Advisory Opinion of 15 December 1989

Document Number
081-19891215-ADV-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

APPLICABILITÉ
DE LA SECTION 22 DE L'ARTICLE VI
DE LA CONVENTION SUR LES PRIVILÈGES
ET IMMUNITÉS DES NATIONS UNIES

AVISCONSULTATIFDU 15DÉCEMBRE1989

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

APPLICABILITY OF ARTICLE VI, SECTION 22,
OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PRIVILEGES
AND IMMUNITIES OF THE

UNITED NATIONS

ADVISORYOPINIONOF 15 DECEMBER 1989 Mode officiel de ci:ation
Applicabildelasection22del'articleVIde laconvention
surlesprivilègeset immsesNations Unies,
avisonsultatij C.I.J.Recueil1989,p. 177.

Officia1citat:on
ApplicabilityofArticle VI,Section22,oftheConvention
on therivilegesandImmunities of the UnitedNations,
AdvisoryOpinion,I.C.J.Reportsp,. 177.

Nodevent:
Sales number573 1 INTERNATIONALCOURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1989 1989
15December
GeneralList
15 December1989 No.81

APPLICABILITY OF ARTICLE VI, SECTION 22,
OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PRIVILEGES

AND IMMUNITIES OF THE

UNITED NATIONS

Competenceof the Court togiveopinion requeste- Article96,paragraph2, of
United Nations Charter - Relevanceof lack of consent of State concerne-
Opinionrequestedonapplicabilityof multilateralconvent-onDisputesettlement
clauseprovidingfordecisiveadvisoryopinion Reservationtoclause - No refer-
encetoclause in requestfor opiniand no intention toinvoke-tRequest based

exclusivelyon Article6 of Charter- Jurisdiction to entertainthe request not
affectedby reservation.

Proprietyof giving the opinio- Whether thereis any compellingreason to
decline- Whetherreplywouldhave effectof circumventingprincipleof consent.

Convention on the Privileges andZmmunitiesof the United Nations - Ar-
ticleI,Section22 - Meaningof "expertson missions"- Applicabilityof Section
to al1missions includingthose not requiringtra-elApplicabilityto experts in
States of whichtheyarenationalsor onterritoryofwhichtheyreside.

Status ofspecial rapporteursof UnitedNations Sub-Commission onPrevention
of DiscriminationandProtectionof Minoritie- Competenceof UnitedNations

todecideon retentionofparticular rapporteur.

ADVISORY OPINION

Present: President RUDA;Judges LACHSE , LIAS,ODA,AGO,SCHWEBEL Si,r
Robert JENNINGS B,EDJAOUN I,I, EVENSEN,TARASSOV G,UILLAUME,
SHAHABUDDE PAT,HAK;R~~~s~~~~VALENCIA-OSPINA. Concerning the applicability of Article VI, Section 22, of the Convention on
the Privilegesand Immunities of the United Nations,

composed as above,

givesthefollowingAdvisoryOpinion:

1. The question upon which the advisory opinion of the Court has been
requested is contained in resolution1989/75 of the United Nations Economic
and SocialCouncil (hereinaftercalled "the Council"), adopted on 24May 1989.
By a letter dated 1 June 1989, addressed by the Secretary-General of the
United Nations to the President of the Court, filed in the Registry on 13June
1989,the Secretary-Generalformallycommunicatedto the Court the decisionby
which the Council submitted to theCourt for an advisoryopinion the question
setout inthat resolution.Theresolution, certified true copies ofthe Englishand
French texts of which were enclosed with the letter,was inthe followingterms :

"TheEconomicand Social Council,
Having considered resolution 1988/37 of 1September 1988of the Sub-
Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minori-
ties and Commission on Human Rights resolution 1989/37 of 6 March
1989,

1. Concludesthat a difference has arisen between the United Nations
and the Government of Romania asto the applicability of the Convention
on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations to Mr. Dumitni
Mazilu as Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of
Discrimination and Protection of Minorities;

2. Requests,on a priority basis, pursuant to Article 96,paragraph 2, of
the Charter ofthe United Nations and in accordance with General Assem-
bly resolution 89 (1)of 11December 1946,an advisory opinion from the
International Court of Justice on the legal question of the applicability of
Article VI,Section22,ofthe Convention on the Privilegesand Immunities

of the United Nations in the case of Mr.Dumitru Mazilu as Special Rap-
porteur of the Sub-Commission."
Alsoenclosed with the letter weredetails ofthe voting on the resolution and on
an amendment to the draft thereof whereby the words "on a priority basis"
were added in paragraph 2.
2. On 14June 1989the Registrar gavethe notice of the request for an advi-
sory opinion prescribed by Article 66,paragraph 1, ofthe Statute of the Court

to al1Statesentitled to appear before the Court.
3. By an Order dated 14June 1989the President of the Court decided that
the United Nations and the States which are parties to the Convention on
the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations adopted by the United
Nations General Assembly on 13February 1946(hereinafter called "the Gen-
eral Convention") werelikelyto be able to furnish information on the question,
in accordance with Article 66, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court. The
President,havingregard to that paragraph, and considering that in fixingtime-
limitsfor the proceedings, it was "necessaryto bear in mind that the request for
opinion was expressed to be made 'on a priority basis"', fixed 31 July 1989
as the time-limit within whichthe Court would be prepared to receive writtenstatements on the question and 31 August 1989as the time-limit for written

comments on written statements. On 14June 1989the Registrar addressedthe
special and direct communication provided for in Article 66, paragraph 2, of
the Statute to the United Nations and to these States.

4. Written statements were submitted, within the time-limit so fixed, by the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, and by Canada, the Federal Repub-
lic of Germany, the Socialist Republic of Romania and the United States of
America. Written comments were submitted, within the relevant time-limit,
bythe United StatesofAmerica.Thesestatementsand commentswerecommuni-
cated by the Registrarto the Statesto which he had sent the special and direct
communicationand to the United Nations.

5. The Secretary-General transmitted to the Court, pursuant to Article 65,
paragraph 2,of the Statute, a dossier of documents likelyto throw light upon
the question; thesedocuments were receivedinthe Registryininstalments from
2 August 1989onwards.
6. TheCourt decidedto hold hearings,opening on4 October 1989,at which
oral statements might be submittedto the Court by any State or organization

which had been considered likely to be able to furnish information on the
question before the Court.
7. Pursuant to Article 106 ofthe Rules of Court, the Court decidedto make
the written statementsand comments submittedto the Court accessibleto the
public, with effect from the opening of the oral proceedings.
8. Atpublic sittingsheldon 4and 5October 1989,oralstatementsweremade
before the Court by Mr. Carl-August Fleischhauer,the United Nations Legal
Counsel, on behalf of the Secretary-General, and by Mr. Abraham Sofaer,
LegalAdviser,Department of State,on behalf of the United Statesof America.
None of the other States which had presented written statements expressed a
desire to be heard. Questions were put by Members of the Court to the repre-
sentative of the Secretary-General,and answered before the close of the oral
proceedings.

