Separate Opinion of Judge Morelli (translation)

Document Number
048-19631202-JUD-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
048-19631202-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE MORELLI

[Translation]

In the operative provision of its Judgment the Court, has found
"that it cannot adjudicate upon the merits of the claim of the
Federal Republic of Cameroon". 1 have felt able to subscribe to such
an operative provision but cannot accept the reasons on which the
Court bases its Judgment. These reasons consist in essence of a
finding that the decision requested by Cameroon would be without
object.
1 cannot subscribe to such a statement and consider, on the
contrary, that, as 1 shall explain in the first part of this separate
opinion, Cameroon's claim is fully admissible. In my view the
reason why it is not possible to examine the merits of the claim is
quite other and lies in the lack of jurisdiction. The second part of
this separate opinion will in fact be devoted to the question of
jurisdiction. This question, which was not dealt with by the Court
and which, having regard to the Court's approach, it had no reason
to deal with, cannot be avoided once the claim is deemed, as it is
iii my view, to be admissible.

1.The United Kingdom's preliminary objections raised, inter
alin, two questions which, in my opinion, are closely interconnected.

The first of these questions relatès to the nature of the claim,
that is to Say the content and'characteristics of the decision re-
auested of the Court. There was discussion of whether such a
decision would be a judgment with force of yeyjztdicata or rather a
mere advisory opinion; and the question of the declaratory nature

of ariy judgment which might be given by the Court was also raised.
The other question raised by the United Kingdom relates to
whether there is a dispilte between the United Kingdom and
Cameroon.
In raising this question the United Kingdom made numerous
references in its Counter-Mernorial to Article rg of the Trusteeship
Agreement in order to deny the existence of a dispute with the
features required by that Article. It would however seem that from
the beginning it was the United Kingdom's intention to deny in
general the existence of any dispute between it and Cameroon.
The argument of the non-existence of any dispute was subsequently
put forward very clearly on several occasions in the oral arguments
and it is the subject of the first of the United Kingdom's final
submissions. In any case this is a question which could be raised by the Court
propriomotu, because of the conclusions to be drawn from a negative
answer on the basis of the Statute and the Rules of Court, and thus
quite apart from Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement. For
according to the Statute and Rules of Court the Court can perform
its function in contentious proceedings by giving a decision on the
merits only on condition that there really is a dispute between the

parties. This is a question connected not with the Court's juris-
diction but rather with the admissibility of the claim; it is a question
which comes before any question of jurisdiction.
2. As 1 have already said, the two questions just referred to, one
relating to the nature of the claim and the other to the existence
of the dispute, are closely interconnected. It might even be said
that there isonlya single question: whether or not there is a dispute.

If there is no dispute, it becomes unnecessary to consider what is
the content of the decision requested of the Court and what the
characteristics of such a decision would be, with a view to making
the possibility of giving the decision and hence the admissibility of
the claim depend on the content and characteristics of the decision
requested. For the non-existence of a dispute is in itself a bar to
the delivery of any judgment on the merits, because in such a case
any judgment would be without object. It is for that reason that
the claim would have to be declared inadmissible.
If on the contrary it is considered that there is a dispute (and in
its Judgment the Court has found that there is) it would be im-
possible to deny that it could be settled by judicial means (subject
of course to the question of whether or not the Court has jurisdiction
in connection with that particular dispute). It is likewise un-

necessary on this hypothesis to consider, in connection with the
admissibility of the claim, what the characteristics and content of
the decision would be. The characteristics and content of the de-
cision could not but be related to the characteristics of the dispute.
In the present case, precisely because of the particular character-
istics of the dispute (on the assumption that a dispute exists)
the judgment could only be purely declaratory. But in the inter-
national field there can be 110 doubt about the possibility of purely
declaratory judgments.

3. Once it has been established that there is a dispute, there is no
point, in my view, in raising the question of whether the Applicant
has an interest, by reference to the principle recognized in certain
municipal legal systems according to which it is necessary to have
an interest in order to have a right of action.
It should be observed that the interest on which a right of action
depends in municipal law is not a substantive interest in connection
with the actual merits of the dispute. It is on the contrary an
interest of a purely procedural nature: an interest in obtaining a
121 JUDG. 2 XII 63 (SEP. OPIN. JUDGE MORELLI)
I33
decision on the merits. In the legal systems to which 1have referred
this type of interest has a very important role; it is indeed a con-
dition for an action. This is very readily explicable if it is borne in
mind that in general such systems make no use of the concept of
dispute.
It is on the contrary on the concept of dispute that international
proceedings and, in particular, proceedings before the Court, are
based. This Court cannot exercise its function in contentious

proceedings if a dispute does not exist between the parties. Clearly
a dispute implies a reference to a (real or at least supposed) conflict
of interests and hence to substantive interests possessed by the
parties. But it has already been observed that substantive interest
is something other than the procedural interest which is required by
municipal law in order to have a right of action.This latter interest
is an interest in securing a decision on the merits. 111the case of an
international dispute, if such a dispute exists (and it has already
been said that the existence of a dispute constitutes in itself a
condition on which the possibility of a decision on the merits
depends) it is clear thatin any case each party has an interest in the
settlement of the dispute. The interest in securing a decision on the
merits is in re ipsa, because it is a necessary consequence of the
very existence of a dispute. It is thus apparent that the concept

of interest in bringing an action has no place of its own in the
field of international proceedings.

4. In my opinion a dispute consists of a clash between the
respective attitudes of the parties with regard to a certain conflict
of interests. Thus the dispute may result from a claim by one of
the parties followec!either by the denial of that claim bu the other
party or by a course of conduct by the other party contrary to the
claim. But there may also be a dispute resulting first of al1 fron:
a course of conduct by one of the parties against which the other
party raises a protest through the assertion that its own interest
shoiild have been achieved by a course of conduct by the first party
contrary to that which was in fact adopted.
In the present case if there is a dispute between the United

Kingdom and Cameroon it could only be one fâlling within the
second of the above two hypotheses, namely a dispute resulting
from a certain course of conduct by the United Kingdom on the
one hand and from a protest against that conduct by Cameroon
on the other hand. In fact Cameroon has never asserted anj7 claim
against the United Kingdom, in particular any claim for reparation
on account of the course of conduct complained of.
Since in the present case there could only be a dispute resulting
from a course of conduct and a protest, it becomes necessary to
examine whether these two constituent elements of a dispute are
present . 5. With regard to the first of these two constituent elements of
the dispute it must be observed at the outset that solely a course
of conduct by the United Kingdom subsequent to the emergence
of Cameroon as an independent State could be regarded by the
latter as detrimental to its own interest. From this standpoint
the critical date is therefore I January 1960. While the date of

20 September 1960 (admission of Cameroon to the United Nations)
is important in other respects, it is of no importance for the estab-
lishment of whether a dispute has occurred between Cameroon
and the United Kingdom, and in particular with regard to the
first of the constituent elements ofsuch a dispute, namely a course
of conduct by the United Kingdom which could be regarded by
Cameroon, and really was regarded by Cameroon, as detrimental
to its own interest.
In order to establish, with a view to resolving the question of
the existence of the dispute, what course of conduct Cameroon
finds fault with on the part of the United Kingdom, it would be

necessary to take into account the acts if any whereby, before the
Application, Cameroon's protest was expressed, these constituting
the other element of the dispute. The question of the existence
and significance of such acts will be considered later. For the time
being it is however possible at least provisionally to refer to the
complaints by Cameroon as they are set out in the Application.
In the statement of facts the Application sets out certain events
or circunistances which no doubt pre-date I January 1960: for
example, the fact that, two years after the establishment of the
Trusteeship System, there had allegedly been no change in the
British zone in the practice instituted at the time of the creation

of the Mandate; the constitutional and administrative reforms
which occurred in 1949, in 1951, in 1954 and in 1957 within the
framework of Nigerian institutions; the non-existence until 1959
of political parties other than Nigerian; indirect suffrage by show
of hands and for men only until 1959. But if regard is had to the
complaints listed in the statement of the law in the Application
and on which Cameroon asks the Court to pronounce, it is apparent
that none of them relates to conduct on the part of the United
Kingdom which may be regarded as wholly prior to IJanuary 1960.
The first five points relate to conduct by the United Kingdom
which although begun before I January 1960, continued after that

date, at least in the form of omissions. The last two points, con-
cerning the February 1961 plebiscite, relate solely to conduct
subsequent to I January 1960.

6. Consideration will now be given to the question of whether
there was on the part of Cameroon a protest against the conduct
adopted by the United Kingdom after I January 1960, that is
to Say an assertion that the conduct of the United Kingdom was
detrimental to an interest which was Cameroon's own interest.

123 JUDG. 2 XII63 (SEP. OPIN. JUDGE R~OHELLI)
I35
In my opinion it is necessary in this connection to leave aside
the complaints expressed by the representative of Cameroon in the
Fourth Committee of the General Assembly of the United Nations
on 13 April 1961, which had been preceded by the distribution of
the Cameroon "IVhite Book" to al1 the Members of the United

Nations. In expressing these complaints through its representative
Cameroon acted solely as a member of a collegiate organ of the
United Nations. Acting in this capacity it made statements of
intention designed to be combined with corresponding statements
by other members of the collegiate organ so as to shape the intention
of that organ and thereby the intention of the United Nations.
It took up a position from the viewpoint of the Organization;
it was guided not by its individual interest but by what it considered
to be the interest of the Orgariization.
From the forma1 standpoint quite another character must be
assigned tothe statements made on behalf of the Cameroon Govern-
ment by the French representative in the Trusteeship Council at
the meetings of 18 and 23 May 1960. The Government of Cameroon,
which was not yet a member of the Gnited Nations, and "which

would speak for itself when it tooli its seat in the General Assembly",
had requested France to make known its views on the subject of
the plehiscite. The reservations and desires expressed in the
Trusteeship Council by the French representative on behalf of
Cameroon no doubt represent statements made on behalf of a State
which was not yet a member of the Trusteeship Council as a
collegiate organ of the United Nations. None the lessthcsestatements
made through a State member of the Trusteeship Council were no
different in respect of their substantive character from the state-
ments made by France on its own behalf and by the other members
of the Trusteeship Council; they were no different from the state-
ments which Cameroon intended to make in the General Assembly
after its admission to the United Nations and which it did make

in the Fourth Committee on 13 April 1961. This was advance
participation in the activity of United Nations organs. There were
statements which likewise were prompted by the interest of the
United Nations and not by Cameroon's individual interest; they
were not therefore statements expressing on Cameroon's part a
protest which could give rise to a dispute between Cameroon and
the United Kingdom.

Nor can such a character be assigned to the communiqué published
by the Government of Cameroon on 31 Decen.ber 1960 or the
note verbale of 4 January 1961 by which this communiqué uTas
transmitted to the British Ernbassy in Yaoundé. As stated by the
note verbale, the communiqué set aut "the official views of the
Republic of Cameroon and will enable the Aministering Authority

fully to inform the people of the Territory under BritishAdministra-
tion before the plebiscite next February". The communiqué itself
124was addressed not to the Administering Authority but to the
"brother people of the Northern Cameroons under British ad-
ministration" and proposed to it that it "vote unanimoiisly for the
reunification with the Republic of Cameroon". The communiqué
was transmitted to the Administering Authority for the sole
purpose of enabling it to inforin the people of the Territory under
British administration. This being so, it is clear that the criticisms
contained in the preamble of the communiqué, in respect of the

conduct of the Administering Authority, cannot be regarded as a
forma1 protest addressed by Cameroon to the United Kingdom.

\.lie thus come to the note of I May 1961 from the Cameroon
Minister for Foreigri Affairs to the Foreign Office. This note refers
to a dispute, as an already existing dispute between Cameroon
and the United Kingdom, and proposes its judicial settlement.
It is beyond doubt that the assertion by one of the parties of
the existence of a dispute does not prove that such a dispute reaUy
exists, because the existence of a dispute requires to be established
objectively. In the present case the assertion in Cameroon's note
that there was a dispute between Cameroon and the United King-
dom does not in my opinion correspond to the real situation as it
existed on I May 1961, the date of the note.

It seems to me, however, that the note, though referring to a
dispute asserted to be already in existence and in fact stil non-
existent, does express, very clearly although indirectly, the point
of view of Cameroon with regard to the conduct of the United
Kingdom in the performance of its trusteeship for the Northern
Cameroons. Cameroon complains of various courses of conduct on
thepart of the United Kingdom which are the same as those which
were later to be the subject of the Application to the Court. It lias
already been seen that these courses of conduct, as acts or at least
omissions, are al1 subsequent to I January 1960, the date of the
emergence of Cameroon as an independent State. They are thus
courses of conduct which could be detrimental to an interest

which might be regarded by Cameroon as its own interest. It
appears from the note of I May 1961 that Cameroon considered
that such detriment Iiad really occurred. This is tantamount to
saying that the note contains a protest which could, in combination
with the contrary attitude of the United Kingdom against which
the protest is directed, give rise to a dispute. 1 am consequently of
the opinion that a dispute has existed between Cameroon and
the Lnited Kingdom since IMay 1961.
Since this is a dispute arising not from a claim followed by a
denial but rather from a course of conduct followed by a protest
against that conduct, the United Kingdom's reply of 26 May 1961
to Cameroon's note is not relevant as a constituent element of thedispute; it is therefore of no importance with a view to determining
the date of origin of the dispute.

7. The General Assembly's resolution of 26 April 1961 cannot be
recognized as having any influence with regard to the existence or
non-existence of the dispute. The United Kingdom relies on this
resolution and states that by settling the question it had the
effect either of putting an end to an already existing dispute or of
preventing a dispute arising.
1 am of opinion that the General Assembly's resolution as such
did not and could not settle any dispute between States such as
Cameroon on the one hand and the United Kingdom on the other,
even if this dispute could be regarded as already in existence at
that time which, in my view, must be denied.
Apart from this, it must be observed that the settlement of a
dispute as a legal operation produces legal effects for the parties
which must no doubt be taken into account by any court subse-
quently seised of a request for the resolution of the same dispute.
But the settlement of a dispute has not initself any direct influence

on the existence of the dispute as a factual situationin which two
States may find themselves. In this connection the relevant concept
is something other than the legal settlement or resolution of a
dispute; it is the very different concept of extinction or de facto
cessation of the dispute. A dispute may continue in fact despite
its legal resolution; a dispute whosedefacto cessation has occurred
pursuant to its legal resolution or even independently of any legal
resolution may recur as a matter of fact.

Al1 this shows that whatever the legal effects of the General
Assembly resolution of 21 April 1961 it could not directly bring
about the extinction in fact of any dispute which might at that
time have existed between Cameroon and the United Kingdom.
A fortiori,the resolution could not prevent a dispute arising
subsequently between the States concerned. For the claim to be
admissible it is sufficient to find that there vTasin fact a dispute
between Cameroon and the United Kingdom at the time when
proceedings were instituted before the Court.

8. It is on the basis of a certain conception of an international
dispute that 1 have reached the conclusion that there really was a
dispute between Cameroon and the United Kingdom at the date
of filing of the Application. Inrder to deny the existence of such
a dispute it would be necessary to start from a conception of an
international dispute narrower than that which 1 consider correct,
and which 1 have already set out (see above, para. 4). It would be
necessary to consider that a dispute could have as its suhject only

a future course of conduct by one of the parties and that conse-
quently, as far as the other party is concerned, the dispute could
result solely from a claim and not froni a protest. Orice this narrow conception of a dispute had been adopted, it
would be sufficient to find that in the present case Cameroon has
never put forward any claim relatirig to a course of conduct to be
adopted by the tTnited Kingdom in the future, and that, in par-
ticular, Cameroon has never claimed any reparation. It woiild of
course not be sufficient to find that no reparation has been asked
for in the Application. As a suit may have as its subject not a.
dispute as a whole but solely a question the resolution of which
is necessary for the settlement of the dispute, the fact that in an
application only a finding of the violation is asked for does not
exclude the existence of a dispute as regards reparation. Homever,

in the present case, there is no dispute at al1with reparation as its
subject, since even before the Application Cameroon never sought
any reparation v~l~atever.

9. 1 should like now to emphasize the decisive importance, for
the purpose of declaring a claim admissible or on the contrary
inadmissible, which must be attached to the way in which an
international dispute is conceived of.
If the wider, and in my view more correct concept of dispute is
adopted,and if it is admitted that a dispute may indeed have as its
subject the past conduct of one of the parties, there is no doubt
that a dispute of this nature, as a really existing dispute, can be
settled by judicial means and that consequently a claim for such
settlement must be declared admissible.

There would be no point in raising the question of the usefulness

of the decision and hence of the party's interest in asking for it.
The answer to such a question would be very easy: since a dispute
isregarded as existing, the usefulness of thedecision resides precisely
inthe very settlement of the dispute. Such a decision hasundoubted
legal effects; it produces precisely the specific legal effects of res
judicata which consist of placing an obligation on the parties to
regard the dispute as having been settled in a particular way. These
effectsare produced for the future. Although the conduct by one of
the parties which is the subject of the decision is past conduct, the
legal effect of the decision, that is to Say the obligation deriving
from it for the parties, concerns their future conduct.

