Application instituting proceedings

Document Number
028-19550602-APP-1-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

PLEADINGS, ORAL ARGUMENTS, DOCUMENTS

AERIAL INCIDENT OF OCTOBER 7th, 1952

(UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. UNION
OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS)

ORDEROF IIARCHqth,1956:REJIOVALFROII THE LIST COijR IXTERX.4TIONALE DE JUSTICE

MÉMOIRES, PLAIDOIRIES ET DOCUMENTS

INCIDENT AÉRIEN DU 7 OCTOBRE 1952
(ETATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE c.UNION DES

REPUBLIQUES SOCIALISTES SOVIETIQUES)
ORDOSNANCEDU 14>ï.iR1956R.4DIATIODURÔLEAPPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS

REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D'INSTANCE APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS

1.-THE AMBASSAUOR OF THE UNITED ST.4TES OF

AMERICA TO THE NETHERLANDS TO THE REGISTRAR
OF THE INTERNATIO~AL COURT OF JUSTICE

.4merican Embassy, THEHAGUE.

Sir,
Upon the instruction of my Govemment, 1 have the honor to

transmit to you herewith, in accordance ivith the Statute and Rules
of the InternationaCourt of Justice, an application to the Court
instituting proceedings on behalf of my Government against the
Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist RepublMys.Govern-
ment has appointed Mr. Herman Phleger, the Legal Adviser of the
Department of State, as its Agcnt in this case. 1 certify that the
signature on the application transmittedrewith is the signature
of Mr. Phleger. The addrcss for service to which al1communications
relating to the application should be sent is this Embassy.
For the purposes of the provisions of the Statute andthe Rules of
Court, particularly Article 4(2) and (3) and Article 63 of the
Statute, and Article 3(1)and Article 34 of the Rules of Court, 1
have the honor, on behalf of my Government, to transmit with the
original of this application one hundred printed copiesvhich 1
certify to be correct copies of the original.
Please accept, etc.

Enclosures:
One original application.
One hundred printed copies of the application,II.-THE AGEXT OF THE LiNITED STATES OF AMERICA
TO THE REGISTRAR OF THE IXTERXATIOXAL
COURT OF JUSTICE

~)EPART>LEST OF %.*TE,
WASHINGTOS. May 26, 1gj5.

Sir:

I. This is a wntten application, in accordance mith the Statute
and Rules of the Court, submitted by the Government of the
United States of America instituting proceedings against the
Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on account
of certain willful acts committed by fighter aircraft of the Soviet
Government against a United States Air Force B-29 aircraft and
itscre\\. off Hokkaido, Japan, on October 7, 19jz.
The subject of the dispute and a succinct statement of the facts
and grounds upon which the claini of the Government of the
United States of America is based are adequately set forth in a
note delivered to the Soviet Government on September 25, 1954.

A copy of the note is attached to this application as an annes.
The Soviet Government has asserted its contentions of fact and
law with reference to the United States Government's claim in
other diplomatic correspondence on this subject, most recently in
a note dated Drcember 30, 1954, a copy of which is also attached
to this application asan annes.

2. The United States Government notes that the present dispute
concerns matters of the charactcr specitied in Article 36 (2) of the

Statute of the Court, including subdivisions (a) through (d).
As will be seen from the anneses. the legal dispute of the United
States Government with the Soviet Go\reriiment involves serious
questions of international law. Amoiig thein are the validity of the
Soviet Government's claim to sovereignty over the Habomai
Islands situated off Hokkaido, Japan, and in that connection the
interpretation of the Treaty of Peace with Japan signed at San
Francisco on September S, 1951. In addition there are involved the
scope and application of international obligations relating to the
overflight of intruding and intercepting military aircraft, together
with numerous issues of fact which if resolved in favor of the
United States Government would coiistitute breaches of interna-
tional obligation by the Soviet Governmcnt ; and the nature and
estent of reparations to be made by the Soviet Government to the
United States Government for ail these breaches.Io APPLlCATlOS ISSTITUTISG PROCEEDISGS (26 V jj)

The United States Government, in filing this application with
the Court, submits to the Court's jurisdiction for the purposes of
this case. The Soviet Government appears not to have filed any
declaration with the Court thus far, although it was invited to do
so hy the United States Government in the note annexed hereto.
The Soviet Government is, however, qualified to submit to the
jurisdiction of the Court in this matter and may upon notification

of this application by the Registrar, in accordance with the Rules
of the Court, take the necessary steps to enable the Court's,juris-
diction over both parties to the dispute to be confirmed.

The United States Government thus founds the jurisdiction of
this Court on the foregoing considerations and on Article 36 (1)
of the Statute.

3. The claim of the Go\.ernment of the United States of America
is hriefly that the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics on October 7, 1952, willfully and unlawfully caused
fighter aircraft to overfly the territory of Japan, toover over and

pace a United States Air Force B-zg aircraft lawfully flying over
Japan, the Soviet aircraft doing so unbeknown to the crew of the
United States Air Force H-zg, and without any provocation to
attack and destroy the United States Air Force B-zg, causing it to
crash into the sea at a point between Yuri Island and Akiyuri
Island in territory rightfully belonging to Japan ;that the crew
of eight,al1members of the United States Air Force and nationals
of the United States, have failed to retum ; and that the Soviet
Government has concealed from the United States Government
information as to the fate of the creïi. and has not made provision
for the prompt return of any crew members \vhom it may still be
holding or of whose whereabouts it is informed. The damages
suffered by the United States Government and for which the

Soviet Government is liable to it are specified in the annexed note.
The United States Government claims that in the circumstances
described in the annex the actions chargeable to the Soviet Govern-
ment constituted serious violations of international obligation for
which the United States Government has demanded and dernands
monetary and other reparation.

In diplomatic correspondence with reference to this matter.
including the Soviet Government's note a copy of which is attached
hereto as an annex, constituting negotiations which must now be
determined to have been exhausted, the Soviet Goverilment hasII .+I>PLICATIOS ISSTITUTISG PHOCEEDISGS (26 Y jj)

asserted a versioii of the facts and of the law contrary to that
asserted by the United States Government.

A dispute is therefore presented appropriate for hearing and
decision hy this Court in accordance with the Statute and Rules.
The United States Government, in further pleadings herein, will
more fully set forth the issues of fact and the issues of law in this

dispute. It will request that the Court find that the Soviet Govem-
ment is liable to the United States Government for the damages
caused; that the Court award damages in favor of the United
States Government against the Soviet Government in the sum of
$1,6zo,zgg.o1 with interest and such other reparation and redress
as the Court may deem to be fit and proper ;and that the Court
make al1other necessary orders and awards, including an award of
costs, to effectuate its determinations.

4. The undersigned has been appointed by the Government of
the United States of America as its Agent for the purpose of this
application and al1 proceedings thereon.

Very truly yours,

(Signed) Herman PHLEGER,
The Legal Adviser of the
Department of State.12 UNITED ST.ATES SOTE TO G.S.S.R. (2j IS 54)

Anitex (I)

TEXT OF UNITED STATES XOTE OF SEPTENBER 25,1954,

TO THE UiVION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS

No. 270. September 25, 1954.

Excellency :
1 have the hoiior to transmit to you herewith, upon the instruc-
tion of my Government, the follorving communication :
The Government of the United States of America makes
reference to the destruction on October 7, 1952. by fighter air-
craft of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, of a United
States Air Force .B-29 airplane near the Japanese Island of Hok-
kaido. It rvill be recalled that by notes dated October 17, 1952,

and December 16, 1952. the United States Government, protestiiig
the actions of the Soviet aircraft, requested the Soviet Goverii-
ment to make payment for the destroyed airplane aiid for the
lives of any of the crew who might have perished, and forther
requested the Soviet Government to provide information on the
whereabouts and welfarc of any of the crew members who might
have survived, with a vie\\, to their return to the United States.

The Soviet Government has not, in the period which has elapsed
since December 16, 19j2, when the last United States note usas
delirered to it, giren any indication of the fate of the crew members
of the B-29 shot down by the Soviet aircraft. As the United States
Government reminded the Soviet Government in the note of
October 17, 1952, \vitnesses actually observed a Soviet Govern-
ment patrol boat leave Suisho Island, a poiiit close to the spot

where the B-29 \vas seen to go dorn, immediately after the
shooting and proceed to the spot where the B-zg had hit the
\vater, and some tinie later saw the boat return. The spot, the
Soviet Government is further reminded, was in an area theii and
since freely accessible to Soviet Government personnel and in
the vicinity of the area of Yuri Island which the Soviet Govern-
ment in its orvn account of the episode, in its notes of Octob12.
1952. and November 24. 1952, fixes as the area in which the epi-
sode took place. Therefore the United States Government could
not, and cannot, accept either the Soviet Government's state-
ment, in its note of November 24, 1952. that it possessed no
information regarding the whereabouts of the members of the
crew of the B-29 airplane or the Soviet Government's continued
silence in regard to whether the Soviet Govemmeiit has anyI3 USlTED STATES XOTE TO U.S.S.R. (2j IS j4)
information coiicerning the fate of any of the crew niembers,
whether aiiy are alive, and whether the. Soviet Government
proposes to make arrangements for their return. Xor can the
United States Government acquiesce in the continued failure

of the Soviet Government to give any indication of willingness
to make amends for the darnage it caused and for which it is
responsible, in spite of the requests therefor in the United States
Government's notes above described.

The purpose of the present coinniunication is, in view of the
foregoing, to place solemnly upon the record al1 the facts \\,hich
the United States Government has been able to gather on the
subject and based thereon to prefer against the Soviet Govem-

ment a formal international diplomatic claim as set forth below.

1

The United States Goveriiment charges, niid is prepared to
prove by evideiice in an appropriate forum, the following :

I.In the Treaty of Peace between the Allied Po~\.ersand Japan
signed in the City of San Francisco Septeinber S, 1951, provision
was duly made, in Article 6 thereof, for the stationing and reten-
tion, under or in consequence of bilateral or multilateral agree-
ments between Japan and any of the Allied Powers, of armed
forces in Japanese territory folloming the termination of the
occupation of Japan by occupation forces of the Allied Powers.
011 the same date the United States of America, as one of the
Allied Powers to whom reference is made in the Treaty of Peace,
entered into a Security Treaty witb Japan by which Japaii granted,
and the United States of America accepted, the right to dispose
land, air and sea forces of the United States in and about Japan
upon the coming into force of the Treaty of Peace.

The Treaty of Peace with the Allied Powers and the Security

Treaty between the United States of America and Japan came
into force April 28. 1952,and thereupoii the state of war between
Japan and each of the Allied Powers terminated and the full
sovereignty of the Japanese over Japan and its territorial waters
vas diily reestablished.
In pursuance of the Security Treaty and with the consent of
the Government of Japaii, the United States Government after
April 28, 1952, maintained air forces and aircraft in and about
Japan which ciigaged and continued to engage iii such activities
as were proper and necessary to provide for the defense of Japan
and of the United States' forces niaintained thereiii against aggres-I4 USITED STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R.(25 1S 54)
sion, and for the purpose of deterring armed attackupon them.
,. .
Before and on October 7, 1952, pursuant to the Security Treaty
and agreements thcreunder between the Government of Japan

and the Governnient of the United States. regulations were in
cffect for Japan goverriing civil and military air traffic control
and communications systems. To enforce these regulations and
to maintain orderly traffic control over overflying aircraft, civil
and military, appropriate United States authorities \trithin Japan
were, by the United States Government and with the consent
of the Government of Japan, duly charged \vith the major respon-
sibilities for the operation of the air traffic co~itrolsystemrespecting
civil and military aircraft and with the enforcement thereof. As
was at al1Limeswell kiiowii to the Soviet Government, the appli-
cable regulations required that al1 aircraft proposing to fly iiito
the air space of Japan should inake prier notification to appro-

priate air traffic authorities within Japan and particularly that
any military aircraft proposing to fly into the air space of Japan
should make prior application to appropriate authorities ~vithin
Japan and receive prior authorization for such flight.

2. In the morning of October 7, 1952, an uriarmed United
States Air Force B-29 airplane, No. 44-61815, bearing the iden-
tificationcal1 sign "Sunbonnet King", was diily dispatched £rom
its base in the Island of Honshu in Japari, to perform a duly
authorized flight mission over the Island of Hokkaido, Japan,

and upon completiori to return to its base. The dispatching of
the B-zg, its mission, aiid its activities thereafter were al1 in the
pursuance of the doties and functions of the United States Govern-
ment and the United States Air Force under the Treaty of Peace
and the Security Treaty described above. Xeither the dispatching
nor the mission was intended or calculated to bc, iior were the
activities thcreaftcr performed hy the aircraft, in any \vay hostile
to the Soviet Government or any other governmeiit, or directed
against Soviet installations or personnel of the Soviet Govern-
ment or any other goveriiment in any place.

The aircraft\vas inaiined by a crem of eight, al1of them members
of the United States Air Force and citizens and iiationals of the
United States of America. The aircraft commander was Captain
Eugene Minot English, Serial No. A0 768042. The CO-pilotwas
Second Lieutenant Paul Eiigene Brock, Serial No. A0 2221927.
The navigator was First Lieutenant Johii Robertson Dunham,
Serial ;\'o. 20173 A. The other crew nienibers were Staff Sergeant
Samuel Albion Colgaii, Serial Xo. AF 31379760 ; Staff Sergeant16 UXITED STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R. (~j IX 54)

At aplxoximately 2:29 p.m. local time the B-29, passing at the
end of Nemuro Peninsula of the Island of Hokkaido, \vas in the
process of effecting a normal turn for B-zg type aircraft, in order
to enablc the R-zg to fly ~vestwardand farther into the mainland of
Hokkaido; in so doing it came over the aater area adjacent to the
tip of the Nemuro Peninsula close to the Nosapp~ Lighthouse there
when, iindoulitedly iipon instructions from the Soviet controlling
authorities. the pacing Soviet fighter aircraft dived from their
high altitude,behind and unbeknown to the B-zg and its crew, and
without any \varning whatsoever opened fire on the B-zg, with
several deliberate and successive bursts. Simultaneously, likewise
upon the orders of the competent Soviet authorities. in concert

with the pilots in the fighter aircraft, Soviet personnel then stationed
on the Island of l'un, east of the Nemuro Peninsula, opened fire
upon the B-zg from the ground.

The B-29 was struck by the fire from the fighter aircraft, and by
ground fire, was disabled and plunged into the sea, hitting the
water at a point between Yuri Island and Akiyuri Island, south-
west of Harukarimoshiri Island, al1in territory rightfully belonging
to Japan. The aircraft, hroken np in several parts, exploded as the
water was hit and floated as wreckage upon the surface of the water.

Shocked and unable to control the aircraft, the crew of theB-zg
called out on voicc radio on an international emergency channel that
they were in extreme distress, and attempted to abandon the plane
in the air. The United States Governmeiit has concluded, and
charges, that some or al1of the crew of the B-zg successfully para-
chuted to the sca at approximately the position where the aircraft

hit the water.
Within a few minutes thereafter, and while the wrecked aircraft
andits crew were still on the surface of the sea, a patrolboat belong-
ing to the Soviet Government. upon orders of competent Soviet
authorities, leftthe Island of Suisho, east of the Nosappu Light-
house and northwest of the position where the B-zg was shot and
came down, and proceeded to the scene of the wreckage. The United
States Government concludes, and therefore charges, that this
was for the purpose of picking up sur\~ivors and objects in the
debris of the aircraftof possible interest to the Soviet Government.
Undoubtedly having accomplished its mission the patrol boat
then retumed to Suisho Island. The United States Government
concludes, and charges, that the Soviet Government's patrol boat
did pick up items of interest to the Soviet Government as ~r-el1
as survivors still alive and bodies of other cre\lr membcrs, if dead.
Undoubtedly the competent Soviet authorities in the area had and
prepared a coinplete report which was thereafter undoubtedly duly
submitted to the appropriate responsible authorities of the Soviet

Government.18 U'JITED STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R.(25 IX 54)

over it follo\ved it around within Japanese territory for at least
sixteen minutes, as above noted, knowingly traversing the land
mass and adjacent territorial waters of the Nemuro Peuinsula of
Hokkaido. It is completely false that any communication was sent
from the Soviet fighters or other Soviet source to the B-zg on any
subject, and it is particularly false that the fighters or any other
Soviet source made any requests or demand that the B-zg follow
the fightersor that it land at any place, and no airdrome orlanding
place was ever pointed out to the B-29 by anybody. In fact, as
descnhed above, the Soviet fighters deliherately and unlawfully
paced the B-zg within the Japanese air space of Hokkaido and
then shot at it without any warning whatever and nithout even
firstmaking their presence known to the crew of the B-zg.

3. The statement that the B-29 opened fire on the Soviet figh-
ters is completely false and was known by the Soviet Government
to be false when made. The only aerial firing which was done in the
course of the incident was done by the Soviet fighters, which came
out of their concealed position and attacked and hit the B-zg,
still innocent of their presence or purposes ; and in so emerging
from the rear, the Soviet pilots contrived and calculated that the
B-zg would have no opportunity for self-defense, even if its crew,

contrary to the fact, were able to open defensive fire. Furthermore,
the B-zg airplane had, prior to its departure from its base that
morning, and in accordance with standard operating procedures,
been rendered powerless to engage in effectivecombat by United
States Air Force armorers at the base, and the aircraft remained
thereafter continuously so powerless, for the mission of the aircraft
was to be performed entirely \\sithin the territory of Japan with
no reasonable ground for anticipation of meeting hostile or agres-
sive conditions.

4. The statement that the Soviet fighters eiigaged in "return

fire" is false, and was known by the Soviet Government to be false
when made. The only firing which was done was that of the Soviet
fighters themselves, aided by a Sovict ground battery, and was al1
dirccted against the B-zg.
j. The statement that the B-zg after being fired upon "went off
into the direction of the sea" is, except in the respect that the
B-zg upon being shot down by Soviet fire fell into the sea at the
position above noted, particularly false and was known by the
Soviet Government to be false when made. The implication that
the Soviet Government was unable to state what happened to the
B-zg after it \vas hit by attacking fire is the more culpable in viewof the fact that the destruction of the B-zg took place within the
persona1 vie\$,of obser\,ing Soviet officials, and the wreckage was
immediately visited and examined by the Soviet officialswho were
on board the patrol boat dispatched from Suisho Island to the
scene of thexrash, as above descnbed.

B. \~ith respect to the note of November 24, 1952. The United
States Government has already in its reply of December 16, 1952,
pointed out respects in which the allegations of this note were false.
The United States Government is, in particular, prepared to prove
by evidence in an appropriate forum the following :

1.The statement that the Uliited States Government acknow-
ledged in the note of October 17 that the B-zg was armed is false.

The B-29 was at al1relevant times unarmed, its guns having been
rendered inoperative by its armorers, as stated above.

z. .Al1the other statements which reiterate the false and mis-
leading averments contained in the Soviet Government's note of

October 12, are equally false and misleading, as noted above.

3. The statement that the Soviet Government is not in posses-
sion of any information regarding the whereabouts of the crew of
the B-29 is false and knoxvn by the Soviet Government to be false.
Apart from the observations of personnel whom the Soviet Govem-
ment maintained, unlawfully, on Yuri Island and in that area, the
observations of the Soviet Government personnel on the patrol boat
dispatched from Suisho Island, which the United States Govern-

ment is prepared to prove by evidence as above noted, clearly
gave the Soviet Government complete information on these subjects.

III

The United States Governmeiit finds, and charges, that the
Soviet Government in the foregoing facts \vas guilty of deliberate
and willful violations of international law on account of which it
has become liable ta the United States Government for damages
and other aniends.

1. It was unla\f7fulfor the Soviet authorities to have dispatched
aircraft with intention and instruction to orerfly the territory of
Japan at any point \vithout first notifying the competent authori-
ties of the United States and receiving permission therefor, as
required by regulations and international law.20 USITEU STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R.(25 IS 54)
2. It was unlawful for the Soviet military aircraft to overfly the

territory of Hokkaido and to have tarried there, and in the circum-
stances particularly reprehensible and immoral for the Soviet
authorities to conceal from the B-zg aircraft the presence of the
two Soviet fightcr aircraft over the territory of Japan and to inter-
cept and to pacc its flight over the territory of Japan, these being
hostile and bclligerent acts under international law.

3. It \\,as spccifically unlau*ful for Soviet authorities to have
interceptcd the B-29 aircraft in the course of the fiight at aiiypoint,
to have attempted to bring it down at any such point, even at the
point claimed by Soviet authorities as "the region of l'uri Island".

4. Assuming, contrary to the fact, that the Sovict authorities
had any legal justification for seeking to bring the B-29 down to
land, these authorities willfullv violated al1 applicable rules of
international law, first, in that they failed to give to the B-zg and
its crew any prior warning or any prior direction or request to
land ; secoridly, in that they did not lead the B-zg or its crew to
an appropriate laiiding field or point out such a landing field to
them ; thirdly, in that they did not in the circumstances described
give the B-zg or its crew prior warning of intention to fire.

j. It was unlawful, regardless of prior \variring or direction
to land, for the Soviet authorities either iri the air or on the
ground to fire on the B-29 under the circumstaiices mentioned
aiid iii the area above mentioiied.

6. It \vas uiilawful for the Soviet authorities to have failed
to respond triithfully to the United States Goveriimeiit's request
of Octobcr 17, 1952, ~ith respect to survi\~ors ; in particiilar it
\vas the diity of the Soviet Goveriiment to inforrii the United
States Govcrnmeiit of the findings of fact rel>ortcd or made by
the patrol boat officers arid by other local So\riet nuthorities.

