
35 et 39 au mémoiredu Gouvernement du Portugal et annexes E.
51 et 52 au contre-mémoire du Gouvernement de l'Inde). Elle a

fait l'objet de nouvelles protestations de la part des Portugais le
18 janvier 1954 et leII février 1954 (annexes 39 et 40 au mémoire).
La note du 18 janvier (par.4)déclarait :((Lesgouverneurs de Damao,
de mêmeque les autres fonctionnaires du district, y compris les
Européens, ont toujours étéautorisés, en vertu de la coutume et de
la tradition, à traverser le territoire indien entre Damao et Nagar-
Aveli ..sans aucune formalité de visa et sans se présenter aux
autorités indiennes. »
Le 3 février1954, le passage sur le territoire indien, en provenance
ou en direction des possessions portugaises en Inde, d'armes et de
munitions de quelque nature qu'elles soient, a été interdit, cette
mesure entrant en vigueur immédiatement. Cette interdiction
s'appliquait également au personnel civil et militaire portugais, à
la seule exception du gouverneur général de Goa et des agents

diplomatiques et consulaires de camère accrédités auprès du
Gouvernement de l'Inde (annexe 45 au mémoire).

Nous en arrivons maintenant aux événementssurvenus à Dadra
et Nagar-Aveli.
Il importe, à mon sens,d'examiner séparément ce qui s'est passé
à Nagar-Aveli et à Dadra. L'Inde a toujours en cette affaire consi-
déréces deux séries d'événementscomme constituant en substance
un fait unique. Il existe bien entendu un lien entre eux, mais ils

n'en sont pas moins bien distincts.
Dans la soiréedu 21 juillet1954, un groupe d'hommes est entré
à Dadra en provenance du territoire indien en vue d'en usurper
l'administration. Une mêlée s'en est suivie. Deux officiersportugais
ont été tués.La résistancedes Portugais a été vaincue et leur contrôle
évincé.
Le 13 juin 1954, les autorités indiennes avaient interrompu le
transit des véhiculesentre Damao et les enclaves. Le 17 juillet1954,
l'Inde avait (décidéd'apporter certaines modifications aux conces- concessions hitherto granted to the Portuguese administration
at Daman and Nagar-Aveli" with immediate effect. A number
of new restrictions were imposed, the most important of which
was that "the transport of firearms, and ammunition and military
stores by a Portuguese officer, or intended for the Portuguese
India Government, passing through Indian territory, will be
prohibited. On the day preceding 21 July the Governor of Daman,
proceeding to Dadra, was prevented from crossing the border.
The Indian explanation is that he had merely been asked to
submit certain clarificationsregarding his return visa, that he had
refused to give them and said he would obtain separate visas for

the outward andreturn journeys. This he did, and he passed through
to Dadra on zr July. At the same time, on 20 July 1954, a bus on
the regular service between Daman and Nagar-Aveli was forced to
return when it was nearing Dadra.

Itis stated by India that "in April1954 the position in regard to
travel between Portuguese possessions and India was that Goans
who were not in the service of the Portuguese Government could
enter Indian territory without formalities and freely move within
it; and that Indian nationals also could enter the Portuguese
possessions without requirement of passport and visa, but were
required to report to the police authorities within a certain time of
arriva1 and were subject to inspection of identity certificates.
Portuguese Europeans and Portuguese native subjects who were in
the service of the Portuguese Government were required to produce

'Guias' or passports having a visa for entry in or transit through
India. There was no ban on such entry ortransit rightup to thedate of
the insurrectionin Dadra. The day before the insurrection in Dadra,
that is, on21 July 1954, the Governor of Daman had been allowed
to enter Indian territory and proceed to Dadra and to complete the
retum journey on the strength of visas granted by the Indian
Government. After the insurrection in Dadra, the Indian Government
ceasedto grant visas toPortugueseEuropeans or to native subjects in
the service of the Portuguese Governmentwishing to go to Dadra and
Nagar-Aveli." (Indian Counter-Memonal, para. 211.)

On 26 July the Portuguese Government requested that delegates
of the Governor of Daman (if necessary limited to three) should be
permitted to go to Nagar-Aveli in order to enter into contact with
the population, examine the situation and take the necessary

measures on the spot. The request stated that if possible this
delegation would also visit Dadra and examine the situation there.
It mentioned that the delegation could be routed directly to Nagar-
Aveli from Daman and need not necessarily pass through Dadra.
This request was refused (Annex 52 to Memorial). DROIT DE PASSAGE (OP. DISS. DE SIR PERCY SPENDER) II3

sions octroyées jusqu'à présent à l'administration portugaise de
Damao et de Nagar-Aveli »cesmodifications entrant en vigueurim-
médiatement. Elle imposait un certain nombre de nouvelles restric-
tions, dont la plus importante était la suivante: ((Le transport à
travers le territoire indien d'armes à feu, de munition, et de
fournitures militaires par un officierportugais, ou pour le compte du
Gouvernement de l'Inde portugaise, sera interdit ».La veille du
21 juillet, on a interdit au gouverneur de Damao, qui se rendait à
Dadra, de traverser la frontière. Selon la thèse indienne, on lui