9. Pursuant to Articles 55(c) and 68 of the Charter of the United Na-
tions, the Council,by resolution 5(1) of 16February 1946,supplemented
on 18 February 1946, created a Commission on Human Rights (herein-
after called "the Commission"). In 1947 the Commission in its turn set
up a Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection
of Minorities (hereinafter called "the Sub-Commission"), and in 1949

the Sub-Commission was given the following mandate :
"(a) to undertake studies, particularly in the light of the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights and to make recommendations
to the Commission on Human Rights concerning the preven-
tion of discrimination of any kind relating to human rights and
fundamental freedoms and the protection of racial, national,
religious and linguistic minorities;and (b) to perform any other functions which may be entrusted to it
by the Economic and Social Council or the Commission on

Human Rights".
10. On 13March 1984the Commission,upon nomination byRomania,
elected Mr. Dumitru Mazilu, a Romanian national, to serveas a member
ofthe Sub-Commissionfor athree-yearterm, dueto expireon 31 Decem-
ber 1986.Pursuant to the Commission's resolution 1985/13callingupon

the Sub-Commissionto pay due attention to the role ofyouth in the field
of human rights,the Sub-Commissionat itsthirty-eighth sessionadopted
on 29August 1985resolution 1985/12wherebyitrequested Mr.Maziluto

"prepare a report on human rights and youth analysing the efforts
and measures for securing the implementation and enjoyment by
youth of human rights, particularly, the right to life, education and
work

and requested the Secretary-General to provide him with al1necessary
assistancefor the completionof his task. This report was to be submitted
under an agenda item entitled "Promotion, protection and restoration of
human rights at national, regional and international levels",at the thirty-
ninth sessionofthe Sub-Commissionscheduled for 1986.

11. The thirty-ninth session of the Sub-Commission, at which
Mr. Mazilu'sreport was to be presented, was not convened in 1986but
wasrescheduled for 1987.Thethree-year mandate of itsmembers - ori-

ginallydueto expire on 31December 1986 - was extended by Council
decision 1987/102foran additional year.Whenthethirty-ninth sessionof
the Sub-Commissionopened in Geneva on 10August 1987no report had
been receivedfromMr. Mazilu,nor washepresent. Byaletterreceivedby
the United Nations Office at Geneva on 12August 1987,the Permanent
Mission of Romania to that Office informed it that Mr. Mazilu had suf-
fereda heart attackand wasstillin hospital. In itswritten statementto the
Court, Romania stated that Mr. Mazilu had fallen seriously il1in May
1987,and that at that time he had not yet begun to draw up the report
entrusted to him. According to the written statement of the Secretary-
General, a telegram was received in Geneva on 18August 1987signed
"D. Mazilu" informingthe Sub-Commissionofhisinability,due to heart

illness,to attendthe current session.

12. In these circumstances, the Sub-Commission adopted decision
1987/112 on 4 September 1987,whereby it deferred consideration of
item 14 of its agenda - under which the report on human rights and
youth was due to be discussed - to its fortieth session scheduled for
1988.Notwithstanding the scheduled expiration on 31 December 1987
of Mr. Mazilu's term as a member of the Sub-Commission, the latter
included reference to a report to be submitted by him, identified byname, under the agenda item "Prevention of discrimination and protec-
tion of children", on the provisional agenda of its fortieth session, and
entered the report under the title "Human rights and youth" in the
"List of studies and reportsunder preparation by members of the Sub-
Commissionin accordance with the existinglegislativeauthority".

13. After the thirty-ninth session of the Sub-Commission, the Centre
for Human Rights of the United Nations Secretariat in Geneva made
various attempts to contact Mr. Mazilu and to provide him with assist-
ance in thepreparation of hisreport,including arrangingavisitto Geneva.
Relevant information submitted by Governments, intergovernmental

organizations and non-governmental organizations was sent to him on a
regular basis. Having received from Mr. Mazilu two letters postmarked
25and 29December 1987,wherebyhe stated that he had not receivedthe
previous communications of the Centre, the Under-Secretary-General
for Human Rights, in a telegram dated 19January 1988and addressed
to the Acting Director of the United Nations Information Centre in
Bucharest, requested the latter's assistancein facilitating Mr. Mazilu's
work on his report by serving as a channel through which a ticket to
Geneva would be provided to Mr. Mazilu; the Under-Secretary-General
also asked that a forma1invitation be communicated to Mr. Mazilu to
cometo the Centre for Human Rightsfor consultations.

14. Initswritten statementsubmittedtotheCourt, Romaniastatedthat
at Mr. Mazilu'srequest he had, from 1December 1987,been put on the
retired list as beingnfit for service, and that in 1988a medical com-
mission, acting in accordance with current Romanian legislation, had
re-examined Mr. Mazilu's state of health and decided to extend for a

further one-yearperiod hisretirement on thegrounds of continuedunfit-
ness for service.n a letter addressed to the Under-Secretary-Generalfor
Human Rights, handed on 15January 1988to the Acting Director of
the United Nations Information Centre in Bucharest, Mr. Mazilu
said that he had been twice in hospital, and that he had been forced to
retire, as of 1 December 1987,from his various governmental posts.
He stated that despite his willingness to come to Geneva for consulta-
tions, the Romanian authorities were refusing him a travel permit.
In a series of letters dated 5 April, 19April, 8 May and 17 May 1988,
Mr. Mazilu further described his persona1situation; in the first ofhese
letters he allegedthat he had refused to complywith a request addressed
to him on 22 February 1988by a specialcommissionfrom the Romanian
Ministry of Foreign Affairs voluntarily to decline to submit his report
to the Sub-Commission.He consistentlycomplained that strongpressure
had been exerted on him and on his family.

15. On 31 December 1987 the terms of al1 members of the Sub-

Commission, including Mr. Mazilu, expired (see paragraph 11 above). On 29Febniary 1988the Commission,upon nomination by their respec-
tive Governments, electednewmembers ofthe Sub-Commission,among
whomwasMr. Ion Diaconu, a Romanian national. In responseto aletter
from the Permanent Representative of Romania to the United Nations
OfficeatGeneva,dated 27June 1988,referringto anofferby Mr.Diaconu
to prepare a report on human rights and youth, the Under-Secretary-
General for Human Rights recalled on 1July 1988that Mr. Mazilu had
been mandated by the Sub-Commission resolution 1985/12 to prepare
the report on thatsubject,and stated that only the Sub-Commissionor a
superior body was competent to change the designation; the Secretary-
Generalhad thereforeto act pursuant to the instructionsgivenbythe Sub-
Commission in the said resolution "to provide al1necessary assistance
to Mr. Dumitni Mazilu forthe completion ofthis task.