To the exteiit that it \vas determiiied hy Soviet authorities that
members of the crcw were alive, it was the cluty of the Soviet
Government so to inform the United States Go\~criiment and
make arrangements for their return. On the othcr hand if any
crew members were fouiid to be dead it \\.as the duty of the
Soviet Governmcnt so to inform the United States Govcrnment
and to make arrangements to make retiirn of the bodies. It is
still,and has coiitiniiously heen, the duty of thc Soviet Govern-
ment to keep the United States Goveriiment ciirrently informed
of al1 facts in Sovict possession coricerniiig the crew members,
to facilitate access to them by appropriate represeiitatives of
the Uiiited States Government, to arraiigc for thcir returti aiid21 USITED ST.ATES SOTE TO U.S.S.K.(25 IS 54)

to provide them with the maximum degree of care and coinfort
in the interim.

7. It was unla\vful for the Soviet Governinent to have retained
any portion of the aircraft or the equipment thereon without
the consent and agreement of the United States Government ;
and since no such consent or agreement has been granted by
the United States Government it is the duty of the Soviet Govern-
ment to return to the United States Government any portions

of the aircraft or equipment thereon which were salvaged by
the Soviet authorities. The United States Govcrnment demands
that this return be made forthwith.
For al1 these violations of international law the Soviet Govern-
ment is liable to the United States as set fortli hereiii.

IV

The Soviet Governmeiit in its notes of October 12 and Novem-
ber 24, 19j2, has made certain assertions with regard to an alleged
state frontier of the Soviet Union in the area where the B-zg was
shot down. The United States Government denies that these
assertions are vaiid, and the United States Government is preparecl
to demonstrate the validity of its position hy evidence and by
considerations of international law in any appropriate forum.

In its note of Novcmber 24, 1952, the Soviet Government
paiticularly states that the United States position that Yuri
Island, at or east of which the Soviet Government apparently
claims a state frontier of the Soviet Unioii, is not lawfully Soviet
territory is "in crude contradiction with the provisions of the
Yalta agreement concerning the Icurile Islands which was signed
by the Government of the United States of America". The
United States Govemment, reiterating its denial of validity to
the Soviet Government statement, takes this ovA .tunitv to
declare the follo\\ring :
The United States Government is aiirare that military forces
of the Soviet Government were ~hvsicallv vresent. toeether with
their military equipment, on or ne& YU: Îsland and rn adjacent

positions among the Habomai Islands on October 7, 1952, and
pior thereto following the surrender of the Japanese Govern-
ment to the Allied Powers. But this presence, in its origination
aiid its continuance, and particularly after the effective date
of the Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Japan,
April 28, 19j2, was without atiy justification iii international
lûm or in morals, was in deliberate violation of the terms of the
Japanese Surrender and of the agreement regarding surrender
and occupation of Japan betmeen the Soviet Govemment and
the Allied Powers, gave the Soviet Government no legal right,22 USITED STATES KOTE TO u.S.S.R. (2j IS 54)

title or interest in this area and provided the Soviet Governmeiit
with no privilege or justification for the actions taken by it on
October 7, 1952,against the B-29 and its crerrr,as described above.

More particularly, the United States Government states, in

reply to the Soviet Government's assertions :
I. No disposition having the legal force and effect of alietiating
from Japan the Habomai Islands, including the area in which
occurred the wrongful actions of the Soviet Government on
October 7, 1952, as above detailed, has ever taken place. Such
disposition could be made only by or with the consent of the

Japanese Government, and no such consent has ever been given.
The only renuriciation by the Japanese Government of territory
north of Hokkaido \vas by the Treatv of Peace between Japan
and the Allied Polvers of September 8, 1951, and in this docu-
ment the Government of Japan did not relinquish Japanese
sovereignty over the area involved in the acts of the Soviet
Government cornplained of herein, nor does it confer or recognize
any right in the Soviet Government with respect thereto.

The United States Govcrnment both on the occasion of the

signing of the Peace Treaty and the Security Treaty and on the
occasion of the consent by the United States Senate to their
ratification by the President of the United States, as required
by the Constitution of the United States of America, and the
President by his ratification, made clear that the Habomai Islands
were to be considered as continuing to belong to Japancsc sover-
eignty. The United States Senate declared :

"As part of such advice and consent the Senate states that
nothing the treaty contains is deemed ta diminish or prejurlice,
in favor of the Soviet Union, the right, title, and interest of Japan,
or the Allied Powers as defined in said treaty, in and to South
Sakhalin and its adjacent islands, the Kurile Islands, the Habomai
Islands, the Island of Shikotan, or any other territory, rights,
or interests possessedby Japan on December 7, 1941o ,r to confer
any right, title or benefiterein or thereto on the Soviet Union."

The Government of Japan has likewise officially characterized
the Habomai Islands and Shikotan as rernaining under Japanese
sovereignty and as not included in the phrase "Kurile Islands"
as used in the Treaty of Peace.
No other action or conduct by the Government of Japan, or
by the United States Government or by the Allied Powers signa-
tory to the Peace Treaty, has been taken which has the legal
effect of transferring or consenting to the transfer of sovereignty23 UNITED STATES NOTE TO U.S.S.R. (2j IX j4)

over the area of Yuri Island and other Habomai Islands, or of
Shikotan, to the Soviet Government.
z. The statement of the Soviet Governmeiit that the United
States position that Yuri Island is not lawfully part ot Soviet

state territory is in "contradiction" with the "Yalta agreement
concerning the Kurile Islands, which was signed by the Govern-
ment of the United States of America" is untrue.
(a) The geographical name "Kurile Islands", in the context of
the Treaty of Peace and in the context of the Yalta Agreement to
which the Soviet Government refers, does not include, and it was
not intended bji the parties thereto to include, the Island of Yuri,
which is a part of the Habomai Islands, al1of which were and are
separate and ayart from the Kurile Islands.

(6) The Yalta Agreement'regarding Japan of Fehruary II, 1945,
\vas not intended to and did not contain any provision by which
the Soviet Government became entitled unilaterally to seize, oc-
cupy, or exercise sovereignty over, or to become entitled to possess,
any Japanese territory whatever, neither the Kurile Islands, nor the
Habomai Islands nor any other area, and in particular not that
area of the sea, land and air space of Japan in which the United
States B-29 aircraft was intercepted, tracked and shot down by
Soviet fighter aircraft, as recited above.

The Yalta .4greemeiit was, as the Soviet Government has at al1
times well known, a memorandum expressing the views of the
President ofthe United States, the Prime Minister of Great Britain,
and the Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, each
acting mithin his Government's constitutional powers and limita-
tions, respecting a proposa1 by the Premier of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics that in the evctit of the Soviet Government's
entrancc to the war against Japan, jointly with the other Allied

Powers, the Soviet Government should, in the final peace settle-
ment terminating the war, be supported in a claim for the return
to the Soviet Government of certain Japanese territory forrnerly
owned by the Czarist Government of Russia. Provisions of the
memorandum were subsequently reflected in the terms of surrender
proclairned by the Allied Powers, with the knowledge and consent
of the Soviet Government and its snbsequent adherence, to the
Government and people of Japan, accepted by the Government of
Japaii in the document of surrender. The Treaty of Peace uith
Japan duly and solemnly signed and ratified by the parties thereto
was intended to constitute the final peace settlement envisaged by
the parties to the Yalta Agreement on Japan of February II, 1945 :
and so far as concerns any relevant undertakings which the United

States Govcrnment may have made under that Agreement the
Treaty of Peace with Japan co~istitutes the full performance of
such iindertakings.24 UNITED STATES NOTE TO U.S.S.R. (25 IX 54)

(c) The provisions of the Yalta Agreement and the intentions
of the parties thereto were made clear not only in the Treaty of

Peace but in the intermediate proclamations of policy by the Allied
Powers.
These documents provided that in the event of Japanese sur-
render " Japan would not lose access to raw material areas", Japan
would be stripped only of the islands "which she has seized or
occupied since the beginning of the First World War in 1914",
and "be expelled from al1other territories which she has taken by
violence and greed", and the Allies proclaimed that they "covet no
gain for themselves and have no thought of territorial expansion".

The Island of Yuri and its territorial waters, as well as al1 the
Habomai Islands and the Island of Shikotan and their territorial
waters, including al1the area in which the wrongful actions of the
Soviet Govemment on October 7, 1952, as above detailed, took
place, did not and were not intended to fa11within territory to be
detached from Japanese sovereignty by the Treaty of Peace, by
the Yalta Agreement or any other policy formulation of the Allied
Powers for the reasons that :

(i) The Habomai and Shikotan Islands were at no time within
the sovereignty of the Czarist Govemment of Russia or of the
Soviet Government, or ever claimed by them at any time prior to
the unlawful unilateral seizure of them by the Soviet Government.
On the contrary, they were from ancient times territory of Japan,
never taken by violence or greed, always occupied by Japanese
people, an integral portion of the Japanese patrimony, and were
so recognized bythe Soviet Government and its predecessor govern-

ments at a11relevant times prior to the unlawful unilateral seizure
above described ;

(ii) The islands and waters in the area described constituted, and
of necessity still constitute, an integral portion of the economic
resources of the Japanese people, containing traditional domestic
fisheriesfrom which the Japanese people have derived their econom-

ic subsistence and they constitute, and have from ancient times
constituted, normal sea routes for the interna1 commerce of Japan.

3. The United States Govemment declares that the unilateral
seizure and continued occupation of the Habomai Islands and

Shikotan, and the area adjacent thereto, by forces of the Soviet
Government, and the government thereof as if they were within the
sovereignty of the Soviet Union and removed from the sovereignty
of Japan, constituteflagrant violations by the Soviet Government of
the terms of the Yalta Agreement regarding Japan of February II,25 USITED STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R. (2j IS 54)

1945, mentioned ahove ; of the terms of the Cairo Declaration
of the Allied Poxvers of December I,1943, and of the Potsdam
Declaration of Jiily 26, 1945, setting forth the terms of surrender
offered to the Government of Japan to al1three of which the Soviet
Government adhered hy its declaratiou of August 9, 1945 ;and
of the Soviet Government's Declaration of \Var against Japan of
August 9, 1945, and of the terms of acceptance of the Allied Sur-
render Terms by the Japanese Government of August 14, 1945.
The United States Government declares that the Soviet Govern-
ment, by its foregoing commitments, solemnly pledgcd that no
territory \vould bc takeri from Japaii cxcept in the diplomatic
process of a treaty of peace with al1 the .4llied Poxvers, that the

Soviet Government did not covet any gain for itself and had no
thought of territorial expansion and would not claim or talce from
Japan an)? territory which Japaii had not taken hy violence and
greed.

The United States Government further declares that regardlrîs
of the rights, if any, which the Soviet Government might claim
with respect to the Kurile Islands, it had and has no valid claim
whatever by virtue of the Yalta Agreement of February II, 1945,
or other\vise, to the Hahomai Islands, including Yuri Island and
Shikotan and their territorial waters, and the area in rvhich the
unlawful actions which took place on October 7, 19j2, as above
described, were committed by the Soviet Government ; but it \vas
the affirmative duty, for the violation of which it is legally liahle
to the United States, as well as to Japan, not to attack, obstruct

or interfere with the performance hy the United States Govern-
ment of its functions under the Treaty of Peace with Japan and
the Security Treaty and the Administrati\~e Agreement tliereto.

The United States Government does not deem it necessarp to
dwell at this time upon the various aspects in which the Soviet
Government has further callously violated the various obligations
assumed by it in the course of the discussions by the heads of
state at the Yalta Conference reflected in the' Yalta Agreement,
and particitlarly the terms expressed and implied as to the Soviet
Government's association with the Allied Powers in the \var
against Japan, its adherence to the Allied Surrender Terms, the
character of its participation in the occupation of Japan following
the surrender, and its adherence to the final Treaty of Peace,
and the fact that by virtue of its reprehensible conduct in these
regards the Soviet Government would in any event disentitle

itself to any territorial aggrandizement at the expense of Japan
and the Japanese people.26 SSITED STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R.(zj IS 54)

4. The United Statesfurther declares that the unilateral seizure
and continued occupation and exercise of sovereignty over the
Habomai Islands and the area adjacent thereto by the Soviet
forces, and the actions of October 7, 1952, described above, were
and have been carried out by the Soviet Govcrnment with the

purpose and effect of harrying the Japanese people ; of hampering
their opportunities to make a living from their traditional fisheries
in the sea as has been their ancient and inalienable right ; of
preventing normal commerce with and within Japan ;of hamper-
ing domestic police activities necessary for the exercise of full
responsibility and sovereignty over the islands of Japan by the
Japanese Government as well as the defense thereof with the
assistance of the United States Government ;and of intimidating
the Government and people of Japan. Neither the United States
Govemment nor any authorized representative thereto, in the
Yalta Agreement or otherwise, has even consented directly or
indirectly to this immoral and unlawful deprivation of the Japan-

ese people by a foreign power.
5. The United States Government further declares that nothing
in the Treaty of Peace, the Yalta Agreement of Fehruary II,
1945, or any other valid international act, document or dispo-
sition, provided any justification for the actions taken by the
Soviet Government with respect to the B-29 aircraft described

above, including the refusal of the Soviet Government to provide
the United States with true information concerning the incident
and the fate of the crew. as descnbed above.

The United States has suffered the following items of damage in
direct consecluence of the foregoing illegal acts and violations
of duty for which the Soviet Government is responsible, and the
United States Government demands that the Soviet Government

pay to it the following sums on account thereof :
I. The United States Air Force airplane B-29, No. 44-6181j.
and its contents at the time of destruction on October 7, 19jz.
valued in total at $919,984.01,

2. Damages to the United States by the millful and unla\vful
conduct of the Soviet Government, $300,311.
3. Damages to the next of kin, nationvls of the United States,
for the deaths of the crew members resulting from the willful

and nnlawful conduct of the Soviet Government or for the willful
and nnlawful mithholding by the Soviet Government of such
members of the crcw as survived, $~OO,OOO.
TOTAI$ . ~,Gzo,zgj.o~.27 usiï'f~i> STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R. (25 IS j4)
The Uiiited States Goveriiment declares that its demand for
compensation oii account of the members of the crew who survived
does not implv the acquiescence of the Uiiited States Govern-

ment in the withholding of those crew members from rcturn to
the United States Govemment, or the suppression by the Soviet
Government of information regarding their whereabouts or welfare
or thc making of false statements by the Soviet Government
\\rith respect thereto; and the United States takes this oppor-
tunity again to demand that the Soviet Government forthwith
provide the information in this regard which has been requested
by the United States Government, and make provision for the
prompt returii of any crew rnembers whom it may still he holding
or of whosc whcreabouts it is informed, and in the interim to
provide them with the maximum degree of care and comfort
and facilitate access to them hy appropriate representatives of
the United States Governmcnt. The United States Governinent
furthcr rcservcs thc right to make additional demand upoii the
Soviet Govcrnment for ainends and other actions on account
of its condiict on or since October 7, 1952.with respect to such
survivors.

Furthermorc, the United States has not iiicluded in its dcmand
for damages, specified above, any sum on account of the items
of intangible injury deliberately and intentionally causcd to the
United States Govcrnment and the American people, and to the
Government of Japan and the Japanese people, by the wrongful
actions of the Soviet Government. The United States Go\rernment
in this regard has determined to defer to a future date the formii-
lation of the kind and measure of redress or other action which
the Soviet Government should take which ~vould be appropriate
in international law and practice to confirm the illegality of the
actions directed by the Soviet Government against the Unitcd
States Go\rerninent and the American people, and to defer to
thc Government of Japan thc rnatter of the liability of the Sovict
Governinent for actions clirected by the Soviet Government
against the Government of Japan and the Japanese people.
The Government of the United States calls upon the Union
of Soviet Socialist Rcpublicspromptly to make its detailed answer

to thc allegations and deinands made in this comniuiiication.
Should the Sovict Government in its answer acknowledge its
indcbtcdness to the United States on account of the foregoing
and agree to pay the damages suffered and to comply with the
demands as above sct forth, the United States Government is
prepared, if rcqucsted, to present detailed evidence in support
of its calculations of damages suffered and alleged. If, however,
the Soviet Govcrnmcnt contests liability, it is requested so to
state in its aiiswer. In the latter event, the Soviet Government
is hereby notified that the United States Govemment deems an
international dispute to csist falling within the competencc of28 USITED STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R. (2j IS j4)

the International Court of Justice and that the United States
Government proposes that that dispute be presented for hearing
and decision in the International Court of Justice. Since it appears
that the Soviet Goremment has thus far not filed with that
Court any declaration of acceptance of the compulsory junsdiction
of the Court, the United States Government invites the Soviet
Government to file an appropriatc declaration with the Court,
or to enter into a Special Agreement, by which the Court may
be empowered in accordance with its Statute and Rules to deter-

mine the issues of fact and law which havc becn set forth hereiii ;
and the Soviet Government is reqiiested to inform the United
States Government in its reply to the present note of its inten-
tions with respect to such a declaration or Special Agreement.

Accept, ExceUency, the reriewed assurances of. my highest
consideration.

His Excellency
Vyacheslav 3%.AIolotov,
hlinister for Foreign Affairs,
~~osco\~..'9 SOVIET SOTE TO USITED ST.iTES (30SI1 jl)

.411>1e 2)

[Translatioii froin Russian]

TEXT OF SOVIET NOTE OF DECEAIBER 30, 1954,
TO THE UNITED STATES

~IISISTRY OF FORISIGN Al'lihl~~
USSR

Xo. II~/OSA.

In connection with the note of ,the Go\~ernmciit of the Unitcd
States of America Xo. 270of Septeinber Zj of this year the Govern-
ment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics considers it neces-
sary to state the following:
Having examined the aforementioned note of the Govcrnmeiit
of the United States of America concerning the incident, which took
place in connection with the violation of the State boundary of the
USSR by an American B-29 bomber in the region of the island of
Yuri on October 7, 1952, the Soviet Government notes that this
note contains essentially nothing new relating to the above-men-
tioned incident in comparison with that which the Government of
the USA earlier reported on this question. In the note of the
Government of the USA a version of the mentioned incident \\,hich

is contrary to fact is again repcated, unsubstantiated suppositions
relative to the fate of members of the crew of the aforementioned
Amencan airplane are stated, and also certain questions unrelated
to the given affair are raised.
The Soviet Government in its notes of October 12 and Xovem-
ber 24. 1952. has already set forth on the basis of factual data the
circumstances relating to the violation of the Soviet State bound-
ary by an American military airplane. Information,supplementary
hereto, in relation to the above-mentioned incident, is alsocon-
tained in an extract appended to this note from a report of the
circumstances of thc violation of the State boundary of the USSR
in the region of the island of Yuri on October 7, 1952. by an
-4merican B-zg airplane.

The circumstances of this incident set forth in the mentioned
notes of the Soviet Government and also in the above-mentioned
Report show that the American airplane on October 7, 1952,
violated the State boundary of the USSR in the regioii of the islaiid
of Yun and opened unprovoked fire on Soviet fighters guarding the
State boundary of the USSR.30 SOVIET SOT13 TO ljSITED ST.4TES (30XII 54)

The Soviet Government in a note of November 24, 1952, has
already reported that it does not dispose of information of the
further fate of thc Amcrican B-zg bomber and its Creus.
On the question touchcd upon in the note of the Government of
the USA of State sovereignty over the South Kurile islands the
position of the Soviet Union has been set forth in the notes of the
Soviet Government to the Government of the USA of Xovem-
ber 24, 19j2, and Decembcr II, 1954.

Since it has been precisely established that the American military
airplane violated the boundary of the USSII and withont any
reasons opened fire on the Soviet fightew the responsihility for the
incident which took place and its conseyuences lies entirely on the

American side. Undcr these conditions the Soviet Government
cannot take into consideration the pretension contained in the note
of the Government of the USA of September 2; of this year and
considers without any foundation the proposal of the Government
of the USA for submitting this matter for consideration by the
International Court.
\Vith regard to the attempts of the Government of the USA to
use the incident of October 7, 1952, in order to present in a false
light the position of the Soviet Union with respect to Japan and
the Japanese people, the Soviet Government considers it necessary
to note that the attitude of the Soviet Union toward Japan and the
Japanese people is well known.
The position of the Soviet Union, in particular, found its reflec-

tion in the Joint Declaration of the Government of the USSR and
the Government of the CPR concerning relations with Japan of
October 12. 1954. In this Declaration it \vas noted that althongh
nine years have passed since the end of the war. Japan has not
received independence and continues to remain in the position of
a semi-occupied country. The temtory of Japan is covered ~vith
numerous American military bases, the industry and finances of
Japan are dependent upon American ~nilitary orders, its foreign
tradc is under the control of the United States of America. Al1this
causes the difficult economic position in which Japan continues to
find itself.

In the aforementioned Declaration the Soviet Union expressed

sympathy for Japan and the Japanese people, which has found
itself in a difficult position as a consequence of the San Francisco
treaty imposed upon it by the United States and of other agree-
ments, and stated its readiness to undertake steps for the purpose
of normalizing its relations with Japan. The Soviet Union noted
in addition that Japan will meet wvithfull support in its effort to
establish political and economic relations with it, jiist as al1 stepson her side directed toward insuring the conditions for its peaceful
and independent development will meet with full support.

Jloscoiv, Decemher 30, 1954.

