Separate Opinion of Judge Tanaka

Document Number
050-19640724-JUD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
050-19640724-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE TANAKA

The followingobservations are limited to the Court's opinion on the
second principal Preliminary Objection raised by the Respondent
Government .

1 can completely agree with the conclusion of the Court in rejecting
this objection. Furthermore, 1 cannot deny the well-foundedness of
the reasons by which the Court reached this conclusion. Nor do 1
hesitate to Say that these reasons in general are in themselves suffi-
cient to oveGule this Prelirninary objection.

However, to my regret, 1 cannot agree with the Court's choice of
reasons. To reach a conclusion there may be found many concurrent
reasons upon which a decision of the Court can be based. Some of
them mav be more immediate. essential and straia"tforward than
others which are of indirect and subsidiary importance and serve

simply to corroborate the principal reasons.
The choice of reasons as grounds for a decision, however, is neces-
sarily subject to a limitation which is required by the nature of judicial
activities. 1 am well aware that some consideration should be given
to the existence of precedents in regard to a case which the Court is

called upon to decide. Respect for precedents and maintenance of
the continuity of jurisprudence are without the slightest doubt highly
desirable from the viewpoint of the certainty of law which is equally
required in international law and in municipal law. The same kind of
cases must be decided in the same way and possibly by the same reason-

ing. This limitation is inherent in the judicial activities as distinct
from IurelJ academic activities.
On the other hand, the requirement of the consistency of jurispm-
dence is never absolute. It cannot be maintained at the sacrifice of
the requirements of justice and reason. The Court should not hesitate

to overrule the precedents and should not be too preoccupied with the
authority of its past decisions. The forma1 authority of the Court's
decision must not be maintained to the detriment of its substantive
authority. Therefore, it is quite inevitable that, from the point of
view of the conclusion or reasoning, the minority in one case should

become the majority in another case of the same kind within a compara-
tively short spice of time.
What 1 want particularly to emphasize is not only the concrete
appropriateness of the conclusion, namely the operative part of each
decision, but the reasoning upon which the conclusion is based. The

more important function of the Court as the principal judicial organ of
the United Nations is to be found not only in the settlement of concrete
disputes, but also in its reasoning, through which it may contribute to
the development of international law. It seems hardly necessary toSay that the real liie of a decision should be found in the reasoning
rather than in the conclusion.
Thereiore, the above-meiitioned choice of reasons by which the
Court disposes of a matter in issue Decomes important. It affects the
intrinsic valueand weight of a reason on the basis of which a concrete

issue is dealt with.

In the light ofthese short preliminary remarks 1 shall consider the

niatter at issue as regards the cnoice of reasonsby which the Court has
disposed of the second Preliininary Objection raised by the Respondent
Governnient .
There is not the sligntest doubt that this objection denying the
Court's jurisdiction in the present case has been motivated and inspired
by the existeiice of two precedents, narnely the Judgments in the
Aerial Incident case of 20 May 1959 (I.C.J. Keporis Igjg, p. 127), and

the Temple of Preah 17iheur case of 26 May 1gb1 (I.C.J. Reports 1961,
P- 17).
First 1 shall consider the Court's Judgment in the Aerial Incident
case, which marked the starting point of tiie subsequent history of
the jurisdictionai matter wirh which we are concerned.
1; this case the Rulgarian Government raised a preiirninary objection
denyirig the validiry of the Declaration of 12 August 1921, by which

Bulgaria accepted the cornpulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court
of Interriational Justice. Tliis Declaration, the Bulgarian Government
insisteà, "ceased to De in force on the dissolution of the Permanent
Court" of International Justice on 18 April 1946 and therefore "cannot
accordingly be regarùed as constirutirig an acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdictionoi the International Court of Justice, by virtue of Article 36,

paragraph 5, of the Statute of that Court". The Goverriment oi
Israel, on tiieother hand, to establish the jurisdiction of the Court in
that case, invoked the Bulgarian Declaration of 1921 and Article 36,
paragraph 5,of the Statute and the fact that Bulgaria became a Member
of the United Nations on 14 December 1955 and accoraingly a party
to the Statute.
The Court upheld this objection and ruled that it had no jurisdiction

in tiie case.
1 quote a passage of the Judgrnent which seems most clearly to indi-
cate its essential reasons :

"At that date [na~nely, 14 December 19551, however, the Bul-
gariaii Declaration of 1921 was no longer in force in consequence

of tiie dissolution of the Permanent Court of International Justice
in 1940. The acceprance set out in the Declaration of the com-
pulsory jurisdicrion of the Permanent Court of International Justice was thereafter devoid of object since that Court was no
longerin existence. The legalbasis for that acceptance in Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice, ceased to exist with the disappearance of that
Statute. Thus, the Bulgarian Declaration had lapsed and was

no longer in force" (I.C.J. Reports 1959, p. 143).

This ruling of the Court was based on two main reasons which were
concerned with the interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5. The
one was the recognition of the destructive effect of the dissolution of
the Permanent Court on 18 April 1946 upon the Bulgarian Declaration

of Ia,r. The other was the distinction made between orir"inal and
non-original Members of the United Nations conceming the interpre-
tation of Article 36, paragraph 5,of the Statute.
Although this Judgment was given in consideration of the particular
circumstances of the case and its binding force was limited to the parties
and to this particular case (Article 59 of the Statute), it has exercised

tremendous influence upon the subsequent course of the Court's juris-
prudence and the attitude of parties vis-à-vis the jurisdictional issues
relative to this Court.
The first repercussion of the Judgrnent in the Aerial Incident case
may be seen in the Judgment in the Temfile of Preah Vihear case de-
livered on 26 May 1961, precisely two years after the delivery of the

Judgment in the Aerial Incident case.
It is to be noted that the repercussion is found not in the conclusion
of the Judgment itself, but in the argument of the party raising a
preliminary objection to the Court's jurisdiction, and in the reasoning
of the Court in disposing of this objection.

The question at issue was concerned with the effect of the Thai
Declaration of 20 May 1950 which renewed for a period of ten years
the Declaration of 3 May 1940, constituting the ten-year renewal of a
Declaration dated 20 September 1929, accepting the compulsory juris-
diction of the Permanent Court of International Justice. The question
was whether the 1950Declaration of Thailand was valid bythe operation

of Article 36, paragraph 5, notwithstanding the dissolution of the
Permanent Court on 18 April 1946 and the fact that Thailand became
a Member of the United Nations and thus a party to the Statute on
16 December 1946, eight months after the dissolution of the Permanent
Court.
One may recognize that Thailand was legally in an analogous position

with Bulgaria in regard to the application of Article 36, paragraph 5,
except that, while the Bulgarian Declaration waç made for an inde-
finite period, the Thai Declaration covered a period of ten years with
the possibility of renewal. Accordingly, it was quite natural that,
whsn the Thai Government raised a preliminary objection denying
the jurisdiction of the Court by excluding the application of Article 36, 68 BARCELONA TRACTION (SEP. OP. TANAKA)

paragraph 5, to that declaration, it did nor fail io refer to the Judgment
in the Aerial Incident case.

The Preliminary Objection and Submissions of Thailand on this
point read as follows :

"(i) that the Siarnese declaration of the 20th September, 1929
lapsed on the dissolution of the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice on the 19th April, 1946, and thereafter could

not be renewed ;
that the Thai declaration of the 20th May, 1950 purported
(ii) todo no more than renew the said declaration of the 20th Sep-

tember, 1929, and so was ineffective ab initio ;
that consecluenriy Thailand has never accepted the compul-
(iii)
sory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under
Article 36, paragraph 2,of the Statute".

It is not urireasona~le to suppose that this objection of Thailand was
ericouraged by the Judgmerit in the Aerial Incident case. However,

differently from that case, the objection was not successiul for the
cause of Tnailand. The Court, although it recognized its jurisdiction
in the case, reached its conclusion not by way of the application of
Article 30, paragraph 5, but Dy recognizing the validity of the Thai
Declaration of 1950 as niade independenrly under Article 36, para-
graphs 2 to 4 (I.C.J. KePortsrgbr, p. 29).

It is to be noted that in the l'emfileoj Preah Vihear case the Court
did not establish its jurisùiction by considering the question whether
or not the dissolution oi the Permanent Court resulted in the lapse of
the Tnai Declaration of 1940, renewed in 1950. This question waç left
untouched and the rriatter was decided by stressing the particularity

of the case, which was differenr from the Aerial In,cident case.
Furtherinore, the Court's iiiterpretation that the Thai Declaration
of ïgjû should De considered as independent ir3m that of 1940 does
not seem quite in confornii~y with the text of the declaration which
renewed the previous cieclaration, and with the real intention of Thai-

land from which the historical continwiry beîween the two deciarations
is undeniable. From this viewpoint the solution presented by the
Judgrnent does not seem quite satisfactory.
The question of the effect of the dlssoliitior, of .ChePerrnaneiït Court
in the light of an interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5, upon which
the preliminary objection was based, shouid have been reconsidered

by the Court.
There remained for the Court the foilowing alternatives : either the
Court would conply with the principle eiiunciaied by the Judgment in
the Aerial Incident case and uphold tnis objection, or it wmld overrule
this principle and reject the objection. In the case of the second alternative the Joint Dissenting Opinion of
Judges Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, Wellington Koo and Sir Percy Spender
appended to the Judgment in the Aerial Incident case (I.C.J. Reports
1959, pp. 156etseq.) might naturally have much importance in deciding
this issue.
This Joint Dissenting Opinion, different from the Court's opinion,
firstly denied the lapsing effect of the dissolution of the Permanent

Court upon the Bulgarian Declaration of 1921 by the interpretation and
application of Article36, paragraph 5, and secondly, it did not distin-
guish between original and non-original Members of the United Nations
regarding the matter of transfer of compulsory jurisdiction. The
fundamental idea upon which this opinion rested was nothing but the
substantial identity of the old and the new Court and the continuity

of their jurisdiction notwithstanding the dissolution of the old Court.
Whether the conclusion was negative or positive, the Court should
have tackled and solved this essential question without confining itself
to reasons of a subsitliary character.
That the Court's attitude vis-à-vis the Temple of Preah Viheaecase
was influenced by the preoccupation of not impairing the authority of
the Judgment in the Aerial Incident case is very probable. Respect

for precedents and maintenance of jurisprudence are important consi-
derations required in judicial activities. But the choice of reasons for
a decision is no less important, as 1 said above. From this viewpoint
the Court should have chosen in the Temple case more essential, more
irnmediate reasons in deciding the matter at issue.

This is one reason why Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice and myself
appended a Declaration to the Judgment in the Templeof Preah Vihear
case (I.C.J. Reports 1961, pp. 36 et seq.; cf. Declaration of Judge
Wellington Koo, ibid.,p. 36).
Thus the doctrine of lapse by dissolution which was incorporated in
the Judgment in the Aerial Incident case has remained intact. It has
offered a powerful tool tothose States which were not inclined to submit

to the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by the application either
of Article 36, paragraph 5, or of Article 37 of the Statute. It has
become an indirect obstacle to the Court in choosing reasons.

The thesis of lapse by dissolution has appeared for the third time
in the second principal Preliminary Objection put fonvard by the
Respondent Government in the present case. The Judgment in the
Aerial Incident case has become the core of the argument of the Res-
pondent Government in denying the validity of the jurisdictional

clause contained in the Treaty of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and
Artiitration oferg July 1927 between Belgium and Spain. The position of the Respondent Government is to deny the jurisdiction of the Court

by referring to the principles enlinciated by the Judgment in the
Aerial Incident case regarding the interpretation of Article 36, para-
graph 5, of the Statute. The attitude of the Applicant Government
vis-à-vis the Judgment in the Aerzal Incident case, on the other hand,
seems to be that it avoids challenging this Judgment openly and tries
to attain the same purpose, namely justification of the jurisdiction of
the Court, by another means. Tkis means is to emphasize the difference

between the two cases. The difference is found in the fact that, whereas
a declaration referred to in Article 36, paragraph 5, is of a unilateral
character and simply aims at the acceptance of the compulsory juris-
diction, and is furthermore intimately connected with the Statute of
the Permanent Court, the jurisdictional clause with which Article 37
is concerned, is of a bilateral character and is incorporated in a treaty
or convention which has a wider purpose than a declaration under the

optional clause. Therefore, the jurisdictional clause in the Treaty of
1927, unlike the Bulgarian declaration of 1921, would not be subject
to the annihilating effect of the dissolution of the Permanent Court.
On the other hand, the validity of the Treaty of 1927 as a whole is
not denied by the Parties.
The result thereof is that the Parties have gone into the question

of the severability of the provisions of a treat:the Spanish Government
is in favour of severability provided this does not come into conflict
with the validity of the remaining parts of the treaty, namely the
parts relative to conciliation and arbitration ; the Belgian Government
is in favour of inseverability of the treaty in order to Save the validity
of the jurisdictional clause as an integral part of the Treaty of 1927.