The effects of the decision may become apparent even in relation
to a dispute other than that which was the subject of the decision
in question; for example, in relation to a dispute which might
subsequently arise in respect of the obligation to make reparation
in connection with the conduct declared unla\vful (or lawful) in the

decision. It thus appears that the decision can indeed have an
effective application. Thus the decision requested by Cameroon in
the present case would be capable of being applied (in the sense 1
127have described) either by the Court itself or by any other tribunal

subsequently seised of a claim for reparation.

IO. The foregoing depends on starting from the broader and more
correct concept of dispute. If on the contrary, on the basis of a
narrower concept of dispute, the possibility of a dispute having as
its subject solely the past conduct of one of the parties is excluded,
there would be no other course than to draw al1 the logical con-
clusions from such a conception. In every case in which only the
past conduct of one of the parties is in issue it would be necessary
to exclude the possibility of judgment on the merits. Such a judg-
ment would in fact be without object, since there would be no
dispute at al1in existence.
This is the only logical conclusion which could be reached. It
would be illogical on the contrary to seek to make distinctions by
circumscribing in some way the scope of the conclusion which has
just been setout. In particular it is not possible to make a distinction
(as has been attempted) between a cour-seof conduct which cannot

recur (such as the conduct in which the United Kingdomis claimed
to be at faiilt in the present case, cince the trusteeship has been
terminated) and conduct hi ch, although past, could recur in the
future, the piirpose of suc11 a distinction being to admit in the
second case the usefulness of a decision and hence the possibility of
giving it. From this is derived, for example, the yossibility of a
judgment finding a breach of sovereignty, byvirtue of the usefulness
which such a judgment could have in the case of a further breach
occurring.
This w~iild houever be iisefi~lnessof a quite illusory sort, having
regard to the objective limitations on ./es ptdicata arising from
Article 59 of the Court's Statute, according to which the decision
has no binding force except "in respect of that particular case" in
which the decision is given. The jiidgrnent concerning a past course
of conduct would not have the force of yes judicatn in respect of
future courses of conduct, which would necessarily be different
from the course oi conduct forming the subject of the decision
althougii more or less siniiiar io iInconnection with future courses

of conduct the decision would be of value only in respect of the
reasons given for it: its value nrould hence be analogous tc that
attaching to an advisory opinion. Moreover, it woiild not logically
be possible io sp~ak of rcs jztdicata in connection with the past
course of conduct either, becauçe, in this connection, the judgment
would be without object.
This then would be a niost stfange decision: one which though
devoid of object as a judicial decjsion ~voiildhave been delivered
because of an alleged usefi;lness which it might have not as a
judicial decision but solely because of the reasons on the basis on
which it was given. It would be something having only the mere
128 JCDG. 2 XII63 (SEP. OPIN.JCTDGE MORELLI) 140

appearance of a judgment ;something which in substance would be
no more than an advisory opinion.

II. The foregoing must lead to the rejection of its starting point,
namely the narrow concept of dispute.
In reality there is no reason to make a distinction between past
and future courses of conduct as the possible subject of a dispute.
There is a dispute not only in the case of a claim, where one of the
parties demands that its interest should be achieved, possibly

through a certain course of conduct by the other party, but also in
the case of a protest, where one of the parties asserts that its
interest should have been achieved through a course of conduct
by the other party contrary to that in fact adopted. There is no
substantive differencebetween the claim and the protest. A protest
is really only a claim with relation to the past.

It is only in this way that it is possible to explain the various
judgments which have been given solelyon a past course of conduct
by one of the parties, such as Judgments Nos. 7 and 49 by the
Permanent Court in the Polish Upper Silesia and Memel Territory
cases, and the Judgment by the International Court of Justice
in the Corfu Channel case in 1949.
In the first of these Judgments the Permanent Court quite

simply declared that certain measures by the Polish authorities
were contrary to the provisions of a convention (P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 7, pp. 81-82).Similarly in certain of the operative provisions of
the Judgment relating to the Memel Territory, the Court found that
certain acts of the Government of Lithuania were in conformity with
the Statute of the Memel Territory and that others were not
(P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 49, pp. 337-338).Finally, inthe Judgment
in the Corfu Chaqznelcase, the International Court of Justice gave
judgment that by certain acts of the British Navy the United
Kingdom did not violate the sovereignty of Albania, whereas by
certain other acts the United Kingdom did violate the sovereignty
of Albania, "and that this declaration by the Court constitutes in
itself appropriate satisfaction" (I.CJ.Reports 1949 ,. 36).

There is no doubt that the Judgments cited above al1 have the
force of res judicata in respect, of course, of the point forming the
subject of the decision, namely the lawful or unlawful character of
a certain course of (necessarily past) conduct. It is not possible to
speak of res jzcdicatain connection with the interpretation of the
rules of 1a.won the basis of which that conduct was appraised, this
interpretation being only a reasoq on which the decision was based.
Nor is it possible in these Judgments to read into them something
which they do not at al1contain, namely a prohibition on the per-
formance of simijar acts in the future. In this connection the Polish Upfier Silesia case is of very special
interest. Certain measures by the Polish authorities having been
declared unlawful in Judgment No. 7,Germany based itself on this
declaration with force of resjudicata to submit a further Application
to the Permanent Court for reparation (for this Application see
Judgment No. 8, Chorzo'wFactory case). This is precisely the

hypothesis to which 1 have already referred (see above, para. g),
namely the hypothesis in which a decision on the subject of a certain
course of past conduct by one of the parties which has been charac-
terized as unlawful is used, as res judicata, with a view to the
settlement of another dispute the subject of which is a claim for
reparation.
The scope and effects of Judgment No. 7 were subsequently
defined by the Permanent Court itself in its Judgment No. II.
After finding that the conclusion reached in Judgment No. 7 as to
the unlawful character of the attitude of the Polish Government
"has now indisputably acquired the force ofres judicatn" Judgment
No. II declared:

"The Court's Judgment No. 7 is in the nature of a declaratory
judgment, the intention of which is to ensure recognition of a
situation at law, once and for al1and with binding force as between
the Parties; so that the legal position thus established cannot
again be called in question in so far as the legal effects ensuing
therefrom are concerned." (P.C.I. J.,Series A, No. 13, p. 20.)

From this passage there very clearly emerges the idea that res
judicata produces its effects in the future even if it concerns, as in
that case, the characterization of a course of past conduct.
As regards the Corfu Channel case, something should be said of
the physiognomy of the dispute submitted to the Court. Albania had
indeed asked for reparation (in the form of satisfaction) and conse-
quently from this standpoint the dispute related to a future course
of conduct by the United Kingdom. The Court did not uphold this
claim by Albania; but this did not prevent the Court, in the oper-
ative part of its Judgment, declaring the unlau~ful nature of the

United Kingdom's conduct. Moreover the question arises as to
what would have happened if Albania had from the beginning
adopted in the matter of reparation an attitude corresponding to
that which was subsequently to be taken by the Court, and had
refrained from asking for any satisfaction other than that consti-
tuted by the declaration of the violation itself. It would seem
difficult to suppose that in such a case the Court would have
declined to do what it did do, namely declare the violation, on the
grounds that in the absence of any claim for reparation there was
no dispute to settle. I. Admitted that the claim is admissible, because there really
is a dispute between Cameroon and the United Kingdom, it is
necessary to consider whether such a dispute is subject to the
Court's jurisdiction.
Cameroon founds the jurisdiction of the Court on Article 19 of
the Trusteeship Agreement for the Territory of the Cameroons
under British Administration approved by the General Assembly

of the United Nations on 13 December 1946.
This Agreement was concluded between the United Kingdom on
the one hand and the Cnited Nations, acting through the General
Assembly, on the other. If this Agreement derived its value solely
from general international law, it would have effects only for the
parties to it, for the United Kingdom on the one hand and for the
United Nations on the other. The Organization might be regarded
either as a legal entity separate from the States Members, or as a
group of States possessing subjective rights and legal powers
exercisable only collectively through particular organs, namely
the organs of the United Nations. Whichever of these two theoretical
constructions is followed, the practical consequences are unchanged.

If the effects of the Trusteeship Agreement were confined to the
two parties to the Agreement this would in the first place make it
necessary to construe al1the material rules laid down in the Agree-
ment (even the rule in Article 9 concerning equality of treatment
and the rule in Article 13 concerning missionaries) as rules creating

obligations for the United Kingdom in respect of the Organization
and not in respect of the States Members considered individually.
Secondly, it would not be possible to construe Article 19 as a true
jurisdictional clause, since the Court's jurisdiction can be based
only on a rule which is valid for both parties to the dispute. Ar-
ticle 19 could be construed only as a compromissory clause with
special features: that is toay a clause binding the United Kingdom
vis-à-vis the United Nations to conclude with and at the request
of a State Member a special agreement for the submission of a
particular dispute to the Court.

However, the consequences 1 have just indicated must be set
aside because the trusteeship agreements are covered not only by
general international law but also by a rule of particular law
implicitly deriving from the Charter. It is by virtue of that rule
that the trusteeship agreements can produce their effects not only
for the parties to the agreement, namely the Organization and the

administering authority, but also foral1 the States Members of the
United Nations considered individually. So faras Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement for the Territory
of the Cameroons under Bristish Administration is concerned in
particular, it follows that that Article constitutes a true juris-
dictional clause itself conferring jurisdiction on the Court to deal
with the disputes contemplated therein and at the same time
conferring a corresponding right of action on al1 the States Mem-
bers of the United Nations in respect of the United Kingdom.
It is not necessary to state precisely to which of the sources of
jurisdiction provided for in Article 36 (1)of the Statute Article 19 of

the Trusteeship Agreement must be related: whether in particular
it is the reference to the Charter or the reference to treaties and
conventions in force which is operative in the present case. It is
sufficient to observe that it is possible to apply a very liberal con-
struction to the provision of Article 36 (1) of the Statute: this is
because of the purely negative role of such a provision, which does
not regulate the subject-matter of the Court's jurisdiction and leaves
this task to other rules outside the Statute. These rules may
be established in any manner whatever provided that they are
established in a way capable of giving them effect in respect of al1
the parties to the dispute submitted to the Court.

2. This having been said, it becomes necessary to consider
whether the dispute which Cameroon asks the Court to decide is
included or not in the category of disputes covered by Article 19
of the Trusteeship Agreement. It must in particular be considered
whether this dispute may be regarded as a dispute relating "to
the interpretation or application of the provisions" of the Agree-
ment within the meaning of Article 19.
Since Article 19refers to the material provisions of the Agreement

it is necessary in order to establish the scope of the jurisdictional
clause in that Article to examine the whole of the material provisions
of the Agreement.
Al1these provisions create obligations for the United Kingdom.
They must however be classified in two separate categories
according to the orientation of the obligations which they impose,
that is to say according to the subjects on which the corresponding
rights are conferred.

3. Among the substantive provisions of the Trusteeship Agree-
ment there are some (such as the provision in Article 9 concerning
equality of treatment and that in Article 13concerning missionaries)
which relate to the individual interests of the various States
Members of the United Nations. The provisions in question protect
these individual interests by iinposing on the United Kingdom
obligations vis-à-vis each of the States Members of the United
Nations separately. This amounts to saying that these provisions
confer on the States Rlembers subjective rights which may be
characterized as individual, not orily in the sense that these rights
may be individually exercised but also in the sense that, on thebasis of these provisions, each State Member is entitled to require
from the United Kingdom the conduct provided for solely in
respect of its own nationals and not in respect of the nationals of
other States Members. It follows that apart from the exceptional
case of double nationality there is no possibility of two States,
relying on the same legal rule but giving different interpretations
to that rule, requiring of the Cnited Kingdom in respect of the
same individual two contrasting courses of conduct.
As regards these provisions not only is there no subjective right
vested in States other than the State of which the individual is a
national, but there is no subjective right vested in the United
Nations in this respect. It rnay well be recognized that, in the

exercise of its supervisory power in connection with the Trusteeship,
itis possible for the Organization to concern itself even with the
way in which the Administering Authority discharges or does not
discharge the obligations flowing from the provisions under con-
sideration. But it must be denied that these ~rovisions confer a
true subjective right on the Organization whiLh it could exercise
even against the attitude adopted in this respect by the State of
which the individual is a national. The subjective right is vested
in that State alone and it may freely dispose of it.

4. Alongside the provisions which have been considered up to
now there are other substantive provisions in the Trusteeship
Agreement which are doubtless the most important ones and relate
to the administration of the territory and the treatment of its
inhabitants. This second category of substantive provisions contem-

plates interests which are not individual interests of the various
States Members of the Gnited Nations but rather collective interests,
that is to Say interests common to al1the States Members.
In general therules of international law may protect the collective
interests of States by different means. Firstly, these rules may
confer subjective rights on al1the States concerned so that each of
them is individually entitled to demand the conduct provided for.
As in this eventuality the subjectiverights conferred on the various
States al1contemplate a single course of conduct and not separate
courses of conduct (as in the case of the treatment to be accorded
to the nationals of different States) there is the possibility of
conflicting claims on the part of two or more States relying on the
same legal rule but giving different interpretations to that rule.

This eventuality cannot occur when the subjective right is

conferred not on several States individually but on a single entity :
in particular, on an international organization such as the United
Nations. It is evident that if it is desired to deny the Organization
legal personality it would be necessary in that case to speak of
133subjective rights conferred not on the Organization as a single
entity but rather on the States Rlembers, considered, of course,
as a group and not individually. If this latter construction is
accepted it is necessary toconceive of a subjective right the exercise
of whicli is organized in a certain way, to the effect that the sub-
jective right could be exercised by those in whom it is vested only
collectively, that is to Say through the corporate organs. In any
case, whichever construction may be preferred, it will be found that
the State on which the obligation is placed is always faced with
the corporate organ;and only the corporate organ may require the
discharge of the obligatioil, acting either on behalf of the Organiza-
tion as a single entity or on behalf of the States Members as a
group. Thus there is no possibility of divergent claims on the basis
of the same legal rule.
It is in this way, in my view, that the provisions which constitute
the very essence of the trusteeship agreements must be construed:

in particular the provisions in the Trusteeship Agreement for the
Territory of the Cameroons under British Administration which
relate to the administration of the Territory and the treatment of
its inhabitants.
These provisions create an obligation for the United Kingdom
only vis-à-vis the United Kations and it is solely on the United
Nations that those provisions confer subjective rights. That is to
Say that discharge of the obligations placed on the Vnited Kingdom
can be demanded only by the General Assembly or by the Trustee-
ship Council acting either on behalf of the Organization or on
behalf of the States Members as a group. What has been called the
administrative supervision vested in these organs is no other than
the exercise of the subjective rights conferred either on the Organi-
zation or on the States Members considered collectively. There is no
subjective right flowing from the provisions in question for each
State Member considered individually. The State Jlember cannot
therefore rely on these provisions to make claims against the

Administering Authority, with the possibility of these claims
conflicting with the attitude adopted by the Gerieral Assembly
and by the Trusteeship Council. A State Rlember may not in-
dividually seek to overthroa the decisions taken by those organs.

5. The observations which 1 have just made concerning the
characteristics of the substantive provisions of the Trusteeship
Agreement are, 1 think, necessary for a precise statement of the
scope of the jurisdictional clause in Article 19.
No doubt this clause contemplates disputes having the charac-
teristic of legal disputes, that is to Say disputes in which the claim
or protest of one of the parties is based on a legal ground, namely
on the assertion by that party that its claim or protest is in ac-
cordance with legal rules. More particularly, since Article 19 refers
to the substantive provisions of the Agreement, it is necessary that

133 JUDG. 2 XII63 (SEP.OPIN. JÇDGE MOKELLI) 146

the party should assert that its claim or protest is in accordance
with a substantive provision of the Agreement.

It ir however evident that it does not suffice for the party to
rely on any provision whatever of the Agreement; it is necessary
that the party should more specifically rely on a subjective right
deriving for that party from a provision of the Agreement. In other
words, for a dispute to fa11within the category of disputes contem-
plated by Article 19 it is necessary either that the party advancing
a claim against the Administering Authority should assert on the

basis of a provision of the Agreement that it possesses a subjective
right to the course of conduct by the Administering Authority
which is the subject of the claim, or that the party making a protest
should assert that by the course of conduct which is the subject
of that protest the Administering Authority has injured a sub-
jective right of that party deriving from the Trusteeship Agreement.
This is but the application to the Trusteeship Agreement of a
principle which operates in respect of any jurisdictional clause in a
treaty which refers to disputes relating to the interpretation or
application of the provisions of that treaty. For a dispute to be
regarded as covered by the clause it is in fact necessary that the
party should assert a subjective right of its own deriving from the
provisions of the treaty.

Take the hypothesis of a collective treaty the substantive
provisions of which are directed uniformly at al1 the parties but
confer on the various parties subjective rights which contemplate
separate courses of conduct on the part of the State on which the
obligation is placed. Take for example an obligation on each
contracting State to treat the nationals of each of the other con-
tracting States in a certain way.
On this assumption it is quite certain that al1 the contracting
States may rely on the jurisdictional clause in respect of disputes
relating to the interpretation or application of any provision
whatever of the treaty. However, for a State to be able to rely on
the clause in respect of a particular dispute, it is necessary that it
should assert, on the basis of the provisions of the treaty, the

existence of a subjective right ofits own. If the State in question
claims a certain treatment for the nationals of another contracting
State, namely a course of conduct which it does not assert to be the
subject of a right of its own, the dispute falls outside the clause,
and this is true even if reference is made to a provision of the
treaty under which the course of conduct in question must be
regarded as obligatory.