[Seal of the Ministry of
Foreigii AffairUSSR.]3- .4PPESDIS TO THE SOVIET SOTE OF 30XII 54

Appeudix to the Soviet AToteof 30 xrr54

EXTRACT FRObI REPORT OF MAJOR GEXERAL OF AVIA-
TION IIAKHUN TO THE COhlAfAND OF AIR FORCES OF
OCTOBER 26, 1952, ON THE QUESTION OF THE VIOLA-
TION OF THE STATE BOUNDARY OF THE USSR II\' THE

REGION OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE 1CUlIILE
ISLAXDS ON OCTOBER 7, 1952, BY AN AMERICAN TYPE
B-29 MILITARI' AIRPLANE

The investigation \\.as conducted by means of a thorough study
of officia1documents, journal entries of radar stations and duty

personnel at the airfield, the obtaining of written explanations of
members of the border troops and fliers and also personal interroga-
tion of eye \vitnesses and radar personnel and fliers who look part
in observing the flight of the violator-airplane over our territory
and in waming it of this.

The investigation established :
On October 7, 1952, at 14 hours 31 niinutes Khabarovsk time an
airplane of unidentified iiationality which on a course of 40-45
degrees was flying in the direction of the southern part of the island
of Tanfilev \\.as detected in the imrnediate vicinity of our State
boundary by radar installations. Continuing its flight on this
course, the foreignairplane al 14 hours 33 minutes having violated
the State boundary, entered the air space over the territorial

waters of the USSR and, approaching the southern Coast of the
island of Tanfilei,, turned and flenron a course to the northivest ovcr
the island of Tanfilev. lieaching the north~\rest end of the island
of Tanfilev the violator-airplane, evidently, after having recon-
noitered il, at 14 hoiirs 35 minutes turned and \vent onn course
of 285 degrees, and after t\vo minutes departed from the air space
of the USSR. Thus the violator-airplane in this case was over Solriet
territory for four to five minutes.
To al1 appearances, riot having carefully cnough exnmined
the island of Tanfilev, this same violator-airplane at 15 hours
20 minutes violated a second time the Soviet State houndary on a
course of 40-45 degrees and, reaching the point latitude 43' 24'
longitude 145" 56'.turned to the northwest, passed over the south-

western part of the island of Tanfilev and at 15 hours 23 minutes
left the air space of the Soviet Union.
On its second violation of the State boundary of the Soviet
Union the violator-airplane \vas over Soviet temtory for ariother
three-four minutes.
Having remained several ininutes outside the air space of the
Soviet Union, the violator-airplane at 15 hours 27 minutes Khaba-33 APPESDIX TO THE SOVIET SOTE OF 30 XII54

rovsk time at the point latitude 43' IS' longitude 145" 59' on a
course 90-100 degrees for a third time violated the Soviet boundary
and after crossing the State boundary the violator-airplane went
in the direction of the islands of Yuri, Zeleny, Shikotan, appar-
ently with the same reconnaissance purpose with respect to these
Soviet islands.
After the first violation of the State boundary the aviation com-
mand, guided by the Instruction for the defense of the State air
boundaries of the USSR, sent up a pair of fighters. The airborne
fighters, having gained altitude over the airfield, headed to\vard
the regioii of the islaiid of Yuri.

Taking a direct course toward the regioii of the island of Yuri, the
pair of Soviet fighters atI jhours 29 minutes detected south of the
island of Demin at an altitude of 5,000 meters a four-engine bomber
of the B-zg type of a dark green color with American identifi-
cation marks.
After detecting the violator-airplane. which turned out to be an
American bomber of the B-29 type, the Soviet fighters began to
auuroach it for the uArDoAe of warninz i- that it was over Soviet
t&itorY.
During the approach the American B-29 bomber from a distance
of approximately 1,000 meters opened fire on the Soviet fighters,

one of the bursts passed near the left wing of the lead fighter-air-
plane. Despite the fact that the American aircraft had opened fire,
the Soviet fliers, without opening fire, continued the approach in
order to warii the violator-airplane that it was over our territory.
While the Soviet fighters were continuing the approach wvithout
opening fire, the American bomber for a second time opened fire
on thein.
The Soviet fighters, in view of the unsuccessful attempt to
approach and warn the violator-airplane by maneuvers that it
was over Soviet territory, were forced iii anslver to the maiiifestly
hostile act by the American bomber to open answering fire, after
which the violator-airplane turned and with loss of altitude went
offinto the direction of the sea at great speed.

In view of the small amount of fuel which oiir fighters had left
they took a course to their airfield after the encounter.with the
mentioned American airplane. During the entire time of flight,
including the encounter with the American bomber, our fighters
did not leave the limits of the air space of the Soviet Union.

The weather in the region of the violation of the Soviet boundary
during the period from 14 to 16 hours Khabarovsk time on Octo-
ber 7, 19j2, \ras slightly cloudy with haze and visibility of 8-10
kilometers.34 APPEXDIS TO THE SOVIET SOTE OF 30 XII54

CONCLUSIONS

On October 7, 1952, an American four-engine bomber of the
B-zg type froin 14 hours 31 minutes until 15 hours 30 minutes
Khabarovsk time conducted flights obviously for reconnaissance

purposes and cluring the first violation of the tjtate boundary of the
USSR in the period from 14 hours 33 minutes to 14 hours 37
minutes a reconnaissance of the island of Tanfiler, \iras conducted
by it, diiring the secorid violation in the penod from 15 hours
20 minutes to 15 hours 23 minutes the results of the first reconnais-
sance flight over the southwestern part of the island of Tanfilev
were verified by it.
Havi~ig fulfilled, apparently, the first part of its task for the
reconnaissaiice of the island of Tanfilev the Ainerican-29 airplane
for a third tiiiie violated the State boundary at 15 hours 27 minutes

and maiiitaiiied a course toward the Soviet islands of Yuri, Zeleny,
and Shikotaii evidently for the fulfillment of the second part of
its task, that is for the reconnaissance of these islands.
Thus al1 three violations of the State boundary of the Soviet
Union by the ..\merican military airplane were premeditated and
were conducted with obviously hostile purposes.
The Soviet fighters, sent to the region of the island of 'l'uri with
the aim of warning the \.iolator-airplane of its presence over Soviet
territory, acted in precise conformity with the instruction for the
defense ofthe State boundary of the Soviet Union, took al1necessary
measures, riskiiig life, in order to warn the violator by maneuvers

without opening fire. However, in view of the manifestation by the
violator-airplane of obviously hostile acts, after it opened fire for
a second time the Soviet fighters were compelled to give ansurering
firewith the aini of forciiig it to quit the air space of the USSR.

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

PLEADINGS, ORAL ARGUMENTS, DOCUMENTS

AERIAL INCIDENT OF OCTOBER 7th, 1952

(UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. UNION
OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS)

ORDEROF IIARCHqth,1956:REJIOVALFROII THE LIST COijR IXTERX.4TIONALE DE JUSTICE

MÉMOIRES, PLAIDOIRIES ET DOCUMENTS

INCIDENT AÉRIEN DU 7 OCTOBRE 1952
(ETATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE c.UNION DES

REPUBLIQUES SOCIALISTES SOVIETIQUES)
ORDOSNANCEDU 14>ï.iR1956R.4DIATIODURÔLEAPPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS

REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D'INSTANCE APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS

1.-THE AMBASSAUOR OF THE UNITED ST.4TES OF

AMERICA TO THE NETHERLANDS TO THE REGISTRAR
OF THE INTERNATIO~AL COURT OF JUSTICE

.4merican Embassy, THEHAGUE.

Sir,
Upon the instruction of my Govemment, 1 have the honor to

transmit to you herewith, in accordance ivith the Statute and Rules
of the InternationaCourt of Justice, an application to the Court
instituting proceedings on behalf of my Government against the
Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist RepublMys.Govern-
ment has appointed Mr. Herman Phleger, the Legal Adviser of the
Department of State, as its Agcnt in this case. 1 certify that the
signature on the application transmittedrewith is the signature
of Mr. Phleger. The addrcss for service to which al1communications
relating to the application should be sent is this Embassy.
For the purposes of the provisions of the Statute andthe Rules of
Court, particularly Article 4(2) and (3) and Article 63 of the
Statute, and Article 3(1)and Article 34 of the Rules of Court, 1
have the honor, on behalf of my Government, to transmit with the
original of this application one hundred printed copiesvhich 1
certify to be correct copies of the original.
Please accept, etc.

Enclosures:
One original application.
One hundred printed copies of the application, REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D'INSTANCE

I.- L'AMBASSADEUR DES ÉTATS-UNIS D'A~IÉRIQUE
AUX PAYS-BAS AU GREFFIER DE LA COUR
INTERXATIOX.4LE DE JUSTICE

-4mbassade d'Amérique,LAH.+PE.

2 juin1955.
3Ionsieur le Greffier,

Sur les instructions de mon Gouvernement et eii son nom, j'ai
l'honneur de vous transmettre ci-joint, conformément au Statut et
au Règlement de la Cour internationale de Justice, une requete
introductive d'instance contre le Gouvernement de l'Union des
Républiques socialistes soviétiques. Mon Gouvernement a nommé
comme agent en cette affaire 31.Herman Phleger. conseiller juri-
dique du Département d'État. Je certifie que la signature apposée
sur la requêteci-jointe est celle de JI. Phleger. Cette ambassade est
le domicile éluauquel devront êtreenvoyéestoutes les communica-
tions relativeàla présenterequête.
Conformément aux dispositions du Statutet du Règlement de la
Cour, en particulier des articles(2) et (3) et de l'article 63 du
Statut, ainsi que des articles(1)et 34 du Règlement de la Cour,

au nom de mon Gouvernement, j'ai l'honneur de vous transmettre
avec l'original de la requête, cent exemplaires imprimés que je
certifie êtredes copies exactes de l'original.
I'euillez agréer,etc.

(Signé)H. FREE~IAS JIATTHEWS.

Annexes :
I requêteoriginale.

roo exemplaires imprimésde la requête.II.-THE AGEXT OF THE LiNITED STATES OF AMERICA
TO THE REGISTRAR OF THE IXTERXATIOXAL
COURT OF JUSTICE

~)EPART>LEST OF %.*TE,
WASHINGTOS. May 26, 1gj5.

Sir:

I. This is a wntten application, in accordance mith the Statute
and Rules of the Court, submitted by the Government of the
United States of America instituting proceedings against the
Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on account
of certain willful acts committed by fighter aircraft of the Soviet
Government against a United States Air Force B-29 aircraft and
itscre\\. off Hokkaido, Japan, on October 7, 19jz.
The subject of the dispute and a succinct statement of the facts
and grounds upon which the claini of the Government of the
United States of America is based are adequately set forth in a
note delivered to the Soviet Government on September 25, 1954.

A copy of the note is attached to this application as an annes.
The Soviet Government has asserted its contentions of fact and
law with reference to the United States Government's claim in
other diplomatic correspondence on this subject, most recently in
a note dated Drcember 30, 1954, a copy of which is also attached
to this application asan annes.

2. The United States Government notes that the present dispute
concerns matters of the charactcr specitied in Article 36 (2) of the

Statute of the Court, including subdivisions (a) through (d).
As will be seen from the anneses. the legal dispute of the United
States Government with the Soviet Go\reriiment involves serious
questions of international law. Amoiig thein are the validity of the
Soviet Government's claim to sovereignty over the Habomai
Islands situated off Hokkaido, Japan, and in that connection the
interpretation of the Treaty of Peace with Japan signed at San
Francisco on September S, 1951. In addition there are involved the
scope and application of international obligations relating to the
overflight of intruding and intercepting military aircraft, together
with numerous issues of fact which if resolved in favor of the
United States Government would coiistitute breaches of interna-
tional obligation by the Soviet Governmcnt ; and the nature and
estent of reparations to be made by the Soviet Government to the
United States Government for ail these breaches. 11. - L'AGENT DES ÉTATS-UNS D'ABIÉRIQUE AU
GREFFIER IIE LA COLÏR IXTEKXATIOXALE

DE JUSTICE

26 mai ïgjj

RIoiisieur le Greffier,

I.Le présent document est nne requêtepar laquelle le Goiiverne-
ment des États-Unis introduit, conformément au Statut et au
Règlement de la Cour, une instance contre le Gouvernement de
l'Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiquesà raison de certains
actes commis volontairement le 7 octobre 1952 au large de Hok-
kaido, Japon, par un avion de chasse du Gouvernement soviétique
à l'encontre d'un appareilB-29 des forces aériennes des États-Unis.
L'objet dii différend et un exposésuccinct des faits et des motifs
par lesquels la demande du Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amé-
rique est justifiée sont énoncéscomme il convient dans la note
remise le 25 septembre 1954 au Gouvernement soviétique. Copie
de cette note est jointe en annexe à la présente requête.

Le Gouvernement soviétique a exposé ses arguments de fait et
de droit ail sujet de la réclaniation du Gouvernement des Etats-
Unis dans une autre correspondance diplomatique relative à cette
affaire, et tout récemment dans une note en date du 30 déceinbre
1954. dont copie est égalemeiit jointe en annexe à la présente
requête.
2. Le Gouvernement des États-Unis constate que le différend
actuel porte sur des questions relevant des catégories spécifiéeà

l'article 36, paragraphe z, du Statut de la Cour, y compris les sub-
divisionsa) à d). Comme on le verra en examinant les anne-s. le
différend d'ordre juridique qui sépare le Gouvernement des Etats-
Unis ct le Gouvernement soviétique met en jeu d'importantes
questions de droit international.Au iiombre de ces dernières figu-
rent la validité de la prétention du Gouvernement soviétique i la
souveraineté sur les îles Habomai, situées au large de Hokkaitlo,
Japon, et, à ce propos, l'interprétation du traité de paix avec le
Japon signéà San-Francisco le 8 septembre 1951. Sont en outre
mises en jeu la portéeet l'application des obligations internationales
relatives au survol par des avions militaires s'introduisant par
intrusion et pour intercepter la navigation, ainsi que de iiom-
breuses questions de fait qui, si elles étaient résolues en fa\.eur
du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis, constitueraient des infractions à

une obligation internationale commises par le Gouvernement
soviétiqi~e;enfin, la nature et l'étendue des réparations aiixqucllcsIo APPLlCATlOS ISSTITUTISG PROCEEDISGS (26 V jj)

The United States Government, in filing this application with
the Court, submits to the Court's jurisdiction for the purposes of
this case. The Soviet Government appears not to have filed any
declaration with the Court thus far, although it was invited to do
so hy the United States Government in the note annexed hereto.
The Soviet Government is, however, qualified to submit to the
jurisdiction of the Court in this matter and may upon notification

of this application by the Registrar, in accordance with the Rules
of the Court, take the necessary steps to enable the Court's,juris-
diction over both parties to the dispute to be confirmed.

The United States Government thus founds the jurisdiction of
this Court on the foregoing considerations and on Article 36 (1)
of the Statute.

3. The claim of the Go\.ernment of the United States of America
is hriefly that the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics on October 7, 1952, willfully and unlawfully caused
fighter aircraft to overfly the territory of Japan, toover over and

pace a United States Air Force B-zg aircraft lawfully flying over
Japan, the Soviet aircraft doing so unbeknown to the crew of the
United States Air Force H-zg, and without any provocation to
attack and destroy the United States Air Force B-zg, causing it to
crash into the sea at a point between Yuri Island and Akiyuri
Island in territory rightfully belonging to Japan ;that the crew
of eight,al1members of the United States Air Force and nationals
of the United States, have failed to retum ; and that the Soviet
Government has concealed from the United States Government
information as to the fate of the creïi. and has not made provision
for the prompt return of any crew members \vhom it may still be
holding or of whose whereabouts it is informed. The damages
suffered by the United States Government and for which the

Soviet Government is liable to it are specified in the annexed note.
The United States Government claims that in the circumstances
described in the annex the actions chargeable to the Soviet Govern-
ment constituted serious violations of international obligation for
which the United States Government has demanded and dernands
monetary and other reparation.

In diplomatic correspondence with reference to this matter.
including the Soviet Government's note a copy of which is attached
hereto as an annex, constituting negotiations which must now be
determined to have been exhausted, the Soviet Goverilment has REQUETE ISTKODUCTI~S D'I~~STANCE (26 1-jj) IO

le Gou\~ernement soviétique serait tenu vis-à-vis du Gouvernement
des États-Unis à rais011de toutes ces infractions.
Le Gouvernement des États-Unis, en déposant la présenterequête,
déclare accepter la juridiction de la Cour aux fins de la présente
espèce. Il ne semble pas qu'à ce jour le Goiivernement soviétique
ait déposé une déclaration à la Cour, bien qu'il ait été invité
à le faire par le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis dans la note jointe
ci-après en annexe. Le Gouvernement soviétique est, cependant,

qualifié pour 'reconnaître la juridiction de la Cour en l'espèce
et il lui est loisible, lorsque la présente requête lui sera notifiée
par le Greffier, conformément au Règlement de la Cour, de prendre
les dispositions nécessairesafin que soit confirméela juridiction de
la Cour à l'égard desdeus parties au différend.
Lc Gouvernement des États-Unis fonde donc la compétencede la
Cour sur les considérations qui précèdent,ainsi que sur l'article 36
(1)du Statut.

3. La réclamation du Gouvernement des gtats-Unis d'Amérique
peut se résumer comme suit: à la date du 7 octobre 1952 e Gouver-
nement de l'Union des Républiques socialistessoviétiqueï adélibéré-
ment et ill6galement envoyéun avion de chasse poursurvolerle terri-
toire japonais, planer au-dessus d'un avion B-zg des forces aériennes
des États-Unis qui survolait légalement le Japon et le poursuivre
-l'avion soviétiqueagissant àl'insu dei'équipage du B-29desforces
aériennes des États-Unis - et, sans aucune provocation, attaquer
et détruire le B-zg des forces aériennes des États-tinis, qui s'est
abattu dans la mer à un point situé entre l'île de Yuri et I'ile de
Akijuri, dans une région faisant légitimement partie du territoire
japonais ;les hpit hommes de L'équipage,tous membres des forces
aériennes des Etats-Unis et ressortissants des États-Lïnis. ne sont

pas rentrés ;le Gouveriiement soviétique a cachéau Gourernement
des Etats-Unis tous les renseignements concernant le sort de
l'équipagect n'a pris aucune mesure pour assurer le prompt retour
de ceux des membres de l'équipage qu'ilpourrait encore déteiiir et
dont il coniiaît le lieu où ils se trouvent. Les dommages subis par
le Gouvernement des États-Unis et dont le Gouvernement sovié-
tique est responsable sont indiquésdans la ilote eii aiinese. Le Gou-
vernement des États-Unis soutient que, dans les conditions telles
qu'elles sont décrites dans l'annexe, les actes imputables au Gou-
vernement soviétique constituent de graves violations d'une obliga-
tion internationale, à raison desquelles le Gouvernenient des États-

Unis a demandé et demande indemnité, ainsi que d'autres répara-
tions.
Dans la correspondance diplomatique relative à cette affaire,y
compris la note du Gouvernement soviétique dont une copie est
jointe en annexe, correspoiidance qui constitue des négociations
qiii doivent maintenant étre considérées comme épuiséesl,e Gou-II .+I>PLICATIOS ISSTITUTISG PHOCEEDISGS (26 Y jj)

asserted a versioii of the facts and of the law contrary to that
asserted by the United States Government.

A dispute is therefore presented appropriate for hearing and
decision hy this Court in accordance with the Statute and Rules.
The United States Government, in further pleadings herein, will
more fully set forth the issues of fact and the issues of law in this

dispute. It will request that the Court find that the Soviet Govem-
ment is liable to the United States Government for the damages
caused; that the Court award damages in favor of the United
States Government against the Soviet Government in the sum of
$1,6zo,zgg.o1 with interest and such other reparation and redress
as the Court may deem to be fit and proper ;and that the Court
make al1other necessary orders and awards, including an award of
costs, to effectuate its determinations.

4. The undersigned has been appointed by the Government of
the United States of America as its Agent for the purpose of this
application and al1 proceedings thereon.

Very truly yours,

(Signed) Herman PHLEGER,
The Legal Adviser of the
Department of State. REQUET IFTRODUCTIÏE D'ISSTASCE (26 Ï jj) II

vernement soviétique a présenté une \~ersioii qui, au regard des
faitset dii droit, est contraire à celle présentéepar le Gouvernement
des Etats-Unis.
Il se présente dès lors un différend que la Cour peut examiner
et trancher conformément à son Statut et à son Règlement.
])ans la procédure écrite ultérieure, le Gouvernement des États-
Unis exposera plus complètement les points de fait et de droit du
présent différend. 11demandera à la Cour de dire et juger que le
Goiivernem.ent soviétique est responsable \vis-à-vis du Gouverne-
ment des Etats-Unis à raison du dommage causé ; il demandera
à la Cour d'ordonner qiie soient versésau Gouvernement des Etats-
Unis, par le Gouvcrncment soviétique, des dommages s'élevant à

dollars 1.6zo.z9j,or, plus les intérêts,et d'accorder audit Gouver-
nement des États-Unis toutes autres réparations et satisfactions
que la Cour jugera convenables et appropriées ; il demandera
à la Cour de rendre toutes autres ordonnances et sentences
nécessaires, y compris en matière de dépens, pour donner effet à
ses décisions.

4.Le soussigné a éténommé par le Gouvernement des États-
Unis d'Amérique comme son agent aux fins de la présente requête
et de la procédure qui s'ensuivra.
Veuillez agréer, etc.

(Signé) Herman PHLEGER,
Conseiller juridiq~e du
Département d'Etat.12 UNITED ST.ATES SOTE TO G.S.S.R. (2j IS 54)

Anitex (I)

TEXT OF UNITED STATES XOTE OF SEPTENBER 25,1954,

TO THE UiVION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS

No. 270. September 25, 1954.