Thus the discussions deviated in the wrong direction by dealing with
a question which does not seem to be relevant to the interpretation of
Article 37 of the Statute, the main legal issue ir, the second principal
Preliminary Objection.

The Court's viewpoint seems to support, iri generai, the contention
of the Belgian Government resting upon the emphasis of a difference

between Article 36, paragraph 5, and Article 37 of the Statute in so
far as the interpretation of thtse two provisions is concerned.
1shall now consider the question whether Article 37 can be interpreted
differently from Article 36, paragraph 5, in regard to the effect of the
dissolution of the Permanent Court. The question is concemed with
the identity or divergence of these provisions:
It is quite true that there exist many points of difference between

Article 36, paragraph 5, and Article 37 of the Statute, for example,
the wording, the source of compulsory jurisdiction, the unilateral cha-
racter of the declaration and the bilateral character of the jurisdictional
clause incorporated in a treaty, etc. The question, however, is whether
these differences are relevant to a decision of the matter at issue, namely
the effect of the dissolution of the Permanent Court on the fate of

68 declarations made under the optional clause and jurisdictional clauses
in treaties.
In a matter of this kind we cannot assert absolutely that one thing
is identical with or different from the other. There may be found
many elements of similarity and difference. What matters is from
what viewpoint they are identical or different. The decision as to
whether one thing is identical or not with the other depends upon the
position from which one regards the matter. Therefore, the decision
is relative to the viewpoint one adopts.
Concerning the matter at issue, namely the question of identity or
diversity between Article 36, paragraph 5, and Article 37 of the Statute,

the criterion should be sought in the viewpoint of the essential purpose
of both provisions, i.e., the continuity of the acceptance of compulsory
jurisdiction. If these provisions are identical in this fundamental
purpose, they may be considered as identical notwithstanding the
possible difference in many other respects which are not related to the
purpose itself.
Now, nobody would dare deny the fact that the above-mentioned
purpose is common to Articles 36, paragraph 5,and 37. Consequently,
the Court, called upon to give an interpretation on Article 37 in regard
to the second principal Preliminary Objection, could not have ignored
the existence of the Judgrnent in the Aerial Incident case, whatever
the conclusion of the Court might be : either to follow or to overrule
this precedent. The Court shouid have met the question which is
cornmon to Articles 36, paragraph 5, and 37, instead of dealing with
the present case independently of the Aerial Incident case.
The Court should have made its position clear on the jurisdictional
matter, vis-à-vis the Judgment in the Aerial Incident case as involving

an issue which is of the same legal nature as the present case. That is
what is dictated by the value and importance of the matter at issue.

1 am not unaware of the fact that, while there now exists no optional
clausedeclaration which needs to be saved by the operation ofArticle 36,
paragraph 5, a large number of treaties and conventions containing a
jurisdictional clause are still in existence. In the former case this
issue, namely the question of the interpretation of Article 36, para-
graph 5, may have lost al1practical value ; accordingly, the Judgment
in the Aerial Incident case would do no harm to the interpretation of
Article 36, paragraph 5, even if it should be overruled.

However, consideration should be given not only to the practical
significance of the Court's decisions but also to their theoreticalmean-
ing and value. 1 consider that the Court should have dealt primarily
with the Judgrnent in the Aerial Incident case as this involved the same
legal question as the present issue rather than evade it because it was
an inconvenient obstacle. General international law might have

benefited by such an attitude of the Court by finding a common solutionto the jurisdictional question which has arisen or might arise concerning
Articles 36, paragraph 5,and 37.

So far as my view on the interpretation of Article36, paragraph 5,
is concerned, 1 agree fundamentally with the view put forward in the
above-mentioned Joint Dissenting Opinion appended to the Judgment
in the Aerial Incident case. Not only do 1share the view of this Opinion
as an interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5, but 1 agree with the

view of its authors which does not make a distinction between the inter-
pretation of Article 36, paragraph 5, and Article 37 (I.C.J. Reports
1959, pp. 180-182) so far as the effect of compulsory jurisdiction is
concerned.
It is unnecessary to describe the content of this Opinion in detail.
1 would rather limit myself to stressing some of its essential points
from my own viewpoint.

What 1 have to Saybelow is concerned with the interpretation of Art-
icle36, paragraph 5, which constitutes the subject of that Opinion, but
this can be applied mutatis mutafidis to the interpretation of Article 37.
The principal question we are confronted with is the effect of the
dissolution of the Permanent Court of International Justice upon the
compulsory jurisdiction accepted by a unilateral declaration under

Article 36, paragraphs 2 to 4 of the Statute. It has a bearing on the
interpretation of Article 36,paragraph 5, which stipulates :

"Declarations made under Article 36 of the Statute of the
Permanent Court of International Justice and which are still in
force shall be deemed, as between the parties to the present Statute,
to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Interna-

tional Court of Justice for the period which they still have to run
and in accordance with their terms."

Nobody can deny that the purpose of this provision is the preservation
of the effect of compulsory jurisdiction accepted in regard to the old
Court under the régime of the new Court. The alleged effect of the

lapse of declarations by the dissolution of the Permanent Court shall be
considered from this point of view, namely the purpose of Article 36,
paragraph 5.
The theory of "lapse" advanced by the Bulgarian Government and
supported by the Judgment in the Aerial Incident case is based on
the great significance attached to the fact of the dissolution of the

Permanent Court. It presupposes the existence of some difference
between the old and new Courts. If some differences between the two
Courts, either fundamental or in detail, exist the? declarations madeunder the old Court could not be ex~ected to continue the same effect in
regard to the new Court. In this case the dissolution of the Permanent
Court mia"t have a serious effect won the fate of the said declarations.
New there is no doubt that not only in their fundamental purpose

but in every detail, namely from the viewpoint of organization, compo-
sition and procedure, the old and the new Court are identical with
each other ;the latter being the exact counterpart or copy of the former.
They do not differ except in name. The continuance of substantially
the same Court, differing only in name, has never been contested, even
by those who sought to deny the compulsory jurisdiction of the Inter-

national Court.
The continuity between the two Courts under a different name
guaranteed the subsistence of the same jurisdictional rights and obli-
"ations of the declarant States. There would seem to be no inconven-
ience or disadvantage to the parties concerned. Presumably if when

the switchover from one Court to the other was carried out no change
of name .had been effected, no one, in this case, would contend for the
lapse of an already existing declaration.
Furthermore, it should be noted that the dissolution of the Permanent
Court did not occur suddenly but had been anticipated and that there
was no temporal gap between the dissolution of the old Court and the

creation of the new one.
Consequently, the real circumstances are not so much the transfer
of jurisdiction from the old Court to the new one as the replacement of
the former by the latter. The acceptances by the declarant States of
the compulsory jurisdiction remain unchanged. Accordingly there did

not occur the "transfer of iurisdiction" nor the "automatic succession"
(in the proper sense of the terms). The circumstances concerning the
dissolution of the Permanent Court being such, it does not seem to be
in conformity with the true intention of the parties or with a comon-
sense conclusion to attachthe lapsing effect to the fact of the dissolution
of the Permanent Court. Kor does there exist here any material

change in the compulsory jurisdiction originally accepted. It matters
only that declarations are "still in force" or "faites... pour une durée
qui n'est pas encore expirée" (Article 36, paragraph 5).
From what is indicated above, 1 may conclude that Article36,
paragraph 5, simply affirms the true and reasonable intention of declar-

ant States and does not impose any new obligations upon them. This
provision is nothing but the expression of what is required by logic and
reason. This ~rovision mav be conceived as an authentic inte'rweta-
tion concerning the law on jurisdictional matters.
If the dissolution of the Permanent Court could have so im~ortant
an effect upon declarations accepting the compulsory jurisdiction, the

legislators of this provision would have expressly mentioned this
matter. However, the term "dissolution" does not appear in Article 36,
paragraph 5. It is certain that they did not approve the destructive
effect of dissolution. What they contemplated must have been, onthe contrary, to save the effect of declarations accepting the compul-
sory jurisdiction by excluding the possible erroneous construction of
the effect of the dissolution. Such construction is radically opposed
to the purpose inherent in Article 36, paragraph 5.
The real and only obstacle to the continuance of the compulsory

jurisdiction existing with regard to some States is the fact that they
did not become Members of the United Nations and accordingly parties
to the Statute of the International Court before the dissolution of the
Permanent Court. In this case one of the most important conditions
required for acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction is lacking. But
this condition can be fulfilled by admission to the United Nations and

ipso facto becoming a party to the Statute of the International Court
of Justice.
Thus, upon the basis of the already existing objective condition,
narnely declarations accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Permanent Court, the compulsory jurisdiction can become effective,
being completed by the fulfiiment of a subjective condition, namely

membership of the United Nations and party to the Statute.

So long as this subjective condition is unrealized, the declaration
remains inoperative or "dormant" ; it has not become nul1 and void
bv the effect of the dissolution of the Permanent Court. The cause
of the fact that temporarily the declaration remains inoperative, is

found not in the effect of the dissolution, but in the lack of the capacity
of the declarant State.
From what has been stated above, it is clear that the dissolution of
the Permanent Court cannot have such an important effect as to decide
the fate of declarations having accepted the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Permanent Court by those States which were not original Mem-

bers of the United Nations, or did not become Members before the
dissolution of the Permanent Court. Therefore the doctrine of the
"lapse" first put fonvard by the Bulgarian Government in the Aerial
Incident case, and reiterated by the Thai Govemment in the Temple
of Preah Vihear case regarding Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute
(and finally invoked by the Spanish Government regarding Article 37)

is quite illusory and unsound. This doctrine, 1 am inclined to consider,
might have been artificially devised by those parties who, in concrete
cases, did not want to submit themselves to the compulsory jurisdiction
which they had accepted and the effective continuance of which they
had never doubted before.

The logical fallacy of this doctrine is clear. As is indicated above,
the replacement of the Permanent Court by the International Court in
itselfdoes not possess any negative effect on the continuance of the
declaration accepting the compulsory jurisdiction, owing to the exis-
tence of exact identity between these two juridical organs. This is
a sociological fact underlying the legal issue. However, these organshave a distinct legal existence. Accordingly, to carry out smoothly
the "transfer of jurisdiction" or the "automatic succession" between
the old and the new Court a legislative measure or technique had to be
adopted. This is precisely the purpose which was intended to be
realized by Article 36, paragraph 5, and which is in conformity with
the presumed intention of reasonable declarant States. It is evidently

a contradiction to invoke the lapsing effect of dissolution and to deny
the application of this provision, because its principal airn, undoubtedly,
is nothing but the exclusion of such invocation.
The objective of the preservation of the effect of declarations under
the old Court, as much as possible in regard to the new Court, must
govern the interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute.
This objective is related to the institution of compulsory jurisdiction

and, thereby, linked with the ideals of justice and peace which are to
prevail in the international community. Those who advocate the
doctrine of the "lapse" seem to view the concept of "dissolution" as
if it presents an obstacle interrupting the continuity of the natural
process of cause and effect. We should beware of falling into the
excess of the legal formalism of so-called "conceptual jurisprudence"

of which the doctrine of the "lapse" presents a conspicuous example.
Sociological and teleological approaches, 1 consider, are particularly
needed in the field of international law.