6. As regards the Trusteeship Agreement for the Territory of the
Cameroons under British Administration we have seen that this
Agreement contains substantive provisions which undoubtedlv
confer on the States Members of the United Nations taken individ-

135 JUDG. 2 XII 63 (SEP. OPIN. JUDGE ~IORELLI)
I47
ually subjective rights vis-&-vis the Vnited Kingdom. It is thus
quite certain that a dispute in which a State Member of the Cnited
Nations asserts a subjective right deriving for it from one of those
provisions (which is possible only in respect of the treatment of the
nationals of that State) is a dispute covered by the jurisdictional

clause of Article 19.
But there are other substantive provisions of the! Agreement,
those relating to the administration of the Territory and the
treatment of its inhabitants. In my view these provisions confer
no subjective right on the States Members of the United Nations
considered individually. As none of these States can rely individually
on a subjective right deriving from the provisions in question,
it is not in my view possible to contemplate a dispute between a
State Member and the Administering Authority which could be
considered as relating to those provisions of the Trusteeship
Agreement.
1 do not of course deny the possibility of a dispute between a
particular State (whether a Member of the Cnited Nations or not)
on the one hand, and the Administering Authority on the other, and
relating precisely to the administration of the Trust Territory;

on the contrary, 1 have already said that this eventuality is just
what has occurred in the present case. 1 merely deny that such a
dispute could be regarded as a dispute relating to the interpretation
or application of the Trusteeship Agreement, because in such a
dispute it is not possible to rely on a subjective right deriving from
the Trusteeship Agreement.
It follows that the reference in Article 19 to the substantive
provisions of the Agreement for the purpose of determining the
categories of disputes contemplated by Article 19 is a reference
which is automatically confined to certain provisions of the Agree-
ment. This is because it is not possible to conceive of there arising
between a State Memher considered individually and the Ad-
ministering Authority a dispute having the characteristic of a
dispute relating to the interpretation or application of other
provisions of the Agreement, namely provisions concerning the

administration of the Territory.
This confinement of the reference to certain provisions of the
Agreement is in no way contradictecl by the very broad terms of
Article 19. The wording is "any dispute whatever ..." and not any
provision whatever of the Agreement. The dispute may be any
dispute whatever, provided that it relates to the interpretation or
application of the provisions of the Agreement, and this, for the
reasons which 1have given, is possible in connection with only part
of the provisions of the Agreement.

7. The wording of Article 19 does not contradict but confirms
the argument tliat a dispute concerning the administration of the
Trust Territory, although possible in fact, is not a dispute relating

136to the interpretation or application of the Trusteeship Agreement.

Article 19 in fact speaks of a dispute which "cannot be settled
by negotiation or other means". The other means contemplated
by this formula are evidently means, like negotiation, capable of
settling disputes between States: conciliation, enquiry, arbitration,
etc. Proceedings in the General Assembly, acting under Article 85
of the Charter, ana in the Trusteeship Council arenot contemplated
thereby, for the very simple reason that such proceedings are not
intended to settle disputes between States.

From this condition imposed by Article 19 on the jurisdiction
of the Court it clearly follows that the Article refers to disputes

capable of being settled by negotiation or other means and requires
that such means should in the particular case in point have been
found ineffective. Now a dispute concerning the administration
of the Trust Territory is a dispute which is not capable by its very
nature of settlement by negotiation, because it involves a subject-
matter which it is not in the power of the parties to dispose of.
In the present case it would have in fact to be denied that there
haa been negotiations such as would have had to take place after
I May 1961, the date of the birth of the dispute. Rut there is
really a still further point, and that is that negotiations were not
even possible.
It is clear thaty the ioregoing statement, namely that a dispute
concerning the administration of the Trust Territory such as the
dispute submitted by Cameroon to the Court is not a dispute
which can be settled by negotiation or other means, it is not at al1
intended to admit that the requirement of Article 19 must be
regarded as fulfilled. On the contrary, what is meant is that this
is a dispute in connection with which it is quite impossible tl-iat

such a condition should be fulfilled and that it is therefore a dispiite
which is not covered by Article 19 at all.

8. The hypothesis of a dispute between a State Member and the
Administering Authority concerning the administration of the
Territory is actually one which is perfectly possible in fact, but
one with which there was no reason for the Trusteeship Agreement
to be concerned. This is because the subject-matter of the ad-
ministration of the Territory is not governed in the substantive
provisions of the Agreement by legal relationships between the
Administeririg Authority on the one hand and the States Members
considered individually on the other.
Did the Trusteeship Agreement, without, in respect of the
administration of the Territory, creating subjective rights for the
States Members considered individually, none the less intend to
confer on those States a right of action before the Court in thisfield? An affirmative answer to this question would signify that a
right of action is conceived of as conferred on States for the
protection of subjective rights vested not in those States but in
the United Nations. It would be a sort of actio Popzilaris. But the
actio fiofizllaris is of a quite exceptional nature even in municipal
law. In international law such an action is not inconceivable
theoreticallj-, but it is difficult to consider it as havirig been intro-
duced or as capable of being introduced into positive law.

Moreover, it is not apparent why Article 19, while conferring
on States a right of action in respect of substantive rights not
vested in them, should have made the exercise of such an action
dependent on the existence of a dispute to which the State desiring
to bring the matter before the Court must be a partg. The reference
to a dispute and thereby to individual interests of States clearly
iiidicates of itself that the field in which Article 19 is intended to
operate is quite other.

9. Since the dispute submitted to the Coiirt is not a dispute
relating to the interpretation or application of the provisions of
the Trusteeship Agreement uithin the meanirig of Article 19 c\fthe
Agreement, I am of opinion that the Court should for this reason
have declared that it has no jurisdiction.
In order to reach such a decision the Court would doubtless
have found it neccssary to interpret the substantive provisions
of the Trusteeship Agreement. The Court would first have had to
establish that Cameroon considered individually did not possess

on the basis of those provisions any subjective right vis-à-vis the
United Kingdom in respect of the latter's exercise of the trusteeship
for the Northern Carneroons. But it is not thc declaration of the
non-existence of a substantive subjective ri&t possessed by
Cameroon which would have been the subject of the judgnient
which the Court was called upon to give. A finding that there \vas
rio substantive right possessed by Cameroon on the basis of the
Trusteeship Agreenient would only have been the means whereby
the Court could decide that it had no jurisdiction.
This is one of those fairly frequent cases in which the question
of jurisdiction arises in close conriection with the merits of the
case. It is moreover possible to note such a connection in al1 cases
concerned with a jurisdictional clause in a treaty covering disputes
relating to the interpretation or application of the substantive
provisions of that treatji. Ir1 such cases it is necessary, in order to
decide on the question of jurisdiction, to interpret those substantive
provisions and establish the rights and obligations which they
confer on the parties.

(Signed) Gaetano MORELLI.

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. MORELLI

Dans le dispositif de son arrêt la Cour a dit (qu'elle ne peut
statuer au fond sur la demande de la République fédéraledu

Cameroun 1)J'ai estimé pouvoir me rallier à un tel dispositif, sans
toutefois accepter les motifs sur lesquels la Cour s'est fondée. Ces
motifs consistent en substance dans la constatation que la décision
demandée par le Cameroun serait sans objet.

Je ne puis partager une telle affirmation et je pense, au contraire,
que, comme je vais l'expliquer dans la première partie de cette
opinion individuelle, la demande du Cameroun est pleinement rece-
vable. Le motif pour lequel, à mon avis, un examen au fond de la
demande n'est pas possible est tout autre et consiste dans le défaut
de juridiction. La deuxième partie de cette opinion individuelle sera

justement consacréeau problème de la juridiction. Un tel problème,
que la Cour n'a pas abordé et qu'étant donné son point de vue elle
n'avait aucune raison d'aborder, ne peut êtreévité, unefois que,
conformément à mon opinion, la demande est considérée comme
recevable.

I. Les exceptions préliminaires du Royaume-'C'ni ont soulevé,
entre autres, deux problèmes qui, à mon avis, sont étroitement
liésl'un à l'autre.
Le premier de ces problèmes concerne l'objet de la demande, c'est-
à-dire le contenu et les caractères de la décisiondemandéeà la Cour.
On a discuté sur le point de savoir si une telle décision serait un
jugement ayant force de chose jugéeou bien un simple avis consul-
tatif; et l'on a poséaussi la question concernant la nature déclara-
toire du jugement qui serait rendu éventuellement par la Cour.
L'autre problème posépar le Royaume-Uni concerne le point de
savoir si un différend existe entre le même Royaume-Uni et le

Cameroun.
En soulevant une telle question, le Royaume-Uni s'est référéà
maintes reprises, dans son contre-mémoire, àl'article19 de l'accord
de tutelle; cela pour nier l'existence d'un différend ayant les
caractères requis par cet article.l semble toutefois que l'intention
du Royaume-Uni a été,dès le début, de nier en général l'existence
d'un différend quelconque entre le même Royaume-Uni et le
Cameroun. La thèse de l'inexistence d'un différend quelconque a
étéensuite affirmée,d'une façon très nette et à plusieurs reprises,
dans les plaidoiries orales et forme l'objet du premier point des

conclusions finales du Royaume-Uni. SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE MORELLI

[Translation]

In the operative provision of its Judgment the Court, has found
"that it cannot adjudicate upon the merits of the claim of the
Federal Republic of Cameroon". 1 have felt able to subscribe to such
an operative provision but cannot accept the reasons on which the
Court bases its Judgment. These reasons consist in essence of a
finding that the decision requested by Cameroon would be without
object.
1 cannot subscribe to such a statement and consider, on the
contrary, that, as 1 shall explain in the first part of this separate
opinion, Cameroon's claim is fully admissible. In my view the
reason why it is not possible to examine the merits of the claim is
quite other and lies in the lack of jurisdiction. The second part of
this separate opinion will in fact be devoted to the question of
jurisdiction. This question, which was not dealt with by the Court
and which, having regard to the Court's approach, it had no reason
to deal with, cannot be avoided once the claim is deemed, as it is
iii my view, to be admissible.

1.The United Kingdom's preliminary objections raised, inter
alin, two questions which, in my opinion, are closely interconnected.

The first of these questions relatès to the nature of the claim,
that is to Say the content and'characteristics of the decision re-
auested of the Court. There was discussion of whether such a
decision would be a judgment with force of yeyjztdicata or rather a
mere advisory opinion; and the question of the declaratory nature

of ariy judgment which might be given by the Court was also raised.
The other question raised by the United Kingdom relates to
whether there is a dispilte between the United Kingdom and
Cameroon.
In raising this question the United Kingdom made numerous
references in its Counter-Mernorial to Article rg of the Trusteeship
Agreement in order to deny the existence of a dispute with the
features required by that Article. It would however seem that from
the beginning it was the United Kingdom's intention to deny in
general the existence of any dispute between it and Cameroon.
The argument of the non-existence of any dispute was subsequently
put forward very clearly on several occasions in the oral arguments
and it is the subject of the first of the United Kingdom's final
submissions. En tout cas, il s'agit là d'un problème qui pourrait êtresoulevé
par la Cour, mêmed'office, pour les conséquences à tirer de sa solu-
tion négative sur la base du Statut et du Règlement: indépendam-
ment donc de l'article 19 de l'accord de tutelle. En effet, d'après le
système du Statut et du Règlement, la Cour ne peut exercer sa
fonction en matière contentieuse, par une décision sur le fond, qu'à

la condition qu'il existe réellement un différend entre les parties.
Il s'agit d'un problème concernant, non pas la juridiction de la Cour,
mais plutôt la recevabilité de la demande: d'un problème qui est
préalable à toute question de juridiction.
2. Comme je l'ai déjà dit, les deux problèmes que je viens d'in-
diquer, concernant l'un l'objet de la demande et l'autre l'existence

du différend, sont étroitement liésentre eux. On pourrait mêmedire
qu'il n'y a qu'un seul problème: celui consistant à voir s'il existe
ou non un différend.
En effet, si un différendn'existe pas, il n'y a pas lieu de rechercher
quel est le contenu de la décision demandée à la Cour et quels
seraient les caractères d'une telle décision: cela pour faire dépendre
du contenu et des caractères de la décision demandée la possibilité
de la rendre et, par conséquent, la recevabilité de la demande. C'est
que l'inexistence d'un différend empêche,par elle-même,la possi-
bilité de prononcer un jugement quelconque sur le fond, parce que
tout jugement serait, en ce cas, dépourvu d'objet. C'est pour cette
raison que la demande devrait êtredéclarée irrecevable.
Si, au contraire, le différend est estimé existant (et la Cour, dans

son arrêt, l'a déclaréexistant), la possibilité de le régler par voie
judiciaire ne pourrait êtreniée (sauf, bien entendu, la question de
savoir si, par rapport au différend dont il s'agit, il y a ou non
juridiction de la Cour). Il n'y a pas, dans cette hypothèse non plus,
lieu de rechercher, aux fins de la recevabilité de la demande, quels
seraient les caractères et le contenu de la décision. Les caractères
et le contenu de la décision ne pourraient êtrequ'en rapport avec
les caractères du différend. Dans le cas d'espèce, justement en raison
des caractères qui seraient propres au différend (estimé, par hypo-
thèse, existant), il ne pourrait s'agir que d'un jugement purement
déclaratoire. Mais la possibilité, dans l'ordre international, dejuge-
ments purement déclaratoires ne fait pas de doute.

3. L'existence du différend une fois établie, il est dépourvu de
sens, à mon avis, de poser le problème consistant à voir si le deman-
deur a un intérêt; et cela en se référant au principe reconnu par
certains systèmes de droit interne et d'après lequel, pour agir en
justice, il faut avoir un intérêt.
Il faut faire remarquer que l'intérêt auquel, dans le droit interne,
le pouvoir d'action est subordonné n'est pas l'intérêt substantiel

concernant le fond mêmedu litige. C'est, au contraire, un intérêt
ayant un caractère purement procédural: c'est l'intérêtà obtenir In any case this is a question which could be raised by the Court
propriomotu, because of the conclusions to be drawn from a negative
answer on the basis of the Statute and the Rules of Court, and thus
quite apart from Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement. For
according to the Statute and Rules of Court the Court can perform
its function in contentious proceedings by giving a decision on the
merits only on condition that there really is a dispute between the

parties. This is a question connected not with the Court's juris-
diction but rather with the admissibility of the claim; it is a question
which comes before any question of jurisdiction.
2. As 1 have already said, the two questions just referred to, one
relating to the nature of the claim and the other to the existence
of the dispute, are closely interconnected. It might even be said
that there isonlya single question: whether or not there is a dispute.

If there is no dispute, it becomes unnecessary to consider what is
the content of the decision requested of the Court and what the
characteristics of such a decision would be, with a view to making
the possibility of giving the decision and hence the admissibility of
the claim depend on the content and characteristics of the decision
requested. For the non-existence of a dispute is in itself a bar to
the delivery of any judgment on the merits, because in such a case
any judgment would be without object. It is for that reason that
the claim would have to be declared inadmissible.
If on the contrary it is considered that there is a dispute (and in
its Judgment the Court has found that there is) it would be im-
possible to deny that it could be settled by judicial means (subject
of course to the question of whether or not the Court has jurisdiction
in connection with that particular dispute). It is likewise un-

necessary on this hypothesis to consider, in connection with the
admissibility of the claim, what the characteristics and content of
the decision would be. The characteristics and content of the de-
cision could not but be related to the characteristics of the dispute.
In the present case, precisely because of the particular character-
istics of the dispute (on the assumption that a dispute exists)
the judgment could only be purely declaratory. But in the inter-
national field there can be 110 doubt about the possibility of purely
declaratory judgments.

3. Once it has been established that there is a dispute, there is no
point, in my view, in raising the question of whether the Applicant
has an interest, by reference to the principle recognized in certain
municipal legal systems according to which it is necessary to have
an interest in order to have a right of action.
It should be observed that the interest on which a right of action
depends in municipal law is not a substantive interest in connection
with the actual merits of the dispute. It is on the contrary an
interest of a purely procedural nature: an interest in obtaining a
121une décision sur le fond. Un tel intérêt joue, dans les systèmes
juridiques que je viens de mentionner, un rôle très important; il
constitue justement une condition de l'action. Ce qui s'explique
très bien si l'on considère que ces systèmes, en général,n'utilisent
pas du tout la notion de différend.
C'est, au contraire, sur la notion de différendque repose le procès
international, en particulier le procès devant la Cour. Celle-ci ne
peut exercer sa fonction en matière contentieuse si un différend
n'existe pas entre les parties. Or le différend implique bien la réfé-
rence à un conflit d'intérêts(réelou, tout au moins, supposé) et,
par là, à des intérêtssubstantiels des parties. Mais on a déjà re-
marqué que l'intérêt substantiel est autre chose que l'intérêt

procédural que le droit interne exige pour pouvoir agir en justice.
Ce dernier intérêtest l'intérêt à obtenir une décision sur le fond.
Or, pour ce qui est du différend international, si un tel différend
existe (et l'on a déjà dit que l'existence d'un différend constitue,
par elle-même,unecondition à laquelleest subordonnée la possibilité
d'une décisionsur le fond), il est clair qu'il y a en tout cas l'intérêt
de l'une et de l'autre partieà ce que le différend soit réglé.L'intérêt
à obtenir une décisionsur le fond est in re ipsa, parce qu'il est une
conséquence nécessaire de l'existence même d'un différend. On
voit par là que la notion de l'intérêt à agir n'a pas une place auto-
nome dans le domaine de la procédure internationale.