Excellency :
1 have the hoiior to transmit to you herewith, upon the instruc-
tion of my Government, the follorving communication :
The Government of the United States of America makes
reference to the destruction on October 7, 1952. by fighter air-
craft of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, of a United
States Air Force .B-29 airplane near the Japanese Island of Hok-
kaido. It rvill be recalled that by notes dated October 17, 1952,

and December 16, 1952. the United States Government, protestiiig
the actions of the Soviet aircraft, requested the Soviet Goverii-
ment to make payment for the destroyed airplane aiid for the
lives of any of the crew who might have perished, and forther
requested the Soviet Government to provide information on the
whereabouts and welfarc of any of the crew members who might
have survived, with a vie\\, to their return to the United States.

The Soviet Government has not, in the period which has elapsed
since December 16, 19j2, when the last United States note usas
delirered to it, giren any indication of the fate of the crew members
of the B-29 shot down by the Soviet aircraft. As the United States
Government reminded the Soviet Government in the note of
October 17, 1952, \vitnesses actually observed a Soviet Govern-
ment patrol boat leave Suisho Island, a poiiit close to the spot

where the B-29 \vas seen to go dorn, immediately after the
shooting and proceed to the spot where the B-zg had hit the
\vater, and some tinie later saw the boat return. The spot, the
Soviet Government is further reminded, was in an area theii and
since freely accessible to Soviet Government personnel and in
the vicinity of the area of Yuri Island which the Soviet Govern-
ment in its orvn account of the episode, in its notes of Octob12.
1952. and November 24. 1952, fixes as the area in which the epi-
sode took place. Therefore the United States Government could
not, and cannot, accept either the Soviet Government's state-
ment, in its note of November 24, 1952. that it possessed no
information regarding the whereabouts of the members of the
crew of the B-29 airplane or the Soviet Government's continued
silence in regard to whether the Soviet Govemmeiit has any NOTE DES ÉTATS-USIS A L'U.K. S. S(25 IS 54) 12

Anne.ze (1)

TEXTE DE LtZ NOTE EX DATE DU 25 SEPTEMBRE 1954.
ADRESSÉE PAR LES ÉTATS-UNIS A L'UNION DES

REPUBLIQUE SSOCIALISTES SOVIÉTIQUES
[Tradz&ction]
No 270. 25 septembre 1954.

hlonsieur le ministre,
Sur instriictions de mon Gouvernemeiit, j'ai l'honneur de 1-ous
transmettre ci-joint la communication suivante :

Le Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique se réfère à la des-
truction d'un avioii B-29 appartenant aux forces aériennes des
États-Unis, survenue le 7 octobre 1952, prbs de l'ile japonaise de
Hokkaido, du fait d'un avion de chasse del'Union des Républiques
socialistes soviétiques. On se souviendra que, par notes en date du
;7 octobre 1952 et du 16 décembre 1952, le Gouvernement des
Etats-Unis, protestant contre les actes commis par 1:avion sovié-
tique, a demandé au Gouvernement soviétique de lui verser une
indemnite à raison de la destruction de l'avion et de la perte des
membres de l'équipage qui auraient éventuellement péri ;il a en
outre demandé au Gouvernement soviétique de lui fournir des ren-
seignements sur l'état de santé des membres de l'équipage qui
auraient survécu, ainsi que sur le lieu où ils se trouvent, en vue de

leur retour aux États-Unis.
Au cours de la période qui s'est écoulée depuis le16 décembre
1952, date à laquelle lui a étécommuniquée la dernière note des
Etats-Unis, Ic Gouvernemeiit soviétique n'a fourni aucune indica-
tion quant au sort des membres dc l'érluipagedu B-29 abattu par
i'avion soviétique. Ainsi que le Gouveriieineiit des Etats-Unis l'a
rappelé au Gouvernement soviétique dans sa note du 17 octobre
1952.des témoiiisoiit effectivement observéqu'lin bateau patrouil-
leur di1 Gouverneineiit soviétique quittait l'ile de Suisho, endroit
situéà proximité du poiiit où l'on a vu s'abattrB-zg, immédiate-
ment après le tir, et se dirigeait vers l'endroit où B-29 avait
touché l'eau, ct peu de temps après ils ont vii le bateau retourner
sur son aire. 11est rappelé, en outre, au Gouvernemeiit soviétique
que ce point est sitii; dans Uriezoiic qui à ce moment et depuis
lors étaitit>reinciitaccessible au persoiincl du Gouvernement sovié-

tique età proxiniité du territoire de l'île de Yuri, que, par ses notes
du 12 octobre 1952 ct du24 novembre 1952, daiis sa.propre version
des faits, le C;oiivcriicnieritsoviétique désigiiccomine la régiondans
laquelle a eii licu I'incideiit. Ilès lors, le Gouvernement des Etats-
Unis ne po~ivait et lie peut accepter ni la déclaratioii du Gouverne-
ment so\riétiqiiecontenue dans sa note du 24 novembre 1952, por-
tantqiie ce dernier lie possédait auconc iiiformation concernant le
2I3 USlTED STATES XOTE TO U.S.S.R. (2j IS j4)
information coiicerning the fate of any of the crew niembers,
whether aiiy are alive, and whether the. Soviet Government
proposes to make arrangements for their return. Xor can the
United States Government acquiesce in the continued failure

of the Soviet Government to give any indication of willingness
to make amends for the darnage it caused and for which it is
responsible, in spite of the requests therefor in the United States
Government's notes above described.

The purpose of the present coinniunication is, in view of the
foregoing, to place solemnly upon the record al1 the facts \\,hich
the United States Government has been able to gather on the
subject and based thereon to prefer against the Soviet Govem-

ment a formal international diplomatic claim as set forth below.

1

The United States Goveriiment charges, niid is prepared to
prove by evideiice in an appropriate forum, the following :

I.In the Treaty of Peace between the Allied Po~\.ersand Japan
signed in the City of San Francisco Septeinber S, 1951, provision
was duly made, in Article 6 thereof, for the stationing and reten-
tion, under or in consequence of bilateral or multilateral agree-
ments between Japan and any of the Allied Powers, of armed
forces in Japanese territory folloming the termination of the
occupation of Japan by occupation forces of the Allied Powers.
011 the same date the United States of America, as one of the
Allied Powers to whom reference is made in the Treaty of Peace,
entered into a Security Treaty witb Japan by which Japaii granted,
and the United States of America accepted, the right to dispose
land, air and sea forces of the United States in and about Japan
upon the coming into force of the Treaty of Peace.

The Treaty of Peace with the Allied Powers and the Security

Treaty between the United States of America and Japan came
into force April 28. 1952,and thereupoii the state of war between
Japan and each of the Allied Powers terminated and the full
sovereignty of the Japanese over Japan and its territorial waters
vas diily reestablished.
In pursuance of the Security Treaty and with the consent of
the Government of Japaii, the United States Government after
April 28, 1952, maintained air forces and aircraft in and about
Japan which ciigaged and continued to engage iii such activities
as were proper and necessary to provide for the defense of Japan
and of the United States' forces niaintained thereiii against aggres- SOTE DES ÉTATS-UXIS A 1.'~R. S. S.(2j 1X j4) I3
lieu où se trouvaient les membres de l'équipage de l'avion B-29, ni

le silence persistant du Gouvernement sovi6tique sur la questioii de
savoir si celui-ci possédait des informations sur lesort d'un menibre
quelconque de l'équipage, s'ily avait des survivants et si le Gouver-
nement soviétique se proposait de prendre des dispositions eii vue
de leur retour. Le Gouvernement des États-Unis ne peut davantage
accepter que le Gouvernement soviétique persiste à ne nianifester
aucune intention de réparer les dommages qu'il a causéset dont il
est responsable, nonobstant les demandes à cet effet contenues dans
les notes précitéesdu Gouvernement des États-Unis.
En considération de ce qui précède.l'objet de la présente com-
munication est de faireprendre solennellement acte de tous les faits
que le Gouvernement des États-Unis a pu rassembler en la matière

et sur lesquels il se fonde pour présenter contre le Gouvernement
soviétique une réclamation diplomatique formelle d'ordre iiiter-
national énoncéeci-après.

1

Le Gouvernement des États-Unis allègue ce qui suit et est prét à
en apporter la preuve devant un tribunal approprié:

I. L'article6 du traité de paix cntrc les Puissances alliéeset le
Japon, signé en la ville de San Francisco le 8 septembre 1951,
contient des dispositions expresses relatives au stationnement et
au maintien, en vertu ou par suite de conventions bilatérales ou
multilatérales entre le Japon et l'une quelconque des Puissatices
alliées, de forces armées sur le territoire japonais, après qii'il aura
étémis fin A l'occupation du Japon par !es forces d'occupatioii des
Puissances alliées.A la méme date, les Mats-Unis d'.kmérique, en
tant que l'une des Puissances alliéesauxquelles se réfèrele traité de
paix, a conclu un traite de sécuritéavec le Japon par lequel ce

dernier accordait, et les Etats-Unisd'Amériqueacceptaient. le droit
de faire stationner sur le territoire japonais et ses environs des
forces militaires terrestres, aériennes et navales des États-Unis, dés
l'entréeen vigueur du traité de pais.
Le traité de paix avec lesPuissanccs alliées ainsi que le traité de
sécuritéconclu entre les États-Unis d'Amérique et le Japon sont
entrés en vigueur le 28 avril 1952, mettant ainsi fin à l'état de
guerrc entre le Japon et chacune des Puissances alliéeset rétablis-
sant l'entière souveraineté des Japonais siir le Japon et ses eaux
territoriales.
En application du traité de sécurité, ct avec le consentement du
Goiivernement du Japon, le Gouvernement des Etats Unis a main-

tenu, aprèsle 28 avril 1952, sur le territoire japonais et ses environs,
des forces aériennes et des aéronefs qiii se livraient et continuèrent
à se livrer aux activités convenables et nécessaires,poiir assurer la
défense dit Japon, ainsi que celle des forces des Etats-Unis qui yI4 USITED STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R.(25 1S 54)
sion, and for the purpose of deterring armed attackupon them.
,. .
Before and on October 7, 1952, pursuant to the Security Treaty
and agreements thcreunder between the Government of Japan

and the Governnient of the United States. regulations were in
cffect for Japan goverriing civil and military air traffic control
and communications systems. To enforce these regulations and
to maintain orderly traffic control over overflying aircraft, civil
and military, appropriate United States authorities \trithin Japan
were, by the United States Government and with the consent
of the Government of Japan, duly charged \vith the major respon-
sibilities for the operation of the air traffic co~itrolsystemrespecting
civil and military aircraft and with the enforcement thereof. As
was at al1Limeswell kiiowii to the Soviet Government, the appli-
cable regulations required that al1 aircraft proposing to fly iiito
the air space of Japan should inake prier notification to appro-

priate air traffic authorities within Japan and particularly that
any military aircraft proposing to fly into the air space of Japan
should make prior application to appropriate authorities ~vithin
Japan and receive prior authorization for such flight.

2. In the morning of October 7, 1952, an uriarmed United
States Air Force B-29 airplane, No. 44-61815, bearing the iden-
tificationcal1 sign "Sunbonnet King", was diily dispatched £rom
its base in the Island of Honshu in Japari, to perform a duly
authorized flight mission over the Island of Hokkaido, Japan,

and upon completiori to return to its base. The dispatching of
the B-zg, its mission, aiid its activities thereafter were al1 in the
pursuance of the doties and functions of the United States Govern-
ment and the United States Air Force under the Treaty of Peace
and the Security Treaty described above. Xeither the dispatching
nor the mission was intended or calculated to bc, iior were the
activities thcreaftcr performed hy the aircraft, in any \vay hostile
to the Soviet Government or any other governmeiit, or directed
against Soviet installations or personnel of the Soviet Govern-
ment or any other goveriiment in any place.

The aircraft\vas inaiined by a crem of eight, al1of them members
of the United States Air Force and citizens and iiationals of the
United States of America. The aircraft commander was Captain
Eugene Minot English, Serial No. A0 768042. The CO-pilotwas
Second Lieutenant Paul Eiigene Brock, Serial No. A0 2221927.
The navigator was First Lieutenant Johii Robertson Dunham,
Serial ;\'o. 20173 A. The other crew nienibers were Staff Sergeant
Samuel Albion Colgaii, Serial Xo. AF 31379760 ; Staff Sergeant YOTE DES ÉTATS-UXIS A L'U. R. S. S. (2j IX j4) 14
étaient maintenues, contre toute agression et dans le but d'em-
pêcherune attaque armée contre elles.
Avant le 7 octobre 1952 et à cette date, conformément au traité
de sécuritéet aux accords conclus en conséquenceentre le Gouver-

nement du Japon et le Gouvernement des États-Unis, des règle-
ments régissant le contrôle du trafic aérien,civil et militaire, ainsi
que les voies de communications, avaient pris effet à l'égard du
Japon. En vue de faire appliquer ces règlements et d'exercer un
contrôle méthodique sur le trafic des avions civils et militaires en
survol, les autorités américaines compétentes au Japon furent
dûment chargéespar le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis, et avec le
consentement du Gouvernement du Japon, de la responsabilité
supréme en ce qui concerne le fonctionnement et l'application du
système de contrôle à l'égarddu trafic aérien des avions civils et

militaires. Ainsi que le Gouvernement soviétique l'a su de tout
temps, les règlements applicables exigeaient que tout avion qui se
propose de pénétrerdans l'espace aérien du Japon en fasse part
au préalable aux autorités chargéesdu contrôle du trafic aérien au
Japon et, en particulier, que tout avion militaire qui se propose de
pénétrerdans l'espace aérien du Japon en fasse au préalable la
demande aux autorités compétentes au Japon et qu'il obtienne
cette autorisation avant d'entreprendre le vol projeté.

z. Dans la matinée du 7 octobre 1952. un avion B-2g non armé
des forces aériennes des États-Unis, portant lno44-6181j et l'indi-
catif d'appel et d'immatriculation « Sunbonnet King n, reçut dans

les formes requises l'ordre de qiiitter sa basà l'île de Honshu au
Japon, pour accomplir une mission aérienne dùment autorisée
au-dessus de l'îlede Hokkaido, Japon, etde retourner àsa baseaussi-
tôt après avoir terminé sa mission. L'envoi du B-zg, sa mission et
ses activités ultérieures étaient tous conformes aux devoirs et aux
attributions conférées,au Gorivernement des Etats-Unis et aux
forces aériennes des Etats-Unis en vertu dii traité dc paix et du
traité de sécuritémentionnésci-dessus. Ni l'envoi ni la mission, pas
plus que les activités siibséquentes de l'avion, n'étaient en aucune
manière ni conçus ni calculésdans un but hostile au Gouvernement
soviétique ou à un autre goiivcrnement quelconquc, ni dirigés
contre des installations soviétiques ou le personnel du Gouverne-

ment soviétique ou de tout autre gouvernement, cil cluelque lieu
qu'ils se trouvent.
L'aizion comportait lin équipagcde huit homnies, tous membres
des forces aériennes des États-Unis, citoyens et ressortissants des
États-Unis d'Amérique.Lc commandant de bord était lc capitaine
Eugknc Minet English, nomatriciile A0 766042.Le CO-piloteétaitle
lieutenant en second Paul Engène Brock, nomatriciilc 110 zzzrgz7.
Le navigateur étaitlc prcmicr lientenant John 1Zobcrtsoiillunham,
no iiintricule 20173 A. Les antres iiieinbres de l'kqiiipagc étaient le
scrgcrit d'état-major Samiicl .+ilhion Colgan, no mritriciile AF NOTE DES ÉTATS-USIS .A L'V.R. S. S(zj IS j4) 15

31379760 :le sergent d'état-major John Arthur Hirsch, nomatricule
AF 19329704 ; l'aviateur de première classe Thomas Gcrald Shipp,
no matricule AF 18365941 ; l'aviateur de deuxième classe Fred
Grady Kendrick, no matricule AF 14347294 ; et l'aviateur de
deuxième classe Frank Eiigene Neail, nomatricule 13394257.

3. Agissant conformément, aux instructions relatives à leur
mission aérienne, après avoir quitté l'île de Hotishu, le capitaine
English et son équipage à bord de l'avion B-29, iSzhnbonnetKing »,
commencèrent dûment à survoler l'île de Hokkaido, vers II heures
du matin, heure locale. Vers 14 heures, heure locale, alors que le
B-29 survolait l'île mêmede Hokkaido à une altitude de ij.joo
pieds environ, les autorités du Gouvernement soviétique, ayant
appris ces faits, envoyèrent délibérément deuxavions de chasse
pour intercepter le B-zg au-dessus du territoire japonais. Procédant
sous le contrôle des autorités soviétiques, les deux avions de chasse
soviétiqiies suivirent délibérémentun itinéraire calculéde manière

à converger avec celui du B-zg et à intercepter ce dernier. Les
autorités soviétiques n'avaient pas signalé à l'avance aux autorités
chargéesdu contrôle du trafic aii Japon la présencedes deux avions
de chasse soviétiques, qui n'étaient donc autorisés en aucune
manière à survoler le territoire du Japon. Xéanmoins, à l'insu de
l'équipage du 23-29. avec un dédain voulu (le la souveraineté du
Japon, de la position des États-Unis au Japon et de la défensedu
Japon par les États-Unis, ainsi qu'en violation des règlements
relatifs au contrôle du trafic aérien légalement envigueur au Japon
et visant le survol du territoire japonais, les autorités soviétiques
qui contrôlaient à ce moment les actes de l'avion, et les pilotes
soviétiques à bord de l'appareil, firent délibérémentet intention-

nellement prendre à l'appareil soviétique une direction ouest ainsi
qu'il est indiqué. A 14 heures 15, heure locale, les deux avions de
chasse soviétiques ainsi dirigésatteignirent dans l'espace aériende
Hokkaido un point approximativement situé à 32 miles à l'ouest de
l'île de Yuri età 6 miles au nord de la péninsuleNemuro, au-dessus
des eaux territoriales de l'île de Hokkaido. assez exactement au-
dessus de la position occupée par le B-29. Les avions soviétiques
volaient et continuèrent à voler à une altitude àlaquelle l'équipage
du B-29 ne pouiait, ni à ce moment ni ultérieurement, observer
leur présencemais de laquelie le B-29 pouvait êtreet fut coutinuel-

lement observé par les pilotes des avions de chasse soviétiques et,
sans aucun doute, par les autorités soviétiques contrôlant les
pilotes. Ensuite, les avions de chasse soviétiques, continuant à
agir sous la direction et le contrôle des autorités soviétiques,suivirent
le vol du B-zg de 14 heures 15 à 14 heures 31, heure locale, en se
maintenant continuellement au-dessus du B-zg, alors que celui-ci
poursuivait son vol inoffensif au-dessus de l'île et des eaux limi-
trophes de Hokkaido, en territoire japonais.16 UXITED STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R. (~j IX 54)

At aplxoximately 2:29 p.m. local time the B-29, passing at the
end of Nemuro Peninsula of the Island of Hokkaido, \vas in the
process of effecting a normal turn for B-zg type aircraft, in order
to enablc the R-zg to fly ~vestwardand farther into the mainland of
Hokkaido; in so doing it came over the aater area adjacent to the
tip of the Nemuro Peninsula close to the Nosapp~ Lighthouse there
when, iindoulitedly iipon instructions from the Soviet controlling
authorities. the pacing Soviet fighter aircraft dived from their
high altitude,behind and unbeknown to the B-zg and its crew, and
without any \varning whatsoever opened fire on the B-zg, with
several deliberate and successive bursts. Simultaneously, likewise
upon the orders of the competent Soviet authorities. in concert

with the pilots in the fighter aircraft, Soviet personnel then stationed
on the Island of l'un, east of the Nemuro Peninsula, opened fire
upon the B-zg from the ground.

The B-29 was struck by the fire from the fighter aircraft, and by
ground fire, was disabled and plunged into the sea, hitting the
water at a point between Yuri Island and Akiyuri Island, south-
west of Harukarimoshiri Island, al1in territory rightfully belonging
to Japan. The aircraft, hroken np in several parts, exploded as the
water was hit and floated as wreckage upon the surface of the water.

