Separate Opinion of Vice-President Nagendra Singh

Document Number
062-19781219-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
062-19781219-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF VICE-PRESIDENT
NAGENDRA SINGH

While endorsing the majority decision and voting, therefore, for the
Judgment in this case,1hold that there arecertainaspects whichneed tobe
emphasizedin the overall interests of administeringjustice, particularly in
the context of settlement of inter-State disputes in respect of which the
Court has a distinct role to play in the serviceof theinternational commu-
nity. These aspects which weighwith me to the extent that they need tobe
specially brought out are briefly stated below:

The Court has undoubtedly chosen the right path in the adjudication of
thejurisdictional issuesarising out of thecase whenit hasgivenover-riding
priority to the examination of the Greek reservation as duly invoked by
Turkeyexcludingdisputespertaining to "territorial status" from thejuris-
diction of the Court. It is the effectiveness or otherwise of thisreservation
which becomes the key pivota1 issue in the search for the Court's juris-
diction because if the General Act of 1928was ever to be consideredas at
al1valid, then the Greek reservation would be decisivein its application to
either open or bar access to the Court. On the other hand, if the Act itself
was invalid, it could not obviously provide the necessary basis for the
Court's jurisdiction. The Court therefore rightly undertook the examina-
tion of the Greek reservation "at once", i.e., before anything else, and
found that it did effectively bar access to the Court and thus rendered
unnecessary its decision on the General Act as a treaty in force. In the
circumstances, the Court has rightly refrained from pronouncing on the
validity of the General Act of 1928in this case. In sodoing, the Court has
also given no less than two valid reasonsfor the adoption of the aforesaid
course in paragraph 40 of the Judgment.

While endorsing this approach of the Court in its Judgment, 1wish to
add a third reason in its favour.Thisadditional reason is to the effect that
in accordance with the principle of judicial propriety, a court of law is
required to pronounce upon those issues alone which are so directly
involved in the decision-making process as to require detailed scrutiny
followed by a regularjudgment from the Court. In short, in the proper
discharge of itsjudicial function, a court is not required to pronounce on
those aspects of the case which do not cal1for a decision in the task of
accomplishing the adjudication of the dispute. No tribunal could ever
undertake an exercise in futility. This particular principle of judicialpropriety needs to be emphasizedas it should find a rightful place in the
Court's jurisprudence since a tribunal indulging in unnecessary pro-
nouncements, by making them when not legally required to do so, could
easilyundermineitsjudicial character.This wouldparticularlyapplyinthe
context of administeringinter-State lawwherein theCourt's observations,
despite Article 59 of the Statute, could easily create implications in the
relations between States including even those not before the Court. A
tribunal has to be ever mindful of that aspect.

While the Court has come to the valid findingthat the BrusselsCommu-
niquéof 31 May 1975could not actually operate to constitute by itself a
binding agreement creating forthwith an immediate access to the Court,
there can be no doubt that the parties had taken recourse to the said
Communiquéwith the definiteintention ofultimately taking thedisputeto
the Court for a judicial settlement. If the Brussels Communiquésymbol-
ized that intention and clear will of the parties, then it would appear that
the Court wouldnot be transgressing itsjudicial lirnitsif itwereto point to,
though not decree, the obligations which flow from the Communiqué,
namely to move further in the direction of negotiations. A tribunal could
not ever advise parties as to the exercise of a choice "amongst the various
courses" or options available to them as waspointed out in the Haya de la
Torrecase (I.C.J. Reports 1951,pp. 78-79).However, the Court could deal
with the relationship of the Communiqué vis-à-vis the parties and their
respectiveduties to resolve the dispute by peaceful means in accordance

with Article 33 of the United Nations Charter, which obligation remains
unimpaired. If the Court couldnot,onitsown, gosofar as to conclude tM
the Brussels Communiquéconstitutes a legal obligation on both States to
proceed to complete the agreement on the modalities necessary for the
subrnission of the case to the Court,it could, nevertheless, consistent with
its judicial character, point to the need for further negotiations to be
undertaken by both sides in good faith and in the interests of peaceful
resolution of the dispute. To proceed to pronounce thus far would be
consistentwith thebasicrole of the Court in the international community.
Again, it would be neither inconsistent with its judicial function, nor in
derogation of itsjudicial character. In this connection, it would be perti-
nent to citethe observations of the Court in the FisheriesJurisdzctioncase
(I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 32, para. 74) where the Court said:

"The obligation to negotiate thus flowsfrom the very nature of the
respectiverights of theParties; to direct them to negotiate istherefore
a proper exercise of the judicial function in this case. This also
corresponds to the Principles and provisions of the Charter of the
United Nations concerning peaceful settlement of disputes. As the
Court stated in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases: 48 AEGEAN SEA (SEP. OP. NAGENDRA SINGH)

'.. this obligation merely constitutes a special application of a
principle which underlies al1international relations, and which is
moreover recognized in Article 33 of the Charter of the United
Nations as one of the methods for the peaceful settlement of
international disputes' (I.C.J. Reports 1969,p. 47, para. 86)."

