Declaration by Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht (as appended immediately after the judgment)

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038-19590620-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
038-19590620-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

230 SOTrEREIGNTY OVER FRONTIER LAND (JUDGX~ENT 20 T71 59)
1892 and subsequently specifically covered by a separate Decla-

ration of December of that year. The Netherlands did not in 1892,
or at any time thereafter untilthe dispute arose between the two
States in 1922, repudiate the Belgian assertion of sovereignty.

Having examined the situation which has obtained in respect of
the disputedplots and the facts relied upon by the twoGovernments,
the Court reaches the conclusion that Belgian sovereignty estab-
lished in 1843 over the disputed plots has not been extinguished.

For these reasons,

by ten votes to four,
finds that sovereignty over the plots shown in thervey and known
from 1836 to 1843 as Nos. 91 and 92, Section A, Zondereygen,
belongs to the Kingdom of Belgium.

Done in English and French, the English text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twentieth day of June, one
thousand nine hundred and fifty-nine, in three copies, one of which
willbe placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted
to the Govemment of the Kingdom of Belgium and the Govem-
ment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, respectively.

(Signed) Helge KLAEÇTAD,

President.

(Signed) GARNIER-COIGNET,
Deputy-Registrar.

Judge Sir Hersch LAUTERPACH mTakes the following Declaration :
1 have voted in favour of a decision determining that the sover-
eignty over the plots in dispute belongs to the Netherlands.
Article go of the Descriptive Minute of the Boundary Convention
of 1843, in assigning these plots to Belgizlm, purports to transcribe
word for word the Communal Minute between Baerle-Duc and
Baarle-Nassau which assigns these plots to the Netherlands. The
Netherlands has produced before the Court what it described as
one of the two original copies of the latter Minute. No other copy
of the original Minute has been produced before the Court. The

authenticity of the Minute produced by the Netherlands has not
25been challenged-though it has been alleged by Belgium that a
mistake had occurred in the course of transcribing it. On the other
hand, it has been alleged by the Netherlands that a mistake, in
the contrary direction, had occurred in the process of transcnbing
that document when the Descriptive Minute was adopted in 1843-
In the words of Counsel for Belgium, the accumulation of errors
in this case was such "as though some evil genius had presided
over the whole affair". 1 have formed the view that the evidence
submitted to the Court inthe shape of the formal Minutes, succinct
in the extreme, of the Boundary Commission and of fragmentary
correspondence lacking in sequence has not wholly dispelled the
impact of the confused situation thus created. The circumstances
of the adoption, in 1843, of the Descriptive Minute must, to some
extent, be in the nature of conjecture. In particular, it has not
been proved possible to state a direct conclusion as to the authen-
ticity or othenvise of the cardinal piece of evidence, namely, of the
only existing copy of the Communal Minute produced by the
Netherlands. Moreover, while the Commissioners who drafted the
Descriptive Minute enjoyed wide powers, they had no power to
endow with legal efficacy a document in which they purported to

transcribe word for word the Communal Minute and to observe
the status quo but in which they actually modified the Communal
Minute and departed from the status quo.The law knows of no such
power. For these reasons, 1 am of the opinion that the relevant
provisions of the Convention must be considered as void and
inapplicable on account of uncertainty and unresolved discrepancy.

The Special Agreement of 26 November, 1957 ,ubmitting the
dispute to the Court is by design so phrased as not to confine its
function to giving a decision based exclusively on the Convention
of 1843. By the generality of its terms it leaves it open to the Court
to determine the question of sovereignty by reference to allrelevant
considerations-whether based on the Convention or not. Accord-
ingly, in the circumstances, it seems proper that adecision be ren-
dered by reference to the fact, which is not disputed, that at least
during the fifty years following the adoption of the Convention
there had been no challenge to the exercise, by the Govemment
of the Netherlands andits officials,of normal administrative author-
ity with regard to the plots in question. In my opinion, there is no