Shocked and unable to control the aircraft, the crew of theB-zg
called out on voicc radio on an international emergency channel that
they were in extreme distress, and attempted to abandon the plane
in the air. The United States Governmeiit has concluded, and
charges, that some or al1of the crew of the B-zg successfully para-
chuted to the sca at approximately the position where the aircraft

hit the water.
Within a few minutes thereafter, and while the wrecked aircraft
andits crew were still on the surface of the sea, a patrolboat belong-
ing to the Soviet Government. upon orders of competent Soviet
authorities, leftthe Island of Suisho, east of the Nosappu Light-
house and northwest of the position where the B-zg was shot and
came down, and proceeded to the scene of the wreckage. The United
States Government concludes, and therefore charges, that this
was for the purpose of picking up sur\~ivors and objects in the
debris of the aircraftof possible interest to the Soviet Government.
Undoubtedly having accomplished its mission the patrol boat
then retumed to Suisho Island. The United States Government
concludes, and charges, that the Soviet Government's patrol boat
did pick up items of interest to the Soviet Government as ~r-el1
as survivors still alive and bodies of other cre\lr membcrs, if dead.
Undoubtedly the competent Soviet authorities in the area had and
prepared a coinplete report which was thereafter undoubtedly duly
submitted to the appropriate responsible authorities of the Soviet

Government. SOTE DES ÉTATS-USIS .a L'U.K. S.S. (zj lx j4) 16

Vers 14 heures 29 environ, heure locale. le B-zg ayant dépassé
l'extrémitéde la péninsule Xemuro de l'île Hokkaido effectuait un
virage normal pour un appareil du type B-29, dans le but de prendre
unc direction ouest et de pénétrerplus profondément au-dessus du
territoire de Hokkaido ; ce faisant, il survola les eaux limitrophes
de la pointe de la péninsule Xemuro, à proximité du phare de
i\'osappu, lorsque les avions de chasse soviétiques poursuivants,
agissant certainement sur instructionsdcs aiitorités soviétiques de
contrôle, fonchent brusquement de l'altitude élevéeoù ils se trou-
vaicnt pour se placer derrière le B-zg, à l'insu de son équipage et,
sans aucun avertissement, ouvrirent délibérémentet à plusieurs

reprises le feu sur leB-zg. Dans le mêmemoment, également sur
les ordres des autorités soviétiques compétentes et de concert avec
les pilotes des avions de chasse, le personnel soviétique en station-
nement dans l'ile de Yuri, à l'est de la péninsule Xemuro, ouvrit
du sol le feii sur lB-29.
Le B-29, atteint par les projectiles des avions de chasse et par
le feu du tir au sol, fut mis hors de service et s'abattit dans la mer,
touchant l'eau à un endroit situé entre l'île de Ynri et l'île de Aki-
yuri, au sud-ouest de I'ile de Harukarimoshiri. tous points situés en
territoire appartenant légitimement au Japon. L'avion, brisé en
pliisienrs parties, explosa en touchant I'eau et flotta à la surface sous
forme d'épave.
L'équipage du B-zg, surpris et ayant perdu la maitrise de l'appa-
reil, fit savoir par radiola voix, sur circuit international d'urgence,
clu'iSC trouvait en état d'extrêmedétresseet essaya d'abandonner
l'avion en plein vol. Le Gouverncmcnt des États-Unis est arrivé à

la conclusion et allègue quc certains, sinon tous les membres de
l'équipage du B-zg, ont réussi à descendre en parachute et à
amerrir approximativement à I'cndroit où l'avion a touché I'eau.
Quelques minutes plus tard, sur les ordresdesautoritésso~~iétiques
compétentes, et alors que l'appareil détruit et son équipage étaient
encore à la siirface de la mer, un batcau patrouilleur appartenant
au Gouvernement soviétique quitta I'ile de Suislio, à l'est du phare
de Xosappli et au nord-ouest de l'endroit oii le B-zg avait été
atteint et s'était abattu, et se dirigea vers le lieu du désastre. Le
Gouvernement des Etats-Unis arrive à la conclusion, et en consé-
quence allegue, que cette manceuvre avait pour but de recueillir les
suririvants ainsi que les objets qui, parmi les débris de l'appareil,
auraient pu éventuellement intéresser le Gouvernernent soviétique.
Après avoir sans aucun doute accompli sa mission, le patrouilleur
retourna à l'ile de Suisho. Le Gouvcriiemcnt des États-Unis arrive
à la conclusion et allègue qiie lc bateau patrouilleur du Gouverne-
ment soviétique a effectivement reciieilli des objets intéressant le

Gouvernement soviétique,ainsi que les survivants et les corps de
ceux des mcmbres de l'équipage qui auraient Cvcntiiellement péri.
Les autorités soviétiques compétentes de la region élaborèrentsans
aucun doiite un rapport complet qui, par la suite, fut dîimeiit et son DES ÉT.\TS-USIS A 1.'~. R. S. (2j IS j4) 17

sans aucun doute soumis aux autorités responsables qualifiées di1
Gouvernement soviétique.
Le Gouvernementdes États-Unisarrive à la conclusion et allègne
que les autorités soviétiques au sol ont, sans aucun doute, rap:Ilé
leur base, immédiatement après la destruction duB-zg telle qu'elle
a étédécriteplus haut, les pilotes des avions soviétiques qui avaient
poursuivi et abattu lB-zg :que, par la suite, ces pilotes ont sans
aucun doute soumis cn temps utile àleurs supérieurs hiérarchiques
dans le Gouvernement soviétiquedes rapports relatant leur conduite
et que ces rapports, accompagnés de tous les rapports complémen-
taires émanant des autorités soviétiques de la régionqui étaient au
courant des faits, ont sans aucun doute dûment été soumis aux
autorités qualifiées du Gouvernement soviétique.

II

Ilans ses notes du12 octobre 1952 et du 24 novembre rgjz ,n
réponse i la note du Gouverneinent des Etats-Unis en datedu17 oc-
tobre 1952,le Gouvernement soviétique a délibérémentet sciem-
ment fait des déclarations d'une inexactitude grave dans le but
de présenter une relation mensongère et de tromper LeGouverne-
ment des Etats-Unis. Parmi ces déclarations inexactes, on relkve:
A. Au sujet de la note du rz octobre 1952 . ans sa réponse do
17 octobre 1952, le Gouvernement des États-Unis a déjà signalé

sous quels rapports la note di1 Gouvernement soviétique du
12 octobre était inexacte et trompeuse. Le Gouvernement des
Rtats-Unis est prèt à faire la preuve devant un tribunal approprié.
notamment de ce qui suit:
I.Il est dit dans la note queslbombardier B-29 a violéla fron-
tière d'état de I'U.RS.S. dansla régionde l'îlede Yuri»Ainsi que
I'a fréquemment et logiquement déclaréle Gouvernement des Etats-
Unis, le Gouvernement soviétique ne possède,pas de frontière d'État
légale dans la région de l'île de Yuri. Les Etats-Unis déclarent à
nouveau que, depuis le 7 octobre 1952 es droits territoriauet la

souveraineté du Japon s'étendaient et s'étendent actuellement au
nord et à l'est de la terre de Hokkaido sur I'île et la régionde Yuri
et toutes les îles Habomai, jusques ytcompris l'île de Shikotan, et
leurseaux territoriales respectives.
z. L'allégation selon laquelle deux avions de chasse soviétiques
«demandèrent au bombardier américain de les suivre afin d'atterrir
à I'aérodroniele pliis proc1)est fausse et trompeuse, et le Gouver-
nement soviétique savait qii'elle était fausse et trompeuse au
moment où il l'a faite. Ainsi qu'il a été dit précédemment, deux
avions de chasse soviétiques ont reçu l'ordre, qu'ils ont exécuté,
de survoler les eaux territoriales de Hokkaido jusqu'à un point

situé dans l'espace aérien de Hokkaido à plus de z5 miles
à I'oiiest tle l'extrémité cle la péninsule de A'emuro et pro-18 U'JITED STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R.(25 IX 54)

over it follo\ved it around within Japanese territory for at least
sixteen minutes, as above noted, knowingly traversing the land
mass and adjacent territorial waters of the Nemuro Peuinsula of
Hokkaido. It is completely false that any communication was sent
from the Soviet fighters or other Soviet source to the B-zg on any
subject, and it is particularly false that the fighters or any other
Soviet source made any requests or demand that the B-zg follow
the fightersor that it land at any place, and no airdrome orlanding
place was ever pointed out to the B-29 by anybody. In fact, as
descnhed above, the Soviet fighters deliherately and unlawfully
paced the B-zg within the Japanese air space of Hokkaido and
then shot at it without any warning whatever and nithout even
firstmaking their presence known to the crew of the B-zg.

3. The statement that the B-29 opened fire on the Soviet figh-
ters is completely false and was known by the Soviet Government
to be false when made. The only aerial firing which was done in the
course of the incident was done by the Soviet fighters, which came
out of their concealed position and attacked and hit the B-zg,
still innocent of their presence or purposes ; and in so emerging
from the rear, the Soviet pilots contrived and calculated that the
B-zg would have no opportunity for self-defense, even if its crew,

contrary to the fact, were able to open defensive fire. Furthermore,
the B-zg airplane had, prior to its departure from its base that
morning, and in accordance with standard operating procedures,
been rendered powerless to engage in effectivecombat by United
States Air Force armorers at the base, and the aircraft remained
thereafter continuously so powerless, for the mission of the aircraft
was to be performed entirely \\sithin the territory of Japan with
no reasonable ground for anticipation of meeting hostile or agres-
sive conditions.

4. The statement that the Soviet fighters eiigaged in "return

fire" is false, and was known by the Soviet Government to be false
when made. The only firing which was done was that of the Soviet
fighters themselves, aided by a Sovict ground battery, and was al1
dirccted against the B-zg.
j. The statement that the B-zg after being fired upon "went off
into the direction of the sea" is, except in the respect that the
B-zg upon being shot down by Soviet fire fell into the sea at the
position above noted, particularly false and was known by the
Soviet Government to be false when made. The implication that
the Soviet Government was unable to state what happened to the
B-zg after it \vas hit by attacking fire is the more culpable in view NOTE DES ÉTATS-UNS A L'U. H.S. S. (25 IS 54) 18

fondément à l'intérieur du territoire japonais ;ont intercepté la
ligne de vol du B-zg d l'insu de l'équipagede ce deriiier et, se main-
tenant au-dessus de lui, le suivirent à l'intérieur du territoire japo-
nais pendant au moins 16 minutes, ainsi qu'il a étédit plus haut,
traversant sciemment l'espace aérien au-dessus de la masse terri-
toriale de la péninsule de Nemuro tle I'ilc Hokkaido et des eaux
territoriales adjacentes.II est entièrement faus qu'une communica-
tion quelconque émanant des chasseurs soviétiques ou d'une autre

source soviétique ait étéenvoyéeau B-zg à un sujet quelconque, et
il estparticulièrement fans que Ics chasseurs, ou tout autre organe
soviétique, aient demandé ou exigéque le B-zg suive les chasseurs
ou atterrisse en un lieu q~ielconqiie et personne n'a jamais désigné
au B-zg un aérodrome ou autre lieu d'atterrissage. En fait, ainsi
qu'il en a étéfait mention. les chasseurs soviétiqiies ont délibéré-
ment et illégalement pris en chasse le B-zq à l'intérieur de I'espace
aérien japonais de Hokkaido et ont eiisuite ouvert le feu sur lui
sans aucun avertissement et sans mêmeavoir au préalable signalé
leur présenceà l'équipagedii B-zg.

3. L'allégation selon laquelle IB-zq :Louvert Ic feu siir les chas-
seurs soviétiques est compl&tement fausse ct Ic Gouvernernent
soviétique savait qu'elle était fausse lorsqu'il l'a faite. Le seul tir
aérien qui ait eu lieu au cours de l'incident a étéeffectuépar les
chasseurs soviétiques qui, abandonnant leur positioii dissimulée,
attaquèrent et touchèrent le B-zg, toujoursignorant deleurprésence
ou de leurs desseins ; et en surgissant ainsi de l'arrière, les pilotes

soviétiques agissaient en sorte que le B-zg n'eût pas I'opportiinité
de se défendre, mêmesi son équipage - ce qui ne fut pas le cas-
avaitété àmêmed'oiivrir un feii défensif.En outre, avant dequitter
sa base ce matin-là et conformément aux règles normalement en
vigueur, l'avion B-zq avait Clémis hors d'état d'engager effective-
men'un combat par les armuriers de la base des forces aériennes
des Etats-Unis, et en conséquence l'avion demeura ainsi désarmé,
étant donnéque sa mission devaits'exécuterentièrement àl'intérieur
du territoire japonais et qu'il ii'avait aucun motif raisonnable de
prévoir qu'il aurait à faire face à des circonstances hostiles ou à
une agression.

4. L'allégation selon laquellc les chasseurs solriétiqiiesouvrirent
un Efeu défensif Iest fausse, et le Goiiveriicment soviétique savait
qu'elle était faussc lorsqu'il l'a faite. Le seul tir qui eut lieu fut celui
des chasseurs soviétiqiics eus-mèmes, soutenus par une batterie
soviétique au sol, et il était eiitièreincrit dirigC contre le H-zq.

5. L'allégation selon laqiielle, aprl.5 :lvoir essiiyi: le tirB-zg
npartit en direction de la mer,Iest particulièrementfausse, sauf ence
qu'après avoir étéabattu par Ictir soviétiqiic,leH-zg tombaàlamer
à l'endroit ci-clessus indiqué, et le Gouvcrncinent soviétiquesavait
qu'elle était fausse lorsqu'il l'a faiLn.déclaration selon laquelle le
Goiivernement soviétique n'était pas à memc de dire cc qu'était
devenii leB-zg, après avoir essiiyéle tir d':ittn<liie,est d'autant plusof the fact that the destruction of the B-zg took place within the
persona1 vie\$,of obser\,ing Soviet officials, and the wreckage was
immediately visited and examined by the Soviet officialswho were
on board the patrol boat dispatched from Suisho Island to the
scene of thexrash, as above descnbed.

B. \~ith respect to the note of November 24, 1952. The United
States Government has already in its reply of December 16, 1952,
pointed out respects in which the allegations of this note were false.
The United States Government is, in particular, prepared to prove
by evidence in an appropriate forum the following :

1.The statement that the Uliited States Government acknow-
ledged in the note of October 17 that the B-zg was armed is false.

The B-29 was at al1relevant times unarmed, its guns having been
rendered inoperative by its armorers, as stated above.

z. .Al1the other statements which reiterate the false and mis-
leading averments contained in the Soviet Government's note of

October 12, are equally false and misleading, as noted above.

3. The statement that the Soviet Government is not in posses-
sion of any information regarding the whereabouts of the crew of
the B-29 is false and knoxvn by the Soviet Government to be false.
Apart from the observations of personnel whom the Soviet Govem-
ment maintained, unlawfully, on Yuri Island and in that area, the
observations of the Soviet Government personnel on the patrol boat
dispatched from Suisho Island, which the United States Govern-

ment is prepared to prove by evidence as above noted, clearly
gave the Soviet Government complete information on these subjects.

III

The United States Governmeiit finds, and charges, that the
Soviet Government in the foregoing facts \vas guilty of deliberate
and willful violations of international law on account of which it
has become liable ta the United States Government for damages
and other aniends.

1. It was unla\f7fulfor the Soviet authorities to have dispatched
aircraft with intention and instruction to orerfly the territory of
Japan at any point \vithout first notifying the competent authori-
ties of the United States and receiving permission therefor, as
required by regulations and international law. SOTE »ES ÉT.~TS-USIS .a L'U. K.S. S.(25 IS 54) 19
coul~ablequela destruction du B-29 s'effectua soiis les yeux inêmes

dcs fonctionnaires soviétiques qui se tenaient en observation et que
l'épave fut immédiatement visitée et examinée par les fonction-
naires soviétiques qui se trouvaient à bord du bateau patrouilleur,
ciivoyéde l'île de Suisho sur le lieu du désastre, ainsi qu'il a étédit
précédemmeiit.

B. En ce qui concerne la note du 24 novembre 1952. Dans sa
rkponse du 16 décembre 19j2, le Gouvernement des États-Unis a
déjàsignalé sous quels rapports les allégations contenues dans cette
note étaient fausses. Le Gouvememeiit des États-Unis est notam-
nient prêt Bfaire la preuve devant un tribunal approprié des faits
suivants :

r. L'allégation portant que,par sa note di1 17 octobre, le Gouver-
nement des États-Unis avait reconnu que le B-29 était armé est
fausse. A toutes les dates pertinentes lc B-zg était désarmé, son
artillerie ayant étérendue inutilisable par ses armuriers, ainsi qu'il
eii a étéfaitmention plus haut.
2. Toutes les autres allégations qui réitèrent les assertions fausses
et trompeuses contenues dans la note di1Gouvernement soviétique
en date du 12 octobre sont également fausses et trompeuses, ainsi
qu'il a été ditplus haut.

3. L'assertion selon laquelle le Gouvcrnemeiit soviétique ne
possède aucun renseignement concernant l'endroit oh se trouve
l'équipage du B-zg est fausse, et le Gouvernement soviétique sait
qu'elle estfausse. Il est clair que Ic Gouvernement soviétique était
pleinement informéde ces faits, grâce, d'une part,aux observations
effectuéespar le personnel que le Gouvernement soviétique main-
tenait illégalement sur l'ile de Yuri et dans la région,d'autre part
aox observations faites par le personnel du Gouvernenient sovié-
tique qui se trouvait à bord du patrouilleur envoyé de l'île de
Çiiisho et le Gouvernement des États-Unis est prét à le prouver,

ainsi qu'il a étédit plus haut.

III

1.c Gouvernement des États-Unis constate et allègue que, dans
les actes précités,le Gouvernement soviétique s'est rendu coupable
de violations délibéréeset volontaires du droit international, en
raison descluelles il est redevable au Goiivcrneiiient des Etats-
Cnis de dommages et intérêtset d'autres réparations.
1. Les autorités soviétiques ont agi illégalement en envoyant
des avions clans le but et avec l'ordre de siirvoler uii point quel-
conque du territoire japonais sans en avoir notifié au préalable les

autorités compétentes des États-Unis et sans en avoir reçu la
perinission, ainsi que l'exigent lesglemciitset ledroit international.20 USITEU STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R.(25 IS 54)
2. It was unlawful for the Soviet military aircraft to overfly the

territory of Hokkaido and to have tarried there, and in the circum-
stances particularly reprehensible and immoral for the Soviet
authorities to conceal from the B-zg aircraft the presence of the
two Soviet fightcr aircraft over the territory of Japan and to inter-
cept and to pacc its flight over the territory of Japan, these being
hostile and bclligerent acts under international law.

3. It \\,as spccifically unlau*ful for Soviet authorities to have
interceptcd the B-29 aircraft in the course of the fiight at aiiypoint,
to have attempted to bring it down at any such point, even at the
point claimed by Soviet authorities as "the region of l'uri Island".

4. Assuming, contrary to the fact, that the Sovict authorities
had any legal justification for seeking to bring the B-29 down to
land, these authorities willfullv violated al1 applicable rules of
international law, first, in that they failed to give to the B-zg and
its crew any prior warning or any prior direction or request to
land ; secoridly, in that they did not lead the B-zg or its crew to
an appropriate laiiding field or point out such a landing field to
them ; thirdly, in that they did not in the circumstances described
give the B-zg or its crew prior warning of intention to fire.

j. It was unlawful, regardless of prior \variring or direction
to land, for the Soviet authorities either iri the air or on the
ground to fire on the B-29 under the circumstaiices mentioned
aiid iii the area above mentioiied.

6. It \vas uiilawful for the Soviet authorities to have failed
to respond triithfully to the United States Goveriimeiit's request
of Octobcr 17, 1952, ~ith respect to survi\~ors ; in particiilar it
\vas the diity of the Soviet Goveriiment to inforrii the United
States Govcrnmeiit of the findings of fact rel>ortcd or made by
the patrol boat officers arid by other local So\riet nuthorities.

To the exteiit that it \vas determiiied hy Soviet authorities that
members of the crcw were alive, it was the cluty of the Soviet
Government so to inform the United States Go\~criiment and
make arrangements for their return. On the othcr hand if any
crew members were fouiid to be dead it \\.as the duty of the
Soviet Governmcnt so to inform the United States Govcrnment
and to make arrangements to make retiirn of the bodies. It is
still,and has coiitiniiously heen, the duty of thc Soviet Govern-
ment to keep the United States Goveriiment ciirrently informed
of al1 facts in Sovict possession coricerniiig the crew members,
to facilitate access to them by appropriate represeiitatives of
the Uiiited States Government, to arraiigc for thcir returti aiid NOTE DES ÉTATS-UKIS A L'U.R. S. S.(25 IX 54) 20

2. Les avions militaires soviétiques ont agi illégalement en
survolant le territoire dc Hokkaido et en s'y attardant et, en
l'occurrence, il était particulièrement répréhensibleet immoral de
la part des autorités soviétiques de dissimuler à l'avion B-zg la
présence des deux avions de chasse soviétiques au-dessus du terri-
toire japonais, de tels actes étant, en droit international, consi-
déréscomme hostiles et belliqueux.

3. Les autorités soviétiques ont agi d'une manière spécifique-
ment inégaleen interceptant l'avion B-29 en un point quelconque
de sa ligne de vol, en essayant de le faire atterrir en un point quel-
conque, même à l'endroit que les autorités soviétiques prétendent
être «la région de l'île de Ynri JI.

4. En supposant, bien que ce ne soit pas le cas, que les autorités
soviétiques eussent étéfondéesen droit à chercher à faire atterrir le
B-zg, ces autorités ont volontairement violé toutes les règles de
droit international applicables, premièrement, en ce qu'elles ont
omis de donner au B-29 et à son équipageun avertissementpréa-
lable ou l'ordre ou la demande préalable d'attemr ;deuxièmement,
en ce qu'elles n'ont pas conduit le B-zg et son équipage vers un
terrain d'atterrissage approprié ni ne lui ont indiquéun tel endroit;
troisièmement, en ce que, dans les circonstances quiont étédécrites,
elles n'ont pas fait connaître leurs intentions auzg avant d'ouvrir
le feu.

5. Indépendamment du fait que les autorités soviétiques ont
omis de donner un avertissement préalable ou l'ordre préalable
d'atterrir, il ne leur était pas permis, en droit, d'ouvrir le feu sur
le B-zg, soit en l'air, soiàterre, dans les circoustances décrites et
dans la zone précitée.