What 1 have stated above is limited to the question of the effect of

the dissolution of the Permanent Court upon the existing declarations
in the light of the interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5. With
regard to another question, namely whether or not "the parties to the
present Statute" within the meaning of the said Article is limited to
original members of the United Nations, and therefore the signatories
of the Statute,1 need only refer tothe above-mentioned Joint Dissenting

Opinion and will not go further into the matter.
These fundamental arguments relative to the interpretation of
Article 36, paragraph 5,can be applied unchanged to that of Article 37,
since, as 1 mentioned above, so far as the fundamental objective is
concerned, these provisions are exactly identical and there is no room
for different interpretations ofthese two provisions. Accordingly, the
Joint Dissenting Opinion which originally related to the interpretation

of Article 36, paragraph 5, can be naturally extended to the interpre-
tation of Article 37, in so far as common questions are concerned.
Briefly, 1can agree with the opinion of the Court on the second prin-
cipal Preliminary Objection, in its conclusion as well as in its reasoning.
Next, it reems that the Court's view on Article 37, namely the question
of the effect of the dissolution of the Permanent Court, is not essentially

very different from that of the Dissenting Opinion on Article 36, para-
graph 5,regarding the same question, except with regard to some pointswhich are derived from the particularity of a jurisdictional clause incor-
porated in a treaty. So far as the question of the effect of the disso-
lution of the Permanent Court on the compulsory jurisdiction is con-
cemed, there should be no different answer or reasons as regards an
independent unilateral declaration under the optional clause or a juris-
dictional clause in a treaty. What can be said is that the reasons
based on the particularity of the latter could be invoked a fortiorifor

the effective subsistence of the clause.

The following reasoning of the Court at the closing part of itsonsider-
ation of the second principal Preliminary Objection is very convincing :

"It was this fallacy which underlay the contention advanced
during the hearings that the alleged lapse of Article 17 (4) was
due to the disappearance of the 'object' of that clause, namely the

Permanent Court. But that Court was never the substantive
'object' of the clause. The substantive object was compulsory
adjudication and the Permanent Court was merely a means for
achieving that object ."

This reasoning can be very precisely applied to the interpretation of
Article 36, paragraph 5.
The Aerial Incident case, the Temfile of Preah Vihear case, and the
present case, each of them possessing some particular aspect distin-
guishing the one from the others, involve animportant legalissue which is
common to them, namely the question of the effect of the dissolution

of the Permanent Court upon the fate of the compulsory jurisdiction
based on the optional clause of Article 36, paragraph 2, or the juris-
dictional clause incorporated in a treaty. This common question was
for the first tirne raised by the objection advanced by the Bulgarian
Govemment in the Aerial Incident case. The Judgment in that case
upheld the objection by recognizing the lapsing effect of the dissolution

upon the compulsory declaration accepted by the optional clause.
Although Article 36, paragraph 5, became obsolete, the Court's reason-
ing in that Judgment remains, unless it should be overruled by a sub-
sequent judgment. Although the decision of the Court has no force
of res judicataexcept between the parties, and in respect of that parti-
cular case, its reasoning should de factoexercise lasting influence upon
matters involving the same kind of question. Accordingly, the attitude

of the Thai Government and the Spanish Govemment, each invoking
the Judgment in the Aerial Incident case, respectively in the Temfile
of Preah Vihear case and in the present case, is quite natural, so long
as the reasoning of the Judgment in the Aerial Incident case has sur-
vived without being overruled by subsequent practice. As one who shares the view of the Joint Dissenting Opinion con-

cerning the interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5, 1 consider that
the Court should have overruled the Judgment of 1959 in the AerialInci-
dent case by the Judgment of 1961 in the Temfileof Preah Vihear case.
But as 1 pointed out above, the Court avoided meeting that Judgment
directly and dealt with the matter in a different way. Now the Court
has faced the same question for the second time. It should have made
its standpoint on the interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5, clear.

But the Court has refrained from doing so from the viewpoint of stress-
ing the difference between Article 37 and Article 36,paragraph 5,and
has disposed of the issue quite independently of the interpretation of
the Judgment of 1959. Thus, the Court has again lost the chance of
rectifying the view adopted by that Judgment.
Whereas Article 36, paragraph 5,and Article 37 are as regards their
fundamental objective quite identical and their differences are unessen-
tial, the matter involved in the second principal Preliminary Objection

should have been disposed of in the light of the common principle
underlying these two provisions, namely the preservation under the
new Court of the compulsory jurisdiction accepted during the period
of the old Court.
The Court's opinion, although it rests on the difference between the
two provisions, is not limited to points peculiar to the interpretation of
Article 37. Its essential reason can be m~tatis mzltandis applied to

the interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5. Furthermore, 1 assume
that the Court's opinion is, in its fundamental reasoning, not very far
from that of the Joint Dissenting Opinion in the Aerial Incident case.
The above-cited passage from the Court's reasoning may be regarded
as precisely the antithesis or refutation of what was declared in the
essential part of the reasoning in the Judgment in the Aerial Incident
case.
1 consider that the Court's emphasis upon the difference between

Article 36, paragraph 5, and Article 37 is more apparent than real.
The Court has been careful not to deal directly with the 1959 Judgment,
but the viewpoint adopted by the Court in 1959 is substantially over-
ruled by the present Judgment.

(Signed) Kotaro TANAKA.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE TANAKA

The followingobservations are limited to the Court's opinion on the
second principal Preliminary Objection raised by the Respondent
Government .

1 can completely agree with the conclusion of the Court in rejecting
this objection. Furthermore, 1 cannot deny the well-foundedness of
the reasons by which the Court reached this conclusion. Nor do 1
hesitate to Say that these reasons in general are in themselves suffi-
cient to oveGule this Prelirninary objection.

However, to my regret, 1 cannot agree with the Court's choice of
reasons. To reach a conclusion there may be found many concurrent
reasons upon which a decision of the Court can be based. Some of
them mav be more immediate. essential and straia"tforward than
others which are of indirect and subsidiary importance and serve

simply to corroborate the principal reasons.
The choice of reasons as grounds for a decision, however, is neces-
sarily subject to a limitation which is required by the nature of judicial
activities. 1 am well aware that some consideration should be given
to the existence of precedents in regard to a case which the Court is

called upon to decide. Respect for precedents and maintenance of
the continuity of jurisprudence are without the slightest doubt highly
desirable from the viewpoint of the certainty of law which is equally
required in international law and in municipal law. The same kind of
cases must be decided in the same way and possibly by the same reason-

ing. This limitation is inherent in the judicial activities as distinct
from IurelJ academic activities.
On the other hand, the requirement of the consistency of jurispm-
dence is never absolute. It cannot be maintained at the sacrifice of
the requirements of justice and reason. The Court should not hesitate

to overrule the precedents and should not be too preoccupied with the
authority of its past decisions. The forma1 authority of the Court's
decision must not be maintained to the detriment of its substantive
authority. Therefore, it is quite inevitable that, from the point of
view of the conclusion or reasoning, the minority in one case should

become the majority in another case of the same kind within a compara-
tively short spice of time.
What 1 want particularly to emphasize is not only the concrete
appropriateness of the conclusion, namely the operative part of each
decision, but the reasoning upon which the conclusion is based. The

more important function of the Court as the principal judicial organ of
the United Nations is to be found not only in the settlement of concrete
disputes, but also in its reasoning, through which it may contribute to
the development of international law. It seems hardly necessary to OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. TANAKA

[Traduction]
Les observations suivantes ne portent que sur l'avis exprimé par la

Cour à propos de la deuxième exception préliminaire principale soulevée
par le Gouvernement défendeur.
Je m'associe pleinement à la conclusion par laquelle la Cour rejette
cette exception. En outre, je ne saurais nier le bien-fondé des motifs qui
ont amenéla Cour à conclure er!ce sens. Je n'hésitepas non plus à dire
que ces motifs, dans l'ensemble, suffisent à faire écarter la deuxième
exception préliminaire.
Toutefois, j'ai le regret de ne pouvoir partager l'avis de la Cour quant
au choix des motifs. Bien des motifs concurrents peuvent dicter la
conclusion sur laquelle la Cour fondera sa décision :certains d'entre
eux plus immédiats, plus essentiels et plus directs que d'autres dont
l'importance est indirecte et secondaire, et qui ne servent qu'à corroborer
les motifs principaux.
Le choix des motifs d'une décision est nécessairement sujet à une

restriction qu'impose la nature des activités judiciaires. Je sais bien
que l'existence de précédents doit être prise en considération pour
toute affaire que la Cour est appeléeà trancher. Il ne fait aucun doute
que le respect des précédentset le maintien de la continuité de la juris-
prudence sont éminemment souhaitables dans l'intkrêtde la certitude
du droit, aussi indispensable en droit international qu'en droit interne.
Les affaires du mêmegenre doivent êtretranchées de la même manière
et si possible par le mêmeraisonnement. Cette restriction est inhérente
aux activités judiciaires, différentes en cela des activités d'ordre pure-
ment théorique.
Il n'en reste pas moins que l'uniformité de la jurisprudence n'est
jamais un absolu. On ne saurait l'assurer aux dépens des exigences dela
justice et de la raison. La Cour ne doit pas hésiteà infirmer les précC-

dents, ni se montrer exagérémentsoucieuse de l'autorité de ses décisions
antérieures. L'autorité formelle d'une décisionde la Cour ne doit pas
êtremaintenue au détriment de son autorité substantielle. Il est donc
tout à fait inévitable que, du point de vue de la conclusion ou du rai-
sonnement, les juges qui sont dans la minorit6 pour une affaire soient,
relativement peu de temps apr&s, dans la majorité pour une autre
affaire du mêmegenre.
Ce dont je veux particulièrement parler, ce n'est pas tant du bien-
fondé concret de la conclusion, c'est-à-dire du dispositif de chacune
des décisions,mais du raisonnement sur lequel se fonde cette conclusion.
La fonction la plus importante dela Cour en qualité de principal organe
judiciaire des Nations Unies consiste non seulement à régler des dif-
férends concrets, mais aussi, par son raisonnement, à contribuer au
développement du droit international. Il està peine nécessaired'ajouter

63Say that the real liie of a decision should be found in the reasoning
rather than in the conclusion.
Thereiore, the above-meiitioned choice of reasons by which the
Court disposes of a matter in issue Decomes important. It affects the
intrinsic valueand weight of a reason on the basis of which a concrete

issue is dealt with.

In the light ofthese short preliminary remarks 1 shall consider the

niatter at issue as regards the cnoice of reasonsby which the Court has
disposed of the second Preliininary Objection raised by the Respondent
Governnient .
There is not the sligntest doubt that this objection denying the
Court's jurisdiction in the present case has been motivated and inspired
by the existeiice of two precedents, narnely the Judgments in the
Aerial Incident case of 20 May 1959 (I.C.J. Keporis Igjg, p. 127), and

the Temple of Preah 17iheur case of 26 May 1gb1 (I.C.J. Reports 1961,
P- 17).
First 1 shall consider the Court's Judgment in the Aerial Incident
case, which marked the starting point of tiie subsequent history of
the jurisdictionai matter wirh which we are concerned.
1; this case the Rulgarian Government raised a preiirninary objection
denyirig the validiry of the Declaration of 12 August 1921, by which

Bulgaria accepted the cornpulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court
of Interriational Justice. Tliis Declaration, the Bulgarian Government
insisteà, "ceased to De in force on the dissolution of the Permanent
Court" of International Justice on 18 April 1946 and therefore "cannot
accordingly be regarùed as constirutirig an acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdictionoi the International Court of Justice, by virtue of Article 36,

paragraph 5, of the Statute of that Court". The Goverriment oi
Israel, on tiieother hand, to establish the jurisdiction of the Court in
that case, invoked the Bulgarian Declaration of 1921 and Article 36,
paragraph 5,of the Statute and the fact that Bulgaria became a Member
of the United Nations on 14 December 1955 and accoraingly a party
to the Statute.
The Court upheld this objection and ruled that it had no jurisdiction

in tiie case.
1 quote a passage of the Judgrnent which seems most clearly to indi-
cate its essential reasons :

"At that date [na~nely, 14 December 19551, however, the Bul-
gariaii Declaration of 1921 was no longer in force in consequence

of tiie dissolution of the Permanent Court of International Justice
in 1940. The acceprance set out in the Declaration of the com-
pulsory jurisdicrion of the Permanent Court of Internationalque ce qu'il y a de vraiment vivant dans une décisionse trouve dans
les motifs et non dans la conclusion.
Cela étant, le choix des motifs dont j'ai parlé, et en fonction desquels
la Ccur règle une question, prend de l'importance. Il affecte la valeur
et l'autorité intrinsèques du motif sur la base duquel est résolu un
problème concret.