There can be no question, therefore, of the incompatibility of negotia-
tions withjudicial settlement at any stagein thecourse of thedispute. The
Court, havinggone thus far initsJudgment, couldhave taken the next step
forward by pronouncing on the need of further meaningful negotiations
therebynotonly emphasizing thedueimportance of thisparticular method
in the peaceful settlement of disputes,but alsoindicatingthepath leading
to completion of those necessary details which are still left incompletein
the Brussels Communiqué of 31 May 1975.

III

In theinternational field theparamountcy of thedoctrine of consent lies
at theroot not only of the law asenacted,but also of thejurisdiction of the

tribunal which administers that law. In the aforesaid context of sover-
eignty of States no international tribunal could afford to overlook today
thefact that the Applicant seekstheprotection of law and,refraining from
taking recourse to other means, moves the Court for redress of its grie-
vances and thus acts as a law-abiding member of the community. The
Court has come to the correct conclusion following its decision in the
NonvegianLoanscase (I.C.J. Reports1957)that, since the Greco-Turkish
Treaty of Friendship,Neutrality, ConciliationandArbitration of 30 Octo-
ber 1930has not been invoked by the Applicant as a basis of the Court's
jurisdiction, it does clearly dispensethe Court from entering any further
into thequestion posed by the existence of that Treaty.It would, however,
appear to be still necessary to indicate that theor of the Court is in no
way permanently closed to the Applicant as if leaving him without a
judicial remedy forever. It isnoteworthythat bothGreeceandTurkey have
accepted the aforesaidTreaty of 1930as a treaty in force which stillbinds
theparties today. If infuture,therefore,theparties wereto agreetocomply
with theprescribedtreatyrequirementsrelating to conciliation, they could

find means of achieving an amicable settlement to the present dispute.

(Signed)NAGENDRS AINGH.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF VICE-PRESIDENT
NAGENDRA SINGH

While endorsing the majority decision and voting, therefore, for the
Judgment in this case,1hold that there arecertainaspects whichneed tobe
emphasizedin the overall interests of administeringjustice, particularly in
the context of settlement of inter-State disputes in respect of which the
Court has a distinct role to play in the serviceof theinternational commu-
nity. These aspects which weighwith me to the extent that they need tobe
specially brought out are briefly stated below:

The Court has undoubtedly chosen the right path in the adjudication of
thejurisdictional issuesarising out of thecase whenit hasgivenover-riding
priority to the examination of the Greek reservation as duly invoked by
Turkeyexcludingdisputespertaining to "territorial status" from thejuris-
diction of the Court. It is the effectiveness or otherwise of thisreservation
which becomes the key pivota1 issue in the search for the Court's juris-
diction because if the General Act of 1928was ever to be consideredas at
al1valid, then the Greek reservation would be decisivein its application to
either open or bar access to the Court. On the other hand, if the Act itself
was invalid, it could not obviously provide the necessary basis for the
Court's jurisdiction. The Court therefore rightly undertook the examina-
tion of the Greek reservation "at once", i.e., before anything else, and
found that it did effectively bar access to the Court and thus rendered
unnecessary its decision on the General Act as a treaty in force. In the
circumstances, the Court has rightly refrained from pronouncing on the
validity of the General Act of 1928in this case. In sodoing, the Court has
also given no less than two valid reasonsfor the adoption of the aforesaid
course in paragraph 40 of the Judgment.