room here for applying the exacting rules of prescription in relation
to a title acquired by a clear and unequivocal treaty; there is no
such treaty. It has been contended that the uninterrupted adminis-
trative activity of the Netherlands was due not to any recognition
of Netherlands sovereignty on the part of Belgium but to the fact
that the plots in question are an enclave within Netherlands tem-
tory and that, therefore, it was natural that Netherlands adminis-
26trative acts should have been performed there in the ordinary

course of affairs. However, the fact that local conditions have
necessitated the normal and unchallenged exercise of Netherlands
administrative activity provides an additional reason why, in the
absence of clear provisions of a treaty, there is no necessity to
disturbthe existing state of affairs and to perpetuate a geographical
anomaly.

-Ju-ge SPIROPOULOm Sakes the following Declaration
The international legal status of the disputed plots seems to me
to be extremely doubtful.
The facts and circumstances (decisions of the Mixed Boundary

Commission, letters, etc.) at the basis of the Belgian hypothesis
that the copy, which has not been produced before the Court, of
the Communal Minute of 1841 attributed the disputed plots to
Belgium or that the Boundary Commissioners had corrected it to
that effect-which facts go back more than a century-do not, in
my opinion, make it possible to conclude with sufficient certainty
that the Belgian hypothesis corresponds with the facts.
On the other hand, the thesis of the Netherlands to the effect
that an error crept into the Minute attached to Article go of the
Descriptive Minute of 1843 is also merely based on a hypothesis,
i.e. on the mere fact that the text of the Communal Minute of
1841 departs from the text of the Minute attached to Article go of
the Descriptive Minute of 1843.
Faced as 1 am with a choice between two hypotheses which lead
to opposite results with regard to the question to whom sovereignty
over the disputed plots belongs, 1 consider that preference ought
to be given to the hypothesis which seems to me to be the less
speculative and that, in my view, is the hypothesis of the Nether-
lands. For this reason1 have hesitated to concur in the Judgment
of the Court.

Judges ARMAND-UCOa Nnd MOREXO QUINTANAa,vailing them-
selves of the right conferred upon them by Article7of the Statute,
append tothe Judgment of the Court statements of their Dissenting
Opinions.

(Initialled) H. K.
(Initialled) G.-C.

Bilingual Content

230 SOTrEREIGNTY OVER FRONTIER LAND (JUDGX~ENT 20 T71 59)
1892 and subsequently specifically covered by a separate Decla-

ration of December of that year. The Netherlands did not in 1892,
or at any time thereafter untilthe dispute arose between the two
States in 1922, repudiate the Belgian assertion of sovereignty.

Having examined the situation which has obtained in respect of
the disputedplots and the facts relied upon by the twoGovernments,
the Court reaches the conclusion that Belgian sovereignty estab-
lished in 1843 over the disputed plots has not been extinguished.

For these reasons,

by ten votes to four,
finds that sovereignty over the plots shown in thervey and known
from 1836 to 1843 as Nos. 91 and 92, Section A, Zondereygen,
belongs to the Kingdom of Belgium.

Done in English and French, the English text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twentieth day of June, one
thousand nine hundred and fifty-nine, in three copies, one of which
willbe placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted
to the Govemment of the Kingdom of Belgium and the Govem-
ment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, respectively.

(Signed) Helge KLAEÇTAD,

President.

(Signed) GARNIER-COIGNET,
Deputy-Registrar.

Judge Sir Hersch LAUTERPACH mTakes the following Declaration :
1 have voted in favour of a decision determining that the sover-
eignty over the plots in dispute belongs to the Netherlands.
Article go of the Descriptive Minute of the Boundary Convention
of 1843, in assigning these plots to Belgizlm, purports to transcribe
word for word the Communal Minute between Baerle-Duc and
Baarle-Nassau which assigns these plots to the Netherlands. The
Netherlands has produced before the Court what it described as
one of the two original copies of the latter Minute. No other copy
of the original Minute has been produced before the Court. The

authenticity of the Minute produced by the Netherlands has not
25la Convention de 1892 et elles furent plus tard spécifiquement
viséespar une déclaration additionnelle du mois de décembre de la
mêmeannée. Ni en 1892, ni à aucune époque depuis lors, les Pays-
Bas n'ont rejeté les assertions belges de souveraineté, jusqu'au
jour où le différend s'est éleventre les deux Etats en 1922.
Après examen de la situation ayant existéen ce qui est des par-
celles litigieuses et des faits invoqués par les deux Gouvernements,
la Cour constate que la souveraineté de la Belgique établie en 1843
sur les parcelles litigieuses ne s'est pas éteinte.