Compte tenu de ces brèves remarques liminaires, j'examinerai la
question dont il s'agit sous l'angle des motifs sur lesquels la Cour s'est

fondéepour écarter la deuxième exception préliminaire soulevée par le
~ouverhement défendeur.
Il est tout à fait évident que cette exception, qui nie la compétence
de la Cour en l'espèce, a étémotivée et inspirée par deux précédents,
à savoir l'arrêt du 26 mai 1959 en l'affaire de l'Incident aérien
(C.I.J. Recueil 1959, p. 127)) et l'arrêt du 2.6mai 1961 en l'affaire du

Tem9le de Préah Vihéar(C.I. J. Recueil 1961, p. 17).

J'étudierai tout d'abord l'arrêt de la Cour en l'affaire de l'Incident
aérien,qui est le point de départ de l'évolution ultérieure dela question
juridictionnelle dont nous avons à connaître.
En l'espèce, le Gouvernement bulgare soulevait une exception préli-

minaire niant la validité de la déclaration du 12 août 1921 par laquelle
la Bulgarie avait acceptéla juridiction obligatoire de la Cour permanente
de Justice internationale. Cette déclaration, affirmait le Gouvernement
bulgare, ((a cesséd'êtreen vigueur au moment de la dissolution de la
Cour permanente » de Justice interilationale l18 avril1946 et par consé-
quent ne saurait dès lors êtreconsidérée comme comportmt accepta-

tion de la juridicrion obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice,
par application de l'article36, paragraphe 5, du Statut de ladite Cour ».
De son côté,le Gouvernement d'Israël invoquait, pour établir la juridic-
tion de la Cour en l'espèce, la déclaration bulgare de 1921 et l'articl36,
paragraphe j, du Statut, et le fait que la Bulgarie, devenue Membre des
Nations Unies le 14 décembre 1955, était par conséquent devenue partie

au Statut.
La Cour accueillit cette exception et jugea qu'elle n'était pas compé-
tente en l'espèce.
Ses raisons essentielles me paraissent ressortir avec une particulière
netteté du passage suivant :

((Or, à cette date [c'est-à-dire le14 décembre 1.3551,la déclara-
tion bulgare de 1921 n'était plus en vigueur par l'effet de la dissolu-
tion de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale en 1946.
L'acceptation que cette déclaration énonçait de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour persnafiente de Justice internationale était Justice was thereafter devoid of object since that Court was no
longerin existence. The legalbasis for that acceptance in Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice, ceased to exist with the disappearance of that
Statute. Thus, the Bulgarian Declaration had lapsed and was

no longer in force" (I.C.J. Reports 1959, p. 143).

This ruling of the Court was based on two main reasons which were
concerned with the interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5. The
one was the recognition of the destructive effect of the dissolution of
the Permanent Court on 18 April 1946 upon the Bulgarian Declaration

of Ia,r. The other was the distinction made between orir"inal and
non-original Members of the United Nations conceming the interpre-
tation of Article 36, paragraph 5,of the Statute.
Although this Judgment was given in consideration of the particular
circumstances of the case and its binding force was limited to the parties
and to this particular case (Article 59 of the Statute), it has exercised

tremendous influence upon the subsequent course of the Court's juris-
prudence and the attitude of parties vis-à-vis the jurisdictional issues
relative to this Court.
The first repercussion of the Judgrnent in the Aerial Incident case
may be seen in the Judgment in the Temfile of Preah Vihear case de-
livered on 26 May 1961, precisely two years after the delivery of the

Judgment in the Aerial Incident case.
It is to be noted that the repercussion is found not in the conclusion
of the Judgment itself, but in the argument of the party raising a
preliminary objection to the Court's jurisdiction, and in the reasoning
of the Court in disposing of this objection.

The question at issue was concerned with the effect of the Thai
Declaration of 20 May 1950 which renewed for a period of ten years
the Declaration of 3 May 1940, constituting the ten-year renewal of a
Declaration dated 20 September 1929, accepting the compulsory juris-
diction of the Permanent Court of International Justice. The question
was whether the 1950Declaration of Thailand was valid bythe operation

of Article 36, paragraph 5, notwithstanding the dissolution of the
Permanent Court on 18 April 1946 and the fact that Thailand became
a Member of the United Nations and thus a party to the Statute on
16 December 1946, eight months after the dissolution of the Permanent
Court.
One may recognize that Thailand was legally in an analogous position

with Bulgaria in regard to the application of Article 36, paragraph 5,
except that, while the Bulgarian Declaration waç made for an inde-
finite period, the Thai Declaration covered a period of ten years with
the possibility of renewal. Accordingly, it was quite natural that,
whsn the Thai Government raised a preliminary objection denying
the jurisdiction of the Court by excluding the application of Article 36, désormais sans objet puisque cette Cour n'existait plus. Le support
juridique que cette acceptation trouvait dans l'article 36, para-
graphe 2, du Statut de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale
avait cesséd'exister par suite de la disparition de ce Statut. Ainsi,
la déclaration bulgare était devenue caduque et n'était plus en

vigueur. »(C.I.J. Rec.uejl1959 ,. 143.)

Cette décision de la Cour se fondait sur deux motifs principaux
concernant l'interprétation de l'article 36, paragraphe 5. D'une part,
on reconnaissait l'effet destructeur de la dissolution de la Cour perma-
nente, intervenue le 18 avril 1946, sur la déclaration bulgare di 1921.

D'autre part, on établissait une distinction entre les Membres originaires
et les Membres non originairesdes Nations Unies quant à l'interprétation
de l'article36, paragraphe 5, du Statut.
Bien que cet arrêt ait été renducompte tenu des circonstances propres
à l'espèceet que sa force obligatoire soit limitée aux parties et «au cas
qui a étédécidé » (art. 59 du Statut), il a exercé une influence considé-

rable sur l'évolution ultérieure de la jurisprudence de la Cour et sur
l'attitude des parties à l'égard des questions concernant la juridiction
de la Cour.
C'est dans l'arrêt intervenu en l'affaire du Temple de Préah Vihéar
le 26 mai 1961 que l'on peut constater la première répercussion de la
décision relative à l'affaire de l'lrtcident aérien rendue exactement

deux ans auparavant.
Il convient d'observer que cette répercussion se manifeste non pas
dans la conclusion énoncérpar l'arrêt lui-même, mais dans l'argumen-
tation de la partie qui avait soulevé une exception préliminaire à la
compétence de la Cour, et dans les motifs par lesquels la Cour rejetait
cette exception.
La question à trancher concernait l'effet de la déclaration thaïlandaise

du 20 mai 1950 renouvelant pour une période de dix ans la déclaration
du 3 mai 1940, qui reconduisait pour dix ans une déclaration datée du
20 septembre 1929 portant acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire
de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale. La question était de
savoir si, par le jeu de l'article 36, paragraph5, la déclaration thaïlan-
daise de 1950 était valide, en dépit de la dissolution de la Cour per-

manente intervenue le 18 avril 1946et bien que la Thaïlande fût devenue
Membre des Nations Unies, et par conséquent partie au Statut,
le 16 décembre 1946, soit huit mois après la dissolution de la
Cour permanente.
On voit que la position juridique de la Thaïlande était analogue à celle
de la Bulgarie quant à l'application de l'article 36, paragraphe 5, à ceci

près que la déclaration bulgare avait été faitepour une période indéfinie,
alors que la déclaration thaïlandaise portait sur une période de dix ans
avec possibilité de renouvellement. Il était donc tout à fait naturel
qu'au moment où il a soulevéune exception préliminaire àla compétence
de la Cour, excluant l'application de l'article 36, paragraphe5, k l'égard 68 BARCELONA TRACTION (SEP. OP. TANAKA)

paragraph 5, to that declaration, it did nor fail io refer to the Judgment
in the Aerial Incident case.

The Preliminary Objection and Submissions of Thailand on this
point read as follows :

"(i) that the Siarnese declaration of the 20th September, 1929
lapsed on the dissolution of the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice on the 19th April, 1946, and thereafter could

not be renewed ;
that the Thai declaration of the 20th May, 1950 purported
(ii) todo no more than renew the said declaration of the 20th Sep-

tember, 1929, and so was ineffective ab initio ;
that consecluenriy Thailand has never accepted the compul-
(iii)
sory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under
Article 36, paragraph 2,of the Statute".

It is not urireasona~le to suppose that this objection of Thailand was
ericouraged by the Judgmerit in the Aerial Incident case. However,

differently from that case, the objection was not successiul for the
cause of Tnailand. The Court, although it recognized its jurisdiction
in the case, reached its conclusion not by way of the application of
Article 30, paragraph 5, but Dy recognizing the validity of the Thai
Declaration of 1950 as niade independenrly under Article 36, para-
graphs 2 to 4 (I.C.J. KePortsrgbr, p. 29).

It is to be noted that in the l'emfileoj Preah Vihear case the Court
did not establish its jurisùiction by considering the question whether
or not the dissolution oi the Permanent Court resulted in the lapse of
the Tnai Declaration of 1940, renewed in 1950. This question waç left
untouched and the rriatter was decided by stressing the particularity

of the case, which was differenr from the Aerial In,cident case.
Furtherinore, the Court's iiiterpretation that the Thai Declaration
of ïgjû should De considered as independent ir3m that of 1940 does
not seem quite in confornii~y with the text of the declaration which
renewed the previous cieclaration, and with the real intention of Thai-

land from which the historical continwiry beîween the two deciarations
is undeniable. From this viewpoint the solution presented by the
Judgrnent does not seem quite satisfactory.
The question of the effect of the dlssoliitior, of .ChePerrnaneiït Court
in the light of an interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5, upon which
the preliminary objection was based, shouid have been reconsidered

by the Court.
There remained for the Court the foilowing alternatives : either the
Court would conply with the principle eiiunciaied by the Judgment in
the Aerial Incident case and uphold tnis objection, or it wmld overrule
this principle and reject the objection.de sa déclaration, le Gouvernement thaïlandais n'ait pas manqué de se
référerà l'arrêt intervenu en l'affaire de l'Incident aérien.
L'exception préliminaire et les conclusions de la Thaïlande sur ce

point sont les suivantes :

((i) la déclaration siamoise du zo septembre 1929 est devenue
caduque lors de la dissolution de la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale le 19 avril 1946 et ne pouvait êtrerenouvelée par
la suite ;

ii) la déclaration de la Thaïlande du 20 mai 1950 n'avait pas
d'autre objet que de renouveler ladite déclaration du zo sep-

tembre 1929 et par conséquent elle était sans effet ab initio ;

iii) en conséquence, la Thaïlande n'a jamais accepté la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice aux termes
de l'article 36, paragraphe z, du Statut )).