4. Un différend consiste, à mon avis, dans une opposition entre
les attitudes respectives des parties à l'égard d'un certain conflit

d'intérêts.Aussi le différend peut-il résulter d'une prétention de
l'une des parties suivie soit de la contestation, par l'autre partie,
d'une telle prétention, soit d'une conduite de l'autre partie contraire
à ladite prétention. Mais il peut y avoir aussi un différend résultant,
tout d'abord, de la conduite de l'une des parties, conduite contre
laquelle l'autre partie proteste, affirmant que son propre intérêt
aurait dûêtre réalisépar une conduite de la première partie contraire
à celle qui a étésuivie en fait.
Dans le cas d'espèce, si un différendexiste entre le Royaume-Uni
et le Cameroun, il ne pourrait s'agir que d'un différend correspon-
dant à la seconde des deux hypothèses que je viens d'indiquer: à
savoir, d'un différend résultant, d'un côté, d'une certaine conduite
de la part du Royaume-Uni et, de l'autre, de la protestation élevée
contre cette conduite par le Cameroun. Celui-ci, en effet, n'a jamais
avancé, contre le Royaume-Uni, une prétention quelconque : en
particulier, une prétention ayant pour objet une réparation pour la

conduite reprochée au Royaume-Uni.
Étant donnéque, dans l'espèce,il ne pourrait s'agir que d'un dif-
férend résultant d'une conduite et d'une protestation, il faut voir
si ces deux élémentsconstitutifs du différend se sont réalisés. JUDG. 2 XII 63 (SEP. OPIN. JUDGE MORELLI)
I33
decision on the merits. In the legal systems to which 1have referred
this type of interest has a very important role; it is indeed a con-
dition for an action. This is very readily explicable if it is borne in
mind that in general such systems make no use of the concept of
dispute.
It is on the contrary on the concept of dispute that international
proceedings and, in particular, proceedings before the Court, are
based. This Court cannot exercise its function in contentious

proceedings if a dispute does not exist between the parties. Clearly
a dispute implies a reference to a (real or at least supposed) conflict
of interests and hence to substantive interests possessed by the
parties. But it has already been observed that substantive interest
is something other than the procedural interest which is required by
municipal law in order to have a right of action.This latter interest
is an interest in securing a decision on the merits. 111the case of an
international dispute, if such a dispute exists (and it has already
been said that the existence of a dispute constitutes in itself a
condition on which the possibility of a decision on the merits
depends) it is clear thatin any case each party has an interest in the
settlement of the dispute. The interest in securing a decision on the
merits is in re ipsa, because it is a necessary consequence of the
very existence of a dispute. It is thus apparent that the concept

of interest in bringing an action has no place of its own in the
field of international proceedings.

4. In my opinion a dispute consists of a clash between the
respective attitudes of the parties with regard to a certain conflict
of interests. Thus the dispute may result from a claim by one of
the parties followec!either by the denial of that claim bu the other
party or by a course of conduct by the other party contrary to the
claim. But there may also be a dispute resulting first of al1 fron:
a course of conduct by one of the parties against which the other
party raises a protest through the assertion that its own interest
shoiild have been achieved by a course of conduct by the first party
contrary to that which was in fact adopted.
In the present case if there is a dispute between the United

Kingdom and Cameroon it could only be one fâlling within the
second of the above two hypotheses, namely a dispute resulting
from a certain course of conduct by the United Kingdom on the
one hand and from a protest against that conduct by Cameroon
on the other hand. In fact Cameroon has never asserted anj7 claim
against the United Kingdom, in particular any claim for reparation
on account of the course of conduct complained of.
Since in the present case there could only be a dispute resulting
from a course of conduct and a protest, it becomes necessary to
examine whether these two constituent elements of a dispute are
present . 5. Pour ce qui est du premier des deux élémentsconstitutifs du
différend,que l'on vient d'indiquer, il faut, tout d'abord, remarquer
que c'est uniquement la conduite du Royaume-Uni postérieurement
à la naissance du Cameroun en tant qu'Etat indépendant qui
pourrait êtreregardée par celui-ci comme lésant son propre intérêt.
La date critique, à ce point de vue, est, partant, celle du I~~jan-
vier 1960. La date du 20 septembre 1960 (admission du Cameroun
aux Nations Unies), importante à d'autres points devue, n'a aucune
importance pour établir si un différend s'est produit entre le
Cameroun et le Royaume-Uni, en particulier pour ce qui concerne
le premier des élémentsconstitutifs d'un tel différend, c'est-à-dire

une conduite du Royaume-Uni susceptible d'être considéréepar
le Cameroun, et réellement considéréepar celui-ci, comme lésant
son propre intérêt.
Pour établir, en vue de résoudre le problème de l'existence du
différend, quelle conduite le Cameroun reproche au Royaume-Uni,
il faudrait avoir égard aux actes, s'il y en a eu, par lesquels, avant la
requête, se serait manifestée la protestation du Cameroun consti-
tuant l'autre élément du différend. Or le problème concernant
l'existence et la portée de tels actes ne sera examiné que par la suite.
Pour le moment il est toutefois possible de se référer,au moins à
titre provisoire, aux griefs du Cameroun tels qu'ils sont indiqués
dans la requête.

Or la requête contient, dans l'exposé des faits, l'indication de
certains événementsou circonstances qui sont antérieurssansdoute
au I~~janvier 1960: par exemple, le fait que, deux ans après l'éta-
blissement du régime de tutelle, rien n'aurait étéchangé dans la
zone britannique à la pratique instituée dèsla création du Mandat;
les réformes constitutionnelles et administratives intervenues en
1949, en 1951, en 1954 et en 1957 dans le cadre des institutions de la
Nigéria; l'inexistence, jusqu'en 1959, de partis politiques autres
que nigériens; le suffrage indirect à main levéeet pour les hommes
seulement jusqu'en 1959. Mais, si l'on considère les griefs énumérés
dans l'exposé de droit de la requête et sur lesquels le Cameroun

demande à la Cour de se prononcer, on voit qu'aucun de ces griefs
ne concerne des comportements du Royaume-Uni qui puissent être
considérés comme complètement antérieurs au I~~ janvier 1960.
Les cinq premiers points concernent une conduite du Royaume-
Uni qui, bien que commencée avant le I~~janvier 1960, s'est conti-
nuée après cette date, au moins en tant que conduite omissive.
Les deux derniers points, relatifs au plébiscite de février 1961, ne
concernent que des comportements postérieurs au I~~janvier 1960.

6. Il s'agit maintenant de voir si,contre la conduite du Royaume-
Uni après le I~~janvier 1960, il y a eu de la part du Cameroun

une protestation, c'est-à-dire l'affirmation que cette conduite du
Royaume-Cni lésait un intérêtpropre au Cameroun. 5. With regard to the first of these two constituent elements of
the dispute it must be observed at the outset that solely a course
of conduct by the United Kingdom subsequent to the emergence
of Cameroon as an independent State could be regarded by the
latter as detrimental to its own interest. From this standpoint
the critical date is therefore I January 1960. While the date of

20 September 1960 (admission of Cameroon to the United Nations)
is important in other respects, it is of no importance for the estab-
lishment of whether a dispute has occurred between Cameroon
and the United Kingdom, and in particular with regard to the
first of the constituent elements ofsuch a dispute, namely a course
of conduct by the United Kingdom which could be regarded by
Cameroon, and really was regarded by Cameroon, as detrimental
to its own interest.
In order to establish, with a view to resolving the question of
the existence of the dispute, what course of conduct Cameroon
finds fault with on the part of the United Kingdom, it would be

necessary to take into account the acts if any whereby, before the
Application, Cameroon's protest was expressed, these constituting
the other element of the dispute. The question of the existence
and significance of such acts will be considered later. For the time
being it is however possible at least provisionally to refer to the
complaints by Cameroon as they are set out in the Application.
In the statement of facts the Application sets out certain events
or circunistances which no doubt pre-date I January 1960: for
example, the fact that, two years after the establishment of the
Trusteeship System, there had allegedly been no change in the
British zone in the practice instituted at the time of the creation

of the Mandate; the constitutional and administrative reforms
which occurred in 1949, in 1951, in 1954 and in 1957 within the
framework of Nigerian institutions; the non-existence until 1959
of political parties other than Nigerian; indirect suffrage by show
of hands and for men only until 1959. But if regard is had to the
complaints listed in the statement of the law in the Application
and on which Cameroon asks the Court to pronounce, it is apparent
that none of them relates to conduct on the part of the United
Kingdom which may be regarded as wholly prior to IJanuary 1960.
The first five points relate to conduct by the United Kingdom
which although begun before I January 1960, continued after that

date, at least in the form of omissions. The last two points, con-
cerning the February 1961 plebiscite, relate solely to conduct
subsequent to I January 1960.

6. Consideration will now be given to the question of whether
there was on the part of Cameroon a protest against the conduct
adopted by the United Kingdom after I January 1960, that is
to Say an assertion that the conduct of the United Kingdom was
detrimental to an interest which was Cameroon's own interest.

123 A mon avis, il faut faire abstraction, à cet égard, des griefs

articulés par le représentant du Cameroun devant la Quatrième
Commission de l'Assembléegénéraledes Nations Unies le 13 avril
1961, griefs qui avaient étéprécédés par la distribution, à tous les
Membres des Nations Unies, du livreblanc camerounais. En élevant
par la voix de sonreprésentant ces griefs, le Cameroun a agi unique-
ment en tant que membre d'un organe collégial des Nations Unies.
En agissant en cette qualité, il a formulé des déclarations de volonté
destinées à se combiner avec les déclarations correspondantes des
autres membres de l'organe collégial pour former la volonté de
celui-ci et, par là, la volonté de l'organisation des Nations Unies.
Il s'est placéau point de vue de l'organisation; il s'est inspiré, non

pas de son intérêtindividuel, mais de ce qu'il estimait constituer
l'intérêt de l'organisation.
Un tout autre caractèredoit êtrereconnu, au point de vue formel,
aux déclarations qui, au nom du Gouvernement du Cameroun,
avaient étéfaites par le représentant de la France devant le Conseil
de tutelle aux séancesdes 18 et 23 mai 1960. Le Gouvernement du
Cameroun, qui n'était pas encore membre des Nations Unies, avait
demandé à la France ((en attendant de pouvoir le faire lui-même
quand il siégera à l'Assemblée générale ))de faire connaitre son
opinion sur la question du plébiscite. Les réserves et les vŒux
exprimés au sein du Conseil de tutelle par le représentant de la

France au nom du Cameroun constituent sansdoute des déclarations
faites au nom d'un Etat qui n'était pas membre du Conseil de
tutelle, en tant qu'organe collégial des h'ations Unies. Toutefois
ces déclarations faites par l'iriternlédiaire d'un Etat membre du
Conseil de tutelle n'éta.ient pas différentes, pour ce qui concerne
leur caractère substantiel, des déclarations faites par la France en
son propre nom ainsi que par les autres membres du Conseil de
tutelle; elles n'étaient pas différentes des déclarations que le
Cameroun se proposait de faire, après son admission aux Nations
Unies, devant l'Assemblée généraleet qu'il a faites devant la
Quatrième Commission le 13 avril 1961. Il s'agissait là d'une colla-
boration anticipée à l'activité des organes des Nations Unies. II

s'agissait de déclarations s'inspirant, elles aussi, de l'intérêtdes
Nations Unies et non pas de l'intérêtindividuel du Cameroun: de
déclarations n'exprimant donc pas, de la part du Cameroun, une
protestation susceptible de donner lieu à un différend entre cet
Etat et le Royaume-Uni.
Un tel caractère ne peut êtrereconnu non plus au communiqué
publié par le Gouvernement du Cameroun le 31 décembre 1960,
ni à la note verbale du4 janvier 1961 par laquelle ledit communiqué
était transmis à l'ambassade de Grande-Bretagne à Yaoundé.
Comme le dit la note verbale, le communiqué constituait (le point
de vue officiel du Gouvernement de la République du Cameroun

permettant à l'Autorité administrante d'informer pleinement les
populations du Territoire sous tutelle britannique avant le plébiscite
124 JUDG. 2 XII63 (SEP. OPIN. JUDGE R~OHELLI)
I35
In my opinion it is necessary in this connection to leave aside
the complaints expressed by the representative of Cameroon in the
Fourth Committee of the General Assembly of the United Nations
on 13 April 1961, which had been preceded by the distribution of
the Cameroon "IVhite Book" to al1 the Members of the United

Nations. In expressing these complaints through its representative
Cameroon acted solely as a member of a collegiate organ of the
United Nations. Acting in this capacity it made statements of
intention designed to be combined with corresponding statements
by other members of the collegiate organ so as to shape the intention
of that organ and thereby the intention of the United Nations.
It took up a position from the viewpoint of the Organization;
it was guided not by its individual interest but by what it considered
to be the interest of the Orgariization.
From the forma1 standpoint quite another character must be
assigned tothe statements made on behalf of the Cameroon Govern-
ment by the French representative in the Trusteeship Council at
the meetings of 18 and 23 May 1960. The Government of Cameroon,
which was not yet a member of the Gnited Nations, and "which

would speak for itself when it tooli its seat in the General Assembly",
had requested France to make known its views on the subject of
the plehiscite. The reservations and desires expressed in the
Trusteeship Council by the French representative on behalf of
Cameroon no doubt represent statements made on behalf of a State
which was not yet a member of the Trusteeship Council as a
collegiate organ of the United Nations. None the lessthcsestatements
made through a State member of the Trusteeship Council were no
different in respect of their substantive character from the state-
ments made by France on its own behalf and by the other members
of the Trusteeship Council; they were no different from the state-
ments which Cameroon intended to make in the General Assembly
after its admission to the United Nations and which it did make

in the Fourth Committee on 13 April 1961. This was advance
participation in the activity of United Nations organs. There were
statements which likewise were prompted by the interest of the
United Nations and not by Cameroon's individual interest; they
were not therefore statements expressing on Cameroon's part a
protest which could give rise to a dispute between Cameroon and
the United Kingdom.

Nor can such a character be assigned to the communiqué published
by the Government of Cameroon on 31 Decen.ber 1960 or the
note verbale of 4 January 1961 by which this communiqué uTas
transmitted to the British Ernbassy in Yaoundé. As stated by the
note verbale, the communiqué set aut "the official views of the
Republic of Cameroon and will enable the Aministering Authority

fully to inform the people of the Territory under BritishAdministra-
tion before the plebiscite next February". The communiqué itself
124de février prochain ». Le communiqué en tant que tel était adressé
non pas à l'autorité administrante mais « au peuple frère du Came-
roun septentrional sous administration britannique » pour lui
proposer « de voter à l'unanimité pour la réunification avec la
République du Cameroun ». Le communiqué était transmis à
l'autorité administrante à seule fin de permettrà celle-ci d'informer
les populations du territoire sous tutelle britannique.Cela étant, il
est évident que les critiques contenues dans le préambule du com-
muniquépour ce qui concerne la conduitede l'autorité administrante
ne peuvent êtreregardées comme une protestation formelle adressée
par le Cameroun au Royaume-Uni.

Nous en arrivons ainsi à la note adressée leI~~ mai 1961 par le
ministre des Affaires étrangères du Cameroun au Foreign Ofice.
Cette note se réfère à un différend, en tant que différend déjà
existant entre le Cameroun et le Royaume-Vni, pour en proposer
la solution judiciaire. Nul doute que l'affirmation de l'une des
parties quant à l'existence d'un différend ne prouve pas que ce
différend existe réellement, parce que l'existence d'un différend
demande à êtreétablie objectivement. Dans le cas d'espèce, l'affir-
mation, contenue dans la note du Cameroun, qu'il y avait un diffé-
rend entre le Cameroun et le Royaume-'C'ni ne correspond pas, à
mon avis, à la situation réelletelle qu'elle existait aI~~mai 1961,

date de la note.
Il me semble toutefois que la note, tout en se référant à un
différendaffirmé commedéjàexistant et enréalitéencore inexistant,
exprime, d'une façon très claire bien qu'indirecte, le point de vue
du Cameroun quant à la conduite suivie par le Royaume-Uni dans
l'exercice de la tutelle sur le Cameroun septentrional. Le Cameroun
se plaint de différents comportements de la part du Royaume-Uni:
des mêmescomportements qui feront ensuite l'objet de la requête
devant la Cour. On a déjà vu que ces comportements, en tant que
comportements commissifs ou tout au moins omissifs, sont tous

postérieurs au I~~ janvier 1960, date de naissance du Cameroun
en tant qu'Etat indépendant. Aussi s'agit-il de comportements
susceptibles de léser un intérêtqui pourrait êtreconsidérépar le
Cameroun comme un intérêtlui étant propre. Il résulte de la note
du ~er mai 1961 que le Cameroun considère qu'il y a réellement eu
une telle lésion.Ce qui revient à dire que ladite note contient une
protestation susceptible de se combiner avec l'attitude contraire du
Royaume-LTni, contre laquelle la protestation est adressée, pour
donner naissance àun différend.Je suis par conséquent d'avis qu'un
différend existe entre le Cameroun et le Royaume-Uni depuis le
~ermai 1961.