16. Meanwhile, by a letter dated 6 May 1988the Under-Secretary-
' General for Human Rights requested the assistance of the Permanent
Representative of Romania to the United Nations Office at Geneva in
transmitting to Mr. Mazilu al1relevant information which had been sub-
mitted by Governments, specialized agencies and non-governmental
organizations,and which was necessaryfor the completion of his report.
By a letter of 15June 1988,the Under-Secretary-General informed the
Permanent Representative of Romania that, as an exceptional measure,
he had decided to authorize a staff member of the Centre for Human
Rightsto travel to Bucharestfor the purpose of working withMr. Mazilu
on his report, but only on the understanding that Mr. Mazilu would be
enabled to present his report to the Sub-Commission in Geneva and to

participate in the ensuing debate.
17. Al1the rapporteurs and special rapporteurs of the Sub-Commis-
sion were invited to attend its fortieth session (8 August to 2 Septem-
ber 1988)and the meetings of its working groups; however Mr. Mazilu
again did not appear. Following a discussion at the 2nd meeting, held
on 9 August 1988, a special invitation was cabled to Mr. Mazilu to
go to Geneva to present his report, but the relevant telegrams were not
delivered,and the United Nations Information Centre in Bucharestwas
unable to locate Mr. Mazilu. During the debate at the 9th meeting,held
on 15August 1988,on the organization of work of the session, various
members expressed their views about Mr. Mazilu's situation, and the
Chairman stressed the two-fold aim of the Sub-Commission,namely,to
ensurethat the study entnisted to Mr. Mazilu bebrought to a satisfactory

conclusion, and to tryto ensure itspresentation by Mr. Mazilu in person.

18. At its 10thmeeting,held on 15August 1988,the Sub-Commission
adopted decision 1988/102,whereby it requested the Secretary-General

"to establish contact with the Government of Romania and to bring
to the Government'sattentionthe Sub-Commission'surgent needto establish persona1contact with its Special Rapporteur Mr. Dumi-
tru Mazilu and to conveythe request that the Govemment assistin
locating Mr. Mazilu and facilitate a visitto him by a member of the
Sub-Commissionand the secretariattohelp himinthe completionof
his study onhuman rights and youth ifhe sowished".

The Under-Secretary-General for Human Rights informed the Sub-
Commissionat its 14thmeeting, heldon 17August 1988,that in contacts
between the Secretary-General's Officeand the Chargéd'affaires of the
Romanian Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York, the
possibilityof establishingcontact with Mr.Mazilu wasraised.

19. The Under-Secretary-General reported that in these contacts the

Chargéd'affaireshad statedthat any intervention bythe United Nations
Secretariat and any form of investigation in Bucharest would be con-
sidered interferencein Romania'sinterna1affairs; the case of Mr. Mazilu
wasan intemal matterbetween a citizenand hisownGovernment andfor
that reason no visitto Mr. Mazilu would be allowed.

20. Atits32nd meeting,held on 30August 1988,the Sub-Commission
considered a draft resolution contemplating that an advisory opinion on
the applicability of the General Convention to the case of Mr. Mazilu be
sought from the Court; it had before it an opinion by the Office of Legal
Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat on that question, and a further
opinion was obtained from that Office on the legal implications of the
reservation made by Romania to Section30(the disputes-settlernentpro-
vision)ofthe General Convention.

21. The Sub-Commission on 1 September 1988adopted by 16votes
to 4,with 3abstentions, resolution 1988/37.Taking into account that

"if Mr. Mazilu should be unable for whatever persona1 reasons
to complete and present himself the said report to the Sub-Com-
mission, he should be given any possible assistance by the United
Nations enabling him to complete his report, with such assistance,
in Romania",

the Sub-Commission,according to the terms ofthe operativepart,

"1. Requeststhe Secretary-General to approach once more the
Govemment of Romania and invoke the applicability of the Con-
vention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations,
and request the Government to CO-operatefully in the imple-
mentation of the present resolution by ensuring that Mr. Mazilu's
report be completed and presented to the Sub-Commission at the PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES (ADVISOR OYPINION) 184

earliest possible date, either by himself or in the manner indicated
above ;
2. Furtherrequeststhe Secretary-General,inthe eventthe Govern-
ment of Romania does not concur in the applicability of the provi-

sions of thesaid Convention in the present case, and thus with the
terms of the present resolution, to bring the difference between the
United Nations and Romania immediately to the attention of the
Commissionon Human Rightsat itsforthcoming forty-fifth session
in 1989;
3. Requeststhe Commissionon Human Rights,in the latter event,
to urge the Economic and Social Council to request, in accordance
with General Assemblyresolution 89(1)of 11December 1946,from
the International Court ofJustice an advisoryopinion on the applic-
abilityofthe relevantprovisions ofthe Convention on the Privileges

and Immunities ofthe United Nations to the present caseand within
the scope ofthe presentresolution."
22. Pursuant to the foregoing resolution the Secretary-General on
26October 1988addresseda Note Verbaleto the Permanent Representa-
tive ofRomania tothe United Nations in New York,in whichhe invoked

the General Convention in respect of Mr. Mazilu and requested the
Romanian Government to accord Mr. Mazilu the necessary facilities in
order to enable him to complete his assigned task. Asno reply had been
received to that Note Verbale,the Under-Secretary-General for Human
Rights on 19December 1988wrote a letter of reminder to the Permanent
Representative of Romania to the United Nations Office at Geneva,
in which he asked that the Romanian Government assist in arranging
for Mr. Maziluto visitGenevasothat he could discusswiththe Centrefor
Human Rightsthe assistanceit mightgivehim in preparing his report.

23. On 6 January 1989the Permanent Representative of Romania
handed to the LegalCounsel of the United Nations an Aide-Mémoire in
which was set forth the Romanian Government's position concerning
Mr.Mazilu.Onthe factsofthe case,Romania statedthat Mr.Mazilu,who

had not prepared or produced anything on the subject entrusted to him,
had in 1987becomegravelyil1withaseriousheart condition andhad had
repeatedly to gointo hospital overaperiod ofseveralmonths. In Novem-
ber 1987,accordingtothat Aide-Mémoire,hehad "applied personally for
disability retirementbecause of this condition, submitting appropriate
medical certificates"; "in accordance with Romanian law, he was
examined byapanel ofdoctors whichdecided to place him onthe retired
list on grounds of ill-healthfor an initialperiod of one year"; "at the end
of the first year of his disabilityretirement,he was examinedby a similar
panel of doctors which decided to extend his retirement on grounds of
ill-health". 24. Onthe law,Romaniaexpressedtheviewinthat Aide-Mémoirethat
"the problem ofthe application ofthe General Convention doesnot arise
in this case": the Convention "does not equate rapporteurs, whose
activities are only occasional, with experts on missions for the United
Nations" ;and

"even if rapporteurs are givensome ofthe status of experts,...they
can enjoy only functional immunities and privileges, that is, privi-
leges connected with their activitiesfor the United Nations, during
the period of their mission, and then only in the countries in which
theyperform the mission and in countries oftransit".

For Romania,it was obviousthat
"an expert doesnot enjoyprivilegesand immunitiesin the countryin
which he has his permanent residence but only in the country
in which he is on mission and during the period of his mission.
Likewise,the privileges and immunities provided by the Conven-
tion begin to apply only at the moment when the expert leaveson a
journey connected withthe performance of his mission."