Il n'est pas déraisonnable de supposer que l'arrêt relatif à l'affaire

de l'Incident aériena encouragéla Thaïlande à présenter cette exception.
Toutefois, contrairement à ce qui s'était passéalors, cette exception n'a
pas joué en faveur de la Thaïlande. La Cour s'est en effet déclarée
compétente en l'espèce, mais elle est parvenue à cette conclusion non
pas en choisissant d'appliquer l'article 36, paragraphe 5, mais en recon-

naissant que la déclaration thaïlandaise de 1950 avait été faite de
manière indépendante, aux termes des paragraphes z à 4 de l'article 36
et était donc valable (C.I. J. Recueil 1961, p. 29).
On observera que, dans l'affaire du Temple de Préah Vihéar, pour
fonder sa compétence, la Cour n'a pas examiné le point de savoir si oui
ou non la dissolution de la Cour permanente avait entraîné la caducité

dela déclaration thaïlandaise de 1940,renouvelée en1950. Cette question
n'a pas étéabordée et l'on a tranché l'affaire en soulignant son aspect
particulier qui la différenciait de l'affaire de l'Incident aérien.
D'ailleurs, l'interprétation de la Cour selon laquelle la déclaration

thaïlandaise de 1950 devait être considérée commeindépendante de
celle de 1940, ne semble pas tout à fait conforme au texte de la déclara-
tion qui renouvelait la déclaration précédente, nià l'intention véritable
de la Thaïlande qui a indéniablement étéd'assurer une continuité
historique entre les deux déclarations. A cet égard, la solution adoptée
dans l'arrêtne semble pas tout à fait satisfaisante.

La question de l'effet dela dissolution de la Cour permanente en liaison
avec une interprétation de l'article 36, paragraphe j - effet sur lequel
se fondait l'exception préliminaire -, aurait dû êtreréexaminéepar la
Cour.

Il restaitàla Cour à choisir entre les deux solutions suivantes :ou bien
se conformer au principe énoncé.dans l'arrêt rendu en l'affaire de
l'Incident aérien et accueillir l'exception, ou bien infirmer ce principe
et rejeter l'exception. In the case of the second alternative the Joint Dissenting Opinion of
Judges Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, Wellington Koo and Sir Percy Spender
appended to the Judgment in the Aerial Incident case (I.C.J. Reports
1959, pp. 156etseq.) might naturally have much importance in deciding
this issue.
This Joint Dissenting Opinion, different from the Court's opinion,
firstly denied the lapsing effect of the dissolution of the Permanent

Court upon the Bulgarian Declaration of 1921 by the interpretation and
application of Article36, paragraph 5, and secondly, it did not distin-
guish between original and non-original Members of the United Nations
regarding the matter of transfer of compulsory jurisdiction. The
fundamental idea upon which this opinion rested was nothing but the
substantial identity of the old and the new Court and the continuity

of their jurisdiction notwithstanding the dissolution of the old Court.
Whether the conclusion was negative or positive, the Court should
have tackled and solved this essential question without confining itself
to reasons of a subsitliary character.
That the Court's attitude vis-à-vis the Temple of Preah Viheaecase
was influenced by the preoccupation of not impairing the authority of
the Judgment in the Aerial Incident case is very probable. Respect

for precedents and maintenance of jurisprudence are important consi-
derations required in judicial activities. But the choice of reasons for
a decision is no less important, as 1 said above. From this viewpoint
the Court should have chosen in the Temple case more essential, more
irnmediate reasons in deciding the matter at issue.

This is one reason why Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice and myself
appended a Declaration to the Judgment in the Templeof Preah Vihear
case (I.C.J. Reports 1961, pp. 36 et seq.; cf. Declaration of Judge
Wellington Koo, ibid.,p. 36).
Thus the doctrine of lapse by dissolution which was incorporated in
the Judgment in the Aerial Incident case has remained intact. It has
offered a powerful tool tothose States which were not inclined to submit

to the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court by the application either
of Article 36, paragraph 5, or of Article 37 of the Statute. It has
become an indirect obstacle to the Court in choosing reasons.

The thesis of lapse by dissolution has appeared for the third time
in the second principal Preliminary Objection put fonvard by the
Respondent Government in the present case. The Judgment in the
Aerial Incident case has become the core of the argument of the Res-
pondent Government in denying the validity of the jurisdictional

clause contained in the Treaty of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and
Artiitration oferg July 1927 between Belgium and Spain. The position Dans le second cas, l'opinion dissidente collective de sir Hersch
Lauterpacht, M. Wellington Koo et sir Percy Spender, jointe à l'arrêt
concernant l'affaire de l'Incident aérien (C.I.J. Recueil 1959, p. 156
et suiv.), aurait pu, bien entendu, beaucoup influer sur la décision.

Cette opinion dissidente collective, qui s'écarte ,del'avis de la Cour,
conteste d'abord que, vu la manière dont il convenait d'interpréter
et d'appliquer l'article 36, paragraphe 5, la dissolution de la Cour per-
manente ait pu rendre caduque la déclaration bulgare de 1921 ; ensuite,
elle n'établit pas de distinction entre les Membres originaires et non
originaires des-~ations Unies en ce qui concerne la question du transfert

de la juridiction obligatoire. L'idée fondamentale à la base de cette
opinion est tout simplement celle de l'identité substantielle de l'ancienne
et dela nouvelle Cour et dela continuité de leur juridiction en dépitde la
dissolution de l'ancienne Cour. Que la conclusion dût êtrenégative oii
positive, la Cour aurait dû aborder et résoudrecette question essentielle
sans se borner à invoquer des motifs d'ordre subsidiaire.
Il est très probable que l'attitude de la Cour en l'affaire du Temple de
Préah Vihéar a étéinfluencée par le souci de ne pas compromettre
l'autorité de l'arrêt intervenu au sujet de l'Incident aérien.Le respect
des précédentset la continuité de la junspmdence sont d'importantes
considérations dont on doit tenir compte sur le plan des activités judi-
ciaires. Mais, je le répète,le choix des motifs qui dictent un. arrêtn'est
pas moins important. A cet égard,la Cour aurait dû choisir pour trancher
la question qui se posait en l'affaire du Templedes motifs plus essentiels,

plus immédiats.
C'est une des raisons pour lesquelles sir Gerald Fitzmaunce et moi-
même avonsjoint une déclaration àl'arrêt coccernantl'affairedu Temple
de Préah Vihéar (C.I.J. Recueil 1961, p. 36 et suiv. ; cf. déclaration
de M. Wellington Koo, ibid., p. 36).
C'est ainsi que la théorie de la caducité par suite de dissolution,
énoncéedans l'arrêtrendu en l'affaire de l'Incident aérien, est demeurée
intacte. Elle a fourni un puissant instrument aux Etats qui n'étaient
pas enclins à se soumettre àla juridiction obligatoire de la Cour soit en
application de l'article 36, paragraphe 5, soit en application de
l'article 37 du Statut. C'est devenu indirectement pour la Cour un
obstacle au choix de ses motifs.

La thèse de la caducité par suite de dissolution est apparue pour la
troisième fois dans la deuxibme exception prkliminaire principale sou-
levée par le Gouvernement défendeur dans l'affaire actuelle. L'arrêt
intervenu en l'affaire de l'Incident aériens'esttrouvéau centre de l'argu-
mentation du Gouvernement défendeur lorsqu'il a contesté la validité
de la clause juridictionnelle figurant dans le trait6 de conciliation,
de règlement judiciaire et d'arbitrage conclu le 19 juillet 1927 entre of the Respondent Government is to deny the jurisdiction of the Court

by referring to the principles enlinciated by the Judgment in the
Aerial Incident case regarding the interpretation of Article 36, para-
graph 5, of the Statute. The attitude of the Applicant Government
vis-à-vis the Judgment in the Aerzal Incident case, on the other hand,
seems to be that it avoids challenging this Judgment openly and tries
to attain the same purpose, namely justification of the jurisdiction of
the Court, by another means. Tkis means is to emphasize the difference

between the two cases. The difference is found in the fact that, whereas
a declaration referred to in Article 36, paragraph 5, is of a unilateral
character and simply aims at the acceptance of the compulsory juris-
diction, and is furthermore intimately connected with the Statute of
the Permanent Court, the jurisdictional clause with which Article 37
is concerned, is of a bilateral character and is incorporated in a treaty
or convention which has a wider purpose than a declaration under the

optional clause. Therefore, the jurisdictional clause in the Treaty of
1927, unlike the Bulgarian declaration of 1921, would not be subject
to the annihilating effect of the dissolution of the Permanent Court.
On the other hand, the validity of the Treaty of 1927 as a whole is
not denied by the Parties.
The result thereof is that the Parties have gone into the question

of the severability of the provisions of a treat:the Spanish Government
is in favour of severability provided this does not come into conflict
with the validity of the remaining parts of the treaty, namely the
parts relative to conciliation and arbitration ; the Belgian Government
is in favour of inseverability of the treaty in order to Save the validity
of the jurisdictional clause as an integral part of the Treaty of 1927.

Thus the discussions deviated in the wrong direction by dealing with
a question which does not seem to be relevant to the interpretation of
Article 37 of the Statute, the main legal issue ir, the second principal
Preliminary Objection.

The Court's viewpoint seems to support, iri generai, the contention
of the Belgian Government resting upon the emphasis of a difference

between Article 36, paragraph 5, and Article 37 of the Statute in so
far as the interpretation of thtse two provisions is concerned.
1shall now consider the question whether Article 37 can be interpreted
differently from Article 36, paragraph 5, in regard to the effect of the
dissolution of the Permanent Court. The question is concemed with
the identity or divergence of these provisions:
It is quite true that there exist many points of difference between

Article 36, paragraph 5, and Article 37 of the Statute, for example,
the wording, the source of compulsory jurisdiction, the unilateral cha-
racter of the declaration and the bilateral character of the jurisdictional
clause incorporated in a treaty, etc. The question, however, is whether
these differences are relevant to a decision of the matter at issue, namely
the effect of the dissolution of the Permanent Court on the fate of

68la Belgique et l'Espagne. La position du Gouvernement défendeur con-
siste à nier la compétence de la Cour en se référantaux principes énoncés
dans l'arrêtrelatif à l'affaire de l'Incident aérienquant à l'interprétation
de l'article 36, paragraphe 5, du Statut. En revanche, l'attitude du
Gouvernement demandeur à l'égardde cet arrêtsemble êtred'éviterde le
contester ouvertement et de chercher à atteindre son objectif qui est
d'établir la compétence de la Cour par un autre moyen. Ce moyen

consiste à souligner la différenceentre les deux affaires. Cette différence
résiderait en ceci : alors que la déclaration prévue à l'article 36, para-
graphe 5,a un caractère unilatéral, qu'elle vise simplement l'acceptation
de la juridiction obligatoire et qu'elle est au surplus intimement rattachée
au Statut de la Cour permanente, la clause juridictionnelle mentionnée
à l'article37 a un caractère bilatéral et est incorporée dans un traité

ou convention d'une portée plus étendue qu'une déclaration faite en
application de la disposition facultative. Il s'ensuit que la clause juri-
dictionnelle di1 traité de 1927, au contraire de la déclaration bulgare
de 1921, ne saurait êtreannihilée du fait de la dissolution de la Cour
permanente.
D'autre part, la validité du traité de 1927 dans son ensemble n'est
pas niéepar les Parties.

Le résultat en est que les Parties ont étudié la question de la divisi-
bilité des clauses d'un traité : le Gouvernement eSpagnol se prononce
pour la divisibilité, dans la mesure où celle-ci n'empêchepas le maintien
en vigueur des autres parties du traité, celles qui concernent la concilia-
tion et l'arbitrage ; le Gouvernement belge se prononce pour l'indivisi-
bilité du traité, de façon à sauvegarder la validité de la clause juridic-
tionnelle qui fait partie intégrante du traité de 1927.