Etant donné qu'il s'agit d'un différend résultant non pas d'une
prétention suivie d'une contestation, mais plutôt d'une conduite
suivie d'une protestation contre cette conduite, la réponse donnée
le 26 mai 1961 par le Royaume-Uni à la note du Cameroun n'entre
pas en ligne de compte en tant qu'élément constitutif du différend;was addressed not to the Administering Authority but to the
"brother people of the Northern Cameroons under British ad-
ministration" and proposed to it that it "vote unanimoiisly for the
reunification with the Republic of Cameroon". The communiqué
was transmitted to the Administering Authority for the sole
purpose of enabling it to inforin the people of the Territory under
British administration. This being so, it is clear that the criticisms
contained in the preamble of the communiqué, in respect of the

conduct of the Administering Authority, cannot be regarded as a
forma1 protest addressed by Cameroon to the United Kingdom.

\.lie thus come to the note of I May 1961 from the Cameroon
Minister for Foreigri Affairs to the Foreign Office. This note refers
to a dispute, as an already existing dispute between Cameroon
and the United Kingdom, and proposes its judicial settlement.
It is beyond doubt that the assertion by one of the parties of
the existence of a dispute does not prove that such a dispute reaUy
exists, because the existence of a dispute requires to be established
objectively. In the present case the assertion in Cameroon's note
that there was a dispute between Cameroon and the United King-
dom does not in my opinion correspond to the real situation as it
existed on I May 1961, the date of the note.

It seems to me, however, that the note, though referring to a
dispute asserted to be already in existence and in fact stil non-
existent, does express, very clearly although indirectly, the point
of view of Cameroon with regard to the conduct of the United
Kingdom in the performance of its trusteeship for the Northern
Cameroons. Cameroon complains of various courses of conduct on
thepart of the United Kingdom which are the same as those which
were later to be the subject of the Application to the Court. It lias
already been seen that these courses of conduct, as acts or at least
omissions, are al1 subsequent to I January 1960, the date of the
emergence of Cameroon as an independent State. They are thus
courses of conduct which could be detrimental to an interest

which might be regarded by Cameroon as its own interest. It
appears from the note of I May 1961 that Cameroon considered
that such detriment Iiad really occurred. This is tantamount to
saying that the note contains a protest which could, in combination
with the contrary attitude of the United Kingdom against which
the protest is directed, give rise to a dispute. 1 am consequently of
the opinion that a dispute has existed between Cameroon and
the Lnited Kingdom since IMay 1961.
Since this is a dispute arising not from a claim followed by a
denial but rather from a course of conduct followed by a protest
against that conduct, the United Kingdom's reply of 26 May 1961
to Cameroon's note is not relevant as a constituent element of theelle n'a par conséquent aucune importance pour établir le moment
de la naissance du différend.

7. Aucune influence quant à l'existence ou à l'inexistence du
différend ne peut être reconnue à la résolution de l'Assemblée
généraledu 21 avril 1961.Le Royaume-Uniinvoque cette résolution
et affirme qu'elle a eu pour effet, en réglant la question, soit de
mettre fin à un différenddéjà existant, soit d'empêcherla naissance
d'un différend.
Je suis d'avis que la résolution de l'Assembléegénéraleen tant

que telle n'a régléet ne pouvait régler aucun différend entre des
États tels que le Cameroun d'un côtéet le Royaume-Uni de l'autre,
mêmesi ce différend pouvait êtreconsidéré commedéjà existant à
cette époque, ce qui, selon moi, doit êtrenié.
A part cela, il faut faire remarquer que lerèglement d'un différend,
en tant qu'opération juridique, produit bien pour les parties des
effets juridiques, dont le juge qui serait saisi par la suite d'une
demande visant à la solution du mêmedifférenddevrait sans doute
tenir compte. Mais le règlement d'un différend n'a en soi aucune
influence directe sur l'exist~nce du différend en tant que situation
de fait dans laquelle deux Etats peuvent se trouver. A ce point de

vue, la notion susceptible de jouer est une notion autre que celle de
règlement ou de solution juridique du différend; c'est la notion,
bien différente, d'extinction ou de cessation en fait du différend. Un
différend peut continuer en fait malgré sa solution juridique; un
différend dont la cessation en fait est intervenue à la suite de sa
solution juridique ou même indépendamment de toute solution
juridique peut bien renaître en fait.
Tout cela prouve que la résolution de l'Assembléegénéraledu
21 avril1961, quels que fussent ses effets juridiques, ne pouvait
opérer directement I'extinction en fait d'un différend qui aurait
existé à ce moment-là entre le Cameroun et le Royaume-Uni. A
plus forte raison, la même résolution nepouvait empêcherla nais-
sance, par la suite, d'un différendentre lesdits Etats. Pour la rece-

vabilité de la demande, il suffit de constater qu'un différendexistait
en fait entre le Cameroun et le Royaume-Uni au moment où la
requêtedevant la Cour a été introduite.
8. C'est en partant d'une certaine notion du différendinternatio-
nal que je suis arrivé à la conclusion d'après laquelle un différend

existait réellement entre la Cameroun et le Royaume-Uni à la date
du dépôt de la requête. Pour nier l'existence d'un tel différend, il
faudrait partir d'une notion du différend international plus étroite
que celle que j'estime exacte et que j'ai déjàénoncée(supra, par. 4).
Il faudrait penser qu'un différend ne pourrait avoir pour objet
qu'une conduite future de l'une des parties et par conséquent, pour
ce qui concerne l'autre partie, le différend pourrait résulter uni-
quement d'une prétention et non pas d'une protestation.dispute; it is therefore of no importance with a view to determining
the date of origin of the dispute.

7. The General Assembly's resolution of 26 April 1961 cannot be
recognized as having any influence with regard to the existence or
non-existence of the dispute. The United Kingdom relies on this
resolution and states that by settling the question it had the
effect either of putting an end to an already existing dispute or of
preventing a dispute arising.
1 am of opinion that the General Assembly's resolution as such
did not and could not settle any dispute between States such as
Cameroon on the one hand and the United Kingdom on the other,
even if this dispute could be regarded as already in existence at
that time which, in my view, must be denied.
Apart from this, it must be observed that the settlement of a
dispute as a legal operation produces legal effects for the parties
which must no doubt be taken into account by any court subse-
quently seised of a request for the resolution of the same dispute.
But the settlement of a dispute has not initself any direct influence

on the existence of the dispute as a factual situationin which two
States may find themselves. In this connection the relevant concept
is something other than the legal settlement or resolution of a
dispute; it is the very different concept of extinction or de facto
cessation of the dispute. A dispute may continue in fact despite
its legal resolution; a dispute whosedefacto cessation has occurred
pursuant to its legal resolution or even independently of any legal
resolution may recur as a matter of fact.

Al1 this shows that whatever the legal effects of the General
Assembly resolution of 21 April 1961 it could not directly bring
about the extinction in fact of any dispute which might at that
time have existed between Cameroon and the United Kingdom.
A fortiori,the resolution could not prevent a dispute arising
subsequently between the States concerned. For the claim to be
admissible it is sufficient to find that there vTasin fact a dispute
between Cameroon and the United Kingdom at the time when
proceedings were instituted before the Court.

8. It is on the basis of a certain conception of an international
dispute that 1 have reached the conclusion that there really was a
dispute between Cameroon and the United Kingdom at the date
of filing of the Application. Inrder to deny the existence of such
a dispute it would be necessary to start from a conception of an
international dispute narrower than that which 1 consider correct,
and which 1 have already set out (see above, para. 4). It would be
necessary to consider that a dispute could have as its suhject only

a future course of conduct by one of the parties and that conse-
quently, as far as the other party is concerned, the dispute could
result solely from a claim and not froni a protest. Une fois adoptée cette conception étroite du différend, il suffirait
de constater que dans le cas d'espècele Cameroun n'a jamais avancé
aucune prétention se rapportant à la conduite à suivre de la part
du Royaume-Uni à l'avenir, que le Cameroun en particulier n'a
jamais prétendu à une réparation quelconque. 11ne suffirait pas,
bien entendu, de constater qu'aucune réparation n'a étédemandée
dans la requête. Etant donné qu'un procès peut avoir pour objet
non pas un différend dans son ensemble, mais uniquement une.
question dont la solution est nécessaire pour le règlement du diffé-
rend, le fait que dans une requêteon ne demande que la constatation

de la violation n'exclut pas qu'un différend existe pour ce qui
concerne la réparation. Mais, dans le cas d'espèce, il n'existe pas de
différend ayant justement pour objet la réparation, puisque le
Cameroun n'a jamais prétendu, même avant la requête, à une
réparation quelconque.

g. Je voudrais souligner ici l'importance décisive que, pour
déclarer une demande recevable ou au contraire irrecevable, il faut
attacher à la façon dont on conçoit le différend international.
Si l'on adopte la notion de différend la plus large (et,mon avis,
la plus exacte) et que l'on reconnaît qu'un différend peut avoir pour
objet la conduite passéede l'une des parties, nul doute qu'un diffé-
rend ayant ce caractère, en tant que différend réellement existant,
soit susceptible d'êtreréglépar la voie judiciaire et que par consé-
quent la demande visant à un tel règlement doive être déclarée

recevable.
Cela n'aurait pas de sens que de poser la question de l'utilité
de la décision et,partant, de l'intérêtpour la partie à la demander.
La réponse à une telle question serait bien facile: puisqu'un diffé-
rend est considérécomme existant, l'utilité de la décision réside
justement dans le règlement même du différend. La décision dont
il s'agit produit sans aucun doute des effets juridiques; elle produit
précisémentles effets juridiques propres àla chose jugée, consistant
à obliger les partiesà considérer le différend comme tranché d'une
certaine façon. Ces effets se produisent pour l'avenir. Bien que la
conduite de l'une des parties formant l'objet de la décision soit
une conduite passée, l'effet juridique de la décision, c'est-à-dire
l'obligation qui en découle pour les parties, concerne la conduite
future de celles-ci.
Les effets de la décisionpeuvent se manifester mêmepar rapport
à un différend autre que celui qui a fait l'objet de la décision dont

il s'agit: par exemple, par rapport à un différend qui pourrait
s'éleverpar la suite pour ce qui concerne l'obligation de réparation
se rattachant àla conduite dont le caractère illicite (ou licite) a été
constaté dans la décision. Comme on le voit, la décision est bien
susceptible d'une application effective. Aussi la décision demandée
par le Cameroun dans le cas d'espèce serait-elle susceptible d'être Orice this narrow conception of a dispute had been adopted, it
would be sufficient to find that in the present case Cameroon has
never put forward any claim relatirig to a course of conduct to be
adopted by the tTnited Kingdom in the future, and that, in par-
ticular, Cameroon has never claimed any reparation. It woiild of
course not be sufficient to find that no reparation has been asked
for in the Application. As a suit may have as its subject not a.
dispute as a whole but solely a question the resolution of which
is necessary for the settlement of the dispute, the fact that in an
application only a finding of the violation is asked for does not
exclude the existence of a dispute as regards reparation. Homever,

in the present case, there is no dispute at al1with reparation as its
subject, since even before the Application Cameroon never sought
any reparation v~l~atever.

9. 1 should like now to emphasize the decisive importance, for
the purpose of declaring a claim admissible or on the contrary
inadmissible, which must be attached to the way in which an
international dispute is conceived of.
If the wider, and in my view more correct concept of dispute is
adopted,and if it is admitted that a dispute may indeed have as its
subject the past conduct of one of the parties, there is no doubt
that a dispute of this nature, as a really existing dispute, can be
settled by judicial means and that consequently a claim for such
settlement must be declared admissible.

There would be no point in raising the question of the usefulness

of the decision and hence of the party's interest in asking for it.
The answer to such a question would be very easy: since a dispute
isregarded as existing, the usefulness of thedecision resides precisely
inthe very settlement of the dispute. Such a decision hasundoubted
legal effects; it produces precisely the specific legal effects of res
judicata which consist of placing an obligation on the parties to
regard the dispute as having been settled in a particular way. These
effectsare produced for the future. Although the conduct by one of
the parties which is the subject of the decision is past conduct, the
legal effect of the decision, that is to Say the obligation deriving
from it for the parties, concerns their future conduct.

The effects of the decision may become apparent even in relation
to a dispute other than that which was the subject of the decision
in question; for example, in relation to a dispute which might
subsequently arise in respect of the obligation to make reparation
in connection with the conduct declared unla\vful (or lawful) in the

decision. It thus appears that the decision can indeed have an
effective application. Thus the decision requested by Cameroon in
the present case would be capable of being applied (in the sense 1
127appliquée (dans le sens que je viens d'indiquer) soit par la Cour
elle-même, soit par un autre tribunal quelconque qui serait saisi,
par la suite, d'une demande en réparation.

IO. Tout cela si l'on part de la notion de différendla plus large et
la plus correcte. Si au contraire, sur la base d'une conception plus

étroite du différend,on excluait qu'un différend puisse avoir unique-
ment pour objet la conduite passée de l'une des parties, il n'y
aurait qu'à tirer toutes les conséquences logiques de cette con-
ception. Il faudrait exclure la possibilité d'un jugement sur le
fond dans tous les cas où l'on discute uniquement de la conduite
passée de l'une des parties. Un tel jugement serait en effet sans
objet, étant donnéqu'il n'existerait aucun différend.

Voilà la seule conclusion logique à laquelle on pourrait aboutir.
Il serait, au contraire, illogique de vouloir introduire des distinctions
limitant en quelque sorte la portée de la conclusion que l'on vient
d'indiquer. 11 n'est pas possible, en particulier, de distinguer
(comme on a tenté de le faire) entre le cas d'une conduite non

susceptible de se reproduire (telle que la conduite reprochée dans
l'espèce au Royaume-Uni, étant donné que la tutelle a pris fin) et
le cas d'une conduite qui, bien que passée,serait susceptible de se
reproduire à l'avenir; et cela pour reconnaître dans ce deuxième
cas l'utilité d'une décision et par conséquent la possibilité de la
rendre. D'où la possibilité, par exemple, d'un jugement constatant
une violation de souveraineté, en raison de l'utilité qu'un tel juge-
ment pourrait avoir au cas où une violation nouvelle viendrait à
se produire.
Il s'agirait toutefois d'une utilité toutà fait illusoire, compte
tenu des limites objectives de la chose jugée résultant de l'article
59 du Statut de la Cour, d'après lequel la décision n'est obligatoire
que «dans le cas qui a éti:décidé n.Le jugement concernant la

conduite passéen'aurait pas force de chose jiigéepar rapport à la
conduite future, qui serait nécessairement différente de la conduite
formant l'objet de la décision, bien que plus ou moins similaire à
celle-ci. La décision n'aurait de valeur par rapport à la conduite
future que pour ce qui concerne les motifs qui j7sont énoncés:une
valeur par conséquent semblable à celle qui est attachée à un avis
consultatif. D'autre part, on ne pourrait non plus parler logique-
ment de chose jugée par rapport à la conduite passée, car Q cet
égardla décisionserait sans objet.

11s'agirait alors d'une bien étrange décision:d'une décisionqui,
bien que dépourvue d'objet en tant que décision judiciaire, serait

également prononcée en raison de la prétendue utilité qu'elle
pourrait avoir non pas comme décision judiciaire, mais uniquement
pour les motifs sur la base desquels elle serait prononcée.l s'agirait
128have described) either by the Court itself or by any other tribunal

subsequently seised of a claim for reparation.

IO. The foregoing depends on starting from the broader and more
correct concept of dispute. If on the contrary, on the basis of a
narrower concept of dispute, the possibility of a dispute having as
its subject solely the past conduct of one of the parties is excluded,
there would be no other course than to draw al1 the logical con-
clusions from such a conception. In every case in which only the
past conduct of one of the parties is in issue it would be necessary
to exclude the possibility of judgment on the merits. Such a judg-
ment would in fact be without object, since there would be no
dispute at al1in existence.
This is the only logical conclusion which could be reached. It
would be illogical on the contrary to seek to make distinctions by
circumscribing in some way the scope of the conclusion which has
just been setout. In particular it is not possible to make a distinction
(as has been attempted) between a cour-seof conduct which cannot

recur (such as the conduct in which the United Kingdomis claimed
to be at faiilt in the present case, cince the trusteeship has been
terminated) and conduct hi ch, although past, could recur in the
future, the piirpose of suc11 a distinction being to admit in the
second case the usefulness of a decision and hence the possibility of
giving it. From this is derived, for example, the yossibility of a
judgment finding a breach of sovereignty, byvirtue of the usefulness
which such a judgment could have in the case of a further breach
occurring.
This w~iild houever be iisefi~lnessof a quite illusory sort, having
regard to the objective limitations on ./es ptdicata arising from
Article 59 of the Court's Statute, according to which the decision
has no binding force except "in respect of that particular case" in
which the decision is given. The jiidgrnent concerning a past course
of conduct would not have the force of yes judicatn in respect of
future courses of conduct, which would necessarily be different
from the course oi conduct forming the subject of the decision
althougii more or less siniiiar io iInconnection with future courses

of conduct the decision would be of value only in respect of the
reasons given for it: its value nrould hence be analogous tc that
attaching to an advisory opinion. Moreover, it woiild not logically
be possible io sp~ak of rcs jztdicata in connection with the past
course of conduct either, becauçe, in this connection, the judgment
would be without object.
This then would be a niost stfange decision: one which though
devoid of object as a judicial decjsion ~voiildhave been delivered
because of an alleged usefi;lness which it might have not as a
judicial decision but solely because of the reasons on the basis on
which it was given. It would be something having only the mere
128de quelque chose n'ayant que la simple apparence d'un jugement;
de quelque chose qui, dans sa substance, ne serait qu'un avis
consultatif.