avait simplement demandé de donner certaines précisionsau sujet
de son visa de retour; il s'y était refusé, déclarant qu'ilobtiendrait
des visas séparés pour les voyages aller et retour, ce qu'il fit, et il
traversa la frontièreà destination de Dadra le 21 juillet. En même
temps, le 20 juille1954 un autocar du service régulierentre Damao
et Nagar-Aveli a étécontraint de faire marche amère alors qu'il
approchait de Dadra.
L'Inde déclare: (En avril 1954 ,a situation en matière de voyage
entre les possessions portugaises et l'Inde était la suivante: les
Goanais qui n'étaient pas fonctionnaires du Gouvernement portu-
gais pouvaient pénétrer sur le territoire indien sans formalités et s'y

déplacer librement ; les ressortissants indiens pouvaient également
pénétrerdans les possessions portugaises sans passeport ni visa obli-
gatoires, mais devaient se présenter aux autorités de police dans un
certain délaià partir de leur arrivée et étaient soumisàl'inspection
de leurs papiers d'identité...Les Portugais d'origine européenne et
les sujets portugais indigènes employés au service du Gouverne-
ment portugais devaient présenter des (guias ))ou passeports munis
d'un visa d'entrée ou de transit en Inde. Cette entréou cetransit
ne firent l'objetd'aucune interdictionjusqu'au moment del'insurrection
de Dadra. La veille de l'insurrection de Dadra, c'est-à-dire le
21 juillet1954 e gouverneur de Damao avait étéautorisé à entrer

en Inde pour se rendre à Dadra et en revenir sur la foi de visas
accordéspar le Gouvernementindien. Après Z'insurrectiondeDadra,
le Gouvernement indien cessa d'accorder desvisas aux Portugais
d'origine européenneou aux sujets (portugaisindigènes au service
du Gouvernement fiortugais et désirantaller à Dadra et à Nagar-
Aveli. 1)(Contre-mémoire du Gouvernement de l'Inde, par. 211.)
Le 26 juillet, le Gouvernement portugais a demandé que des
déléguéd su gouverneur de Damao (au besoin limitésau nombre de
trois) soient autorisésà se rendre à Nagar-Aveli afin d'entrer en
contact avec la population, d'examiner la situation et de prendre
sur place les mesures nécessaires. La demande précisait que, si

possible, cette délégationse rendrait également à Dadra pour y
étudier la situation. La délégationpourrait cependant se rendre
directement de Damao à Nagar-Aveli sans nécessairement passer
par Dadra. Il n'a pas été fait droit à cette demande (annexe 52
au mémoire).
III This was prior to any occurrences in Nagar-Aveli. It was not
until29 July that the first event which led during August to the
overthrow of Portuguese authority in Nagar-Aveli occurred. Up to
29 July conditions within Nagar-Aveli were normal.

From the time of the events in Dadra and thenceforward the
passage of al1Portuguese civil officials or employees to either of the
enclaves was banned. Al1 passage was refused. In my opinion the
banning of al1 transit by and the stopping of al1 further visas to
Portuguese civil officials, whether native or European, followed by
the refusa1to permit the passage of these few delegates-the refusa1
of al1passage to the enclaves-was in breach of India's international

obligation in relation to Portugal's right of passage, unless itn be
excused as within the qualification to Portugal's right which per-
mitted India to regulate and control its exercise.

India contends that to have granted passage could have resulted
in increased tensions and could have led to undesirable conse-
quences.
It is relevant to observe that India did not purport in any way to
regulate and control any right of Portugal to passage. Her attitude
is that no such right existed.
IfIndia had in fact purported to regulate and control Portugal's
right of passage, it would have been relevant to enquire whether
the action taken by India was in reality a regulation or control of

the right of passage, or was directed to another and different
purpose. It would have been relevant to enquire whether it was in
fact directed to control and regulation as such, or whether it was
directed to the right of passage as such so as to render it nugatory.
India cannot be in any better position in this case than she would
have been had she purported to have regulated and controlled
Portugal's right of passage.
In my opinion, the key to the question whether its actions were
or were not a breach of its obligation to conduct itself in consonance
with the international right acquired by Portugal, is to be found in
the conduct of India and the series of progressive restrictions on
passage imposed by it since 1953 .he refusa1 to grant visas to any
civil officialsafter the incursion into Dadra and the refusa1to permit
the passage to Nagar-Aveli of but a few delegates of the Governor
of Daman cannot be seen in isolation. They were part of the pattern
already formed by the past.