Moreover,

"in the country of which he is a national and in countries other than
thecountryto whichheissentonmission,an expertenjoysprivileges
and immunities only in respect of actual activitiesspoken or written
which heperforms in connection with his mission".
Romania stated expressly that it was opposed to a request for advisory
opinion from the Court of anykind inthis case.Similarcontentions were

also put fonvard in the written statement presented by Romania to the
Court in the present proceedings.
25. Atthe forty-fifthsessionofthe Commissionin 1989,the Secretary-
Generalpresented a Note "pursuant to paragraph2 ofresolution 1988/37
ofthe Sub-Commission"(seeparagraph 21above),to whichwasattached
his Note Verbaleto the Romanian Government of 26 October 1988,and
the Romanian Aide-Mémoire of 6 January 1989. The Commission
adopted on 6 March 1989,by26votesto 5,with 12abstentions, itsresolu-
tion 1989/37recommendingthatthe Councilrequest an advisoryopinion
from the Court. The Council on 24 May 1989adopted by 24 votes to 8,
with 19abstentions,itsresolution 1989/75requestingan advisoryopinion
ofthe Court, asrecommendedin Commissionresolution 1989/37,on the
legalquestion ofthe applicabilityofArticleVI,Section22,ofthe General
Convention in the case of Mr. Mazilu as Special Rapporteur of the Sub-
Commission. 26. The Court has also been informed bythe Secretary-Generalofthe
followingeventswhichhave occurred sincethe request foradvisoryopin-
ionwasmade. Areport on human rights and youthprepared by Mr.Maz-
iluwascirculated asadocument ofthe Sub-Commissionbearing the date
10July 1989;thetext ofthisreport had been transmitted by Mr.Maziluto
the Centrefor Human Rightsinseveralinstalmentsthrough various chan-
nels.Atameetingheld on 8August 1989,the Sub-Commissiondecided,in
accordance with its practice, to invite Mr. Mazilu to participate in the
meetingsat whichhis report wasto be considered :no replywasreceived
to the invitation extended. Bya Note Verbaledated 15August 1989from
the Permanent Mission of Romania to the United Nations Office at
Geneva addressed to that Office,the Permanent Mission referred to "the
so-called report" by Mr. Mazilu, expressed surprise "that the medical
opinions made available to the Centre for Human Rights ...have been
ignored", and continued :

"The factthatthe Centre's administrationhas agreed,in these cir-
cumstances,tosponsorthe publication ofsomeof Mr. Mazilu'sideas
and judgements under the auspices of the United Nations can only
harm the standing and credibilityofthe Organization."

In the viewof Romania,
"Obviously sincebecoming il1in 1987,Mr. Dumitru Mazilu does
not possess the intellectual capacity necessary for making an

objective, responsibleand unbiased analysisthat could serve as the
substance of a report consistentwith the requirementsof the United
Nations."
At its 40th meeting held on 1 September 1989,the Sub-commission
adopted, by 12votes to 4 with 2 abstentions, resolution 1989/45entitled
"The report on human rights and youth prepared by Mr. Dumitru
Mazilu". The Sub-Commissionnoted that Mr. Mazilu'sreport had been
prepared in difficult circumstances and that the relevant information
collected by the Secretary-General appeared not to have been delivered

to Mr. Mazilu. The Sub-Commission inter aliarequested Mr. Mazilu to
update his report and invited himto present it inerson to the Sub-Com-
missionat itsnext session; it alsorequested the Secretary-Generalto con-
tinue to gatherand furnishto Mr. Maziluinformationrelatingto hisstudy,
andto provideMr. Mazilu withal1theassistancehe mightneedinupdating
hisreport, includingconsultationswiththe Centrefor Human Rights.

27. The question laid before the Court by the Council is, in the terms

of the resolution requesting the advisory opinion (resolution 1989/75,
entitled"Statusof SpecialRapporteurs"),
"the legalquestionofthe applicabilityofArticleVI,Section22,ofthe
Convention on the Privilegesand Immunitiesof the United Nations inthe caseof Mr. Dumitru Maziluas SpecialRapporteur ofthe Sub-
Commission[onthe Preventionof Discriminationand the Protection
of Minorities]".
According to the written statement submitted to the Court by the
Secretary-General,

"It should.. benotedthatwhiletheCourt hasbeenaskedaboutthe
applicabilityofSection22oftheConventioninthe caseofMr.Mazilu,
ithasnotbeen askedaboutthe consequencesofthat applicability,that
is about what privilegesand immunitiesMr. Mazilu might enjoy asa
resultofhisstatusand whetherornot thesehad been violated."

During the oral proceedings,the representativeof the Secretary-General,
when replyingto a questionput by a Memberofthe Court, obsemedthat :

"it issuggestiveof the Council'sintention in adoptingthe resolution
to note that, having referredto a 'difference', itthen did not attempt
to have that difference as a whole resolved by the question it
addressed to the Court. Rather ...the Council merely addressed a
preliminary legal questionto the Court, which appears designed to
clarify atmostthe generalstatusof Mr. Mazilu inrespectofthe Con-
vention, without resolving the entire issue that evidently separates
the United Nationsandthe Government."

28. Thepresent requestfor advisoryopinion isthefirst request madeby
theCouncil,pursuanttoparagraph2ofArticle96ofthe Charter.Thatpara-
graph providesthat organs of the United Nations, other than the General
Assemblyandthe SecurityCouncil,
"which may at any time be so authorized by the General Assembly,
may also request advisoryopinions of the Court on legal questions
arisingwithinthe scopeoftheir activities".

Such authorization in respect of the Council was given by General
Assemblyresolution 89 (1)of 11December 1946.The question which is
the subject of the request, involving as it does the interpretation of
an international convention in order to determine its applicability,is a
legal question. Furthermore it is one arising within the scope of the
activitiesofthe Council.Asindicatedinparagraph 10above,Mr. Mazilu's
assignment was pertinent to a function and programme of the Council.
The Commission is a subsidiary organ of the Council, and the Sub-
Commission, of which he was appointed special rapporteur, is in turn
a subsidiary organ of the Commission. Accordingly, the request before
theCourt fulfilsthe conditions of Article96,paragraph 2,of the Charter
of the United Nations. 29. The Court has next to considerthe contention of Romania, on the
basis of the reservationmade by it to Section30of the General Conven-
tion,thattheCourt "cannot findthat ithasjurisdiction to givean advisory
opinion" in the present case. Section 30 of the General Convention
provides :

"Al1differencesarising out of the interpretation or application of
the present conventionshallbereferred to theInternational Court of
Justice,unless in anycase it isagreedby the parties to haverecourse
to another mode of settlement. If a difference arises between the
United Nations on the one hand and a Memberon the other hand, a
request shallbe made for an advisoryopinion on any legalquestion
involvedin accordance with Article96oftheCharter and Article 65
of theStatute of the Court. The opinion givenby theCourt shallbe
accepted as decisiveby the parties."

Romaniaacceded to the GeneralConvention, and itsinstrument ofacces-
sionwas depositedwith the Secretary-Generalon 5July 1956.Theinstru-
ment of accessioncontained the followingreservation :

"The Romanian People'sRepublic does not consider itselfbound
by the terms of section 30of the Convention which provide for the
compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court in differences
arising out of the interpretation or application of the Convention;
with respect to the competence of the International Court in such
differences,the Romanian People'sRepublictakesthe viewthat,for

thepurpose ofthe submissionofanydisputewhatsoevertothe Court
fora ruling,the consent of al1the parties to the dispute isrequired in
every individual case. This resewation is equally applicable to the
provisionscontainedin the said sectionwhichstipulatethat the advi-
soryopinion oftheInternational Court istobeacceptedas decisive."