II.Tout ce que je viens de dire doit amener à rejeter le point de
départ, à savoir la conception étroite du différend.

En réalité, iln'y a aucune raison de distinguer entre la conduite
passée et la conduite future en tant qu'objets possibles d'un diffé-
rend. Il y a un différendnon seulement dans le cas de la prétention,
où l'une des parties exige que son intérêtsoit réalisééventuellement
par une certaine conduite de l'autre partie; mais aussi dans le cas
de la protestation, où l'une des parties affirme que son intérêt
aurait dû êtreréalisépar une conduite de l'autre partie contraire à
celle qui a étésuivie en fait. Entre la prétention et la protestation
il n'y a aucune différence substantielle. La protestation n'est en
réalitéqu'une prétention se rapportant au passé.
C'est de cette façon seulement que l'on peut expliquer les divers
jugements qui sesont prononcés uniquement sur la conduite passée
de l'une des parties, tels que les arrêts nos 7 et 49 rendus par la
Cour permanente dans les affaires de la Haute-Silésieet du Territoire

deMemel, aussi bien que l'arrêtrendu par la Cour internationale de
Justice en 1949 dans l'affaire du Détroit deCorjou.
Dans le premier de ces arrêts,la Cour permanente a déclarétout
simplement que certaines mesures prises par les autorités polonaises
étaient contraires à des dispositions conventionnelles (C. P.J. I.,
série A no 7, pp. 81-82). De mêmel'arrêt relatif au Territoire de
Memel, dans quelques-uns des points de son dispositif, a constaté
la conformité de certains actes et la non-conformité d'autres actes
du Gouvernement de Lithuanie avec le statut du territoire de
Memel (C.P.J. I., sérieA/B no 49, pp. 337-338). Enfin, dans l'arrêt
relatif à l'affaire du Détroitde Corjoz~,la Cour internationale de
Justice a dit que par certaines actions de sa marine de guerre le
Royaume-Uni n'avait pas violéla souveraineté de l'Albanie, tandis

que par certaines autres actions le Royaume-Uni avait violé la
souveraineté de l'Albanie, ((cette constatation par la Cour cons-
tituant en elle-mêmeune satisfactioiî appropriée ))(C.1.J. Recueil
1949, P. 36).
Nul doute que les arrêts que je viens de citer aient tous force
de chose jugée: cela, bien entendu, pour ce qui concerne le point
faisant l'objet de la décision, à savoir le caractère licite ou illicite
d'une certaine conduite (nécessairement passée). 11n'est pas pos-
sible de parler de chose jugée en ce qui concerne l'interprétation
des règles de droit sur la base desquelles ladite conduite a été
appréciée, cette interprétation ne constituant qu'un des motifs
sur les que!^la décision est fondée. Il n'est pas possible non plus
de lire dans les arrêtsque j'ai citésce que ces arrêtsne contiennent
pas du tout, à savoir une interdiction d'accomplir des actes simi-

lairesà l'avenir. JCDG. 2 XII63 (SEP. OPIN.JCTDGE MORELLI) 140

appearance of a judgment ;something which in substance would be
no more than an advisory opinion.

II. The foregoing must lead to the rejection of its starting point,
namely the narrow concept of dispute.
In reality there is no reason to make a distinction between past
and future courses of conduct as the possible subject of a dispute.
There is a dispute not only in the case of a claim, where one of the
parties demands that its interest should be achieved, possibly

through a certain course of conduct by the other party, but also in
the case of a protest, where one of the parties asserts that its
interest should have been achieved through a course of conduct
by the other party contrary to that in fact adopted. There is no
substantive differencebetween the claim and the protest. A protest
is really only a claim with relation to the past.

It is only in this way that it is possible to explain the various
judgments which have been given solelyon a past course of conduct
by one of the parties, such as Judgments Nos. 7 and 49 by the
Permanent Court in the Polish Upper Silesia and Memel Territory
cases, and the Judgment by the International Court of Justice
in the Corfu Channel case in 1949.
In the first of these Judgments the Permanent Court quite

simply declared that certain measures by the Polish authorities
were contrary to the provisions of a convention (P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 7, pp. 81-82).Similarly in certain of the operative provisions of
the Judgment relating to the Memel Territory, the Court found that
certain acts of the Government of Lithuania were in conformity with
the Statute of the Memel Territory and that others were not
(P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 49, pp. 337-338).Finally, inthe Judgment
in the Corfu Chaqznelcase, the International Court of Justice gave
judgment that by certain acts of the British Navy the United
Kingdom did not violate the sovereignty of Albania, whereas by
certain other acts the United Kingdom did violate the sovereignty
of Albania, "and that this declaration by the Court constitutes in
itself appropriate satisfaction" (I.CJ.Reports 1949 ,. 36).

There is no doubt that the Judgments cited above al1 have the
force of res judicata in respect, of course, of the point forming the
subject of the decision, namely the lawful or unlawful character of
a certain course of (necessarily past) conduct. It is not possible to
speak of res jzcdicatain connection with the interpretation of the
rules of 1a.won the basis of which that conduct was appraised, this
interpretation being only a reasoq on which the decision was based.
Nor is it possible in these Judgments to read into them something
which they do not at al1contain, namely a prohibition on the per-
formance of simijar acts in the future. L'affaire relative à la Haute-Silésie présente à cet égard un inté-
rêt tout particulier. Certaines mesures prises par les autorités
polonaises ayant étédéclarées illicites par l'arrêt no 7, l'Allemagne
s'est fondée sur cette déclaration ayant force de chose jugée pour
adresser à la Cour permanente une nouvelle requêteen vue d'ob-
tenir une indemnisation (voir sur cette requête l'arrêt no 8 en l'af-

faire de l'Usine de Chorzo'w).C'est précisément l'hypothèse que
j'ai déjà indiquée (supra, par. g),à savoir l'hypothèse où une dé-
cision ayant pour objet une certaine conduite passée de l'une
des parties qualifiée d'illicite est utilisée, en tant que chose jugée,
en vue de la solution d'un autre différend ayant pour objet une
réparation prétendue.
La portée et les effets de l'arrêt no 7 ont étéensuite précisés
par la Cour permanente elle-même dans son arrêt no II. Après
avoir constaté que la. conclusion atteinte dans l'arrêt no 7 quant
au caractère illicite de l'attitude du Gouvernement polonais ((est
maintenant, sans conteste, passée en force de chose jugée N, l'ar-
rêt no II déclare:

((L'arrêtno 7 de la Cour est de la natüre d'un jugement déclara-
toire qui, selon son idée, estdestànfaire reconnaître une situation
de droit une fois pour toutes et avec effet obligatoire entre les
Parties, en sorte que la situation jxridique ainsi fixée nepuisse
plus êtremise en discussion, pource qui est des conséquencesjuri-
diques qui en découlent.1(C.P.J. I., sérieA no13, p.20.)

De ce passage ressort très clairement l'idée que la chose jugée
produit ses effets dans le futur, mêmesi elle concerne, comme dans
le cas dont il s'agissait, la qualification d'une conduite passée.
Pour ce qui est de l'affaire di1 DÉfroifde Corfou, il y a une re-
marque à faire concernant la façon dont se présentait le différend
soumis à la Cour. L'Albanie avait Sien demandé une réparation

(sous la forme d'une satisfaction) et par conséquent le différend
concernait, à ce point de vue, la conduite future du Royaume-Uni.
Toutefois la Cour n'a pas fait droit à cette prétention de l'Albanie,
ce qui ne l'a pas empêchéede constater dans le dispositif de son
arrêt le caractère illicite de lacnduite du Royaume-Uni. Par ail-
leurs, il faut se demander ce qui se serait passé si l'Albanie avait
dès le début adopté, pour ce qui concerne la réparation, une.rttti-
tude correspondant à celle qui devait être suivie par la Cour, en
s'abstenant de demander aiicuile satisfaction autre que celle
constituée par la constatation mê~ne de la violation. Il me semble
difficile de penser que, dans un cas pareil, la Cour aurait refusé
de faire ce qu'elle a fait,à savoir de constater la violation, sous
prétexte que, à défaut de toute prétention à une réparation quel-

conque, il n'y avait aucun différend à rkgler. In this connection the Polish Upfier Silesia case is of very special
interest. Certain measures by the Polish authorities having been
declared unlawful in Judgment No. 7,Germany based itself on this
declaration with force of resjudicata to submit a further Application
to the Permanent Court for reparation (for this Application see
Judgment No. 8, Chorzo'wFactory case). This is precisely the

hypothesis to which 1 have already referred (see above, para. g),
namely the hypothesis in which a decision on the subject of a certain
course of past conduct by one of the parties which has been charac-
terized as unlawful is used, as res judicata, with a view to the
settlement of another dispute the subject of which is a claim for
reparation.
The scope and effects of Judgment No. 7 were subsequently
defined by the Permanent Court itself in its Judgment No. II.
After finding that the conclusion reached in Judgment No. 7 as to
the unlawful character of the attitude of the Polish Government
"has now indisputably acquired the force ofres judicatn" Judgment
No. II declared:

"The Court's Judgment No. 7 is in the nature of a declaratory
judgment, the intention of which is to ensure recognition of a
situation at law, once and for al1and with binding force as between
the Parties; so that the legal position thus established cannot
again be called in question in so far as the legal effects ensuing
therefrom are concerned." (P.C.I. J.,Series A, No. 13, p. 20.)

From this passage there very clearly emerges the idea that res
judicata produces its effects in the future even if it concerns, as in
that case, the characterization of a course of past conduct.
As regards the Corfu Channel case, something should be said of
the physiognomy of the dispute submitted to the Court. Albania had
indeed asked for reparation (in the form of satisfaction) and conse-
quently from this standpoint the dispute related to a future course
of conduct by the United Kingdom. The Court did not uphold this
claim by Albania; but this did not prevent the Court, in the oper-
ative part of its Judgment, declaring the unlau~ful nature of the

United Kingdom's conduct. Moreover the question arises as to
what would have happened if Albania had from the beginning
adopted in the matter of reparation an attitude corresponding to
that which was subsequently to be taken by the Court, and had
refrained from asking for any satisfaction other than that consti-
tuted by the declaration of the violation itself. It would seem
difficult to suppose that in such a case the Court would have
declined to do what it did do, namely declare the violation, on the
grounds that in the absence of any claim for reparation there was
no dispute to settle. I. Une fois reconnu que la demande est recevable, parce qu'un
différend existe réellement entre le Cameroun et le Royaume-Uni,

il s'agit de voir si ce différend est soumis à la juridiction de la
Cour.
La juridiction de la Cour est affirmée par le Cameroun sur la
base de l'article19de l'accord de tutelle pour le territoire du Came-
roun sous administration britannique approuvé par l'Assemblée
générale desNations Unies le 13 décembre 1946.
Cet accord a étéconclu entre le Royaume-Uni, d'un côté, et
l'organisation des Nations Unies agissant par l'entremise de l'As-
semblée générale, del'autre. Or, si un tel accord tirait uniquement
sa valeur du droit international général,ses effets ne se produiraient
que pour les parties: pour le Royaume-Uni, d'une part, et pour

l'Organisation des Nations Unies, de l'autre. On pourrait regarder
l'organisation soit comme. un sujet, de droit distinct des Etats
Membres. soit comme un urouDL d'Etats titulaires de droits sub-
jectifs et de pouvoirs juridiques qu'ils ne pourraient exercer que
collectivement par la voie d'organes donnés, à savoir les organes
des Nations Unies. Mais, que l'on suive l'une ou l'autre des deux
constructions théoriques que je viens d'indiquer, les conséquences
pratiques ne changent pas.
Or, si les effets de l'accord de tutelle étaient limités aux deux
parties de cet accord, cela obligerait, en premier lieu, à concevoir
toutes les règles matérielles poséespar l'accord (mêmela règle de

l'article g concernant l'égalitéde traitement et la règle de l'ar-
ticle13 concernant les missionnaires) comme des règles créant, à
la charge du Royaume-Vni, des obligations à l'égardde l'organisa-
tion et non pas à l'égarddes Etats Membres considérésindividuel-
lement. En deuxième lieu, il ne serait pas possible de concevoir
l'article 19 comme une véritable clause juridictionnelle, étant
donné que la juridiction de la Cour ne saurait êtrefondéeque sur
une règle valable pour l'une et pour l'autre des Parties au litige.
L'article 19 ne pourrait êtreconqu que comme une clause compro-
missoire ayant des caractères particuliers: c'est-à-dire comme une
clause faisant une obligation au Royaume-Uni, àl'égarddes Nations

Unies, de conclure avecun Etat Membre, et à la demande de celui-ci,
un compromis visant à soumettre à la Cour un différend donné.
Toutefois les conséquences que je viens d'indiquer doivent être
écartéespour la raison que les accords de tutelle sont envisagés non
seulement par le droit international général,mais aussi par une
règle de droit particulier qui résulte implicitement de la Charte.
C'est en vertu de cette règle que les accords de tutelle sont sus-
ceptibles de produire leurs effets non seulement pour les parties à
l'accord, c'est-à-dire pour l'organisation et pour l'autorité char-
géede l'administration du territoire, mais aussi pour tous les Etats
Membres des Nations Unies considérés individuellement. I. Admitted that the claim is admissible, because there really
is a dispute between Cameroon and the United Kingdom, it is
necessary to consider whether such a dispute is subject to the
Court's jurisdiction.
Cameroon founds the jurisdiction of the Court on Article 19 of
the Trusteeship Agreement for the Territory of the Cameroons
under British Administration approved by the General Assembly

of the United Nations on 13 December 1946.
This Agreement was concluded between the United Kingdom on
the one hand and the Cnited Nations, acting through the General
Assembly, on the other. If this Agreement derived its value solely
from general international law, it would have effects only for the
parties to it, for the United Kingdom on the one hand and for the
United Nations on the other. The Organization might be regarded
either as a legal entity separate from the States Members, or as a
group of States possessing subjective rights and legal powers
exercisable only collectively through particular organs, namely
the organs of the United Nations. Whichever of these two theoretical
constructions is followed, the practical consequences are unchanged.

If the effects of the Trusteeship Agreement were confined to the
two parties to the Agreement this would in the first place make it
necessary to construe al1the material rules laid down in the Agree-
ment (even the rule in Article 9 concerning equality of treatment
and the rule in Article 13 concerning missionaries) as rules creating

obligations for the United Kingdom in respect of the Organization
and not in respect of the States Members considered individually.
Secondly, it would not be possible to construe Article 19 as a true
jurisdictional clause, since the Court's jurisdiction can be based
only on a rule which is valid for both parties to the dispute. Ar-
ticle 19 could be construed only as a compromissory clause with
special features: that is toay a clause binding the United Kingdom
vis-à-vis the United Nations to conclude with and at the request
of a State Member a special agreement for the submission of a
particular dispute to the Court.

However, the consequences 1 have just indicated must be set
aside because the trusteeship agreements are covered not only by
general international law but also by a rule of particular law
implicitly deriving from the Charter. It is by virtue of that rule
that the trusteeship agreements can produce their effects not only
for the parties to the agreement, namely the Organization and the

administering authority, but also foral1 the States Members of the
United Nations considered individually. Il s'ensuit, pour ce qui concerne en particulier l'article 19 de

l'accord de tutelle pour le territoire du Cameroun sous administra-
tion britannique, que cet article constitue une véritable clause
juridictionnelle :une clause donnant elle-mêmeàla Cour juridiction
pour connaître des différends qui y sont envisagés et conférant
en même temps un pouvoir d'action correspondant à tous les
Etats Membres des Nations Unies à l'égarddu Royaume-Uni.
Il n'est pas nécessaire de préciser à laquelle d'entre les sources
de juridiction viséesà l'article 36, paragraphe ~er,du Statut il faut
ramener la clause de l'article 19 de l'accord de tutelle et, en parti-
culier, si c'est la référenceà la Charte ou la référenceaux traités
et conventions en vigueur qui joue dans l'espèce. Il suffit de faire

remarquer qu'il est possible de donner une interprétation très large
de la disposition de l'article36, paragraphe I~~,du Statut; et cela
en raison du rôle purement négatif de cette disposition, rôle qui
consiste à ne pas réglerla matière de la juridiction de la Cour pour
laisser cette tâcheà d'autres règles setrouvant en dehors du Statut.
Ces règles peuvent être crééesd'une façon quelconque, pourvu
qu'il s'agisse d'une façon capable de leur donner effet pour toutes
les parties au litige soumis à la Cour.