While endorsing this approach of the Court in its Judgment, 1wish to
add a third reason in its favour.Thisadditional reason is to the effect that
in accordance with the principle of judicial propriety, a court of law is
required to pronounce upon those issues alone which are so directly
involved in the decision-making process as to require detailed scrutiny
followed by a regularjudgment from the Court. In short, in the proper
discharge of itsjudicial function, a court is not required to pronounce on
those aspects of the case which do not cal1for a decision in the task of
accomplishing the adjudication of the dispute. No tribunal could ever
undertake an exercise in futility. This particular principle of judicial OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M.NAGENDRA SINGH,
VICE-PRÉSIDENT

[Traduction]

Tout enm'associant à la décisionet au vote delamajorité,donc à l'arrêt
rendu par la Cour, j'estime que certains aspects de l'affaire doivent être
soulignésdans l'intérêg ténérald'unebonneadministration de lajustice et
surtout du point de vue du règlement desdifférendsentre Etats, domaine
où la Cour est appeléeà jouer sonrôlepropre au servicedelacommunauté
internationale. Ces aspects de l'affaire, dont l'importance me semble
appeler une mention spéciale,sont exposés brièvementci-après:

La Couraassurémentchoisila bonne voiepour statuersur lesquestions
decompétenceenl'espècequand elleadécidé dedonner laprioritéabsolue
à l'examen de la réservegrecque, dûment invoquéepar la Turquie, selon
laquellesont exclusde la compétencede la Cour les différendsayant trait
au ((statut territori)).Pour déterminersila Couracompétence,ilfaut en
effet rechercher avant tout si la réserves'applique ou non, car si la Cour
devait reconnaître la moindre validité àl'Acte de 1928,la réservede la
Grècejouerait alors un rôle décisifencequiconcerne l'accès à la Cour. En

revanche, sil'Actelui-mêmeestdépourvudevalidité,ilest évidentqu'in le
peut constituer le nécessairefondement de la compétencede la Cour. La
Cour a donc fort bien fait d'examiner la réserve grecque (<d'abord )),
c'est-à-dire avant toute autre chose, et de juger que cette réserveavait
réellementpour effetd'excluretout recoursdevant elle,cequiladispensait
de dire sil'Acte général estun traitéen vigueur. Dans ces conditions, la
Cour a euraison de ne pas seprononcer surlavaliditéde l'Actegénérad le
1928en l'espèce. Ellea donné,au paragraphe 40de l'arrêt,au moins deux
raisons valables pour agir de la sorte.

Bien qu'approuvant la méthode suivie dans l'arrêt,je voudrais ajouter
qu'elle sejustifie par une troisièmeconsidération, à savoir que, confor-
mémentaux principesqui régissent lafonctionjudiciaire,un tribunal doit
ne statuer que sur les points intéressant si directement l'élaboration de
l'arrêtqu'ils appellent un examen détaillép, uis une décisionen bonne et
due forme.En un mot, pour s'acquitter correctement de sa fonctionjudi-
ciaire,un tribunal n'estpastenu destatuersur lesaspectsqu'iln'yapaslieu
de trancher pour se prononcer sur le différend. Jamais un tribunal, quel

qu'il soit, ne peut s'aventurer dans des recherches stériles. Ceprécepte
particulier d'opportunité judiciaire doit êtresouligné,afin d'occuper lapropriety needs to be emphasizedas it should find a rightful place in the
Court's jurisprudence since a tribunal indulging in unnecessary pro-
nouncements, by making them when not legally required to do so, could
easilyundermineitsjudicial character.This wouldparticularlyapplyinthe
context of administeringinter-State lawwherein theCourt's observations,
despite Article 59 of the Statute, could easily create implications in the
relations between States including even those not before the Court. A
tribunal has to be ever mindful of that aspect.

While the Court has come to the valid findingthat the BrusselsCommu-
niquéof 31 May 1975could not actually operate to constitute by itself a
binding agreement creating forthwith an immediate access to the Court,
there can be no doubt that the parties had taken recourse to the said
Communiquéwith the definiteintention ofultimately taking thedisputeto
the Court for a judicial settlement. If the Brussels Communiquésymbol-
ized that intention and clear will of the parties, then it would appear that
the Court wouldnot be transgressing itsjudicial lirnitsif itwereto point to,
though not decree, the obligations which flow from the Communiqué,
namely to move further in the direction of negotiations. A tribunal could
not ever advise parties as to the exercise of a choice "amongst the various
courses" or options available to them as waspointed out in the Haya de la
Torrecase (I.C.J. Reports 1951,pp. 78-79).However, the Court could deal
with the relationship of the Communiqué vis-à-vis the parties and their
respectiveduties to resolve the dispute by peaceful means in accordance

with Article 33 of the United Nations Charter, which obligation remains
unimpaired. If the Court couldnot,onitsown, gosofar as to conclude tM
the Brussels Communiquéconstitutes a legal obligation on both States to
proceed to complete the agreement on the modalities necessary for the
subrnission of the case to the Court,it could, nevertheless, consistent with
its judicial character, point to the need for further negotiations to be
undertaken by both sides in good faith and in the interests of peaceful
resolution of the dispute. To proceed to pronounce thus far would be
consistentwith thebasicrole of the Court in the international community.
Again, it would be neither inconsistent with its judicial function, nor in
derogation of itsjudicial character. In this connection, it would be perti-
nent to citethe observations of the Court in the FisheriesJurisdzctioncase
(I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 32, para. 74) where the Court said:

"The obligation to negotiate thus flowsfrom the very nature of the
respectiverights of theParties; to direct them to negotiate istherefore
a proper exercise of the judicial function in this case. This also
corresponds to the Principles and provisions of the Charter of the
United Nations concerning peaceful settlement of disputes. As the
Court stated in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases:place qui lui revient dans lajurisprudence de la Cour: un tribunal qui se
laisserait alleà se prononcer sans nécessitésur des questions dont il ne

serait pasjuridiquement saisi risquerait vite de compromettre sa réputa-
tionjudiciaire.Il en est ainsà plus forte raison quand il s'agitd'appliquer
le droit entre les Etats, domaine où, malgrél'article 59 du Statut, les
observations de la Cour pourraient fort bien influer sur les rapports entre
lesEtats,ycompris,lecaséchéant,ceuxquin'ont pascomparudevant elle.
Un tribunal ne doit jamais perdre de vue cet aspect des choses.

Sila Courajugé àbon droitque lecommuniquéde Bruxellesdu 31mai
1975nepouvait pas vraimentjouer commeaccordobligatoireconférant un
droit d'accèsimmédiat à sa juridiction, il n'en reste pas moins que les
parties ont bel et bien rédigéce communiquédans l'intention précisede
soumettre en dernier lieu le différend à la Cour en vue de son règlement
judiciaire. Si le communiquéde Bruxellesconcrétiseainsil'intention etla
volonté claire des parties, la Cour ne sortirait pas, semble-t-il, de sa

fonction judiciaire si elle indiquait, sans vraiment statuerà ce sujet, les
obligations résultant du communiqué, qui sont de faire avancer les négo-
ciations. Un tribunal ne saurait en aucun cas conseiller les parties sur
l'exerciced'un choix entre les diverses voies ou options qui leur sont
offertes, ainsi qu'il a étéindiquédans l'affaireHaya de la Torre (C.I.J.
Recueil 1951, p. 78-79).La Cour pouvait cependant envisagerles relations
entre lecommuniquéet lesparties,ainsiquel'obligation dont celles-cisont
respectivementtenues de résoudrele différendpar des moyens pacifiques
conformément àl'article 33de la Charte desNations Unies, obligation qui
demeureentière. SilaCour, de sapropre initiative,nepouvait allerjusqu'à
déclarerque le communiqué de Bruxelles constitue, pour les deux Etats,
uneobligationjuridique de compléterl'accordde façon quela Courpuisse
êtresaisie, il lui était cependant possible de dire, sans déroger à son

caractère judiciaire, que les deux parties doivent engager de nouvelles
négociations,de bonne foi et en vue d'une solutionpacifiquedu différend.
En donnant àsa décisionunetelleportée,elleserait restéefidèle àson rôle
fondamental dans la communauté internationale. Cela n'aurait pas été
incompatible avec safonctionjudiciaire et ellen'aurait pas faillàsonrôle
juridictionnel.Acetégard,iln'estpas sanspertinence derappelerl'arrêtde
la Cour en l'affaire dela Compétenceenmatière depêcheri(eC s.I.J. Recueil
1974, p. 32, par. 74):

<L'obligation de négocierdécouledonc de la nature mêmedes
droits respectifsdes Parties;leur ordonner de négocier estpar consé-
quentunemanièrejustifiéeenl'espèced'exercerlafonctionjudiciaire.
Cela correspond aussi aux principes et dispositions de la Charte des
Nations Unies concernant le règlement pacifique des différends.
CommelaCour l'aditdans lesaffairesdu Plateau continentaldelamer
du Nord : 48 AEGEAN SEA (SEP. OP. NAGENDRA SINGH)

'.. this obligation merely constitutes a special application of a
principle which underlies al1international relations, and which is
moreover recognized in Article 33 of the Charter of the United
Nations as one of the methods for the peaceful settlement of
international disputes' (I.C.J. Reports 1969,p. 47, para. 86)."