30. It isclaimedbyRomaniathat, becauseofthe reservationmade byit
to Section 30, the United Nations cannot, without Romania's consent,
submit a request for advisory opinion in respect of its difference with
Romania. The reservation, it is said, subordinates the competence
of the Court to "deal with any dispute that may have arisen between
the United Nations and Romania, including a dispute within the frame-
work of the advisoryprocedure," to the consent of the parties to the dis-
pute. Romania points outthatit did not agreethat an opinion should be
requested of the Court in the present case and concludes that the Court
iswithoutjurisdiction.
3 1. Thejurisdiction of the Court under Article 96 of the Charter and
Article 65 of the Statute, to give advisory opinions on legal questions,

enables United Nations entitiesto seekguidancefrom the Court in order
to conduct their activities in accordance with law. These opinions are
advisory, not binding. As the opinions are intended for the guidance ofthe United Nations, the consent of Statesis not a condition precedent to
the competenceofthe Court to give them. Asthe Court observedin 1950,

"The consent of States, parties to a dispute, is the basis of the

Court's jurisdiction in contentious cases. The situation is different
in regard to advisory proceedings even where the Request for an
Opinion relates to a legal question actuallypending between States.
The Court's reply is only of an advisory character: as such, it has
no binding force. It follows that no State, whether a Member of
the United Nations or not, can prevent the giving of an Advisory
Opinion whichthe United Nations considers to be desirable in order
to obtain enlightenment as to the course of action it should take.
TheCourt's Opinionisgivennottothe States,but tothe organ which
is entitled to request it; the reply of the Court, itself an 'organ of
the United Nations', represents its participation in the activities
of the Organization, and, in principle, should not be refused."
(Interpretationof PeaceTreatieswithBulgaria,HungaiyandRomania,
FirstPhase,Advisory Opinion1 , .C.J.Reports1950,p. 71 .)

Thisreasoning isequallyvalidwhereitissuggestedthata legalquestionis
pending, not between two States,but between the United Nations and a
memberState.
32. Romania however relies on its rese~ation to Section 30 of the
General Convention;but that Sectionoperateson a differentplane and in
a different context fromthat of Article96ofthe Charter. Whenthe provi-
sionsofthe Sectionareread intheirtotality, itisclearthat their objectisto

provide a dispute settlement mechanism.Thefirstsentence ofthe Section
provides forthe casewherea differencearisesout ofthe interpretation or
application of the General Convention between Statesparties to it, and
contains two elements.Thefirst isthetreaty obligation to referthe differ-
enceto the Court, unless another mode of settlement is decided upon by
theparties; the second isthe object ofthe referenceto the Court, namely
to settlethe difference.
33. The United Nations is itself intimately, and for the most part
directly, concerned with the operation of the General Convention.
Section 30 was therefore so framed as to take in also the settlement of
differencesbetweenthe United Nations and a State party to the General
Convention. If such a differencearises,

"a request shall be made for an advisory opinion on any legal
question involvedin accordance with Article 96 of the Charter and
Article 65 of the Statute of the Court. The opinion given by the
Court shall be accepted as decisivebythe parties."

Thisprovision pursuesthe sameintent asexpressedin thefirstsentenceof
Section30; the particular nature ofthe proceeding contemplated is attri-
butable to the status as an international organization of one ofthe parties
to the difference. 34. In caseofarequestforan advisoryopinion made under Section30,
theCourt would ofcoursehaveto consider anyresemation whicha party
tothe disputehad madeto that Section.In theparticular caseofRomania,
the Court would have to consider whether the effect of its reservation
could be to act as a bar tothe operation of the procedure of request for
advisoryopinion, or merelyto deprive any opinion givenof the decisive
effect attributed to such opinions by Section 30.But in the present case,
the resolution requesting the advisory opinion made no reference to
Section 30,and it is evident fromthe dossierthat, in view ofthe existence
of the Romanian reservation,it was not the intention of the Council to
invoke Section 30. The request is not made under that Section,and the
Court does not therefore need to determinethe effect ofthe Romanian
reservationto that provision.

35. Romania however contends that although the Council resolution
1989/75dated 24 May 1989does not allude to Section30 ofthe General
Convention asthe basis of its request for advisoryopinion, the question

which it raises nevertheless relates to the applicabilityof a substantive
provision of the General Convention"to a concrete case considered to
be a dispute between a State party to the Convention and the United
Nations".It arguesthat
"If it wereaccepted that a State party to the Convention,or the
United Nations,mightask for disputes concerningthe application or
interpretationof the Convention tobe brought beforethe Court on a
basis other than the provisionsof Section30 of the Convention, that
would disruptthe unityofthe Convention,by separatingthe substan-

tive provisions from those relating to dispute settlement, which
would be tantamount to a modification of the content and extent of
the obligations entered into by States when they consented to be
boundbythe Convention."
However, the nature and purpose of the present proceedings are,
as explained above, that of a request for advice on the applicabilityof
a part of the General Convention, and not the bringing of a dispute
before the Court for determination. Furthermore,the "content and extent
of the obligations entered into by States" - and, in particular, by

Romania - "when they consented to be bound by the Convention" are
not modifiedbythe requestand bythepresentadvisoryopinion.
36. The Court thus finds that the reservationmadeby Romania to Sec-
tion30ofthe General Conventiondoesnot affecttheCourt's jurisdictionto
entertainthe presentrequest.

37. While, however,the absence of the consent of Romania to the
present proceedingscan have no effect on the jurisdiction of the Court,
it is aatterto be consideredwhen examiningthe propriety of the Courtgivingan opinion. It is wellsettledin the Court's jurisprudencethat when
a request is made under Article 96 of the Charter by an organ of the
United Nations or a specialized agency for an advisory opinion by
wayof guidance or enlightenmenton a questionof law,the Court should
entertain the request and give its opinion unless there are "compelling
reasons" to the contrary. In the WesternSaharacase the Court adverted
to a possible situation in which such a "compelling reason" might be
present. In that case, commenting on its observations in the Interpre-
tationof PeaceTreatiescase, to the effect that its competence to give an
opinion does not depend on the consent of the interested States, the
Court obsewed :

"the Court recognizedthat lackofconsent mightconstituteaground
fordecliningto givethe opinionrequested if,inthe circumstances of
a given case, considerations ofjudicial propriety should oblige the
Court to refuse an opinion. In short, the consent of an interested
Statecontinues tobe relevant,notfor the Court's competence,but for
the appreciation ofthe propriety of givingan opinion.

33. In certain circumstances,therefore,the lack of consent of an
interestedState mayrenderthe givingofan advisoryopinionincom-
patible withthe Court's judicial character. Aninstance ofthiswould
be when the circumstances disclose that to givea reply would have
the effectof circumventingthe principle that a Stateisnot obligedto
allow its disputes to be submitted to judicial settlementwithout its
consent. If such a situation should arise, the powers of the Court
under the discretion given to it by Article 65, paragraph 1, of the

Statute, would afford sufficient legal means to ensure respect for
the fundamental principle of consent to jurisdiction." (Western
Sahara,Advisory Opinion, I.C.J.Reports1975,p. 25,paras. 32-33.)
38. In view ofthe emphasis placed by Romania on its reservationto
Article30ofthe GeneralConvention and theabsence ofitsconsent to the
presentrequestfor advisoryopinion,the Court must consider whetherin
this case "to givea replywould have the effectof circumventingthe prin-
ciple that a State is not obliged to allow its disputes to be submitted

to judicial settlementwithout its consent". The Court considers that in
the present case to give a reply would have no such effect. Certainly
the Council, in its resolution requestingthe opinion, didconclude that a
differencehad arisen betweenthe United Nations and the Governmentof
Romaniaas to the applicabilityofthe Conventionto Mr.Dumitru Mazilu.
But this difference, and the question put to the Court in the light of
it, are not to be confused with the dispute between the United Nations
and Romania with respect to the applicationof the General Convention
in the case of Mr. Mazilu.
39. In the present case, the Court thus does not find any compelling
reason to refuse an advisory opinion. The Court will therefore proceednow to reply to the legal question on which such an opinion has been
requested.