Par ces motifs,

par dix voix contre quatre,
dit que la souveraineté sur les parcelles cadastrales connues de
1836à 1843sous les nos 91et 92, sectionA, Zondereygen, appartient
au Royaume de Belgique.

Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au
Palais de la Paix,à La Haye, le vingt juin mil neuf cent cinquante-
neuf, en trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives
de la Cour et dont les autres seront transmis respectivement au
Gouvernement du Royaume de Belgique et au Gouvernement du
Royaume des Pays-Bas.

Le Président,
(Signé) Helge KLAESTAD.

Le Greffier adjoint,
(Signé) GARNIER-COIGXET.

Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHjT u,ge, fait la déclaration suivante:

J'ai voté en faveur d'un arrêtdéterminant que la souveraineté
sur les parcelles litigieuses appartient aPays-Bas.
L'article go du Procès-verbal descriptif de la Convention de
délimitation de 1843, en attribuant ces parcelles à la Belgique,
prétend transcrire mot à mot le Procès-verbal communal établi
entre Baerle-Duc et Baarle-Nassau, qui attribue ces parcelles aux
Pays-Bas. Les Pays-Bas ont produit devant la Cour un document
qu'ils ont présentécomme l'un des deux exemplaires originaux de
ce Procès-verbal communal. Aucun autre exemplaire de ce Procès-
verbal original n'a étéproduit devant la Cour. L'authenticité du
25been challenged-though it has been alleged by Belgium that a
mistake had occurred in the course of transcribing it. On the other
hand, it has been alleged by the Netherlands that a mistake, in
the contrary direction, had occurred in the process of transcnbing
that document when the Descriptive Minute was adopted in 1843-
In the words of Counsel for Belgium, the accumulation of errors
in this case was such "as though some evil genius had presided
over the whole affair". 1 have formed the view that the evidence
submitted to the Court inthe shape of the formal Minutes, succinct
in the extreme, of the Boundary Commission and of fragmentary
correspondence lacking in sequence has not wholly dispelled the
impact of the confused situation thus created. The circumstances
of the adoption, in 1843, of the Descriptive Minute must, to some
extent, be in the nature of conjecture. In particular, it has not
been proved possible to state a direct conclusion as to the authen-
ticity or othenvise of the cardinal piece of evidence, namely, of the
only existing copy of the Communal Minute produced by the
Netherlands. Moreover, while the Commissioners who drafted the
Descriptive Minute enjoyed wide powers, they had no power to
endow with legal efficacy a document in which they purported to

transcribe word for word the Communal Minute and to observe
the status quo but in which they actually modified the Communal
Minute and departed from the status quo.The law knows of no such
power. For these reasons, 1 am of the opinion that the relevant
provisions of the Convention must be considered as void and
inapplicable on account of uncertainty and unresolved discrepancy.

The Special Agreement of 26 November, 1957 ,ubmitting the
dispute to the Court is by design so phrased as not to confine its
function to giving a decision based exclusively on the Convention
of 1843. By the generality of its terms it leaves it open to the Court
to determine the question of sovereignty by reference to allrelevant
considerations-whether based on the Convention or not. Accord-
ingly, in the circumstances, it seems proper that adecision be ren-
dered by reference to the fact, which is not disputed, that at least
during the fifty years following the adoption of the Convention
there had been no challenge to the exercise, by the Govemment
of the Netherlands andits officials,of normal administrative author-
ity with regard to the plots in question. In my opinion, there is no