Les discussions se sont donc engagées dans une mauvaise direction,
du fait que l'on s'est occupé d'un problème qui ne parait pas avoir
de pertinence pour l'interprétation de l'article 37 du Statut, ce qui
est le point de droit le plus important dans la deuxième exception
préliminaire principale.
Le point de vue de la Cour semble, en général,favorable à la thèse
du Gouvernement belge, fondée sur la différence existant entre

l'article36, paragraphes, et l'articl37 du Statut pour ce qui est de
l'interprétation de ces deux dispositions.
J'exarninerai à présent si l'article 37 peut êtreinterprété autrement
que l'article36, paragraphe 5, en ce qui concerne l'effet de la dissolution
de la Cour permanente. Cela touche à la question de l'identité ou de
l'absence d'identitk de ces dispositions.
Il est tout à fait exact que l'article36, paragraphe 5, et l'article 37

du Statut diffèrent sur de nombreux points : libellé, source de la juri-
diction obligatoire, caractère unilatéral de la déclaration, caractère
bilatéral de la clause juridictionnelle incorporée dans un traité, etc.
Mais la question est de savoir si ces différencessont pertinentes lorsqu'il
s'agit de trancher le problème en cause, c'est-à-dire l'effet de la dissolu-
tion de la Cour permanente sur le sort des ddclarations faites en applica- declarations made under the optional clause and jurisdictional clauses
in treaties.
In a matter of this kind we cannot assert absolutely that one thing
is identical with or different from the other. There may be found
many elements of similarity and difference. What matters is from
what viewpoint they are identical or different. The decision as to
whether one thing is identical or not with the other depends upon the
position from which one regards the matter. Therefore, the decision
is relative to the viewpoint one adopts.
Concerning the matter at issue, namely the question of identity or
diversity between Article 36, paragraph 5, and Article 37 of the Statute,

the criterion should be sought in the viewpoint of the essential purpose
of both provisions, i.e., the continuity of the acceptance of compulsory
jurisdiction. If these provisions are identical in this fundamental
purpose, they may be considered as identical notwithstanding the
possible difference in many other respects which are not related to the
purpose itself.
Now, nobody would dare deny the fact that the above-mentioned
purpose is common to Articles 36, paragraph 5,and 37. Consequently,
the Court, called upon to give an interpretation on Article 37 in regard
to the second principal Preliminary Objection, could not have ignored
the existence of the Judgrnent in the Aerial Incident case, whatever
the conclusion of the Court might be : either to follow or to overrule
this precedent. The Court shouid have met the question which is
cornmon to Articles 36, paragraph 5, and 37, instead of dealing with
the present case independently of the Aerial Incident case.
The Court should have made its position clear on the jurisdictional
matter, vis-à-vis the Judgment in the Aerial Incident case as involving

an issue which is of the same legal nature as the present case. That is
what is dictated by the value and importance of the matter at issue.

1 am not unaware of the fact that, while there now exists no optional
clausedeclaration which needs to be saved by the operation ofArticle 36,
paragraph 5, a large number of treaties and conventions containing a
jurisdictional clause are still in existence. In the former case this
issue, namely the question of the interpretation of Article 36, para-
graph 5, may have lost al1practical value ; accordingly, the Judgment
in the Aerial Incident case would do no harm to the interpretation of
Article 36, paragraph 5, even if it should be overruled.

However, consideration should be given not only to the practical
significance of the Court's decisions but also to their theoreticalmean-
ing and value. 1 consider that the Court should have dealt primarily
with the Judgrnent in the Aerial Incident case as this involved the same
legal question as the present issue rather than evade it because it was
an inconvenient obstacle. General international law might have

benefited by such an attitude of the Court by finding a common solutiontion de la disposition facultative et sur le sort des clauses juridiction-
nelles figurant dans des traités.
Dans une affaire de ce genre, nous ne saurions affirmer de façon
absolue qu'une chose est identique à une autre ou qu'elle en est dif-
férente. Il peuty avoir de nombreux élémentsde similarité et de différen-
ciation. Ce qui importe, c'est l'angle sous lequel on les envisage. Une

chose est identique ou non à une autre selon la position où l'on se place.
La décision, par conséquent, dépend du point de vue que l'on adopte.

Quant à la question qui nous occupe - celle de l'identité ou de la non-
identité des article36, paragraphe 5, et37 duStatut -, le critère àretenir
est l'objectif essentiel visépar ces deux dispositions, à savoir assurer la

continuité de l'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire. Si ces disposi-
tions sont identiques en ce qui concerne cet objectif fondamental, on peut
considérerqu'il y a bien identité malgré les différences qu'ilpeut y avoir
sur maints autres points sans rapport avec cet objectif même.

Or personne ne peut nier que les articles 36, paragraphe 5, et 37
aient tous deux cet objectif. Par conséquent, la Cour, appelée à inter-

préter l'article 37 à propos de la deuxième exception préliminaire
principale, ne pouvait pas ne pas tenir compte de l'arrêt rendu en
l'affaire de l'Incident aérien, qu'elle conclue d'ailleurs soit à l'accepta-
tion, soit au rejet de ce précédent.La Cour aurait dû trancher la question
commune aux articles 36, paragraphe 5, et 37, au lieu de traiter de la
présente affaire indépendamment de l'affaire de l'Incident aérien.

La Cour aurait dû indiquer clairement sa position sur la question juri-
dictionnelle, à l'égard de l'arrêtrelatif à l'affaire de l'Incident aérien,
qui posait un problème ayant la mêmenature juridique que celui qui
nous occupe. C'est là ce qu'imposaient, l'intérêt et l'importance de la
question à résoudre.
Je sais bien que s'iln'y a plus maintenant à sauvegarder de déclaration
faite en application de la disposition facultative, par le jeu de l'article,

paragraphe 5, il subsiste toujours de nombreux traités et conventions
contenant une clause juridictionnelle. Il se peut que, dans le premier cas,
la question de l'interprétation de l'article 36, paragraphe 5, ait perdu
toute valeur pratique, mais alors il s'ensuit qu'il n'y aurait aucun mal,
du point de vue de l'interprétation de l'article 36, paragraphe 5,
à invoquer l'arrêt renduen l'affaire de l'Incident aérien, mêmesi celui-ci

devait êtreinfirmé.
Quoi qu'il en soit, il faut examiner non seulement la signification
pratique des décisions de la Cour, mais encore leur sens et leur valeur
théoriques. J'estime qu'au lieu d'éluder l'arrêt rendu en l'affaire de
l'Incident aérien comme un obstacle incommode, c'est de lui que la
Cour aurait dû principalement traiter car il portait sur la même question
juridique que celle qui nous est actuellement soumise. Le droit inter-

national généralaurait pu tirer profit d'une pareille attitude de la Cour,to the jurisdictional question which has arisen or might arise concerning
Articles 36, paragraph 5,and 37.

So far as my view on the interpretation of Article36, paragraph 5,
is concerned, 1 agree fundamentally with the view put forward in the
above-mentioned Joint Dissenting Opinion appended to the Judgment
in the Aerial Incident case. Not only do 1share the view of this Opinion
as an interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5, but 1 agree with the

view of its authors which does not make a distinction between the inter-
pretation of Article 36, paragraph 5, and Article 37 (I.C.J. Reports
1959, pp. 180-182) so far as the effect of compulsory jurisdiction is
concerned.
It is unnecessary to describe the content of this Opinion in detail.
1 would rather limit myself to stressing some of its essential points
from my own viewpoint.

What 1 have to Saybelow is concerned with the interpretation of Art-
icle36, paragraph 5, which constitutes the subject of that Opinion, but
this can be applied mutatis mutafidis to the interpretation of Article 37.
The principal question we are confronted with is the effect of the
dissolution of the Permanent Court of International Justice upon the
compulsory jurisdiction accepted by a unilateral declaration under

Article 36, paragraphs 2 to 4 of the Statute. It has a bearing on the
interpretation of Article 36,paragraph 5, which stipulates :

"Declarations made under Article 36 of the Statute of the
Permanent Court of International Justice and which are still in
force shall be deemed, as between the parties to the present Statute,
to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Interna-

tional Court of Justice for the period which they still have to run
and in accordance with their terms."

Nobody can deny that the purpose of this provision is the preservation
of the effect of compulsory jurisdiction accepted in regard to the old
Court under the régime of the new Court. The alleged effect of the

lapse of declarations by the dissolution of the Permanent Court shall be
considered from this point of view, namely the purpose of Article 36,
paragraph 5.
The theory of "lapse" advanced by the Bulgarian Government and
supported by the Judgment in the Aerial Incident case is based on
the great significance attached to the fact of the dissolution of the

Permanent Court. It presupposes the existence of some difference
between the old and new Courts. If some differences between the two
Courts, either fundamental or in detail, exist the? declarations made du fait qu'une solution commune aurait été trouvéeà la question juri-
dictionnelle qui s'est poséeou qui peut se poser au sujet de l'article 36,
paragraphe 5, et de l'articl37.

En ce qui concerne l'interprétation de l'article 36, paragraphe 5,
je m'associe pour l'essentiel aux vues exposéesdans l'opinion dissidente
collective déjà citée, qui était jointe à l'arrêt rendu en l'affaire de
l'Incident aérien.Non seulement je partage les vues qui y sont exprimées
sur l'interprétation de l'articl36, paragraphe 5, mais encore je souscris
à l'opinion de ses auteurs selon laquelle il n'y a aucune distinction

à faire, du point de vue de l'interprétation, entre l'article 36, para-
graphe 5, et l'articl37 (C.I.J. Recueil rggy, p. 180-182) pour ce qui est
de l'effet de la juridiction obligatoire.
Il est inutile de rappeler en détail le contenu de cette opinion. Je pré-
fère me borner à souligner certains points qui sont essentiels dans la
perspective que j'adopte.
Ce que je vais dire concerne l'interprétation de l'article 36, para-

graphe 5, qui fait l'objet de l'opinion collective, mais peut s'appliquer
mutatis mutandis à l'interprétation de l'articl37.
La principale question à trancher concerne l'effet de la dissolution de
la Cour permanente de Justice internationale sur la juridiction obliga-
toire acceptée par une déclaration unilatérale en vertu des paragraphes 2
à 4 de l'article 36 du Statut. Elle se rapporte à l'interprétation de
l'article36, paragraphe 5, qui stipule :

« Les déclarations faites en application de l'article 36 du Statut
de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale pour une durée
qui n'est pas encore expirée seront considérées,dans les rapports
entre parties au présent Statut, comme comportant acceptation
de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice

pour la duréerestant à courir d'après ces déclarations et conformé-
ment à leurs termes. ))

Nul ne saurait nier que cette disposition a pour but de maintenir en
vigueur, sous le régime de la nouvelle Cour, la juridiction obligatoire
acceptée à l'égard de l'ancienne Cour. La caducité des déclarations qui
résulterait, dit-on, deIrdissolution de la Cour permanente sera examinée

compte tenu du but de l'article 36, paragraphe 5.

La théorie de la ((caducité))soutenue par le Gouvernement bulgare et
qui trouve un appui dans l'arrêtrelatif à l'affaire de l'Incident aérien
se fonde sur la grande importance attachée à la dissolution de la Cour
permanente en tant que fait. Elle présuppose qu'il y ait une différence
entre l'ancienne et la nouvelle Cour. En effet, s'il existe des différences,

fondamentales ou de détail, entre les deux Cours, les déclarations faitesunder the old Court could not be ex~ected to continue the same effect in
regard to the new Court. In this case the dissolution of the Permanent
Court mia"t have a serious effect won the fate of the said declarations.
New there is no doubt that not only in their fundamental purpose

but in every detail, namely from the viewpoint of organization, compo-
sition and procedure, the old and the new Court are identical with
each other ;the latter being the exact counterpart or copy of the former.
They do not differ except in name. The continuance of substantially
the same Court, differing only in name, has never been contested, even
by those who sought to deny the compulsory jurisdiction of the Inter-

national Court.
The continuity between the two Courts under a different name
guaranteed the subsistence of the same jurisdictional rights and obli-
"ations of the declarant States. There would seem to be no inconven-
ience or disadvantage to the parties concerned. Presumably if when

the switchover from one Court to the other was carried out no change
of name .had been effected, no one, in this case, would contend for the
lapse of an already existing declaration.
Furthermore, it should be noted that the dissolution of the Permanent
Court did not occur suddenly but had been anticipated and that there
was no temporal gap between the dissolution of the old Court and the

creation of the new one.
Consequently, the real circumstances are not so much the transfer
of jurisdiction from the old Court to the new one as the replacement of
the former by the latter. The acceptances by the declarant States of
the compulsory jurisdiction remain unchanged. Accordingly there did

not occur the "transfer of iurisdiction" nor the "automatic succession"
(in the proper sense of the terms). The circumstances concerning the
dissolution of the Permanent Court being such, it does not seem to be
in conformity with the true intention of the parties or with a comon-
sense conclusion to attachthe lapsing effect to the fact of the dissolution
of the Permanent Court. Kor does there exist here any material