40. In order to determine the applicability of ArticleVI,Section22,of
the General Convention, to special rapporteurs of the Sub-Commission,
and its applicability in the case of Mr. Dumitru Mazilu, the Court must
first ascertain the meaning ofthat text.
41. According to Article 105, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the
United Nations

"The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its
Members such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the
fulfilment of itspurposes."
Furthermore, according to Article 105,paragraph 2,

"Representatives of the Members of the United Nations and
officials of the Organization shall similarly enjoy such privileges
and immunities as are necessary for the independent exercise of
their functions in connection with the Organization."

Lastly,Article 105,paragraph 3, Statesthat the General Assembly"may
propose conventionstothe Members ofthe United Nations" with a view
to determiningthe details ofthe application ofparagraphs 1 and 2.
42. Acting in conformity with Article 105of the Charter, the General
Assembly approved the General Convention on 13 February 1946and
proposed it for accession by each Member of the United Nations. One
hundred and twenty-four States, including Romania, are parties to the
Convention.
43. As contemplated by Article 105of the Charter, the General Con-
vention determines the privileges and immunities enjoyed by the United
Nations as such(Arts.II and III), laysdownthe privilegesand immunities
of the representatives of Members of the United Nations (Art. IV),and
defines those of the officials of the Organization (Art. V). It contains
in addition an Article VI entitled "Experts on Missions for the United

Nations", divided into two Sections.Section22provides as follows :

"Experts (other than officials coming within the scope of Ar-
ticleV)performingmissionsforthe United Nations shallbe accorded
such privilegesand immunities as are necessaryfor theindependent
exerciseoftheirfunctions duringtheperiod oftheir missions,includ-
ing the time spent on journeys in connection with their missions.In
particular they shall be accorded :

(a) immunity from persona1arrest or detention and from seizureof
theirpersona1baggage ;
(b) in respect of words spoken or written and acts done by them in the course of the performance of their mission, immunity from
legal process of every kind. This immunity from legal process
shall continue to be accorded notwithstanding that the persons
concerned are no longer employed on missions for the United
Nations ;
(c) inviolabilityforal1papers and documents;
(dj for the purpose of their communications with the United
Nations, the right to use codes and to receive papers or corre-
spondence bycourier orinsealedbags ;
(e) the samefacilitiesinrespect ofcurrencyor exchangerestrictions
as are accorded to representatives of foreign governments on
temporary officia1missions ;

(JI the same immunities and facilities in respect of their personal
baggageasareaccorded to diplomaticenvoys."

Section23adds :

"Privileges and immunitiesare granted to experts in the interests
ofthe United Nations and notforthe personal benefit ofthe individ-
uals themselves.The Secretary-Generalshall have the right and the
duty to waive the immunity of any expert in any case where, in his

opinion,the immunitywould impedethe course ofjustice and it can
be waivedwithoutprejudice to the interests ofthe United Nations."
Finally,Article VII,Section26,ofthe GeneralConventiongrantscertain
facilitiesto experts when travelling on the business of the Organization.

44. The Court willexaminethe applicability of Section22 rationeper-
sonae, ratione temporisand ratione loci,that is to Sayit will consider first
whatismeantby"experts onmissions"forthe purposes ofSection22,and
then the meaning to be attached to the expression "period of [the]
missions", before considering the position of experts in their relations
withthe Statesofwhichtheyarenationalsor ontheterritory ofwhichthey
reside.
45. The General Convention gives no definition of "experts on
missions". Al1it does is to clarifytwo points, one negative and the other
positive.From Section22itisclear,firstthat the officialsofthe Organiza-
tion, evenifchosenin consideration oftheirtechnicalexpertisein a parti-
cularfield,arenot includedinthe categoryofexperts withinthemeaning
ofthat provision; and secondlythat only expertsperforming missionsfor
the United Nationsare coveredby Section22.The Section doesnot, how-

ever, furnish any indication of the nature, duration or place of these
missions.
46. Nor is there really any guidancein this respect to be found in the
travauxpréparatoires ofthe General Convention.TheConvention wasin-
itiallydrafted and submitted to the General Assemblybythe PreparatoryCommissionset up atSanFranciscoinJune 1945 ;that initialdraft did not
contain anythingcorresponding to thepresent ArticleVI.That articlewas
added by the Sub-Commissionon Privilegesand Immunitiesestablished
by the Sixth Committeeto examine the draft, but the contemporary offi-
cialrecords do not make it possible to ascertain the reasons forthe addi-
tion.
47. The purpose of Section 22 is nevertheless evident, namely, to en-
able the United Nations to entrust missions to persons who do not have

the status of an officia1ofthe Organization, and to guarantee them "such
privilegesand immunitiesasarenecessaryfortheindependent exerciseof
theirfunctions".Theexperts thus appointed or electedmayormaynotbe
remunerated, mayor maynot have a contract, maybe givenatask requir-
ing work over alengthyperiod or a short time.The essence ofthe matter
liesnot intheir administrativeposition but in the nature of their mission.

48. Inpractice,accordingto the informationsupplied bythe Secretary-
General, the United Nations has had occasion to entrust missions -
increasingly varied in nature - to persons not having the status of
United Nations officiais.Such persons have been entrusted with media-
tion,withpreparingreports,preparing studies,conductinginvestigationsor
finding and establishingfacts. They have participated in certain peace-
keepingforces,technicalassistance work,and a multitude ofother activi-

ties. In addition, many committees, commissionsor similarbodies whose
membersserve,not asrepresentatives ofStates,but in apersona1capacity,
havebeen set up within the Organization; for example the International
Law Commission, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and
Budgetary Questions, the International Civil Service Commission, the
Human Rights Committee established for the implementation of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,and various other
committeesofthe samenature, suchastheCommittee on the Elimination
of Racial Discrimination or the Committee on the Elimination of Al1
Forms of Discrimination Against Women.In al1these cases,the practice
of the United Nations shows that the persons so appointed, and in par-
ticular the members of these committees and commissions, have been
regarded as experts on missionswithin the meaning of Section 22.