room here for applying the exacting rules of prescription in relation
to a title acquired by a clear and unequivocal treaty; there is no
such treaty. It has been contended that the uninterrupted adminis-
trative activity of the Netherlands was due not to any recognition
of Netherlands sovereignty on the part of Belgium but to the fact
that the plots in question are an enclave within Netherlands tem-
tory and that, therefore, it was natural that Netherlands adminis-
26Procès-verbal produit par les Pays-Bas n'a pas étécontestée -
bien que la Belgique ait prétendu qu'une erreur avait étécommise
en cours de transcription. D'un autre côté, les Pays-Bas ont pré-
tendu qu'une erreur, dans le sens contraire, s'était produite au
cours de la transcription de ce document, lors de l'adoption du
Procès-verbal descriptif en 1843. Pour reprendre les termes du
conseil pour la Belgique, l'accumulation deserreurs dans la présente
instance était telle que tout se passait comme si un démon mali-
cieux menait toute cette affaire n.Je suis parvenu à l'opinion que
les preuves soumises à la Cour sous forme des procès-verbaux
officiels, extrêmement succincts, de la Commission de délimitation
et d'une correspondance fragmentaire et discontinue, n'ont pas
entièrement dissipé l'effet de la situation confuse ainsi créée.Les

circonstances dans lesquelles a étéadopté, en1843 e Procès-verbal
descriptif, doiventjusqu'à un certain point rester conjecturales. En
particulier, on n'est pas parvenuà formuler une conclusion directe
sur l'authenticité ou l'inauthenticité de la pièce fondamentale
présentée comme moyen de preuve, qui est le seul exemplaire
existant du Procès-verbal communal produit par les Pays-Bas.
En outre, alors que les commissaires quirédigèrentle Procès-verbal
descriptif avaient des pouvoirs étendus, ils n'avaient pas en tout
cas pouvoir de doter d'efficacité juridique un document dans
lequel ils prétendaient transcrire mot à mot le Procès-verbal
communal et observer le s~atuquo, mais dans lequel, en fait, ils
modifièrent le Procès-verbalcommunal et s'écartèrentdu statu quo.
Le droit ne connaît aucun pouvoir de cet ordre. Pour ces raisons,
j'estime que les clauses pertinentes de la Convention doivent être
considéréescomme nulles et inapplicables,pour cause d'incertitude
et de divergences non résolues.
Le compromis du 26 novembre 1957 qui soumet le différend à
la Cour est, à dessein, rédigéde manière à ne pas limiter les fonc-
tions de la Cour à une décision fondée exclusivement sur la
Convention de 1843 .ar le caractère général deses termes, il laisse
à la Cour toute possibilité de se prononcer sur la question de sou-

veraineté, en se référant à toute considération pertinente, fondée
ou non sur la Convention. Par conséquent, dans les circonstances
actuelles, il semble régulier que la Cour prenne une décisionen se
référant à ce fait non controversé, qu'au moins pendant les cin-
quante années qui suivirent l'adoption de la Convention, l'exercice,
par le Gouvernement des Pays-Bas et ses fonctionnaires,de l'auto-
rité administrative normale sur les parcelles en question n'a fait
l'objet d'aucune contestation.A mon avis, il n'y a pas lieu, en l'oc-
currence, d'appliquer à un titre acquis par un traité clair et sans
équivoque les règles astreignantes de la prescription:un tel traité
n'existe pas. On a prétendu que l'exercice ininterrompu d'une acti-
vité administrative de la part des Pays-Bas était due non point à
une reconnaissance par la Belgique de la souveraineté des Pays-Bas,
mais au fait que les parcelles en question forment une enclave à
26trative acts should have been performed there in the ordinary

course of affairs. However, the fact that local conditions have
necessitated the normal and unchallenged exercise of Netherlands
administrative activity provides an additional reason why, in the
absence of clear provisions of a treaty, there is no necessity to
disturbthe existing state of affairs and to perpetuate a geographical
anomaly.