change in the compulsory jurisdiction originally accepted. It matters
only that declarations are "still in force" or "faites... pour une durée
qui n'est pas encore expirée" (Article 36, paragraph 5).
From what is indicated above, 1 may conclude that Article36,
paragraph 5, simply affirms the true and reasonable intention of declar-

ant States and does not impose any new obligations upon them. This
provision is nothing but the expression of what is required by logic and
reason. This ~rovision mav be conceived as an authentic inte'rweta-
tion concerning the law on jurisdictional matters.
If the dissolution of the Permanent Court could have so im~ortant
an effect upon declarations accepting the compulsory jurisdiction, the

legislators of this provision would have expressly mentioned this
matter. However, the term "dissolution" does not appear in Article 36,
paragraph 5. It is certain that they did not approve the destructive
effect of dissolution. What they contemplated must have been, onà l'égard de l'ancienneCour ne sauraient conserver leur effet à l'égardde
la nouvelle Cour. En pareil cas la dissolution de la Cour permanente
pourrait avoir des conséquencesgraves sur le sort desdites déclarations.
Or il ne fait aucun doute que l'ancienne et la nouvelle Cour sont

identiques non seulement quant à leur but fondamental mais encore
quant à tous les détails, qu'il s'agisse d'organisation, de composition
ou de procédure, la Cour actuelle étant l'exacte contrepartie, la réplique
de l'ancienne. Elles ne diffèrent que de nom. La permanence de ce qui est
en substance la même Cour, sous un autre nom, n'a jamais été con-
testée, mêmepar ceux qui s'efforcent de nier la juridiction obligatoire

de la Cour internationale.
Grâce àla continuité des deux Cours sous des noms différents, le main-
tien des droits et des obligations des Etats déclarants sur le plan juridic-
tionnel était garanti. 1l.semble qu'aucun inconvénient ni aucun désavan-
tage n'en ait résultépour les parties intéressées.Il est probable que

si le passage d'une Cour à une autre s'était fait sans que le nom fût
changé, nul, dans le cas présent, ne soutiendrait la thèse de la caducité
d'une déclaration existante.
Au reste, il convient de noter que la dissolution de la Cour permanente
ne s'est pas produite soudainement, mais qu'elle était prévue-et qu'il n'y
a eu aucun hiatus dans le temps entre la dissolution de l'ancienne Cour

et la création de la nouvelle.
Cela étant, ce qui s'est véritablement produit est moins le transfert de
la juridiction de l'ancienne Cour à la nouvelle que le remplacement de
l'une par l'autre. Les acceptations de juridiction obligatoire faites par
les Etats déclarants sont restées inchangées. Ainsi, il n'y a pas eu à

strictement parler de « transfert de juridiction »ni de « succession auto-
matiaue ». Telles étant les circonstances dans lesauelles a eu lieu la
dissolution de la Cour permanente, il ne semble pas conforme à l'inten-
tion véritable des ~arties ni aux conclusions du bon sens d'attacher
un effet de caducité à la dissolution de la Cour permanente. Il n'y a pas
eu non plus de modification de fond à la juridiction obligatoire acceptée

à l'origine. Il fallait seulement que les déclarations fussen«still in forc))
ou «faites ...pour une durée qui n'est pas encore expirée » (art. 36,
par 5).
Je conclurai donc de ce qui précèdeque l'article 36, paragraphe 5,
affirme sim~lement l'intention sincère et raisonnable des Etats décla-

rants, sans leur imposer aucune obligation nouvelle. Cette disposition
n'est que l'expression de ce que dictent la logique et la raison. Elle peut
être tenue pour une interprétation authentique du droit en matière
juridictionnelle.
Si la dissolution de la Cour permanente avait pu avoir un effet aussi
considérable sur les déclarations portant acceptation de la juridiction

obligatoire, les auteurs de l'articl36, paragraphe 5,l'auraient expressé-
ment mentionné. Or le terme « dissolution » ne s'y trouve pas. Il est
certain qu'ils n'approuvaient pas l'effet destructeur de la dissolution.
Leur intention a dû être, au contraire, de conserver leur effet auxthe contrary, to save the effect of declarations accepting the compul-
sory jurisdiction by excluding the possible erroneous construction of
the effect of the dissolution. Such construction is radically opposed
to the purpose inherent in Article 36, paragraph 5.
The real and only obstacle to the continuance of the compulsory

jurisdiction existing with regard to some States is the fact that they
did not become Members of the United Nations and accordingly parties
to the Statute of the International Court before the dissolution of the
Permanent Court. In this case one of the most important conditions
required for acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction is lacking. But
this condition can be fulfilled by admission to the United Nations and

ipso facto becoming a party to the Statute of the International Court
of Justice.
Thus, upon the basis of the already existing objective condition,
narnely declarations accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Permanent Court, the compulsory jurisdiction can become effective,
being completed by the fulfiiment of a subjective condition, namely

membership of the United Nations and party to the Statute.

So long as this subjective condition is unrealized, the declaration
remains inoperative or "dormant" ; it has not become nul1 and void
bv the effect of the dissolution of the Permanent Court. The cause
of the fact that temporarily the declaration remains inoperative, is

found not in the effect of the dissolution, but in the lack of the capacity
of the declarant State.
From what has been stated above, it is clear that the dissolution of
the Permanent Court cannot have such an important effect as to decide
the fate of declarations having accepted the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Permanent Court by those States which were not original Mem-

bers of the United Nations, or did not become Members before the
dissolution of the Permanent Court. Therefore the doctrine of the
"lapse" first put fonvard by the Bulgarian Government in the Aerial
Incident case, and reiterated by the Thai Govemment in the Temple
of Preah Vihear case regarding Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute
(and finally invoked by the Spanish Government regarding Article 37)

is quite illusory and unsound. This doctrine, 1 am inclined to consider,
might have been artificially devised by those parties who, in concrete
cases, did not want to submit themselves to the compulsory jurisdiction
which they had accepted and the effective continuance of which they
had never doubted before.

The logical fallacy of this doctrine is clear. As is indicated above,
the replacement of the Permanent Court by the International Court in
itselfdoes not possess any negative effect on the continuance of the
declaration accepting the compulsory jurisdiction, owing to the exis-
tence of exact identity between these two juridical organs. This is
a sociological fact underlying the legal issue. However, these organsdéclarations d'acceptation et à cette fin d'exclure toute éventuelle

interprétation erronée quant aux conséquences de la dissolution, une
telle interprétation allant radicalement à l'encontre du but mêmede
l'article36, paragraphe 5.
Levéritable et le seul obstacle à la continuité de la juridiction obliga-
toire existante dans le cas de certains Etats tient à ce que ces Etats

ne sont pas devenus membres des Nations Unies et par conséquent
parties au Statut de la Cour internationale avant la dissolution de la
Cour permanente. Dès lors, l'une des conditions ].es plus importantes
qu'exige l'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire fait défaut. Mais
il peut y êtresatisfait lorsque ces Etats sont admis aux Nations Unies,

et deviennent, ipso lacto, parties au Statut de ia Cour internationale
de Justice.
Ainsi, la juridiction obligatoire peut devenir effective lorsque, une con-
dition objective étant déjà remplie - il s'agit de l'existence d'une
déclaration d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour per-

manente -, le moment vient où une condition subjective est à son
tour remplie ; 1'Etat devenant Membre des Nations Unies et partie
au Statut.
Tant que cette condition subjective n'est pas remplie, la déclaration

demeure inopérante ou (en sommeil )); elle n'est pas frappée de nullité
par l'effet de la dissolution de la Cour permanente. Si la déclaration
demeure inopérante à titre temporaire, ce n'est pas parce qu'il y a eu
dissolution, c'est à cause du défaut de qualité de 1'Etat déclarant.

Il ressort clairement de ce qui précèdeque la dissolution de la Cour
permanente ne saurait avoir eu la conséquence,si importante,de décider
du sort des déclarations portant acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire
de la Cour permanente faites par des Etats qui n'étaient pas membres
originaires des Nations Unies, ou qui ne sont pas devenus membres des

Nations Unies avant la dissolution de la Cour permanente. La théorie
de la (caducité ))soutenue tout d'abord par le Gouvernement bulgare
en l'affaire de l'Incident aérienet reprise par le Gouvernement thaïlandais
en l'affaire du Temple de Préah Vihéar à propos de l'article 36, para-
graphe 5, du Statut (et invoquée enfin par le Gouvernement espagnol

au sujet de l'article 37) est donc tout à fait illusoire et dépourvue de
fondement. Je suis enclin à penser que cette théorie a étémise sur pied
artificiellement par des parties qui, dans des cas concrets, ne voulaient
pas êtresoumises à la juridiction obligatoire qu'elles avaient acceptée

et sur le maintien en vigueur de laquelle elles n'avaient jamais eu de
doute jusque-là.
L'illogisme de cette théorie est évident. Comme il est indiqué plus
haut, le remplacement de la Cour permanente par la Cour internationale
n'a en soi aucun effet négatif sur le maintien des déclarations d'acceptz-

tion de la juridiction obligatoire, étant donné l'identité parfaite de ces
deux organes juridiques. C'est là un fait de caractère sociologique sous-
jacent au problème de droit. Ces organes ont néanmoins une existencehave a distinct legal existence. Accordingly, to carry out smoothly
the "transfer of jurisdiction" or the "automatic succession" between
the old and the new Court a legislative measure or technique had to be
adopted. This is precisely the purpose which was intended to be
realized by Article 36, paragraph 5, and which is in conformity with
the presumed intention of reasonable declarant States. It is evidently

a contradiction to invoke the lapsing effect of dissolution and to deny
the application of this provision, because its principal airn, undoubtedly,
is nothing but the exclusion of such invocation.
The objective of the preservation of the effect of declarations under
the old Court, as much as possible in regard to the new Court, must
govern the interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute.
This objective is related to the institution of compulsory jurisdiction

and, thereby, linked with the ideals of justice and peace which are to
prevail in the international community. Those who advocate the
doctrine of the "lapse" seem to view the concept of "dissolution" as
if it presents an obstacle interrupting the continuity of the natural
process of cause and effect. We should beware of falling into the
excess of the legal formalism of so-called "conceptual jurisprudence"

of which the doctrine of the "lapse" presents a conspicuous example.
Sociological and teleological approaches, 1 consider, are particularly
needed in the field of international law.

What 1 have stated above is limited to the question of the effect of

the dissolution of the Permanent Court upon the existing declarations
in the light of the interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5. With
regard to another question, namely whether or not "the parties to the
present Statute" within the meaning of the said Article is limited to
original members of the United Nations, and therefore the signatories
of the Statute,1 need only refer tothe above-mentioned Joint Dissenting

Opinion and will not go further into the matter.
These fundamental arguments relative to the interpretation of
Article 36, paragraph 5,can be applied unchanged to that of Article 37,
since, as 1 mentioned above, so far as the fundamental objective is
concerned, these provisions are exactly identical and there is no room
for different interpretations ofthese two provisions. Accordingly, the
Joint Dissenting Opinion which originally related to the interpretation

of Article 36, paragraph 5, can be naturally extended to the interpre-
tation of Article 37, in so far as common questions are concerned.
Briefly, 1can agree with the opinion of the Court on the second prin-
cipal Preliminary Objection, in its conclusion as well as in its reasoning.
Next, it reems that the Court's view on Article 37, namely the question
of the effect of the dissolution of the Permanent Court, is not essentially

very different from that of the Dissenting Opinion on Article 36, para-
graph 5,regarding the same question, except with regard to some points juridique distincte. Il s'ensuit que, pour assurer de façon harmonieuse
le « transfert de juridiction » ou la « succession automatique » de
l'ancienne à la nouvelle Cour, il a fallu adopter une mesure ou une

technique législative. C'est prkcisément ce à quoi tendait l'article 36,
paragraphe 5, et ce qui est conforme à l'intention que l'on peut rai-
sonnablement présumer de la part des Etats déclarants. Il y a une
contradiction évidente à inyoquer l'effet de caducité de la dissolution

et à nier que cette disposition s'applique, puisque son but principal est
incontestablement d'empêcherque l'on puisse invoquer la caducité.
Maintenir en vigueur, dans toute la mesure possible à l'égard de la
nouvelle Cour, les déclarations souscrites envers l'ancienne Cour, tel
est l'objectif en fonction duquel on doit interpréter l'article 36, para-

graphe 5, du Statut. 11se rattache à l'institution de la juridiction obli-
gatoire et il est lié, par conséquent, aux idéaux de justice et de paix
qui doivent s'imposer à la communauté internationale. Les tenants de
la théorie de la «caducité ))semblent considérer la notion de (dissolu-
tion )) comme un obstacle, une solution de continuité dans le processus

naturel des causes et des effets. Nous devrions nous garder de tomber
dans le formalismejuridique excessif de ce que l'on appelle (la jurispru-
dence des concepts ))que la théorie de la ((caducité ))illustre remarqua-
blement. Je considère que la conception téléologique et sociologique du
droit a un rôle particulièrement important à jouer en droit international.