2. Cela dit, il faut voir si le différendque le Cameroun demande à
la Cour de trancher est ou non compris dans la catégorie de diffé-
rends qui sont visés à l'article 19 de l'accord de tutelle. Il faut voir,
en particulier, si le différenddontil s'agit peut êtreconsidéré comme
un différendrelatif ((àl'interprétation ou à l'application des disposi-
tions ))de l'accord aux termes de l'article 19 de celui-ci.

Étant donné que l'article 19 se réfèreaux dispositions matérielles
de l'accord, il est nécessairepour établir la portée de la clause juri-

dictionnelle contenue dans cet article de considérer l'ensemble des
dispositions matérielles de l'accord.
Toutes ces dispositions créent des obligations à la charge du
Royaume-Uni. Mais elles doivent êtregroupées en deux catégories
distinctes suivant la direction des obligations qu'elles imposent,
c'est-à-dire suivant les sujets titulaires des droits correspondants
qu'elles confèrent.

3. Parmi les règles substantielles de l'accord de tutelle, il en est
quelques-unes (telles quela disposition de l'article 9 concernant l'éga-
litéde traitement et celledel'article 13concernant lesmiçsionnaires)
qui visent certains intérêtsindividuels des différents Etats Mem-
bres des Nations Unies. Les règles en question protègent ces inté-
rêtsindividuels par l'imposition, àla charge du Royaume-Uni, d'obli-
gations à l'égardde chacun des États Membres des Nations Uiiies
pris separément. Cela revient à dire que les mêmesrèglesconfèrent
aux Etats Membres des droits subjectifs que l'on peut qualifier

d'individuels non seulement dans le sens que ces droits peuvent
êtreindividuellement exercés, mais dans le sens aussi que, sur la So faras Article 19 of the Trusteeship Agreement for the Territory
of the Cameroons under Bristish Administration is concerned in
particular, it follows that that Article constitutes a true juris-
dictional clause itself conferring jurisdiction on the Court to deal
with the disputes contemplated therein and at the same time
conferring a corresponding right of action on al1 the States Mem-
bers of the United Nations in respect of the United Kingdom.
It is not necessary to state precisely to which of the sources of
jurisdiction provided for in Article 36 (1)of the Statute Article 19 of

the Trusteeship Agreement must be related: whether in particular
it is the reference to the Charter or the reference to treaties and
conventions in force which is operative in the present case. It is
sufficient to observe that it is possible to apply a very liberal con-
struction to the provision of Article 36 (1) of the Statute: this is
because of the purely negative role of such a provision, which does
not regulate the subject-matter of the Court's jurisdiction and leaves
this task to other rules outside the Statute. These rules may
be established in any manner whatever provided that they are
established in a way capable of giving them effect in respect of al1
the parties to the dispute submitted to the Court.

2. This having been said, it becomes necessary to consider
whether the dispute which Cameroon asks the Court to decide is
included or not in the category of disputes covered by Article 19
of the Trusteeship Agreement. It must in particular be considered
whether this dispute may be regarded as a dispute relating "to
the interpretation or application of the provisions" of the Agree-
ment within the meaning of Article 19.
Since Article 19refers to the material provisions of the Agreement

it is necessary in order to establish the scope of the jurisdictional
clause in that Article to examine the whole of the material provisions
of the Agreement.
Al1these provisions create obligations for the United Kingdom.
They must however be classified in two separate categories
according to the orientation of the obligations which they impose,
that is to say according to the subjects on which the corresponding
rights are conferred.

3. Among the substantive provisions of the Trusteeship Agree-
ment there are some (such as the provision in Article 9 concerning
equality of treatment and that in Article 13concerning missionaries)
which relate to the individual interests of the various States
Members of the United Nations. The provisions in question protect
these individual interests by iinposing on the United Kingdom
obligations vis-à-vis each of the States Members of the United
Nations separately. This amounts to saying that these provisions
confer on the States Rlembers subjective rights which may be
characterized as individual, not orily in the sense that these rights
may be individually exercised but also in the sense that, on thebase desdites règles,chaque État Membre peut exiger du Royaume-
Uni le comportement prévu uniquement pour ce qui concerne ses
propres ressortiss~nts et non pas pour ce qui concerne les ressortis-
sants des autres Etats Membres. II s'ensuit que, sauf le cas excep-
t?onnel d'une double nationalité, la possibilité est exclue que deux
Etats invoquent la mêmerèglede droit mais, donnant à cette règle
une interprétation divergente, exigent du Royaume-Uni, pour ce
qui concerne le mêmeindividu, deux comportements opposés.
Non seulement il faut nier pour les dispositions dont il s'agit un

droit subjectif appartenant aux Etats autres que celui dont l'in-
dividu est ressortissant, mais 11faut nier également qu'il existe à
cet égard un droit subjectif des Nations Unies. On peut très bien
reconnaître que, dans l'exercice de son pouvoir de contrôle pour ce
qui concerne la tutelle, il est possibleà l'organisation de s'intéres-
ser mêmeà la façon dont l'autorité administrante s'acquitte ou ne
s'acquitte pas des obligations découlant des dispositions que l'on
considère à présent. Mais il faut nier que ces dispositions confèrent
à l'Organisation un véritable droit subjectif qu'elle pourrajt exercer
mêmeà l'encontre de l'attitude gardée à cet égardpar 1'Etat dont
l'individu est ressortissant. C'est à cet Etat uniquement qu'ap-
partient le droit subjectif, droit subjectif dont le mêmeEtat peut
librement disposer.

4. A côtédes règles considéréesjusqu'ici, il y a dans l'accord de
tutelle d'autres règles substantielles qui sont sans doute les plus
importantes et qui concernent l'administration du territoire aussi

bien que le traitement des habitants de celui-ci. Cette deuxième
catégorie de règles substantielles vise $es intérêtsqui ne sont pas
des intérêtsindividuels des différents Etats Membres des Nations
Unies, mais qui sont plutôt des intérêtscollectifs, c'est-à-dire des
intérêtscommuns à tous les États Membres,
En général,les règles du droit international peuvent protéger les
intérêtscollectifs des États par des moyens différents. Lesdites
règlespeuvent, en premier lieu, conférerdes droits subjectifs à tous
les Etats intéressés,desorte que chacun de ces Etats peut individuel-
lement exiger le comportement prévu. Étant donné que, $ans cette
hypothèse, les droits subjectifs conférésaux différents Etats ont
tous pour objet le mêmecomportement et non pas des comporte-
ments distincts (comme dans le cas du traitement à accorder aux
ressortissants de différents Etats), il y a la possibilité deentions
opposées entre elles de la part de deux ou de plusieurs Etats qui
invoquent la même règlede droit, en donnant toutefois à cette
règle une interprétation divergente.

Cette éventualité est écartée lorsquele droit subjectif est conféré
noil pas à plusieurs États individuellement, mais à un sujet unique,
en particulierà une organisation internationale telle que l'Organisa-
tion des Nations Unies. Il va sans dire que, si l'on veut nier la per-
sonnalité juridique de l'organisation, il faut parler, dans cette hy-basis of these provisions, each State Member is entitled to require
from the United Kingdom the conduct provided for solely in
respect of its own nationals and not in respect of the nationals of
other States Members. It follows that apart from the exceptional
case of double nationality there is no possibility of two States,
relying on the same legal rule but giving different interpretations
to that rule, requiring of the Cnited Kingdom in respect of the
same individual two contrasting courses of conduct.
As regards these provisions not only is there no subjective right
vested in States other than the State of which the individual is a
national, but there is no subjective right vested in the United
Nations in this respect. It rnay well be recognized that, in the

exercise of its supervisory power in connection with the Trusteeship,
itis possible for the Organization to concern itself even with the
way in which the Administering Authority discharges or does not
discharge the obligations flowing from the provisions under con-
sideration. But it must be denied that these ~rovisions confer a
true subjective right on the Organization whiLh it could exercise
even against the attitude adopted in this respect by the State of
which the individual is a national. The subjective right is vested
in that State alone and it may freely dispose of it.

4. Alongside the provisions which have been considered up to
now there are other substantive provisions in the Trusteeship
Agreement which are doubtless the most important ones and relate
to the administration of the territory and the treatment of its
inhabitants. This second category of substantive provisions contem-

plates interests which are not individual interests of the various
States Members of the Gnited Nations but rather collective interests,
that is to Say interests common to al1the States Members.
In general therules of international law may protect the collective
interests of States by different means. Firstly, these rules may
confer subjective rights on al1the States concerned so that each of
them is individually entitled to demand the conduct provided for.
As in this eventuality the subjectiverights conferred on the various
States al1contemplate a single course of conduct and not separate
courses of conduct (as in the case of the treatment to be accorded
to the nationals of different States) there is the possibility of
conflicting claims on the part of two or more States relying on the
same legal rule but giving different interpretations to that rule.

This eventuality cannot occur when the subjective right is

conferred not on several States individually but on a single entity :
in particular, on an international organization such as the United
Nations. It is evident that if it is desired to deny the Organization
legal personality it would be necessary in that case to speak of
133pothèse, de droits subjectifs conférésnon pas à l'Organisation, en
tant quesujet unique, mais plutôt aux Etats Membres, bien entendu
aux États Membres considérésen tant que groupe et non pas indi-

viduellement. Si l'on accepte cette dernière conception,il faut penser
à un droit subjectif dont l'exercice est organisé d'une certaine
façon ; et cela dans le sens que le droit subjectif ne peut être exercé
par ses titulaires que collectivement, c'est-à-dire par la \,oie des
organes sociaux. En tout cas, quelle que soit la conception que l'on
préfère,on constate que l'État obligé setrouve toiijours en face de
l'organe social; c'est seulement l'organe social qui peut prétendre à
l'accomplissement de l'obligation, en agissant soit au nom de l'Or-
ganisation en tant que sujet unique, soit au nom des Etats Mem-
bres en tant que groupe. 11s'ensuit que toute possibilité de préten-
tions divergentes sur la base de la mêmerègle de droit est écartée.
C'est de cette façon qu'il faut concevoir, à mon avis, les règles
qui constituent l'essence même des accords de tutelle, en particulier

les règles qui se trouvent dans l'accord de tutelle pour le territoire
du Cameroun sous administration britannique et qui concernent
l'administration du territoire aussi bien que le traitement des
habitants de celui-ci.
Ces règles n'obligent le Royaume-Cni qu'à l'égard de l'organi-
sation des Kations Cnies; c'est uniquement à celle-ci que lesdites
règles confèrent des droits subjectifs. Cela revient à dire que l'ac-
complissement des obligations imposées au Royaume-Uni ne peut
êtreexigéque par l'Assemblée générale oupar le Conseil de tutelle
agissant soit au nom de l'Organisation, soit au nom des Etats
Membres en tant que groupe. Ce qu'on appelle le contrôle adminis-
tratif appartenant à ces organes n'est autre chose que l'exe~cice
des droits subjectifs conféréssoit à l'organiçation, soit aux Etats

Membres considéréscollectivement. Chaque Etat Membre considéré
individuellement n'a aucun droit subjectif découlant des règles
dont il s'agit. Par conséquent, il ne peut s'appuyer sur ces règles
pour avancer contre l'autorité administrante des prétentions, qui
pourraient être éventuellement en opposition avec l'attitude ,ob-
servée par l'Assembléegénéraleet par le Conseil de tutelle. L'Etat
Membre ne peut individuellement chercher à renverser les décisions
prises par ces organes.

j. Je pense que les remarques que je viens de faire quant aux
caractères des dispositions substantielles de l'accord de tutelle
sont nécessaires pour préciser exactement la portée de la clause
juridictionnelle de l'article19.
Cette clause envisage sans doute des différends ayant le caractère
de différends juridiques, c'est-à-dire des différends dans lesquels la

prétention ou la protestation de l'une des parties s'appuie sur une
raison juridique, à savoir sur l'affirmation de cette partie que sa
propre prétention ou protestation est conforme à des règles de droit.
Plus particulièrement, étant donné que l'article 19 se réfère aux
134subjective rights conferred not on the Organization as a single
entity but rather on the States Rlembers, considered, of course,
as a group and not individually. If this latter construction is
accepted it is necessary toconceive of a subjective right the exercise
of whicli is organized in a certain way, to the effect that the sub-
jective right could be exercised by those in whom it is vested only
collectively, that is to Say through the corporate organs. In any
case, whichever construction may be preferred, it will be found that
the State on which the obligation is placed is always faced with
the corporate organ;and only the corporate organ may require the
discharge of the obligatioil, acting either on behalf of the Organiza-
tion as a single entity or on behalf of the States Members as a
group. Thus there is no possibility of divergent claims on the basis
of the same legal rule.
It is in this way, in my view, that the provisions which constitute
the very essence of the trusteeship agreements must be construed:

in particular the provisions in the Trusteeship Agreement for the
Territory of the Cameroons under British Administration which
relate to the administration of the Territory and the treatment of
its inhabitants.
These provisions create an obligation for the United Kingdom
only vis-à-vis the United Kations and it is solely on the United
Nations that those provisions confer subjective rights. That is to
Say that discharge of the obligations placed on the Vnited Kingdom
can be demanded only by the General Assembly or by the Trustee-
ship Council acting either on behalf of the Organization or on
behalf of the States Members as a group. What has been called the
administrative supervision vested in these organs is no other than
the exercise of the subjective rights conferred either on the Organi-
zation or on the States Members considered collectively. There is no
subjective right flowing from the provisions in question for each
State Member considered individually. The State Jlember cannot
therefore rely on these provisions to make claims against the

Administering Authority, with the possibility of these claims
conflicting with the attitude adopted by the Gerieral Assembly
and by the Trusteeship Council. A State Rlember may not in-
dividually seek to overthroa the decisions taken by those organs.

5. The observations which 1 have just made concerning the
characteristics of the substantive provisions of the Trusteeship
Agreement are, 1 think, necessary for a precise statement of the
scope of the jurisdictional clause in Article 19.
No doubt this clause contemplates disputes having the charac-
teristic of legal disputes, that is to Say disputes in which the claim
or protest of one of the parties is based on a legal ground, namely
on the assertion by that party that its claim or protest is in ac-
cordance with legal rules. More particularly, since Article 19 refers
to the substantive provisions of the Agreement, it is necessary that

133dispositions substantielles de l'accord, il est nécessaire que la
partie affirme que sa prétention ou protestation est conforme à une
disposition substantielle de l'accord.
Il est toutefois évident qu'il ne suffit pas que la partie invoque
une disposition quelconque de l'accord; il est nécessaire que la
partie invoque plus spécifiquement un droit subjectif découlant
pour elle d'une disposition del'accord. En d'autres termes, pour qu'un

différend entre dans la catégorie des différends qui sont envisagés
à l'article19,il est nécessaire ou bien que la partie qui avance une
prétention contre l'autorité administrante affirme, sur la base d'une
disposition de l'accord, qu'elle a un droit subjectif à la conduite
de l'autorité administrante formant l'objet de la prétention, ou
bien que la partie qui élèveune protestation affirme que, par la
conduite faisant l'objet de cette protestation, l'autorité adminis-
trante a léséun droit subjectif de ladite partie découlant de l'accord
de tutelle.
Il n'y a là que l'application à l'accord de tutelle dont il s'agit
d'un principe qui joue pour toute clause juridictionnelle inscrite
dans un traité et se référantaux différendsrelatifsà l'interprétation
ou à l'application des dispositions dudit traité. Il est en effet
nécessaire, pour qu'un différend puisse êtreconsidéré commeen-

visagépar la clause, que la partie affirme un droit subjectif propre
découlant des dispositions du traité.
Qu'on se réfère à l'hypothèse d'un traité collectif dont les dispo-
sitions substantielless'adressent d'une façon uniforme à toutes. les
parties, tout en conférant aux différentes parties des droits sub-
jectifs ayant pour objet des comportements distincts de la part de
1'Etat obligé. Qu'on songe,par exemple, à l'obligation pour chaque
État contractant de traiter d'une certaine façon les ressortissants
de chacun des autres Etats contractants.
Il est bien sûr, dans cette hypothèse, que tous les États contrac-
tants peuvent invoquer la clause juridictionnelle à l'égard des
différends relatifsà l'interprétation ou à l'appli~ation~d'une dis-
position quelconque du traité. Toutefois, pour qu'un Etat puisse

invoquer la clause par rapport àun différenddonné,il est nécessaire
qu'il affirme sur la base des dispositions du traité l'existence d'un
droit subjectif qui lui soit propre. Si 1'Etat en question prétend
qbtenir un certain traitement pour les ressortissants d'un autre
Etat contractant, c'est-à-dire un comportement qu'il n'affirme pas
faire l'objet d'un droit qui lui soit propre, le différend reste en
dehors de la clause; et cela mêmesi référenceest faite à une dispo-
sition du traité en vertu de laquelle le comportement dont il s'agit
doit êtreconsidéré commeobligatoire.

6. Pour ce qui concerne l'accord de tutelle pour le territoire du
Cameroun sous administration britannique, nous avons vu que cet
accord contient des dispositions substantiellesconférant sans doute

aux États Membres des Nations Unies considérésindividuellement JUDG. 2 XII63 (SEP.OPIN. JÇDGE MOKELLI) 146

the party should assert that its claim or protest is in accordance
with a substantive provision of the Agreement.