49. Accordingto that Section,experts enjoytheprivilegesand immuni-
tiestherein provided for "during the period of their missions,including
the time spent onjourneys". Thequestion thus ariseswhether experts are
covered by Section 22 only during missions requiring travel or whether
they are also coveredwhenthere is no suchtravel orapart from such tra-
vel.To answerthis question, it is necessary to determine the meaning of
the word "mission" in French and "mission" in English,the twolanguages
in which the General Convention was adopted. Initially, in keeping with
its Latin derivation, the word referred to a task entrusted to ason only
ifthatperson wassentsomewhereto perform it. It implied ajourney. The
sameconnotation isapparentinthe words,ofthe samederivation, "emis-sary", "missionary" and "missive". The French word "mission"a ,nd the
English word "mission", have however long since acquired a broader
meaning and nowadays embracein generalthe tasks entrusted to a per-
son,whether or not those tasks involvetravel.

50. The Court considersthat Section22,in itsreference to expertsper-
forming missions for the United Nations, uses the word "mission" in a
general sense. While some experts have necessarily to travel in order to
performtheirtasks,others can perform them without havingto travel. In
either case,theintent of Section22isto ensurethe independence of such
experts in the interests of the Organization by according them the privi-
legesand immunitiesnecessaryforthe purpose. In somecasestheseprivi-
leges and immunitiesare designed to facilitatethe travel of experts and
their stay abroad, for instancethose concerning seizure or searching of
persona1baggage. In other cases,however,they are of a far moregeneral
nature, particularly with respect to communications with the United
Nations or the inviolability of papers and documents. Accordingly,
Section 22 is applicable to every expert on mission, whether or not he

travels.

51. The questionwhether experts on missions can invoke these privi-
legesand immunitiesagainst the Statesof whichthey are nationals oron
the territory ofwhichtheyresidehas alsobeenraised. In thisconnection,
the Court notesthat Section 15of the General Convention provides that
the terms of Article IV,Sections 11,12and 13,relating to the representa-
tivesof Members "are not applicable asbetween a representative and the
authorities of the State of which he is a national or of which he is or has
been the representative". Article V, concerning officials of the Organi-
zation, and Article VI, concerning experts on missions for the United
Nations, do not, however, contain any comparable rule. This difference
of approach can readilybe explained.The privileges and immunities of
ArticlesVand VIareconferred witha viewto ensuring the independence
of international officialsand experts in the interests of the Organization.
Thisindependence must be respected by al1Statesincluding the State of
nationality and the State of residence. SomeStatesparties to the General
Convention (Canada, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Nepal,

Thailand, Turkey and the United States of America)haveindeed entered
resemations to certain provisions of Article V, or of Article VI itself
(Mexico and the United States of America), as regards their nationals
or persons habitually resident on their territory. The very fact that it
was felt necessary to make such reservations confirms the conclusion
that, in the absence ofsuch resemations, experts on missions enjoy the
privileges and immunities provided for under the Convention in their
relations with the States ofwhich they are nationals or on the territory of
whichthey reside.

52. To sumup,the Court takesthe viewthat Section22ofthe GeneralConvention isapplicable to persons (other than United Nations officiais)
to whom a mission has been entrusted by the Organization and who are
therefore entitled to enjoy the privileges and immunities provided for
in this Section with a viewto theindependent exerciseoftheir functions.
During the wholeperiod of such missions,experts enjoythese functional
privileges and immunities whether or not they travel. They may be
invokedas againstthe Stateofnationalityor ofresidenceunlessa reserva-
tion to Section 22 of the General Convention has been validly made
bythat State.

53. In the light ofthe foregoing,the Court willnow consider the situa-
tion of special rapporteurs of the Sub-Commission.This is a question
which touches on the legalposition of rapporteurs in general, a category
of persons whom the United Nations andthe specialized agenciesfind it
necessary to engage for the implementation of increasinglyvaried func-
tions, and isthus one of importanceforthe whole ofthe United Nations
system.
54. The establishment in 1946of the Commission, and the establish-
ment in 1947of the Sub-Commission and the definition in 1949of its
mandate, havebeen described in paragraph 9 above. On 28 March 1947,
the Council decided that the Sub-Commission would be composed of
12eminent persons, designated by name, subject to the consent of their
respective national Governments. Subsequently the members of the
~ub-~ommission, at present 25 in numbet were chosen by the Human

Rights Commission under similar conditions, and the Council in resolu-
tion 1983/32 of 27 May 1983,expressly "recall[ed] ... that members of
the Sub-Commissionare elected by the Commission on Human Rights
as experts in their individual capacity", and concluded that their
alternates should thereforebe elected and should serveon thesamebasis.
The members of the Sub-Commission, since their status is neither that
of a representative of a member State nor that of a United Nations
official, and since they perform independently for the United Nations
functions contemplated in the remit of the Sub-Commission, must be
regarded as experts on missionswithinthe meaning of Section22.

55. In accordance with the practice followed by many United Nations
bodies,the Sub-Commissionhasfrom timetotimeappointedrapporteurs
or specialrapporteurs with the task of studyingspecified subjects.hese
rapporteurs or special rapporteurs are normally selected from among
members of the Sub-Commission. However, over the past ten years,
specialrapporteurs have, on at leastthree occasions,been appointed from
outside the Sub-Commission. Furthermore, in numerous cases, special
rapporteurs appointed from among members of the Sub-Commissionhave completed their reports only after their membership of the Sub-
Commission had expired. In any event, rapporteurs or special rappor-
teursareentrusted bythe Sub-Commissionwitharesearch mission. Their
functions are diverse,since they have to compile, analyse and check the
existing documentation on the problem to be studied, prepare a report
makingappropriate recommendations, and present thereport to the Sub-
Commission. Since their status is neither that of a representative of a
member State nor that of a United Nations official, andsince they carry
out such research independently for the United Nations, they must
be regarded as experts on missions within the meaning of Section 22,
evenin the eventthat they are not, or are no longer,members of theSub-
Commission. Consequently they enjoy, in accordance with Section 22,

the privileges and immunities necessary for the exercise of their func-
tions, and in particular for the establishment of any contacts which may
be useful for the preparation, the drafting and the presentation of their
reports to the Sub-Commission.

56. Having thus pronounced on the applicability of Section 22 to
special rapporteurs of the Sub-Commission, the Court must now give
its opiniononthe questionofthe applicabilityofthis provisioninthe case
of Mr.Dumitru Mazilu.
57.Ashas been noted earlier(paragraph 10above),Mr. Dumitru Maz-
ilu was elected a member of the Sub-Commissionon 13 March 1984.
On 29 August 1985 the Sub-Commission requested him to prepare
a report on human rights and youth. The mandate of Mr. Mazilu as a
member of the Sub-Commission expired on 31 December 1987.On that
date, the report requested onhuman rights and youth had not been sub-

mitted and Mr. Mazilu was retained as special rapporteur by decisions
or resolutions of the Sub-Commission adopted on 4 September 1987,
15August 1988and 1 September 1988(paragraphs 12,18and 21 above).
The Sub-Commission subsequently received a report by Mr. Mazilu,
which was published on 10July 1989;and by its resolution 1989/45 of
1September 1989(paragraph 26above),the Sub-Commissiononce again
retained Mr. Mazilu asspecial rapporteur, and requested him to update
his report in the light of,teralia,the information collected for him by
the Secretary-General. Thus from 13 March 1984to 29 August 1985
Mr. Mazilu had the status of member of the Sub-Commission. From
29August 1985to 31December 1987,he wasboth a memberand arappor-
teur of the Sub-Commission. Finally,although since the last-mentioned
date he has no longer been a member of the Sub-Commission,he has
remained one of its special rapporteurs. At no time during this period,
therefore, has heceasedto havethe status of an expert on missionwithin
the meaningof Section22,or ceasedto be entitledto enjoyforthe exercise
of his functions the privilegesand immunitiesprovided for therein. 58. Doubt wasnevertheless expressedby Romania whether Mr. Maz-
ilu was capable of performing his task as special rapporteur. Romania
emphasized that he had been taken seriously il1in May 1987,and had
therefore been placed on the retired list pursuant to decisions taken by