Je me suis limité jusqu'ici à la question de l'effet de la dissolution

de la Cour permanente sur les déclarations existantes, compte tenu
de l'interprétation de l'article36, paragraphe 5.Quant àl'autre question,
qui est de savoir si l'expression parties au présent Statut », au sens
dudit article, concerne uniquement les Membres originaires des Nations
Unies, et par conséquent les signataires du Statut, je me bornerai

à rappeler l'opinion dissidente collective dont j'ai déjà parlé pour ne
plus y revenir.
Ces arguments fondamentaux touchant l'interprétation de l'article36,
paragraphe 5, peuvent s'appliquer tels quels à l'article 37 puisque,
je l'ai dit plus haut, ces dispositions sont exactement identiques en ce

qui concerne leur objectif fondamental, et qu'il n'y a pas lieu de les
interpréter différemment. L'opinion dissidente collective qui a trait
àl'interprétation de l'article 36, paragraphe 5,peut donc, naturellement,
s'appliquer à l'interprétation de l'article 37 dans la mesure où il s'agit

de questions communes.
En bref, je m'associe à l'opinion de la Cour sur la deuxième exception
préliminaire principale tant pour ce qui est de la conclusion que pour
ce qui est des motifs. De plus, il me semble que les vues de la Cour sur
l'article 37 - je veux parler des questions concernant l'effet de la

dissolution de la Cour permanente - ne sont pas fondamentalement
très différentesde celles qui sont expriméesdans l'opinion dissidente surwhich are derived from the particularity of a jurisdictional clause incor-
porated in a treaty. So far as the question of the effect of the disso-
lution of the Permanent Court on the compulsory jurisdiction is con-
cemed, there should be no different answer or reasons as regards an
independent unilateral declaration under the optional clause or a juris-
dictional clause in a treaty. What can be said is that the reasons
based on the particularity of the latter could be invoked a fortiorifor

the effective subsistence of the clause.

The following reasoning of the Court at the closing part of itsonsider-
ation of the second principal Preliminary Objection is very convincing :

"It was this fallacy which underlay the contention advanced
during the hearings that the alleged lapse of Article 17 (4) was
due to the disappearance of the 'object' of that clause, namely the

Permanent Court. But that Court was never the substantive
'object' of the clause. The substantive object was compulsory
adjudication and the Permanent Court was merely a means for
achieving that object ."

This reasoning can be very precisely applied to the interpretation of
Article 36, paragraph 5.
The Aerial Incident case, the Temfile of Preah Vihear case, and the
present case, each of them possessing some particular aspect distin-
guishing the one from the others, involve animportant legalissue which is
common to them, namely the question of the effect of the dissolution

of the Permanent Court upon the fate of the compulsory jurisdiction
based on the optional clause of Article 36, paragraph 2, or the juris-
dictional clause incorporated in a treaty. This common question was
for the first tirne raised by the objection advanced by the Bulgarian
Govemment in the Aerial Incident case. The Judgment in that case
upheld the objection by recognizing the lapsing effect of the dissolution

upon the compulsory declaration accepted by the optional clause.
Although Article 36, paragraph 5, became obsolete, the Court's reason-
ing in that Judgment remains, unless it should be overruled by a sub-
sequent judgment. Although the decision of the Court has no force
of res judicataexcept between the parties, and in respect of that parti-
cular case, its reasoning should de factoexercise lasting influence upon
matters involving the same kind of question. Accordingly, the attitude

of the Thai Government and the Spanish Govemment, each invoking
the Judgment in the Aerial Incident case, respectively in the Temfile
of Preah Vihear case and in the present case, is quite natural, so long
as the reasoning of the Judgment in the Aerial Incident case has sur-
vived without being overruled by subsequent practice.l'article 36, paragraphe 5, au sujet de la mêmequestion, sauf en ce qui
concerne certains points liés à cette particularité qu'il s'agit d'une
clause juridictionnelle incorporée dans un traité. Quant à l'effet de la
dissolution de la Cour permanente sur la juridiction obligatoire, il n'y a
pas de raison de donner une réponse différente selon qu'il s'agit d'une

déclaration unilatérale indépendante faite en application de la disposi-
tion facultative ou d'une clause juridictionnelle d'un traité. Ce que
l'on peut dire, c'est que les motifs fondés sur le caractère particulier
d'une telle clause pourraient êtreinvoqués à fortiori en faveur du main-
tien effectif de la clause.
Vers la fin de son examen de la deuxième exception préliminaire

principale, la Cour formule le raisonnement ci-après, extrêmement
convaincant :

((C'est cette erreur qui inspire la thèse soutenue au cours de la
procédure orale selon laquelle la prétendue caducité de l'article17(4)
était due à la disparition de l'objet de cette clause, à savoir la Cour
permanente. Maisla Cour permanente n'a jamais étéL'objetvéritable
de la clause. L'objet véritable en était le règlement judiciaire obliga-

toire et la Cour permanente était simplement un moyen d'atteindre
cet objet. D
Ce raisonnement vaut très exactement pour l'interprétation de

l'article36, paragraphe 5.
L'affaire de l'Incident aérien, l'affaire du Temple de Préah Vihéar,
et la présente affaire, chacune dotée d'un aspect particulier qui la
distingue des autres, posent to.ites trois une question juridique impor-
tante qui leur est commune : celle de l'effet de la dissolution de la Cour

permanente sur le sort de la juridiction obligatoire fondée soit sur la
disposition facultative de l'article36, paragraphe 2, soit sur une clause
juridictionnelle incorporée dans un traité. Cette question commune
a étésoulevée pour la première fois dans l'exception présentée par le
Gouvernement bulgare en l'affaire de l'Incident aérien. En l'espèce,
l'arrêt a retenu l'exception en reconnaissant que la dissolution avait

rendu caduque la déclaration d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire
qui avait Ctéfaite en application de la disposition facultative. Bien que
l'article36, paragraphe 5, ait cessé de s'appliquer, les motifs adoptés
par la Cour en l'espèce demeurent, à moins qu'ils ne soient infirmés par
un arrêtultérieur. Si la décisionde la Cour n'a force de chose jugéeque
pour les parties et dans le cas qui a été décidé,les motifs la justifiant

doivent exercer en fait une influence durable sur les questions où des
problèmes du même genre se trouvent posés. Il s'ensuit que l'attitude
du Gouvernement thaïlandais et celle du Gouvernement espagiiol, qui
ont invoqué tous deux l'arrêt relatif à l'affaire de l'Incident aérien,
l'un dans l'affaire du Temple de Préah Vihéar,et l'autre dans la présente

affaire, s'explique parfaitement dès lors que les motifs exposés dans
l'arrêt concernant l'affaire de l'Incident aérien subsistent sans être
infirméspar une pratique ultérieure. As one who shares the view of the Joint Dissenting Opinion con-

cerning the interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5, 1 consider that
the Court should have overruled the Judgment of 1959 in the AerialInci-
dent case by the Judgment of 1961 in the Temfileof Preah Vihear case.
But as 1 pointed out above, the Court avoided meeting that Judgment
directly and dealt with the matter in a different way. Now the Court
has faced the same question for the second time. It should have made
its standpoint on the interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5, clear.

But the Court has refrained from doing so from the viewpoint of stress-
ing the difference between Article 37 and Article 36,paragraph 5,and
has disposed of the issue quite independently of the interpretation of
the Judgment of 1959. Thus, the Court has again lost the chance of
rectifying the view adopted by that Judgment.
Whereas Article 36, paragraph 5,and Article 37 are as regards their
fundamental objective quite identical and their differences are unessen-
tial, the matter involved in the second principal Preliminary Objection

should have been disposed of in the light of the common principle
underlying these two provisions, namely the preservation under the
new Court of the compulsory jurisdiction accepted during the period
of the old Court.
The Court's opinion, although it rests on the difference between the
two provisions, is not limited to points peculiar to the interpretation of
Article 37. Its essential reason can be m~tatis mzltandis applied to

the interpretation of Article 36, paragraph 5. Furthermore, 1 assume
that the Court's opinion is, in its fundamental reasoning, not very far
from that of the Joint Dissenting Opinion in the Aerial Incident case.
The above-cited passage from the Court's reasoning may be regarded
as precisely the antithesis or refutation of what was declared in the
essential part of the reasoning in the Judgment in the Aerial Incident
case.
1 consider that the Court's emphasis upon the difference between

Article 36, paragraph 5, and Article 37 is more apparent than real.
The Court has been careful not to deal directly with the 1959 Judgment,
but the viewpoint adopted by the Court in 1959 is substantially over-
ruled by the present Judgment.

(Signed) Kotaro TANAKA. BARCELONA TRACTION (OP. IND. T-~NAK.~) 77
Comme je partage les vues exprimées dans l'opinion dissidente col-

lective au sujet de l'interprétation de l'article, paragraphe 5, j'estime
que la Cour aurait dû, dans son arrêt de 1961 concernant l'affaire du
Temple de Préah Vihéar, infirmer l'arrêt de 1955 relatif à l'affaire de
l'lrzcident aérien.Mais, je l'ai déjà dit, la Cour a évité d'aborderdirecte-
ment cet arrêtet elle a traité la question d'une autre manière. Or pour
la seconde fois elle se heurteà la mêmequestion. Elle aurait dû préciser

sa position quant à l'interprétation de l'articl36,paragraphe 5. Elle n'a
pas voulu le faire en s'appuyant sur la différence entre l'article37
et l'article36,paragraphe 5, et elle a tranché la question sans effleurer
du tout l'interprétation de l'arrêt de 1959. Ce faisant, elle a manqué
à nouveau l'occasion de rectifier l'opinion émisedans cet arrêt.

Etant donné que l'article 36, paragraphe j, et l'article37 ont un
objectif fondamental tout à fait identique, et que les différencesentre eux
sont insignifiantes, la question poséedans la deuxième exception préli-
minaire principale aurait dû être tranchée compte tenu du principe
commun qui inspire ces deux dispositions, et qui est le souci de main-
tenir, sous le régime de la nouvelle Cour, la juridiction obligatoire

acceptée à l'époquede l'ancienne Cour.
Bien que l'opinion de la Cour se fonde sur la différenceexistant entre
les deux dispositions, elle ne se limite pas à des points intéressant
spécialement l'interprétation de l'article 37. Le motif qui l'inspire
essentiellement peut s'appliquer mutatis mzltandis à l'interprétation
de l'article36,paragraphe 5. J'estime d'ailleurs que, pour ce qui est du

raisonnement de base, la Cour n'a pas un avis très éloignéde celui qui
est exposh dans l'opinion dissidente collective en l'affaire de l'Incident
aérien. Le passage de l'arrêt dela Cour que j'ai cité peut êtreconsidéré
justement comme l'antithèse ou la réfutation des motifs sur lesquels
repose essentiellement l'arrêt rendu en l'affaire de l'Incident aérien.
Il me semble que l'importance que la Cour attache à la différence

entre l'article36, paragraphe 5, et l'article 37 est plus apparente que
réelle.La Cour a pris soin de ne pastraiter directement de l'arrêtde 1959,
mais le point de vue adopté par elle en 1959 est, en substance, infirmC
par le présent arrêt.

(Signé) Kotaro TANAKA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Tanaka

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