It ir however evident that it does not suffice for the party to
rely on any provision whatever of the Agreement; it is necessary
that the party should more specifically rely on a subjective right
deriving for that party from a provision of the Agreement. In other
words, for a dispute to fa11within the category of disputes contem-
plated by Article 19 it is necessary either that the party advancing
a claim against the Administering Authority should assert on the

basis of a provision of the Agreement that it possesses a subjective
right to the course of conduct by the Administering Authority
which is the subject of the claim, or that the party making a protest
should assert that by the course of conduct which is the subject
of that protest the Administering Authority has injured a sub-
jective right of that party deriving from the Trusteeship Agreement.
This is but the application to the Trusteeship Agreement of a
principle which operates in respect of any jurisdictional clause in a
treaty which refers to disputes relating to the interpretation or
application of the provisions of that treaty. For a dispute to be
regarded as covered by the clause it is in fact necessary that the
party should assert a subjective right of its own deriving from the
provisions of the treaty.

Take the hypothesis of a collective treaty the substantive
provisions of which are directed uniformly at al1 the parties but
confer on the various parties subjective rights which contemplate
separate courses of conduct on the part of the State on which the
obligation is placed. Take for example an obligation on each
contracting State to treat the nationals of each of the other con-
tracting States in a certain way.
On this assumption it is quite certain that al1 the contracting
States may rely on the jurisdictional clause in respect of disputes
relating to the interpretation or application of any provision
whatever of the treaty. However, for a State to be able to rely on
the clause in respect of a particular dispute, it is necessary that it
should assert, on the basis of the provisions of the treaty, the

existence of a subjective right ofits own. If the State in question
claims a certain treatment for the nationals of another contracting
State, namely a course of conduct which it does not assert to be the
subject of a right of its own, the dispute falls outside the clause,
and this is true even if reference is made to a provision of the
treaty under which the course of conduct in question must be
regarded as obligatory.

6. As regards the Trusteeship Agreement for the Territory of the
Cameroons under British Administration we have seen that this
Agreement contains substantive provisions which undoubtedlv
confer on the States Members of the United Nations taken individ-

135des droits subjectifs à l'égarddu Royaume-Uni. 11est bien sûr, par
conséquent, qu'un différend dans lequel un Etat Membre des
Nations Unies affirme un droit subjectif découlant pour lui d'une
desdites dispositions (ce qui n'est possible que pour le traitement

des ressortissants de cet Etat) est un différend envisagé par la
clause juridictionnelle de l'article19.
Mais il y a les autres dispositions substantielles de l'accord, celles
qui concernent l'administration du territoire et le traitement des
habitants de celui-ci. Ces dispositionç, à mon avis, ne confèrent
aucun droit subjectif aux Etats Membres des Nations,Unies consi-
dérésindividuellement. Etant donné qu'aucun de ces Etats ne peut
invoquer individuellement un droit subjectif découlant des dispo-
sitions dont il s'agit,,il est impossible,à mon avis, d'envisager un
différend entre un Etat Membre et l'autorité administrante qui
puisse êtreconsidéré commerelatif auxdites dispositions de l'accord
de tutelle.
Je ne nie pas bien entendu la possibilité d'un différend entre un
État donné (Membredes Nations Unies ou mêmeétranger à celles-

ci), d'une part, et l'autorité administrante, de l'autre, différend
concernant précisément l'administration du territoire sous tutelle;
j'ai déjà dit au contraire qu'une telle hypothèse s'est justement
réaliséedans l'espèce. Je nie simplement qu'un tel différend puisse
être considéré comme un différend relatif à l'interprétation ou à
l'application de l'accord de tutelle; et cela pour la raison que, dans
ce différend, il n'est pas possible d'invoquer un droit subjectif
découlant de l'accord.
Il s'ensuit que la référencefaite par l'article 19 aux dispositions
substantielles de l'accord, pour déterminer la catégorie de différends
envisagés par cet article 19, est une référencequi est automati-
quement limitée à certaines dispositions de l'accord; et cela parce
qu'on ne peut concevoir qu'entre un Etat Membre considéréin-
dividuellen~ent et l'autorité administrante s'élève un différend

ayant le caractère d'un différend relatif à l'interprétation ou à
l'application d'autres dispositions de l'accord, c'est-à-dire des dis-
positions concernant l'administration du territoire.

Cette limitation de la référenceà certaines dispositions de l'accord
n'est en aucune façon contredite par les termes très larges de l'ar-
ticle 19. On y parle de <(Tout différend, quel qu'il soit ... »on ne
parle pas d'une disposition, quelle qu'elle soit, de l'accord. Il peut
s'agir d'un différend, quel qu'il soit, pourvu qu'un tel différend
soit relatifà l'interprétation ou à l'application des dispositions de
l'accord; ce qui, en vertu des raisons que j'ai indiquées, n'est
possible que pour une partie seulement des dispositions de l'accord.

7. Les termes de l'article 19, loin de la contredire, confirment la
thèse d'après laquelle un différend concernant l'administration du
territoire sous tutelle, bien que possible en fait, n'est pas un diffé-
136 JUDG. 2 XII 63 (SEP. OPIN. JUDGE ~IORELLI)
I47
ually subjective rights vis-&-vis the Vnited Kingdom. It is thus
quite certain that a dispute in which a State Member of the Cnited
Nations asserts a subjective right deriving for it from one of those
provisions (which is possible only in respect of the treatment of the
nationals of that State) is a dispute covered by the jurisdictional

clause of Article 19.
But there are other substantive provisions of the! Agreement,
those relating to the administration of the Territory and the
treatment of its inhabitants. In my view these provisions confer
no subjective right on the States Members of the United Nations
considered individually. As none of these States can rely individually
on a subjective right deriving from the provisions in question,
it is not in my view possible to contemplate a dispute between a
State Member and the Administering Authority which could be
considered as relating to those provisions of the Trusteeship
Agreement.
1 do not of course deny the possibility of a dispute between a
particular State (whether a Member of the Cnited Nations or not)
on the one hand, and the Administering Authority on the other, and
relating precisely to the administration of the Trust Territory;

on the contrary, 1 have already said that this eventuality is just
what has occurred in the present case. 1 merely deny that such a
dispute could be regarded as a dispute relating to the interpretation
or application of the Trusteeship Agreement, because in such a
dispute it is not possible to rely on a subjective right deriving from
the Trusteeship Agreement.
It follows that the reference in Article 19 to the substantive
provisions of the Agreement for the purpose of determining the
categories of disputes contemplated by Article 19 is a reference
which is automatically confined to certain provisions of the Agree-
ment. This is because it is not possible to conceive of there arising
between a State Memher considered individually and the Ad-
ministering Authority a dispute having the characteristic of a
dispute relating to the interpretation or application of other
provisions of the Agreement, namely provisions concerning the

administration of the Territory.
This confinement of the reference to certain provisions of the
Agreement is in no way contradictecl by the very broad terms of
Article 19. The wording is "any dispute whatever ..." and not any
provision whatever of the Agreement. The dispute may be any
dispute whatever, provided that it relates to the interpretation or
application of the provisions of the Agreement, and this, for the
reasons which 1have given, is possible in connection with only part
of the provisions of the Agreement.

7. The wording of Article 19 does not contradict but confirms
the argument tliat a dispute concerning the administration of the
Trust Territory, although possible in fact, is not a dispute relating

136 148 ARRÊT 2 XII 63 (OPIN. INDIV. DE M. BIORELLI)
rend relatif à l'interprétation ou à l'application de l'accord de
tutelle.
L'article19 parle en effet d'un différend qui ((ne peut être réglé

par négociations ou un autre moyen ».Les autres moyens viséspar
cette formule sont évidemment des moyens capables, comme les
négociations, de régler des différends entre Etats: conciliation,
enquête,arbitrage, etc. Les procéduresdevant l'Assembléegénérale,
agissant aux termes de l'article 85 de la Charte, et devant le
Conseil de tutelle ne sont pas envisagées ici, pour la raison très
simplerque ces procédures n'ont pas le but de régler des différends
entre Etats.
De ladite condition poséepar l'article 19 à la juridiction de la
Cour, il résulte clairement que cet article se réfère à des différends
qui seraient susceptibles d'êtrerégléspar négociations ou d'autres

moyens, tout en exigeant que ces moyens se soient révéléd sans le
cas concret inefficaces. Or un différend concernant l'administration
du territoire sous tutelle est un différend non susceptible, par sa
nature même,d'êtreréglépar négociations, parce qu'il s'agit d'une
matière dont les parties ne peuvent d'aucune façon disposer.
Dans le cas d'espèce, il faudrait nier en fait qu'il y ait eu des
négociations, négociations qui auraient dû avoir lieu après le
ler mai 1961, date de naissance du différend.En réalité,il y a plus:
c'est que des négociations n'étaient pas même possibles.

Il est clair qu'en disant ce qu'on vient de dire, à savoir qu'un

différend concernant l'administration du territoire sous tutelle, tel
que le différend soumis à la Cour par le Cameroun, n'est pas un
différend susceptible d'être réglépar négociations ou un autre
moyen, on ne veut en aucune façon reconnaître que la condition
requise par l'article 19 soit à considérer comme remplie. On veut
dire, au contraire, qu'il s'agit d'un différend par rapport auquel il
est tout à fait impossible qu'une telle condition se réalise: qu'il
s'agit, par conséquent, d'un différend qui n'est pas du tout visé
par l'article19.

8. En réalité,l'hypothèse d'un différendentre un État Membre et

l'autorité administrante, différend concernant l'administration du
territoire, est une hypothèse possible en fait, mais une hypothèse
à laquelle l'accord de tutelle n'avait aucune raison de s'intéresser.
Et cela parce que la matière de l'administration du territoire n'a
pas étérégléedans les dispositions substantielles de l'accord par
des rapports juridiques liant l'autorité adininistrante, d'une part,
et les États Membres considérésindividuellement, de l'autre.

Est-ce que l'accord de tutelle, sans créer en ce qui concerne
l'administration du territoire des droits subjectifs pour les Etats
Membres considérésindividuellement, a voulu, malgré cela, attri-

buer auxdits Etats, en cette matière, un pouvoir d'action devant
137to the interpretation or application of the Trusteeship Agreement.

Article 19 in fact speaks of a dispute which "cannot be settled
by negotiation or other means". The other means contemplated
by this formula are evidently means, like negotiation, capable of
settling disputes between States: conciliation, enquiry, arbitration,
etc. Proceedings in the General Assembly, acting under Article 85
of the Charter, ana in the Trusteeship Council arenot contemplated
thereby, for the very simple reason that such proceedings are not
intended to settle disputes between States.

From this condition imposed by Article 19 on the jurisdiction
of the Court it clearly follows that the Article refers to disputes

capable of being settled by negotiation or other means and requires
that such means should in the particular case in point have been
found ineffective. Now a dispute concerning the administration
of the Trust Territory is a dispute which is not capable by its very
nature of settlement by negotiation, because it involves a subject-
matter which it is not in the power of the parties to dispose of.
In the present case it would have in fact to be denied that there
haa been negotiations such as would have had to take place after
I May 1961, the date of the birth of the dispute. Rut there is
really a still further point, and that is that negotiations were not
even possible.
It is clear thaty the ioregoing statement, namely that a dispute
concerning the administration of the Trust Territory such as the
dispute submitted by Cameroon to the Court is not a dispute
which can be settled by negotiation or other means, it is not at al1
intended to admit that the requirement of Article 19 must be
regarded as fulfilled. On the contrary, what is meant is that this
is a dispute in connection with which it is quite impossible tl-iat

such a condition should be fulfilled and that it is therefore a dispiite
which is not covered by Article 19 at all.

8. The hypothesis of a dispute between a State Member and the
Administering Authority concerning the administration of the
Territory is actually one which is perfectly possible in fact, but
one with which there was no reason for the Trusteeship Agreement
to be concerned. This is because the subject-matter of the ad-
ministration of the Territory is not governed in the substantive
provisions of the Agreement by legal relationships between the
Administeririg Authority on the one hand and the States Members
considered individually on the other.
Did the Trusteeship Agreement, without, in respect of the
administration of the Territory, creating subjective rights for the
States Members considered individually, none the less intend to
confer on those States a right of action before the Court in thisla Cour? Répondre à cette question pay l'affirmative signifie
songer à un pouvoir d'action attribué à des Etats pour la protection
de droits subjectifs appartenant non pas auxdits Etats, niais à
l'organisation des Nations Unies. Il s'agirait d'une sorte d'action
populaire. Mais l'action populaire a un caractère tout à fait excep-
tionnel mêmedans le droit interne. Dans le droit international,
une telle action n'est pas inconcevable au point de vue théorique ;
mais il est difficile de penser qu'elle ait été introduite ou qu'elle
soit susceptible d'êtreintroduite dans le droit positif.
On ne voit pas, par aiileurs, la raison pour laquelle l'article 19,

tout en conférant à des Etats un pouvoir d'action pour des droits
substantiels qui ne leur appartiennent pas, aurait subordonné
l'exercice d'une telle action à l'existence d'un différend, auquel
l'État qui veut saisir la Cour devrait être partie. La référence à
un différend et, par là, aux intérêtsindividuels des Etats indique
clairement, par elle-même,que tout autre est le domaine dans le-
quel l'article15 est destiné à jouer.

5. Étant donné que le différendsoumis à la Cour n'est pas un dif-
férend relatifà l'interprétation ou à l'application des dispositions
de l'accord de tutelle, aux termes de l'article 15 dudit accord, je
suis d'avis que la Cour aurait di1 pour cette raison déclarer son
défaut de juridiction.
Sans doute, pou1 aboutir à une telle décision,la Cour se serait-
elle trouvée dans la nécessitéd'interpréter les dispositions substan-
tielles de l'accord de tutelle. La Cour aurait dû préalablement

établir que, sur la base de ces dispositions, le Cameroun considéré
individuellement n'avait aucun droit subjectifàl'égarddu Royaume-
Uni pour ce qui concerne l'exercice par celui-ci de la tutelle sur
le Cameroun septentrional. Mais ce n'est pas la déclaration de l'in-
existence d'un droit subjectif substantiel du Cameroun qui aurait
fait l'objet du jugement que la Cour était appelée à rendre. La
constatation qu'un droit substantiel du Cameroun n'existait pas,
sur la base de l'accord de tutelle, n'était que le moyen par lequel
il était possible à la Cour de prononcer son défaut de juridiction.
C'est là un des cas, assez fréquents, où la question de juridiction
se présente comme étroitement liéeavec le fond de l'affaire. Une
telle liaison, par ailleurs, peut être constatée dans tous les cas où
il s'agit d'une clause juridictionnelle inscrite dans un traité et
visant les différends relatifsà l'interprétation ou à l'application
des dispositions substantielles de ce traité. Dans ces cas il est né-
cessaire, pour résoudre la question de juridiction, d'interpréter

lesdites dispositions substantielles et d'établir quels droits et
quelles obligations elles attribuent aux parties.

(Sigfzé) Gaetano MORELLI.field? An affirmative answer to this question would signify that a
right of action is conceived of as conferred on States for the
protection of subjective rights vested not in those States but in
the United Nations. It would be a sort of actio Popzilaris. But the
actio fiofizllaris is of a quite exceptional nature even in municipal
law. In international law such an action is not inconceivable
theoreticallj-, but it is difficult to consider it as havirig been intro-
duced or as capable of being introduced into positive law.

Moreover, it is not apparent why Article 19, while conferring
on States a right of action in respect of substantive rights not
vested in them, should have made the exercise of such an action
dependent on the existence of a dispute to which the State desiring
to bring the matter before the Court must be a partg. The reference
to a dispute and thereby to individual interests of States clearly
iiidicates of itself that the field in which Article 19 is intended to
operate is quite other.

9. Since the dispute submitted to the Coiirt is not a dispute
relating to the interpretation or application of the provisions of
the Trusteeship Agreement uithin the meanirig of Article 19 c\fthe
Agreement, I am of opinion that the Court should for this reason
have declared that it has no jurisdiction.
In order to reach such a decision the Court would doubtless
have found it neccssary to interpret the substantive provisions
of the Trusteeship Agreement. The Court would first have had to
establish that Cameroon considered individually did not possess

on the basis of those provisions any subjective right vis-à-vis the
United Kingdom in respect of the latter's exercise of the trusteeship
for the Northern Carneroons. But it is not thc declaration of the
non-existence of a substantive subjective ri&t possessed by
Cameroon which would have been the subject of the judgnient
which the Court was called upon to give. A finding that there \vas
rio substantive right possessed by Cameroon on the basis of the
Trusteeship Agreenient would only have been the means whereby
the Court could decide that it had no jurisdiction.
This is one of those fairly frequent cases in which the question
of jurisdiction arises in close conriection with the merits of the
case. It is moreover possible to note such a connection in al1 cases
concerned with a jurisdictional clause in a treaty covering disputes
relating to the interpretation or application of the substantive
provisions of that treatji. Ir1 such cases it is necessary, in order to
decide on the question of jurisdiction, to interpret those substantive
provisions and establish the rights and obligations which they
confer on the parties.

(Signed) Gaetano MORELLI.

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Separate Opinion of Judge Morelli (translation)

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