6. Les autorités soviétiques ont agi illégalement en omettant de
répondre sincèrement à la demande du Gouvernement des États-
Unis en date du 17 octobre 1952 concernant les survivants ; en
particulier, il était du devoir du Gouvernement soviétique d'infor-
mer le Gouvernement des États-Unis des constatations de fait
rapportées ou effectuées par les officiers du bateau patrouilleur et
par les autres autorités soviétiques locales. Dans la mesure où les
autorités soviétiques out pu s'assurer que les membres de l'équi-

page étaient en vie, il était du devoir du Gouvernement soviétique
d'en informer le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis et de prendre les
dispositions nécessaires en vue d'assurer leur retour.D'autre part,
si le décèsde membres de l'équipageavait étéconstaté, il était du
devoir dnpGouvernement soviétique d'en informer le Gouverne-
ment des Etats-Unis et de prendre les dispositions nécessairespour
assurcr le retour des corps. Le devoir du Gouvernement soviétique
eçt toujours, et il n'a cesséde l'être,de tenir le Gouvernement des
Etats-Unis au courant de tous les renseignements qui1 possède au
sujet des membres de l'équipage,de permettre qu'ils soient mis en

321 USITED ST.ATES SOTE TO U.S.S.K.(25 IS 54)

to provide them with the maximum degree of care and coinfort
in the interim.

7. It was unla\vful for the Soviet Governinent to have retained
any portion of the aircraft or the equipment thereon without
the consent and agreement of the United States Government ;
and since no such consent or agreement has been granted by
the United States Government it is the duty of the Soviet Govern-
ment to return to the United States Government any portions

of the aircraft or equipment thereon which were salvaged by
the Soviet authorities. The United States Govcrnment demands
that this return be made forthwith.
For al1 these violations of international law the Soviet Govern-
ment is liable to the United States as set fortli hereiii.

IV

The Soviet Governmeiit in its notes of October 12 and Novem-
ber 24, 19j2, has made certain assertions with regard to an alleged
state frontier of the Soviet Union in the area where the B-zg was
shot down. The United States Government denies that these
assertions are vaiid, and the United States Government is preparecl
to demonstrate the validity of its position hy evidence and by
considerations of international law in any appropriate forum.

In its note of Novcmber 24, 1952, the Soviet Government
paiticularly states that the United States position that Yuri
Island, at or east of which the Soviet Government apparently
claims a state frontier of the Soviet Unioii, is not lawfully Soviet
territory is "in crude contradiction with the provisions of the
Yalta agreement concerning the Icurile Islands which was signed
by the Government of the United States of America". The
United States Govemment, reiterating its denial of validity to
the Soviet Government statement, takes this ovA .tunitv to
declare the follo\\ring :
The United States Government is aiirare that military forces
of the Soviet Government were ~hvsicallv vresent. toeether with
their military equipment, on or ne& YU: Îsland and rn adjacent

positions among the Habomai Islands on October 7, 1952, and
pior thereto following the surrender of the Japanese Govern-
ment to the Allied Powers. But this presence, in its origination
aiid its continuance, and particularly after the effective date
of the Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Japan,
April 28, 19j2, was without atiy justification iii international
lûm or in morals, was in deliberate violation of the terms of the
Japanese Surrender and of the agreement regarding surrender
and occupation of Japan betmeen the Soviet Govemment and
the Allied Powers, gave the Soviet Government no legal right, SOTE DES ÉTATS-USIS .\ L'U.H. S. S.(2j IX j4) 21

présence des représentants compétents du Gouvernement des
6tats-Unis, d'assurer leur retour et de leur accorder entre temps
le maximum de soins et de confort.
7. 11n'était pas permis eii droit au Gouvernement soviétique de

conserver une partie quelconque de l'avion ou de son équipement,
sans le consentement et l'accord du Gouvernement des États-
Unis; et, puisqu'aucun consentement ou accord de ce genre n'a
étéaccordé par le Gouvernement des États-Unis, le Gouvernement
soviétique est tenu de restituer au Gouvernement des États-~iiis
toute partie de l'avion ou de son équipement récupéréepar les
autorités soviétiques. Le Gouvernement des Etats-Uiiis demande
que cette restitution soit faite immédiatement.
En raison de toutes ces violations <lu droit international, le
Gouvernement soviétique est responsable vis-à-vis des États-Unis

ainsi qu'il est dit dans la présente requéte.

1 V

Dans ses notes du 12 octobre et du 24 iiovembre 19j2, le Gou-
vernement soviétique a fait certaines assertions relatives à une
prétendue frontière d'État cle l'Union soviétique dans la région
oii û été abattu le B-29. Lc Gouvernement des États-Uiiis
conteste la validité de tclles affirmations et il est prêt i établir
le bien-fondé de sa propre attitude au moyen de témoignages et de
considérations de droit international devant un tribunal approprié.
Dans sa note du 24 novembre 1952, le Gouvernement so\,iétic]ue

déclare entre autres que l'allégation des États-Unis portant que
I'ile de I'uri dans laquelle, ou à l'est de laquelle, le Gouvernement
soviétique revendique apparemment une frontière d'État de l'Union
soviétique, n'est pas légalement territoire soviétique, iicst eii
grossière contradiction avec les dispositions de l'accord de Yalta
concernant ,les îles Kouriles, accord qui aété signépar le Gooverne-
ment des Etats-Unis d'Amérique o.Le Gouvernement des États-
Unis conteste une fois de plus la validité de l'assertion du Gouver-
nement soviétique et saisit cette occasion de déclarer ce qui suit :
Le Gouvernement des États-Unis n'ignore pas qu'à la clate du

7 octobre 1952 et, avant cela, depuis la reddition du Gouvcri~emcnt
japonais aux Puissances alliées, des forces militaires du Gouvcrne-
ment soviétique, accompagnées de leur équipement militaire, se
trouvaient effectivemeiit dans l'île de Yuri on à proximité et occu-
paient des positions voisines dans lesîles Habomai. Mais cette pré-
sence, tant à l'origine que par la suite, et plus particulièrement aprbs
la date à laquelle a étéconclu le traité de paix entre les Puissances
alliéeset le Japon, soit le zS avril 1952,ilrétaitnullement fondéeau
regard du droit international ou de la morale ;elle constituait une
violation délibérée des termes de la reddition japonaise et de

l'accord relatifà la reddition du Japon et à l'occupation de ce pays
par le Gouvernement so\4étiqiieet les Puissances alliées ;jiiridiclue-22 USITED STATES KOTE TO u.S.S.R. (2j IS 54)

title or interest in this area and provided the Soviet Governmeiit
with no privilege or justification for the actions taken by it on
October 7, 1952,against the B-29 and its crerrr,as described above.

More particularly, the United States Government states, in

reply to the Soviet Government's assertions :
I. No disposition having the legal force and effect of alietiating
from Japan the Habomai Islands, including the area in which
occurred the wrongful actions of the Soviet Government on
October 7, 1952, as above detailed, has ever taken place. Such
disposition could be made only by or with the consent of the

Japanese Government, and no such consent has ever been given.
The only renuriciation by the Japanese Government of territory
north of Hokkaido \vas by the Treatv of Peace between Japan
and the Allied Polvers of September 8, 1951, and in this docu-
ment the Government of Japan did not relinquish Japanese
sovereignty over the area involved in the acts of the Soviet
Government cornplained of herein, nor does it confer or recognize
any right in the Soviet Government with respect thereto.

The United States Govcrnment both on the occasion of the

signing of the Peace Treaty and the Security Treaty and on the
occasion of the consent by the United States Senate to their
ratification by the President of the United States, as required
by the Constitution of the United States of America, and the
President by his ratification, made clear that the Habomai Islands
were to be considered as continuing to belong to Japancsc sover-
eignty. The United States Senate declared :

"As part of such advice and consent the Senate states that
nothing the treaty contains is deemed ta diminish or prejurlice,
in favor of the Soviet Union, the right, title, and interest of Japan,
or the Allied Powers as defined in said treaty, in and to South
Sakhalin and its adjacent islands, the Kurile Islands, the Habomai
Islands, the Island of Shikotan, or any other territory, rights,
or interests possessedby Japan on December 7, 1941o ,r to confer
any right, title or benefiterein or thereto on the Soviet Union."

The Government of Japan has likewise officially characterized
the Habomai Islands and Shikotan as rernaining under Japanese
sovereignty and as not included in the phrase "Kurile Islands"
as used in the Treaty of Peace.
No other action or conduct by the Government of Japan, or
by the United States Government or by the Allied Powers signa-
tory to the Peace Treaty, has been taken which has the legal
effect of transferring or consenting to the transfer of sovereignty XOTE DES ÉTATS-UXIS A L'U. R. S.S. (zj IX 54) 22

ment, elle ne conférait au Gouvernement soviétique aucun droit,
titre ou intérêt dans cette zone et ne donnait au Gouvernement
soviétique rii les privilèges ni la faculté d'agir comme il l'a fait le
7 octobre 19jz à l'égard du B-zg et de son équipage, ainsi qu'il a
été dit plus haut.
Plus particulièrement, le Gouvernement des États-Unis allègue,

en réponse aux assertions du Gouvernement soviétique :
I. Aucune disposition faisant force de loi n'a jamais été prise
à l'effet de soustraire à l'autorité du Japon les îles Habomai, y
compris la région dans laquelle ont eu lieu les actes domma-
geables énumérésci-dessus exposéspar le Gouvernement soviétique
à la date du 7 octobre 1952. Pareille disposition ne pourrait être

prise que par le Gouvernement japonais ou avec son consentement,
qui n'a jamais étéaccordé. Le seul abandon de territoire auquel ait
consenti le Gouvernement japonais au nord de Hokkaido s'est
fait par le traité de paix intervenu entre le Japon et les Puissances
alliéesle 8 septembre 19j1, et cet instrument ne porte pas que le
Gouvernement du Japon ait renoncé à la souveraineté japonaise
sur la zone affectée par les actes du Gouvernement soviétique
incriminés dans la présente requêteet il ne confère ni ne reconnaît,
au Gouvernement soviétique, aucun droit sur cette zone.

Tant à l'occasion de la signature du traité de paix et du traité
de sécuritéqu'au moment où le Sénat des États-Unis autorisa le
Président à les ratifier, ainsi que l'exige !a constitution des États-
Unis d'Amérique, le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis et le Président,
par l'acte de ratification, ont clairement établique les îles Habomai
devaient être considérées~commemaintenues sous la souveraineté
japonaise. Le Sénat des Etats-Unis a dit :

«Le Sénat déclare qu'en donnant ce conseil et en accordant
son consentement, il doit ètre entendu qu'aucune clause du traité
ne peut êtreinterprétéecomme diminuant ou altérant en faveur
de l'Union soviétiqueles droits, titres et intérèts duJapon ou des
Puissances alliées,tels qu'ils se trouvent définisdans ce traité,
sur et en ce qui concerne le sudde Sakhalin et ses îlesvoisines, les
îles Kouriles, les îles Habomai, iïle de Shikotan, ou tout autre
territoire, droits ou intérêts qpossédaitle Japon le 7 décembre
1941, ou comme conférant à l'Union soviétiqueun droit, titre ou
bénéfice quelconque dans ou à l'égardde ces territoiren

Le Gouvernement du Japon a de mêmedéclaréofficiellement
que les îles Habomai et de Shikotan demeuraient sous la souve-
raineté japonaise et n'étaient pas visées par la désignation ailes
Kouriles IIfigurant au traité de paix.
Le Gouvernement du Japon, le Gouvernement des États-Unis
ou les Puissances alliées signataires du traité de paix n'ont pris
aucune autre mesure ou disposition qui aurait eu pour effet, en
droit, de transférer ou de consentir à transférer au Gouvernement23 UNITED STATES NOTE TO U.S.S.R. (2j IX j4)

over the area of Yuri Island and other Habomai Islands, or of
Shikotan, to the Soviet Government.
z. The statement of the Soviet Governmeiit that the United
States position that Yuri Island is not lawfully part ot Soviet

state territory is in "contradiction" with the "Yalta agreement
concerning the Kurile Islands, which was signed by the Govern-
ment of the United States of America" is untrue.
(a) The geographical name "Kurile Islands", in the context of
the Treaty of Peace and in the context of the Yalta Agreement to
which the Soviet Government refers, does not include, and it was
not intended bji the parties thereto to include, the Island of Yuri,
which is a part of the Habomai Islands, al1of which were and are
separate and ayart from the Kurile Islands.

(6) The Yalta Agreement'regarding Japan of Fehruary II, 1945,
\vas not intended to and did not contain any provision by which
the Soviet Government became entitled unilaterally to seize, oc-
cupy, or exercise sovereignty over, or to become entitled to possess,
any Japanese territory whatever, neither the Kurile Islands, nor the
Habomai Islands nor any other area, and in particular not that
area of the sea, land and air space of Japan in which the United
States B-29 aircraft was intercepted, tracked and shot down by
Soviet fighter aircraft, as recited above.

The Yalta .4greemeiit was, as the Soviet Government has at al1
times well known, a memorandum expressing the views of the
President ofthe United States, the Prime Minister of Great Britain,
and the Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, each
acting mithin his Government's constitutional powers and limita-
tions, respecting a proposa1 by the Premier of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics that in the evctit of the Soviet Government's
entrancc to the war against Japan, jointly with the other Allied

Powers, the Soviet Government should, in the final peace settle-
ment terminating the war, be supported in a claim for the return
to the Soviet Government of certain Japanese territory forrnerly
owned by the Czarist Government of Russia. Provisions of the
memorandum were subsequently reflected in the terms of surrender
proclairned by the Allied Powers, with the knowledge and consent
of the Soviet Government and its snbsequent adherence, to the
Government and people of Japan, accepted by the Government of
Japaii in the document of surrender. The Treaty of Peace uith
Japan duly and solemnly signed and ratified by the parties thereto
was intended to constitute the final peace settlement envisaged by
the parties to the Yalta Agreement on Japan of February II, 1945 :
and so far as concerns any relevant undertakings which the United

States Govcrnment may have made under that Agreement the
Treaty of Peace with Japan co~istitutes the full performance of
such iindertakings. 'IOTE DES ÉT:Y~s-USIS .+ I.'uR. S.S. (2j IS j4) 2.3

soviétique la souveraineté sur la zone de l'île de Yuri et des autres
îles Habomai, ou de Shikotan.
2. Est fausse, l'assertion du Gouvernement soviétique selon

laquellc l'allégation des États-unis portant que l'île de Yllurine
fait pas légalement partie de l'État soviétique, serait en a contra-
diction i)avec ales accords de Yalta relatifs anx îles Kouriles et
signés par le Gouvernement des États-unis d'Amérique ,>.
a) La désignation géographique «îles Kouriles ,qui figure dans
le texte du traité de paix et dans le texte de l'accord de Yalta
auquel se réfèrele Gouvernement soviétique, ne couvre pas - et
il n'a jamais étéde l'intention des parties à l'accord d'y inclure -

Ille de Yuri, qui fait partie des îles Habornai dont toutes sont
distinctes et séparées desîles Kouriles.
b) L'accord de Yalta di1 II février 1945 relatif au Japon n'était
pas censé contcnir et ne contient aucune disposition par laquelle le
Gouvernement soviétiqueaurait étéautorisé unilatéralement à s'ap-
proprier ou à occuper une partie quelconque du territoire japonais,
y compris les îles Kouriles et les îles Habomai ou toute autre région,
ou à y exercer sa souveraineté, ou à y acquérir un droit de pro-
priété ; il en est particuliérenie~it ainsi de l'espace maritime, ter-

restre et aérien du Japon dans lequel l'avion B-zg des Etats-Unis
a étéintercepté, traqué et abattu par les avions de chasse sovié-
tiques, dans les circonstances exposées ci-dessus.
Ainsi que le Gouvernement soviétique l'a parfaitement su de
tout temps, l'accord de Yalta était un memoranduni dans lequel se
trouvaient exprimées les vues du Président des Etats-Unis, du Pre-
mier ministre de Grande-Bretagne et du Premier ministre de
l'Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques, agissant chacun
conformément aux pouvoirs et aux limites co~istitiitionnels de leurs

Gouvernements respectifs, à l'égardd'une proposition faite par le
Premier ministre de l'Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques
et selon laquelle, dans le cas où le Gouvernement soviétique pren-
drait part à la guerre contre le Japon aux côtés des autres Puis-
sances alliées, il serait appuyé, au moment du règlement de paix
mettant fin aux hostilités, dans sa demande de restitution de
certains territoires japonais qui, précédemment,se trouvaient en la
pos5ession du Gouvernement tsariste de Russie. Les dispositions
du memorandum se reflétèrent par la suite dans les termes de la
reddition que les Puissances alliéesannoncèrent au Gouvernement
et au peuple japonais, à la connaissance et avec le consentement du
Gouvernement soviétique qui y adhéra par la suite, et qui furent

acceptées par le Gouvernement du Japon dans l'acte de reddition.
Le traité de paix avec le Japon, dûment et solennellement signé et
ratifié par les parties en cause, devait constituer le règlement de
paix définitif envisagépar les parties aux accords de Yalta relatifs
au Japon conclus le II février 1945 ; et, en ce pi co?cerne 1:s
engagements pertinents que le Gouvernement des tats-Unis a pris24 UNITED STATES NOTE TO U.S.S.R. (25 IX 54)

(c) The provisions of the Yalta Agreement and the intentions
of the parties thereto were made clear not only in the Treaty of

Peace but in the intermediate proclamations of policy by the Allied
Powers.
These documents provided that in the event of Japanese sur-
render " Japan would not lose access to raw material areas", Japan
would be stripped only of the islands "which she has seized or
occupied since the beginning of the First World War in 1914",
and "be expelled from al1other territories which she has taken by
violence and greed", and the Allies proclaimed that they "covet no
gain for themselves and have no thought of territorial expansion".

The Island of Yuri and its territorial waters, as well as al1 the
Habomai Islands and the Island of Shikotan and their territorial
waters, including al1the area in which the wrongful actions of the
Soviet Govemment on October 7, 1952, as above detailed, took
place, did not and were not intended to fa11within territory to be
detached from Japanese sovereignty by the Treaty of Peace, by
the Yalta Agreement or any other policy formulation of the Allied
Powers for the reasons that :

(i) The Habomai and Shikotan Islands were at no time within
the sovereignty of the Czarist Govemment of Russia or of the
Soviet Government, or ever claimed by them at any time prior to
the unlawful unilateral seizure of them by the Soviet Government.
On the contrary, they were from ancient times territory of Japan,
never taken by violence or greed, always occupied by Japanese
people, an integral portion of the Japanese patrimony, and were
so recognized bythe Soviet Government and its predecessor govern-

ments at a11relevant times prior to the unlawful unilateral seizure
above described ;

(ii) The islands and waters in the area described constituted, and
of necessity still constitute, an integral portion of the economic
resources of the Japanese people, containing traditional domestic
fisheriesfrom which the Japanese people have derived their econom-

ic subsistence and they constitute, and have from ancient times
constituted, normal sea routes for the interna1 commerce of Japan.

3. The United States Govemment declares that the unilateral
seizure and continued occupation of the Habomai Islands and

Shikotan, and the area adjacent thereto, by forces of the Soviet
Government, and the government thereof as if they were within the
sovereignty of the Soviet Union and removed from the sovereignty
of Japan, constituteflagrant violations by the Soviet Government of
the terms of the Yalta Agreement regarding Japan of February II, XOTE DES ÉTATS-USIS A L'U. R. S. S. (2j IS j4)
24
en \-ertu de ces accords, ils trouvent leur pleine esécution dans le
traité de paix avec le Japon.

c) Les dispositions des accords de Yalta ainsi que les intentions
des parties à ces accords ont étéprécisées nonseulement par le
traité de paix, mais encore par les proclamations de principefaites
dans l'intervalle yar les Puissances alliées.
Ces documents stipulaient qu'en cas de reddition, ele Japon ne
serait pas privé de l'accèsaux sources de matières premières >Ique
le Japon serait dépouilléuniquement des îles dont il s'était emparé
et qu'il occupait depuis le début de la première guerre mondiale en
1914 1)et xserait expulséde tous les autres territoires dont il s'est

emparépar violence et cupidité ii;les alliésy déclaraient qu'ils cne
convoitaient aucun bénéficepour eux-mêmeset n'avaient aucune
penséed'expansion territoriale ri.
L'île de Yuri et ses eaux tenitoriales ainsi que les îles Habomai
et l'île de Shikotan et leurs eaux territoriales, y compris la zone
dans laquelle se placèrent les actes dommageables du Gourerne-
ment soviétiquele 7 octobre 1952, décrits plus haut, n'étaient pas
destinées à êtrecomprises dans le territoire qui devait être sous-
trait à la souveraineté japonaise en vertu du traité de paix, de

l'accord de Yalta ou de toute autre déclaration de principe des
Puissances alliées,pour les raisons suivantes:
i)A auciin moment, les îles Habomai et Shikotan n'ont étésous
la souveraineté du Gouvernement tsariste de Russie ou du Gouver-
nement so~iiétique,et n'ont étérevendiquées par eux avant que
ce dernier ne se les approprie unilatéralement et illégalement. Au
contraire, depuis une époquereculée ellesfont partie du territoire
japonais, n'ont jamais étéacquises par violence on cupidité, ont

toujours étéoccupéespar des ressortissants japonais et font partie
intégrante du patrimoine japonais, ainsi que l'ont reconnu en toutes
circonstances pertinentes le Gouvernement soviétiqueet les gouver-
nements qui l'ont précédéa ,vant la prise de possession unilatérale
et illégaledont il a été faitmention ci-dessus ;
ii) Les îles et les eaux de la région décrite constituaient et
constituent nécessairement encore une .partie intégrante des res-

sources économiques du peuple japonais; elles contiennent les
pecheries nationales traditionnelles dont le peuple japonais a tiré
sa subsistance économiqueet elles constituent, depuis une époque
reculée, les routes maritimes habituelles du commerce intérieur
du Japon.