There can be no question, therefore, of the incompatibility of negotia-
tions withjudicial settlement at any stagein thecourse of thedispute. The
Court, havinggone thus far initsJudgment, couldhave taken the next step
forward by pronouncing on the need of further meaningful negotiations
therebynotonly emphasizing thedueimportance of thisparticular method
in the peaceful settlement of disputes,but alsoindicatingthepath leading
to completion of those necessary details which are still left incompletein
the Brussels Communiqué of 31 May 1975.

III

In theinternational field theparamountcy of thedoctrine of consent lies
at theroot not only of the law asenacted,but also of thejurisdiction of the

tribunal which administers that law. In the aforesaid context of sover-
eignty of States no international tribunal could afford to overlook today
thefact that the Applicant seekstheprotection of law and,refraining from
taking recourse to other means, moves the Court for redress of its grie-
vances and thus acts as a law-abiding member of the community. The
Court has come to the correct conclusion following its decision in the
NonvegianLoanscase (I.C.J. Reports1957)that, since the Greco-Turkish
Treaty of Friendship,Neutrality, ConciliationandArbitration of 30 Octo-
ber 1930has not been invoked by the Applicant as a basis of the Court's
jurisdiction, it does clearly dispensethe Court from entering any further
into thequestion posed by the existence of that Treaty.It would, however,
appear to be still necessary to indicate that theor of the Court is in no
way permanently closed to the Applicant as if leaving him without a
judicial remedy forever. It isnoteworthythat bothGreeceandTurkey have
accepted the aforesaidTreaty of 1930as a treaty in force which stillbinds
theparties today. If infuture,therefore,theparties wereto agreetocomply
with theprescribedtreatyrequirementsrelating to conciliation, they could

find means of achieving an amicable settlement to the present dispute.

(Signed)NAGENDRS AINGH. ((l'obligation de négocier..ne constituequ'une application parti-
culièred'un principe,qui est àla base de toutes les relationsinter-
nationalesetqui estd'ailleursreconnudans l'article33delaCharte
des Nations Unies comme l'une des méthodesde règlementpaci-

fique des différends internationaux (C.I.J. Recueil 1969, p. 47:
par. 86).1)
Il n'estdoncpasquestion que lesnégociationssoientinconciliables avec
le règlementjudiciaire à quelque moment que ce soit de l'évolution du
différend.Si la Cour avait procédécommeje l'ai dit dans son arrêt,elle

aurait pu ensuite aborder l'étape suivanteet seprononcer sur la nécessité
de nouvelles négociationsvalables, d'abord en soulignantl'importance à
accorder à cette méthode primordiale de règlementpacifique des diffé-
rends, mais aussi en indiquant la marche à suivre en vue de préciserles
détails indispensablesafin de compléterle communiquéde Bruxelles du
31mai 1975.

III

Dans ledomaineinternational, l'importance suprêmedu consentement
est la base non seulement du droit envigueur,mais ausside la compétence
du tribunal qui l'applique. Dans le contexte de la souverainetédes Etats,
aucune juridiction internationale ne saurait oublier de nos jours que le

requérantseréclamedu droit et que,s'abstenant d'userd'autres moyens,il
s'adresse à la Cour pour obtenirjustice, se comportant ainsi comme un
t'nembrede la communautérespectueux de la loi. La Cour a eu raison de
conclure, dans la ligne de son arrêten l'affaire desEmprunts norvégiens
(C.XJ. Recueil 1957), qu'étant donné quele requérant, pour établirla
compétence,n'apasinvoquéletraité gréco-turcd'amitiéd,e neutralité,de
conciliationetd'arbitrage du 30 octobre 1930,ellen'amanifestement pas à
examiner plus avant la question poséepar l'existencede ce traité.Il reste
cependant nécessaire, semble-t-il,d'indiquer quela porte de la Cour n'est
nullement ferméeune fois pour toutes au requérant,ce qui le laisserait à
jamais privéde tout recoursjudiciaire. La Grèceet la Turquieont l'une et
l'autre reconnu - ilconvient delenoter - quecetraitéde 1930estun traité
envigueurqui obligeencorelesparties.Dans cesconditions, siplus tard les

parties se mettaient d'accord pour se conformer aux dispositions dudit
traitérelativesà la conciliation, ellespourraient ainsitrouver lemoyen de
régler leprésent différend à l'amiable.

(Signé)NAGENDRA SINGH.

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Separate Opinion of Vice-President Nagendra Singh

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