An examination of the evidence forces me to the conclusion that
the dominant purpose of India immediately after the events at
Dadra, to which al1other considerations were subordinated, was to Tout cela s'est produit avant que quoi que ce soit n'eut lieu à
Nagar-Aveli. C'est seulement le 29 juillet qu'est survenu le premier
événementqui a aboutidans le courant du mois d'août au renverse-

ment de l'autorité portugaise à Nagar-Aveli. Jusqu'au 29 juillet,
la situation y est restée normale.
Depuis les événementsde Dadra, le passage de tous les fonction-
naires ou employés civils portugais à destination de l'une ou l'autre
des enclaves est interdit. Tout passage a étérefusé. A mon avis,
l'interdiction de tout passage et le refus de tout nouveau visa aux
fonctionnaires civils portugais tant indigènes qu'européens, suivi du
refus d'autoriser le passage demandé pour quelques délégués - le
refus d'autoriser tout passage à destination des enclaves a constitué
un manquement de l'Inde à ses obligations internationales corres-
pondant au droit de passage du Portugal, à moins qu'on ne puisse
excuser cet acte en admettant qu'il relève de la restriction frappant
le droit du Portugal et soumettant son exercice à la réglementation

et au contrôle de l'Inde.

L'Inde soutient qu'en accordant le passage on aurait risqué
d'accroître la tension et d'aboutir à des conséquences fâcheuses.

11 convient d'observer que l'Inde ne préiendait aucunement
réglementer ou contrôler le droit de passage du Portugal. Son
attitude est que ce droit n'existait pas.
Sil'Inde avait en fait prétendu réglementer et contrôler le droit
de passage du Portugal, il aurait éténécessaire de rechercher si les
mesures prises par elle étaient en réalitéune réglementation ou un
contrôle du droit de passage, ou si elles avaient un but autre et

différent. Il aurait éténécessairede rechercher s'il s'agissait en fait
d'un contrôle et d'une réglementation comme tels, ou si la mesure
visait le droit de passage en soi, de manière àle contrecarrer. Dans
ce cas,l'Inde ne saurait être dans une position meilleure que si elle
avait prétendu réglementer et contrôler le droit de passage du
Portugal.
A mon avis, la cléde la question de savoir si les mesures étaient
ou non contraires à l'obligation de se conformer au droit internatio-
nal acquis par le Portugal se trouve dans la conduite de l'Inde et la
série de limitations progressives qu'elle a imposées au droit de
passage depuis 1953. Le refus d'accorder des visasà aucun fonction-
naire civil après l'incursionDadra et le refus d'autoriser le passage
à Nagar-Aveli de quelques délégués du gouverneur de Damao ne

doivent pas êtreexaminés isolément. Ce sont des faits qui entrent
dans un contexte historique.
L'examen des preuves m'oblige à conclure que le but dominant
de l'Inde immédiatement après les événements deDadra, but au-
quel étaient subordonnées toutesautres considérations, était d'inter-exclude the Portuguese thenceforth from any further access to the
enclaves. For reasons unconnected with any question of regulation
or control of passage as such or of any right of passage, it was not
prepared to permit civil officials or any organ of Government to
pass to the enclaves under any circumstances and acted accordingly.
By India's actions Nagar-Aveli became isolated from the Portuguese
authorities at Daman before the events which occurred there had

taken place, and has, in the events which have happened, continued
to be so ever since.
The qualification of Portugal's nght making it in its exercise
subject to India's control and regulation affords in the circumstances
no protection to India. Breach of its international obligation has
been established. In my opinion the Court should have so found
and should then have proceeded to consider the resulting situation,
and the contentions advanced by India to the effect that any
obligationswith regard to passagebinding on it in July1954 should
be regarded as having lapsed or become unenforceable against it
as a result of events and circumstances which have since occurred

(Signed) Percy SPENDER. DROIT DE PASSAGE (OP. DISS. DE SIR PERCY SPENDER) II5

dire à l'avenir aux Portugais tout accèsaux enclaves. Pour des rai-
sons sansaucun rapport avecune réglementation ouun contrôle quel-
conques du passage comme tel ou d'un droit de passage, l'Inde
n'était pas disposéeà autoriser les fonctionnaires civils ou un agent
quelconque du Gouvernement à se rendre aux enclaves quelles que
fussent les circonstances, et elle agissaiten conséquence.Lesactesde
l'Inde avant les événementsqui se sont produits à Nagar-Aveli ont
isolécette régiondes autorités portugaises à Damao, et cet isole-
ment s'est maintenu depuis lors.
La condition qui subordonne, dans son exercice, le droit du Portu-

gal au contrôle et à la réglementation de l'Inde ne fournit ici aucun
argument àl'Inde. Il est démontréque celle-cia violé sonobligation
internationale. A mon avis, c'est ce que la Cour aurait dû.constater,
et elle aurait alors dû procéderà l'examen dela situation qui en est
résultéet des thèses invoquées par l'Inde tendant à ce que toute
obligation relative au passage qui pouvait lui incomber en juillet
1954 devait êtreconsidéréecomme caduque ou comme ne lui étant
plus opposable à la suite des circonstances et des événements
survenus depuis lors.

(Signé) Percy SPENDER.

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Dissenting Opinion of Judge Sir Percy Spender

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