3. Le Gouvernement des États-Unis déclare que la prise de
possession unilatérale et l'occupation ininterrompue des îles Habo-
mai et de Shikotan ainsi que des régionsadjacentes par les forces
du Gouvernement soviétique et le fait que ce dernier les a gouver-
néescomme si elles relevaient de la souveraineté de l'Union sovi6-
tique et avaient étésoustraites à la souveraineté du Japon, consti-
tuent des violations flagrantes, par le Gouvernement soviétique,25 USITED STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R. (2j IS 54)

1945, mentioned ahove ; of the terms of the Cairo Declaration
of the Allied Poxvers of December I,1943, and of the Potsdam
Declaration of Jiily 26, 1945, setting forth the terms of surrender
offered to the Government of Japan to al1three of which the Soviet
Government adhered hy its declaratiou of August 9, 1945 ;and
of the Soviet Government's Declaration of \Var against Japan of
August 9, 1945, and of the terms of acceptance of the Allied Sur-
render Terms by the Japanese Government of August 14, 1945.
The United States Government declares that the Soviet Govern-
ment, by its foregoing commitments, solemnly pledgcd that no
territory \vould bc takeri from Japaii cxcept in the diplomatic
process of a treaty of peace with al1 the .4llied Poxvers, that the

Soviet Government did not covet any gain for itself and had no
thought of territorial expansion and would not claim or talce from
Japan an)? territory which Japaii had not taken hy violence and
greed.

The United States Government further declares that regardlrîs
of the rights, if any, which the Soviet Government might claim
with respect to the Kurile Islands, it had and has no valid claim
whatever by virtue of the Yalta Agreement of February II, 1945,
or other\vise, to the Hahomai Islands, including Yuri Island and
Shikotan and their territorial waters, and the area in rvhich the
unlawful actions which took place on October 7, 19j2, as above
described, were committed by the Soviet Government ; but it \vas
the affirmative duty, for the violation of which it is legally liahle
to the United States, as well as to Japan, not to attack, obstruct

or interfere with the performance hy the United States Govern-
ment of its functions under the Treaty of Peace with Japan and
the Security Treaty and the Administrati\~e Agreement tliereto.

The United States Government does not deem it necessarp to
dwell at this time upon the various aspects in which the Soviet
Government has further callously violated the various obligations
assumed by it in the course of the discussions by the heads of
state at the Yalta Conference reflected in the' Yalta Agreement,
and particitlarly the terms expressed and implied as to the Soviet
Government's association with the Allied Powers in the \var
against Japan, its adherence to the Allied Surrender Terms, the
character of its participation in the occupation of Japan following
the surrender, and its adherence to the final Treaty of Peace,
and the fact that by virtue of its reprehensible conduct in these
regards the Soviet Government would in any event disentitle

itself to any territorial aggrandizement at the expense of Japan
and the Japanese people. SOTE DES ~~T.YTS-GXI S*L'U. R.S.S. (2j IS j4)
25
des clauses de l'accord de Yalta relatif au Japon conclu leII février
1945 et mentionné précédemment ;des clauses de la déclaration
du Caire, faite par les Puissances alliées le déceinbre 1943, et
de la déclaration de Potsdam du 26 juillet 1945. énonçant les
termes de reddition offerts au Gouvernement du Japon, c'est-à-dire
trois documents auxquels le Gouvernement soviétiqiic a adhéré
par sa déclaration du g aoiit 1945 ;de la déclaration de guerre du
Gouvernement soviétique au Japon en date du 9 aoiit 1945, ainsi

que des clauses par lesqiielles, en date d14 août 1945. le Gouverne-
ment japonais a accepté les termes de la reddition fixéspar les
Alliés. Le Goiivernement des États-Unis déclare qu'en vertu des
engagements précités,le Gouvernement soviétique a solennellement
garanti qu'aucun territoire ne serait retiré au Japon, sauf par le
moyen diplomatique d'un traité de pais avec toutes les Piiissaiices
alliées,que leGouvernement soviétique ne convoitait aucun béné-
fice et n'avait auciinc pensée d'expansion territoriale et.qu'il iie
revendiquerait et n'enlèverait au Japon aucun territoire dont ce
dernier nc se serait pas emparé par violence ou cupidité.
Le Gouvernement des États-unis déclare en outre qii'indépen-
damment des droits, s'il en existe, que le Gouvernement soviétique
pourrait revendiquer à l'égarddes îles Kouriles, il ne pouvait et ne
peut, en vertii desaccords de Yalta du II février194s ou autrement,
faire valoir aucune prétention sur les îles Habomai, y compris
l'île de Yuri et de Shikotan et leurs eaux territoriales, ainsi que
sur la régiondans laquelle ont étécommis, par le Gouvernement

soviétique,les actes don~mageables du 7 octobre 1952 décrits précé-
demment ;mais ce Gouvernement avait l'obligation positive de ne
pas attaquer, gêner ou empêcher I'accomplissement des tâches
conféréesau Gouvernement des États-Unis par le traité de paix
avec le Japon et le traitéde sécurité,ainsi quel'accordadministratif
y afférent, et il est responsable en droit vis-à-vis des États-Unis
aussi bien que du Japon du fait de ne pas s'êtreconformé à cette
obligation.
Le Gouvernement des États-Unis n'estime pas nécessaire de
s'étendre actuellement sur les divers points à l'égard desquels le
Gouvernement soviétique a, en outre, manqué sans scrupules
aux diverses obligations qu'il a assumées aii cours des entretiens
entre les chefs d'État à la conférence de Yalta et qui se reflètent
dans l'accord de Yalta et. en particulier, dans les clauses tant
expresses qu'implicites relatives à l'alliance du Gouvernement
soviétique avec les Puissances allibes dansla guerre contre le Japon,
à son adhésion aux clauses de la capitulatio~i formulées par les

alliées,àla nature de sa participation à l'occupation du Japon après
la capitulation, et à son adhésion au traité de paix définitif ; il ne
veut pas davantage s'étendre sur le fait qu'en raison de sa conduite
répréhensible à ces différents égards, le Gouvernement soviétique
aurait, de toute façon, perdu tout droit à un agrandissement tern-
torial aux dépens du Japon et du peuple japonais.26 SSITED STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R.(zj IS 54)

4. The United Statesfurther declares that the unilateral seizure
and continued occupation and exercise of sovereignty over the
Habomai Islands and the area adjacent thereto by the Soviet
forces, and the actions of October 7, 1952, described above, were
and have been carried out by the Soviet Govcrnment with the

purpose and effect of harrying the Japanese people ; of hampering
their opportunities to make a living from their traditional fisheries
in the sea as has been their ancient and inalienable right ; of
preventing normal commerce with and within Japan ;of hamper-
ing domestic police activities necessary for the exercise of full
responsibility and sovereignty over the islands of Japan by the
Japanese Government as well as the defense thereof with the
assistance of the United States Government ;and of intimidating
the Government and people of Japan. Neither the United States
Govemment nor any authorized representative thereto, in the
Yalta Agreement or otherwise, has even consented directly or
indirectly to this immoral and unlawful deprivation of the Japan-

ese people by a foreign power.
5. The United States Government further declares that nothing
in the Treaty of Peace, the Yalta Agreement of Fehruary II,
1945, or any other valid international act, document or dispo-
sition, provided any justification for the actions taken by the
Soviet Government with respect to the B-29 aircraft described

above, including the refusal of the Soviet Government to provide
the United States with true information concerning the incident
and the fate of the crew. as descnbed above.

The United States has suffered the following items of damage in
direct consecluence of the foregoing illegal acts and violations
of duty for which the Soviet Government is responsible, and the
United States Government demands that the Soviet Government

pay to it the following sums on account thereof :
I. The United States Air Force airplane B-29, No. 44-6181j.
and its contents at the time of destruction on October 7, 19jz.
valued in total at $919,984.01,

2. Damages to the United States by the millful and unla\vful
conduct of the Soviet Government, $300,311.
3. Damages to the next of kin, nationvls of the United States,
for the deaths of the crew members resulting from the willful

and nnlawful conduct of the Soviet Government or for the willful
and nnlawful mithholding by the Soviet Government of such
members of the crcw as survived, $~OO,OOO.
TOTAI$ . ~,Gzo,zgj.o~. SOTE DES ÉTATS-VSIS A L'U. R. SS. (zj IS 54) 26

4. Les États-Unis déclarent en outre que l'appropriation uni-
latérale et l'occupation ininterrompue des îles Habomai et de la
région limitrophe par les forces soviétiques, ainsi que le fait
d'y avoir exercé leur souveraineté, ainsi que les actes du
7 octobre 1952 décrits précédemment,ont été exécutéspar le
Gouvernemcnt soviétique dans le but et aux fins de harceler le
peuple japonais; de l'empêcher detirer sa subsistance de ses
pêcheriesmaritinies traditionnelles selon un droit ancien et inalié-
nable ; d'empêcherle commerce normal avec le Japon et à I'inté-
rieur du Japon ; d'entraver les activités de police intérieures
nécessaires à l'exercice par le Gouvernement japonais de l'entière
responsabilitéet de la pleine souverainetà l'égard desilesdu Japon,

ainsi que leur défenseavec l'assistance du Gouvernement des États-
Unis ; et d'intimide; le Gouvernement et le peuple japonais. Xi le
Gouvernemcnt des Etats-Unis ni aucun de ses représentants auto-
risésà l'accord de Yalta ou ailleurs, n'a jamais consenti, directement
ou indirectement, à ce dépouillement immoral et illégaldu peuple
japonais par une puissance étrangère.
5. Le Gouvernement des États-Unis déclare en outre que le

traité de paix, l'accord de Yalta du II févrierIg4j ni aucun autre
acte, document ou arrangement international valable ne contiennent
aucune clausépermettant de justifier les actes précitésduGouverne-
ment soviétique à l'égard de l'avion B-zg, y compris le refus
du Gouvernement soviétique de fournir aux États-unis des rensei-
gnements exacts concernant l'incident et le sort de l'équipage,
ainsi qu'il a Ctédit précédemment.

Les États-unis ont subi les dommages suivants en raison directe

des actes et manquements illégauxprécitésqui engagent la respon-
sabilitédu Gouvernement soviktique et le Gouvernement des États-
Unis demande que le Gouvernement soviétique lui verse, à raison
de ces dommages, les sommes énumérées ci-après :
S.L'avion B-29, no 44.61815, appartenant aux forces aériennes
des États-Unis, ainsi que son contenu au moment de sa destruction
le 7 octobre 1952, évaluéau total de $g1g.984,or.

2. Dommages à accorder aux États-unis à raison de la conduite
illégale délibérédu Gouvernement soviétique, $ 300.311.
7.Dommages à attribuer aux proches, ressortissants des États-

URis, à raison du décèsde membres de l'équipage causé par la
conduite illégale délibéréedu Gouvernement soviétique, ou à
raison de la détention illégale délibérép ear le Gouvernement
soyiétique des membres survirrants de l'équipage,S400.000.27 usiï'f~i> STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R. (25 IS j4)
The Uiiited States Goveriiment declares that its demand for
compensation oii account of the members of the crew who survived
does not implv the acquiescence of the Uiiited States Govern-

ment in the withholding of those crew members from rcturn to
the United States Govemment, or the suppression by the Soviet
Government of information regarding their whereabouts or welfare
or thc making of false statements by the Soviet Government
\\rith respect thereto; and the United States takes this oppor-
tunity again to demand that the Soviet Government forthwith
provide the information in this regard which has been requested
by the United States Government, and make provision for the
prompt returii of any crew rnembers whom it may still he holding
or of whosc whcreabouts it is informed, and in the interim to
provide them with the maximum degree of care and comfort
and facilitate access to them hy appropriate representatives of
the United States Governmcnt. The United States Governinent
furthcr rcservcs thc right to make additional demand upoii the
Soviet Govcrnment for ainends and other actions on account
of its condiict on or since October 7, 1952.with respect to such
survivors.

Furthermorc, the United States has not iiicluded in its dcmand
for damages, specified above, any sum on account of the items
of intangible injury deliberately and intentionally causcd to the
United States Govcrnment and the American people, and to the
Government of Japan and the Japanese people, by the wrongful
actions of the Soviet Government. The United States Go\rernment
in this regard has determined to defer to a future date the formii-
lation of the kind and measure of redress or other action which
the Soviet Government should take which ~vould be appropriate
in international law and practice to confirm the illegality of the
actions directed by the Soviet Government against the Unitcd
States Go\rerninent and the American people, and to defer to
thc Government of Japan thc rnatter of the liability of the Sovict
Governinent for actions clirected by the Soviet Government
against the Government of Japan and the Japanese people.
The Government of the United States calls upon the Union
of Soviet Socialist Rcpublicspromptly to make its detailed answer

to thc allegations and deinands made in this comniuiiication.
Should the Sovict Government in its answer acknowledge its
indcbtcdness to the United States on account of the foregoing
and agree to pay the damages suffered and to comply with the
demands as above sct forth, the United States Government is
prepared, if rcqucsted, to present detailed evidence in support
of its calculations of damages suffered and alleged. If, however,
the Soviet Govcrnmcnt contests liability, it is requested so to
state in its aiiswer. In the latter event, the Soviet Government
is hereby notified that the United States Govemment deems an
international dispute to csist falling within the competencc of SOTE DES ÉT.%TS-GSI S4 I.'GK. S.S. (~j IX j4) 27

Le Gouvernement des États-Unis déclare que sa demande d'in-
demnité relative aux membres s~rvivants de l'équipage n'implique
Ilas que le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis consente àce que lesdits
membres de l'équipage ne lui soient pas renvoyés, ouque le Gouver-
nement soviétique supprime les renseignements concernant leur état
de santé ou le lieu où ils se trouvent, ou fasse des déclarations in-
exactes à cet égard ;et les États-unis saisissent cette nouvelle occa-
sion pourdemander au Gou\~ernementsoviétiquede fournir imniédia-
temerit les renseignements que lui a deniandés le Gouvernement des

États-Unis ce sujet et de prendre les dispositions pour assurer le
prompt retour de ceux des membres de l'équipage qu'il détient
encore et dont il connaît le lieu de résideilccet, entre-temps, de leur
accorder le maximum de soins et de confort,et de permettre aux
rel>résentaiitsqualifiésdu Gouvernemeiit des Etats-Unis de prendre
contact avec eux. Le Gouvernement des États-Unis se réserve, en
outre, le droit deprésenterau Gouvernement soviétique une demande
additionnelle concernant les dommages ainsi que toutes antres
réclamations en raison de sa conduite, le 7 octobre 19jz et depuis
cette date, en ce qui concerne les survivants.

En outre, les États-Unis n'ont inclii dans leur demande d'indem-
nité, exposée ci-dessus, aucune somme du chef de dommages intaii-
gibles délibéréinentct intentionnellement causés au Gouvernement
des États-Unis et au peuple ainéricaiii, ainsi qu'au Goiiveriicment
du Japon et au peuple japonais, par les actes préjudiciables du Gou-
vernement soviétique. Le Gouvernement des États-Unis a décidCà :
ce sujet de rcincttreà une date ultérieure la formulation dc la nature
et de I'étciiducdes réparations ou autres mesures que le Gouverrie-
ment soviétique devrait prendre et cliii,selon le droit international
et la pratique, seraient appropriées pour marquer l'illégalitédes

actes du Gouvernement soviétique dirigéscontre leGouvernementdes
Etats-Unis et le peuple américain, et de laisser au Gouvernenient du
Japon la question de responsabilité du Gouvernement soviCti<jue à
raisoii des actes de ce Gouvernement dirigés contre le Gouver-
nement du Japon et le peuple japonais.
Le Gouvernement des 6tats-Unis invite le Gouvernement de
l'Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques à fournir prompte-
ment une réponse détailléeaux allégations et demandes contenues
dans la présetitc Icttre. Si, dans sa réponse,le Gouvernement sovié-
tique reconnaît la dette contractée par lui envers le Gou\,erneinent
des États-Unis à raison de ce qui prCcbde,et s'il accepte de verser

est prêt,sila demande lui en est faite, à fournir des preuves détail-
léesà l'appui de son calcul des dominages siibis et invoquéspar lui.
' Si, toutefois, le Gouvernemeiit soviétique nie sa responsabilité, il
est invitéà le dire dans sa réponse. Dans cette éventualité.le Gou-
vernement soviétique est informépar la présente que le Gouverne-28 USITED STATES SOTE TO U.S.S.R. (2j IS j4)

the International Court of Justice and that the United States
Government proposes that that dispute be presented for hearing
and decision in the International Court of Justice. Since it appears
that the Soviet Goremment has thus far not filed with that
Court any declaration of acceptance of the compulsory junsdiction
of the Court, the United States Government invites the Soviet
Government to file an appropriatc declaration with the Court,
or to enter into a Special Agreement, by which the Court may
be empowered in accordance with its Statute and Rules to deter-

mine the issues of fact and law which havc becn set forth hereiii ;
and the Soviet Government is reqiiested to inform the United
States Government in its reply to the present note of its inten-
tions with respect to such a declaration or Special Agreement.

Accept, ExceUency, the reriewed assurances of. my highest
consideration.

His Excellency
Vyacheslav 3%.AIolotov,
hlinister for Foreign Affairs,
~~osco\~.. XOTE DES ÉTATS-USIS A LIU.R. S.S. (2j lx 54) 28

ment des États-Unis considèrequ'il existe un différendinternational
relevant de la juridiction de la Cour internationale de Justice et que
le Gouvernement des États-Unis propose que cedifférendsoit soumis
à l'examen et à la décisionde la Cour internationalc de Justice.
Comme le Gouvernement soviétique n'a pas, semble-t-il, déposé
jusqu'à présentauprks de la Cour une déclaration portant accepta-

tion de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour, le Goilvernement des
États-Unis invite le Gouverrieme~it soviétique à déposer près la
Cour une déclaration appropriée ou à conclure un compromis per-
mettant la Cour de se prononcer, conformément à son Statut
et à son Règlement. sur les points de fait et de droit énoncés
dans la présente note ; le Gouvernement soviétique est invité àfaire
connaitre au Gouvernement des États-unis, dans sa réponse à la
présentenote, ses intentions au sujet d'me telle déclaration on d'un
tel compromis.

Veuillez agréer, etc.

Son Excellence
Vyacheslav M. Molotov,
Ministre des Affaires étrangères,
Moscou.'9 SOVIET SOTE TO USITED ST.iTES (30SI1 jl)

.411>1e 2)

[Translatioii froin Russian]

TEXT OF SOVIET NOTE OF DECEAIBER 30, 1954,
TO THE UNITED STATES

~IISISTRY OF FORISIGN Al'lihl~~
USSR

Xo. II~/OSA.

In connection with the note of ,the Go\~ernmciit of the Unitcd
States of America Xo. 270of Septeinber Zj of this year the Govern-
ment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics considers it neces-
sary to state the following:
Having examined the aforementioned note of the Govcrnmeiit
of the United States of America concerning the incident, which took
place in connection with the violation of the State boundary of the
USSR by an American B-29 bomber in the region of the island of
Yuri on October 7, 1952, the Soviet Government notes that this
note contains essentially nothing new relating to the above-men-
tioned incident in comparison with that which the Government of
the USA earlier reported on this question. In the note of the
Government of the USA a version of the mentioned incident \\,hich

is contrary to fact is again repcated, unsubstantiated suppositions
relative to the fate of members of the crew of the aforementioned
Amencan airplane are stated, and also certain questions unrelated
to the given affair are raised.
The Soviet Government in its notes of October 12 and Xovem-
ber 24. 1952. has already set forth on the basis of factual data the
circumstances relating to the violation of the Soviet State bound-
ary by an American military airplane. Information,supplementary
hereto, in relation to the above-mentioned incident, is alsocon-
tained in an extract appended to this note from a report of the
circumstances of thc violation of the State boundary of the USSR
in the region of the island of Yuri on October 7, 1952. by an
-4merican B-zg airplane.

The circumstances of this incident set forth in the mentioned
notes of the Soviet Government and also in the above-mentioned
Report show that the American airplane on October 7, 1952,
violated the State boundary of the USSR in the regioii of the islaiid
of Yun and opened unprovoked fire on Soviet fighters guarding the
State boundary of the USSR. -4nrzexe(2)
[Original russe]
[Tradzdction de l'anglais]

TEXTE DE LA XOTE SOVIÉTIQUE AUX ÉT.4TS-UXIS EN

DATE DU 30 DÉCEMBRE 1954

~IIXISTÈRE DES AFFAIRESÉTRANGÈRES
U. R. S. S.
X0II~/OSA.

En ce qui concerne la note no 270 du Gouvernement des États-
Unis d'Amérique, en date du 25 septembre de l'annéeen cours, le
Gouvemement de l'Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques
estime nécessairede déclarerce qui suit:
Aprèsavoir examinéla note précitéedu Gouvernement des États-
Unis d'Amérique,au sujet de l'incident qui s'est déroulà la suite
de la violation de la frontière d'État deR. S. S.par un bombar-

dier américain B-29 dans la régionde l'île de Yuri,à la date [lu
7 octobre 1952,le Gouvernement soviétiqueconstate qus cettenote,
comparée à celle dans laquelle le Gouvemement des Etats-Unis a
déjà relatécet incident, ne contient aucun élément essentiellement
nouveau. Dans sa note,IcGouvernement desÉtats-Unisd'Amérique
répète une version de l'incident mentionné qui est contraire aux
faits, formule des suppositions non fondéesquant au sort des mcm-
bres de l'équipage del'avion américainprécitéet soulève,en outre,
certaines questions qui n'ont aucun rapport avec le cas d'espèce.