-Ju-ge SPIROPOULOm Sakes the following Declaration
The international legal status of the disputed plots seems to me
to be extremely doubtful.
The facts and circumstances (decisions of the Mixed Boundary

Commission, letters, etc.) at the basis of the Belgian hypothesis
that the copy, which has not been produced before the Court, of
the Communal Minute of 1841 attributed the disputed plots to
Belgium or that the Boundary Commissioners had corrected it to
that effect-which facts go back more than a century-do not, in
my opinion, make it possible to conclude with sufficient certainty
that the Belgian hypothesis corresponds with the facts.
On the other hand, the thesis of the Netherlands to the effect
that an error crept into the Minute attached to Article go of the
Descriptive Minute of 1843 is also merely based on a hypothesis,
i.e. on the mere fact that the text of the Communal Minute of
1841 departs from the text of the Minute attached to Article go of
the Descriptive Minute of 1843.
Faced as 1 am with a choice between two hypotheses which lead
to opposite results with regard to the question to whom sovereignty
over the disputed plots belongs, 1 consider that preference ought
to be given to the hypothesis which seems to me to be the less
speculative and that, in my view, is the hypothesis of the Nether-
lands. For this reason1 have hesitated to concur in the Judgment
of the Court.

Judges ARMAND-UCOa Nnd MOREXO QUINTANAa,vailing them-
selves of the right conferred upon them by Article7of the Statute,
append tothe Judgment of the Court statements of their Dissenting
Opinions.

(Initialled) H. K.
(Initialled) G.-C.l'intérieur du territoire néerlandais et que, par conséquent, il était
naturel que des actes administratifs y aient été accomplis par
les Pays-Bas, dans le cours normal des affaires. Cependant, le
fait que les conditions locales aient nécessitél'exercice normal et
non contesté d'activités administratives de la part des Pays-Bas
apporte une raison supplémentaire pour décider qu'en l'absence de
claires stipulationsd'un traité, il n'y a aucune nécessitédeperturber
la situation actuelle et de perpétuer une anomalie géographique.

M. SPIROPOULOjS u,ge, fait la déclaration suivante:
Le statut juridique international des parcelles litigieuses nous
paraît extrêmement douteux. -
Les faits et circonstances (décisionsde la Commission mixte de
délimitation, lettres, etc.)à la base de l'hypothèse belge selon
laquelle l'exemplaire, non présenté à la Cour, du Procès-verbal
communal de 1841 attribuait les parcelles litigieusesà la Belgique
ou que les commissaires-démarcateurs l'avaient rectifié dans ce
sens, faits qui remontent à plus d'un siècle, ne permettent pas, à
notre avis, de conclure avec une certitude suffisanteque l'hypothèse

belge correspond aux faits.
D'autre part, la thèse des Pays-Bas selon laquelle une erreur se
serait glisséedans le procès-verbal attaché l'article go du Procès-
verbal descriptif de 1843 n'est basée,elle aussi, que sur une hypo-
thèse, c'est-à-dire sur le simple fait que le texte du Procès-verbal
communal de 1841 s'écarte du texte du procès-verbal attaché à
l'article go du Procès-verbal descriptif de 1843.
Nous trouvant ainsi devant l'alternative de devoir choisir entre
deux hypothèses conduisant à des résultats opposés quant à la
question de savoirà qui appartient la souveraineté sur les parcelles
litigieuses, nous croyons devoir donnerla préférenceà l'hypothèse
qui nous paraît être la moins spéculative et c'est, à notre avis,
celle des Pays-Bas. C'est la raison pour laquelle nous avons hésité
à nous associer au jugement de la Cour.

MM. ARMAND-UGO et MORENO QUINTANA ,ges, se prévalant du
droit que leur confère l'article7 du Statut, joignent à l'arrêtles
exposésde leur opinion dissidente.

.(Paraphé)H. K.
(Paraphé)G.-C.

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Document Long Title

Declaration by Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht (as appended immediately after the judgment)

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