Jlans ses notes du 12 octobre et du 24 novembre ~gjz, le Gou-
vernement soviétique, se fondant sur des éléments defait,a déjà
exposéles circonstances relatives àla violation de la frontière d'État
soviétique par un avion militaire américain. Iles renseignements
supplémentaires, relatifs à l'incident précité,sont également conte-
nus dans le passage joint en anneàela présente note et extrait d'un

rapport sur les circonstances dans lesquelles,7loctobre 1952, un
avion américain B-zg a violéla frontière d'État de 1'U. R. S. S.
dans la régionde l'île de Yuri.
Les circonstances de cet incident, qui ont étéexposéesdans les
notes précitéesdu Gouvernement soviétiquc ainsi que dans le rap-
port qui vient d'etre mentionné, indiquent que, le 7 octobre 1952,
l'avion américaina violéla frontière d'État de 1'U.R. S. dans la
régionde l'îlede Yuri et, sans y êtreprovoqué,a ouvertle feq sur les
chasseurs soviétiques chargés de surveiller la frontikre d'Etat de
I'U. R. S. S.30 SOVIET SOT13 TO ljSITED ST.4TES (30XII 54)

The Soviet Government in a note of November 24, 1952, has
already reported that it does not dispose of information of the
further fate of thc Amcrican B-zg bomber and its Creus.
On the question touchcd upon in the note of the Government of
the USA of State sovereignty over the South Kurile islands the
position of the Soviet Union has been set forth in the notes of the
Soviet Government to the Government of the USA of Xovem-
ber 24, 19j2, and Decembcr II, 1954.

Since it has been precisely established that the American military
airplane violated the boundary of the USSII and withont any
reasons opened fire on the Soviet fightew the responsihility for the
incident which took place and its conseyuences lies entirely on the

American side. Undcr these conditions the Soviet Government
cannot take into consideration the pretension contained in the note
of the Government of the USA of September 2; of this year and
considers without any foundation the proposal of the Government
of the USA for submitting this matter for consideration by the
International Court.
\Vith regard to the attempts of the Government of the USA to
use the incident of October 7, 1952, in order to present in a false
light the position of the Soviet Union with respect to Japan and
the Japanese people, the Soviet Government considers it necessary
to note that the attitude of the Soviet Union toward Japan and the
Japanese people is well known.
The position of the Soviet Union, in particular, found its reflec-

tion in the Joint Declaration of the Government of the USSR and
the Government of the CPR concerning relations with Japan of
October 12. 1954. In this Declaration it \vas noted that althongh
nine years have passed since the end of the war. Japan has not
received independence and continues to remain in the position of
a semi-occupied country. The temtory of Japan is covered ~vith
numerous American military bases, the industry and finances of
Japan are dependent upon American ~nilitary orders, its foreign
tradc is under the control of the United States of America. Al1this
causes the difficult economic position in which Japan continues to
find itself.

In the aforementioned Declaration the Soviet Union expressed

sympathy for Japan and the Japanese people, which has found
itself in a difficult position as a consequence of the San Francisco
treaty imposed upon it by the United States and of other agree-
ments, and stated its readiness to undertake steps for the purpose
of normalizing its relations with Japan. The Soviet Union noted
in addition that Japan will meet wvithfull support in its effort to
establish political and economic relations with it, jiist as al1 steps Le Gouvernementsoviétiquea déjà déclaré,pariiotedu 24no\,em-
bre 1952, qu'il ne possédait pas de renseignements sur le sort ulté-.
rieur du bombardier américain B-29 et de son équipage.
En ce qui concerne la question de la souveraineté sur les îles
Kouriles du sud, qui a étéabordée dans la note du Gouvernement
des États-Unis d'Amérique, le point de vue de l'Union soviétique a
étéexposédans les notes que le Gouvernement soviétique a adressées
au Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amériaue. .es.za novembre 1,-2
et 31 décembre 1954.
Etant donné qu'il a étéétabli avec précisionque l'avion militaire
américain a violéla frontière de 1'U.R. S. S. et. sans aucun motif.
a ouvert le feu sur des chasseurs soviétiques, la responsabilité dé
l'incident et de sesconséquencesincombe entièrement à I'Aniérique.
Dans ces conditions, le Gouvernement soviétique ne peut prendre
en considération la prétention contenue dans la note des États-Unis
d'Amérique, en date di125 septembre de l'annéeen cours, et consi-
dèrecomme dénuée detout fondement la proposition desÉtats-Unis
en vue de soumettrecette affaire àl'examen de la Courinternationale.

En ce qui concerne les tentatives du Gouvernement des États-
Unis d'Amérique pour utiliser l'incident di1 7 octobre 1952 dans
le but de présenter sous un faux jour I'attitude de l'Union
soviétique à l'égarddu Japon et du peuple japonais, le Gouverne-
ment soviétique estime nécessairede noter que I'attitude de l'Union
soviétique à l'égarddu Japon et du peuple japonais est bien connue.
L'attitude de l'Union soviétique se reflète notamment dans la
déclaration commune du Gouvernemeiit de 1'U.R. S. S. et du
Gouvernement de la R. P. C., eii date du 12 octobre 1954, copcer-
nant les relations avec le Japon. Dans cette déclaration, il est
constaté que, malgré les neuf années qui se sont écouléesdepuis la
fin de la guerre, le Japon n'a pas recouvré son indépendance et
continue à se trouver dans un état de semi-occupation.
Le territoire du Japon est couvert de nombreuses bases améri-
caines, les industries et les finances du Japon dépendent des com-
mandes militaires américaines, son commerce extérieur est sous le
contrOle des Ét?ts-Unis d'Amérique. Tout cela est cause de la
situation économique difficile dans laquelle le Japoii se trouve
toujours.

Dans la déclaration précitée,l'Union soviétique a exprimé sa
sympathie à l'égarddu Japon et du peuple japonais qui se trouve
dans une situation difficile par suite du traité de San-Francisco
imposé par les États-Uiiis, ainsi que [l'autres accords, et elle s'est
déclaréeprête à prendre les mesures nécessaires à l'établissement de
relations normales avec leJapoir. L'Union soviétiquea notéen outre
que les efforts du Japon en vue d'établir avec elle des relations
politiques et économiques trouveront son plein appui, de mêmeon her side directed toward insuring the conditions for its peaceful
and independent development will meet with full support.

Jloscoiv, Decemher 30, 1954.

[Seal of the Ministry of
Foreigii AffairUSSR.]que les mesures que le Japon prendra en vue d'assurer les condi-
tions nécessaires à son développement pacifique et à son indé-
pendance.

Moscou, 30 décembre 19j4.

[Sceau du ministbre tlcs Affaires
étrangères de 1'I.iR. S. S.]3- .4PPESDIS TO THE SOVIET SOTE OF 30XII 54

Appeudix to the Soviet AToteof 30 xrr54

EXTRACT FRObI REPORT OF MAJOR GEXERAL OF AVIA-
TION IIAKHUN TO THE COhlAfAND OF AIR FORCES OF
OCTOBER 26, 1952, ON THE QUESTION OF THE VIOLA-
TION OF THE STATE BOUNDARY OF THE USSR II\' THE

REGION OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE 1CUlIILE
ISLAXDS ON OCTOBER 7, 1952, BY AN AMERICAN TYPE
B-29 MILITARI' AIRPLANE

The investigation \\.as conducted by means of a thorough study
of officia1documents, journal entries of radar stations and duty

personnel at the airfield, the obtaining of written explanations of
members of the border troops and fliers and also personal interroga-
tion of eye \vitnesses and radar personnel and fliers who look part
in observing the flight of the violator-airplane over our territory
and in waming it of this.

The investigation established :
On October 7, 1952, at 14 hours 31 niinutes Khabarovsk time an
airplane of unidentified iiationality which on a course of 40-45
degrees was flying in the direction of the southern part of the island
of Tanfilev \\.as detected in the imrnediate vicinity of our State
boundary by radar installations. Continuing its flight on this
course, the foreignairplane al 14 hours 33 minutes having violated
the State boundary, entered the air space over the territorial

waters of the USSR and, approaching the southern Coast of the
island of Tanfilei,, turned and flenron a course to the northivest ovcr
the island of Tanfilev. lieaching the north~\rest end of the island
of Tanfilev the violator-airplane, evidently, after having recon-
noitered il, at 14 hoiirs 35 minutes turned and \vent onn course
of 285 degrees, and after t\vo minutes departed from the air space
of the USSR. Thus the violator-airplane in this case was over Solriet
territory for four to five minutes.
To al1 appearances, riot having carefully cnough exnmined
the island of Tanfilev, this same violator-airplane at 15 hours
20 minutes violated a second time the Soviet State houndary on a
course of 40-45 degrees and, reaching the point latitude 43' 24'
longitude 145" 56'.turned to the northwest, passed over the south-

western part of the island of Tanfilev and at 15 hours 23 minutes
left the air space of the Soviet Union.
On its second violation of the State boundary of the Soviet
Union the violator-airplane \vas over Soviet temtory for ariother
three-four minutes.
Having remained several ininutes outside the air space of the
Soviet Union, the violator-airplane at 15 hours 27 minutes Khaba- Appendice à la lzotesouiétiqz6etc30 xrr54

EXTRAIT DU RAPPORT EN DATE DU 26 OCTOBRE 1952,

PRÉSENTÉ PAR LE MAJOR D'AVIATION MAKHUN AU
COMMANDEMENT DES FORCES AÉRIENNES, RELATIVE-
MENT A LA VIOLATION DE LA FRONTIÈRE D'ÉTAT DE
L'U. R. S. S. DANS LA RÉGION SUD DES fLES KOURILES,

P.4R UN AVION MILITAIRE AIIÉRICAIN DU TYPE B-29,
LE 7 OCTOBRE 1952

L'enquête a étéconduite en se fondant sur une étude appro-
fondie des documents officiels, des inscriptions au journal des
stations de radar et du personnel de service à l'aérodrome, des
renseignements écrits fournis par les soldats et aviateurs chargésde

surveiller la frontière, ainsi que sur l'interrogatoire de témoins
oculaires, du personnel de radar et des aviateurs qui avaient
obseryé le vol de l'avion intrus au-dessus de notre territoire
et lui avaient donné des avertissements ce sujet.
L'enquête a établi ce qui sui:
Le 7octobre 1952,à 14 heures 31minutes, heure de Khabarovsk,
les installationde radar détectèrent, dans le voisinage immédiat
de notre frontière d'Etat, un avion de nationalité non identifiéequi,
suivant une trajectoire de 40à45 degrés,volait en direction de la
partie sud de l'île de Tanfilev. Poursuivant son vol suivant ce même
cap, après avoir violéla frontière d'Étaà 14 heures 33 minutes,
l'avion étranger pénétra dans l'espace aérien au-dessus des eaux
territoriales de 1'R. S.S. et,à l'approche de la côte sud de l'île
de Tanfilev, vira et mit le cap en direction du nord-ouest, survolant

l'île de Taiifilev. Arrivéà l'extrémiténord-ouest de l'île de Tanfilev,
l'avion intrus, de toute évidence après avoir effectuéune recon-
naissance, viraà14 heures 35 minutes selon un angle de 28j degrés
et, deux minutes plus tard, quittait l'espace aériende 1'U.R. S. S.
Dans ce cas, l'avion intrus était donc resté au-dessus du terri-
toire soviétique pendant quatre à cinq minutes.
A 15 heures 20 minutes, le même avion qui, selon tolite
apparence, n'avait pas examiné avec suffisamme@ de soin l'île
de Tanfilev, viola une seconde fois la frontièreEtat soviétique
selon une trajectoire de40 à45 degrés et, arrivé au point 43" 24'
de latitude par 14j0 56'de longitude,vira vers le nord-ouest, survola
la partie sud-ouest dc l'île de Tanfilev et quitta l'espace aérien de
l'Union soviétique à 15 heures 23 minutes.
A la suite de cette deuxième violation de la frontière d'État de
l'Union soviétique, l'avion survola le territoire soviétique pendant

trois ou quatre autres minutes.
Après s'être maintenu quelques instants en dehors de l'espace
aérien de l'Union soviétique, suivant une trajectoirede 90-10033 APPESDIX TO THE SOVIET SOTE OF 30 XII54

rovsk time at the point latitude 43' IS' longitude 145" 59' on a
course 90-100 degrees for a third time violated the Soviet boundary
and after crossing the State boundary the violator-airplane went
in the direction of the islands of Yuri, Zeleny, Shikotan, appar-
ently with the same reconnaissance purpose with respect to these
Soviet islands.
After the first violation of the State boundary the aviation com-
mand, guided by the Instruction for the defense of the State air
boundaries of the USSR, sent up a pair of fighters. The airborne
fighters, having gained altitude over the airfield, headed to\vard
the regioii of the islaiid of Yuri.

Taking a direct course toward the regioii of the island of Yuri, the
pair of Soviet fighters atI jhours 29 minutes detected south of the
island of Demin at an altitude of 5,000 meters a four-engine bomber
of the B-zg type of a dark green color with American identifi-
cation marks.
After detecting the violator-airplane. which turned out to be an
American bomber of the B-29 type, the Soviet fighters began to
auuroach it for the uArDoAe of warninz i- that it was over Soviet
t&itorY.
During the approach the American B-29 bomber from a distance
of approximately 1,000 meters opened fire on the Soviet fighters,

one of the bursts passed near the left wing of the lead fighter-air-
plane. Despite the fact that the American aircraft had opened fire,
the Soviet fliers, without opening fire, continued the approach in
order to warii the violator-airplane that it was over our territory.
While the Soviet fighters were continuing the approach wvithout
opening fire, the American bomber for a second time opened fire
on thein.
The Soviet fighters, in view of the unsuccessful attempt to
approach and warn the violator-airplane by maneuvers that it
was over Soviet territory, were forced iii anslver to the maiiifestly
hostile act by the American bomber to open answering fire, after
which the violator-airplane turned and with loss of altitude went
offinto the direction of the sea at great speed.

In view of the small amount of fuel which oiir fighters had left
they took a course to their airfield after the encounter.with the
mentioned American airplane. During the entire time of flight,
including the encounter with the American bomber, our fighters
did not leave the limits of the air space of the Soviet Union.

The weather in the region of the violation of the Soviet boundary
during the period from 14 to 16 hours Khabarovsk time on Octo-
ber 7, 19j2, \ras slightly cloudy with haze and visibility of 8-10
kilometers. APP~SDICB A LA SOTE SO~IÉTIQUE DU 30 XII j4 33

degrés,l'avion intrus viola une troisième fois la frontière soviétiqiie
à ~j heures 27 minutes, heure de Khabarovsk, au point 43' IS' de
latitude par 145' 59' de longitude et, après avoir franchi la frontière
d'État, l'avion intrus se dirigea vers lesîles deri, de Zeleny et de
Shikotan, apparemnient dans le mêmebut, c'est-à-dire d'effectuer
un vol de reconnaissance au-dessus de ces îles soviétiques.
Après la première violation de la frontière d'État et conformé-
ment aux instructions relatives à la défense des frontières d'Ëtat

aériennes de I'U. R. S. S., le commandement aérien donna l'ordre
à deux chasseurs de prendre leur vol. Les deux chasseurs, après
avoir pris de l'altitude au-dessus de l'aérodrome, mirent le cap sur
la région de l'île de Yuri.
Volant en ligne droite en direction de la régionde l'île de Ynri,
à 15 heures 29 minutes les deux chasseurs soviétiques détectèrent
au sud de l'île de Demin, à une altitude de 5.000 mètres, un bom-
bardier quadrimoteur du type B-zg de couleur vert foncéet portant
une marque d'identification américaine.
Après avoir détecté l'avion intrus, qui s'avéra être unbombar-
dier américain do type B-29, les chasseurs soviétiques commen-
cèrent à s'en rapprocher afin de l'avertir qu'il se trouvait au-dessus
du territoire soviétique.

.Alors que s'effectuait l..pproche. le bombardier américain B-zq
eiiirit IVfeti siir Ics chas&:uri siiv16tiqàeiinc (list~ncc d't.n\.iriin
r.ood inétrts etl'une (les raf:iIliii.sI)~;.sde l'ai-e~:iucl~edeI'n\,iuii
de tête.Bien que l'avion amérigain eût ouvert le feu, les aviateurs
soviétiques, sans ouvrir le feu à leur tour, continuèrent à se rap-
procher afin de faire savoir à l'avion intrus qu'il se trouvait
au-dessus de notre territoire. Alors que les chasseurs soviétiques
continuaient à s'approcher, sans ouvrir le feu, le bombardier améri-
cain ouvrit une deuxième fois le feu contre cus.
Etant donné l'insuccès de leurs efforts en vue de se rapprocher
de l'avion intrus et de l'avertir par signaux qu'il se trouvait
au-dessus di1 territoire soviétique, les chasseurs soviétiques furent
contraints d'ouvrir un tir défensif pour répondre à l'acte mani-

festement hostile du bombardieraméricain, après quoi l'avionintrus
vira et se dirigea vers la mer à grande vitesse, tout en perdant de
l'altitude.
En raison de la faible quantitéde carburant qui leur restait après
leur rencontre avec l'avion américain précité, nos chasseurs se
dirigèrent vers leur aérodrome. Nos chasseurs n'ont pas quitté
l'espace aériende l'Union soviétique pendant toute la durée de leur
vol, y compris au moment de leur rencontre avec le bombardier
américain.
Le 7 octobre 1952, entre 14 heures et 16heiircs, heure de Khaba-
rovsk, le tenips, dans la région oùfut violéela frontière soviétique,
était légèrement couvert avec brume et une visibilité de S à IO
kilomètres.34 APPEXDIS TO THE SOVIET SOTE OF 30 XII54

CONCLUSIONS

On October 7, 1952, an American four-engine bomber of the
B-zg type froin 14 hours 31 minutes until 15 hours 30 minutes
Khabarovsk time conducted flights obviously for reconnaissance

purposes and cluring the first violation of the tjtate boundary of the
USSR in the period from 14 hours 33 minutes to 14 hours 37
minutes a reconnaissance of the island of Tanfiler, \iras conducted
by it, diiring the secorid violation in the penod from 15 hours
20 minutes to 15 hours 23 minutes the results of the first reconnais-
sance flight over the southwestern part of the island of Tanfilev
were verified by it.
Havi~ig fulfilled, apparently, the first part of its task for the
reconnaissaiice of the island of Tanfilev the Ainerican-29 airplane
for a third tiiiie violated the State boundary at 15 hours 27 minutes

and maiiitaiiied a course toward the Soviet islands of Yuri, Zeleny,
and Shikotaii evidently for the fulfillment of the second part of
its task, that is for the reconnaissance of these islands.
Thus al1 three violations of the State boundary of the Soviet
Union by the ..\merican military airplane were premeditated and
were conducted with obviously hostile purposes.
The Soviet fighters, sent to the region of the island of 'l'uri with
the aim of warning the \.iolator-airplane of its presence over Soviet
territory, acted in precise conformity with the instruction for the
defense ofthe State boundary of the Soviet Union, took al1necessary
measures, riskiiig life, in order to warn the violator by maneuvers

without opening fire. However, in view of the manifestation by the
violator-airplane of obviously hostile acts, after it opened fire for
a second time the Soviet fighters were compelled to give ansurering
firewith the aini of forciiig it to quit the air space of the USSR. APPEXDICE A L.4 SOTE SOVIETIQUE DU 30x11 j4 34

Lc 7 octobre 19j2, de 14heures 31 minutes àIj heures 30 minutes,
heure de Khabarovsk, un bombardier quadrimoteur américain di1
type B-zg procéda de toute évidenceà des vols de reconnaissance.
Au cours de la première violation de la frontière d'État de
1'U. R. S. S., il opéra une reconnaissance de l'ile Taiifilev, de
14 heures 33 minutes à 14 heures 37 minutes. Aii cours de la
deuxième violation, de 1j heures 20 minutes à Ij heures 23 minutes.
il vérifia les résultats de son premier vol de reconnaissance au-

dessus de la partie sud-ouest de l'île de Tanfilev.

Ayant apparemment rempli la première partie de sa mission, qui
consistaità reconnaître I'ile de Taufi'ev, l'avion américain B-29
viola une troisième fois la frontière d'Etatà ïj heures 27 minutes
et mit le cap sur les îles soviétiquesde Yuri, Zeleny et Shikotan, de
toute évidence pour accomplir la deuxième partie de sa mission,
c'est-à-dire la reconnaissance de ces îles.
Les trois violations de la frontière d'État de I'Unioii soviétique,
commises par l'avion militaire américain, étaient donc préméditées
, et furent effectuéesdans un but visiblement hostile.
Les chasseurs soviétiques envoyésdans la régionde I'ile de Yuri
afin d'y avertir l'arion intrus qu'il se trouvait au-dessus du terri-
toire soviétique, se sont méticuleusement conformés aus instruc-

tions relatives à la défensede la frontière d'fitat de l'Union sovié-
tique, ont pris toutes lesmesures nécessaires,au périldeleur vie,pour
avertir l'intrus par signaux et sans ouvrir le feu. Toutefois, en raison
des actes nettement hostiles de l'avion intrus. et après que celui-ci
eut ouvert le feu pour la seconde fois, les chasseurs soviétiques
furent obligésd'ouvrir un tir de riposte, afin de le contraindre à
quitter l'espace aériende I'U.R. S. S. .

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Application instituting proceedings

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