the competent medical practitioners, in accordance with the applicable
Romanian legislation; according to the Romanian written statement, he
wasatthat time stillunable to cany outhismandate asspecialrapporteur.
Mr. Mazilu himself informed the United Nations that the state of his
health did not prevent him from preparing the report entrusted to him
or from goingfor thispurpose to the Centrefor Human Rightsin Geneva.
When a report by Mr. Mazilu was circulated as a document of the Sub-
Commission, Romania expressed theviewthat it was obviousthat "since
becoming il1in 1987,Mr. Dumitru Mazilu does not possess the intellec-
tua1 capacity necessary" for the preparation of "a report consistent
withthe requirements ofthe United Nations" (paragraph 26above).

59. It is not for the Court to pronounce on the state of Mr. Mazilu's
health, or on its consequences on the work he has done or is to do for
the Sub-Commission. It is sufficient for it to note, first that it wasfor the

United Nations to decide whether in the circumstances it wished to
retain Mr. Mazilu as special rapporteur, and secondly to take note that
decisionsto that effecthave been taken bythe Sub-Commission.

60. In these circumstances Mr. Mazilu continues to have the status of
special rapporteur, and as a consequence must be regarded as an expert
on missionwithin the meaning of Section 22 ofthe General Convention.
That Sectionis accordingly applicable in the case of Mr. Mazilu.

61. For these reasons,

Unanimously,

1sof theopinionthat Article VI, Section 22, of the Convention on the
Privilegesand Immunities ofthe United Nations is applicable in the case
ofMr. Dumitru Maziluasaspecialrapporteur ofthe Sub-Commissionon
Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities.

Done in French and in English,the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fifteenth day of December, one thou-sand nine hundred and eighty-nine, in two copies,one of which will be

placed inthe archivesofthe Courtand the othertransmitted to thecre-
tary-General of the United Nations.

(Signed)José Maria RUDA,
President.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.

JudgesODA,EVENSEaN nd SHAHABUDDE apEpend separate opinionsto
the AdvisoryOpinion ofthe Court.

(Znitialled)J.M.R.
(Znitialled)E.V.O.

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

APPLICABILITÉ
DE LA SECTION 22 DE L'ARTICLE VI
DE LA CONVENTION SUR LES PRIVILÈGES
ET IMMUNITÉS DES NATIONS UNIES

AVISCONSULTATIFDU 15DÉCEMBRE1989

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

APPLICABILITY OF ARTICLE VI, SECTION 22,
OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PRIVILEGES
AND IMMUNITIES OF THE

UNITED NATIONS

ADVISORYOPINIONOF 15 DECEMBER 1989 Mode officiel de ci:ation
Applicabildelasection22del'articleVIde laconvention
surlesprivilègeset immsesNations Unies,
avisonsultatij C.I.J.Recueil1989,p. 177.

Officia1citat:on
ApplicabilityofArticle VI,Section22,oftheConvention
on therivilegesandImmunities of the UnitedNations,
AdvisoryOpinion,I.C.J.Reportsp,. 177.

Nodevent:
Sales number573 1 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

1989
15décembre
Rôlno81néral
15 décembre 1989

APPLICABILITÉ

DE LA SECTION 22 DE L'ARTICLE VI

DE LA CONVENTION SUR LES PRIVILÈGES
ET IMMUNITÉS DES NATIONS UNIES

Compétencedela Courpour donnerl'avisconsultatifdemandé - Paragraphe2
deI'article96delaChartedesNations Unies - Pertinencedudéfautde consente-
ment d'unEtat intéressé Avisdemandésur l'applicabilitd'uneconventionmul-
tilatéral- Clausede règlementdes différendpsrévoyantun avis consultatifdé-
cisi- Réservea la claus- Absence deréférencàecette clausedans la requête
pour avis et absence d'intention de l'invoqueremande exclusivementfondée
sur I'article de la Charte- Réservesans incidencesur la compétence pour
connaîtrede la requête.
Opportunitéde donner l'avis- Existence éventuellde raisonsdécisivepour
refuserderépondre- Questiondesavoirsirépondre auraitpoureffetde tournerle
principedu consentement.

Conventionsur lesprivilègeset immunitésdes Nations Unies- Section22 de
I'article - Sensde l'expression((expertsen mission-))Applicabilitde cette
section touteslesmissions,y compriscellesnenécessitantpasdedéplacement-
Applicabiliaux expertsdans I'Etatdont ilssont reSsortissantsou surleterritoire
duquelils résident.
Statut des rapporteursspéciaux dela Sous-Commission dela lutte contreles
mesures discriminatoireset dela protectiondes minoritésPouvoirde l'Orga-
nisationdes Nations Uniesde déciderdu maintien delaqualité derapporteur.

AVIS CONSULTATIF

Présents:M. RUDA,Président;MM. LACHS,ELIAS,ODA,AGO,SCHWEBEL,
sir Robert JENNINGS, MM. BEDJAOUIN , I, EVENSENT ,ARASSOV,
GUILLAUMS EH, AHABUDDEE PNT, HAKj,ges; M. VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Greffier. INTERNATIONALCOURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1989 1989
15December
GeneralList
15 December1989 No.81

APPLICABILITY OF ARTICLE VI, SECTION 22,
OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PRIVILEGES

AND IMMUNITIES OF THE

UNITED NATIONS

Competenceof the Court togiveopinion requeste- Article96,paragraph2, of
United Nations Charter - Relevanceof lack of consent of State concerne-
Opinionrequestedonapplicabilityof multilateralconvent-onDisputesettlement
clauseprovidingfordecisiveadvisoryopinion Reservationtoclause - No refer-
encetoclause in requestfor opiniand no intention toinvoke-tRequest based

exclusivelyon Article6 of Charter- Jurisdiction to entertainthe request not
affectedby reservation.

Proprietyof giving the opinio- Whether thereis any compellingreason to
decline- Whetherreplywouldhave effectof circumventingprincipleof consent.

Convention on the Privileges andZmmunitiesof the United Nations - Ar-
ticleI,Section22 - Meaningof "expertson missions"- Applicabilityof Section
to al1missions includingthose not requiringtra-elApplicabilityto experts in
States of whichtheyarenationalsor onterritoryofwhichtheyreside.

Status ofspecial rapporteursof UnitedNations Sub-Commission onPrevention
of DiscriminationandProtectionof Minoritie- Competenceof UnitedNations

todecideon retentionofparticular rapporteur.

ADVISORY OPINION

Present: President RUDA;Judges LACHSE , LIAS,ODA,AGO,SCHWEBEL Si,r
Robert JENNINGS B,EDJAOUN I,I, EVENSEN,TARASSOV G,UILLAUME,
SHAHABUDDE PAT,HAK;R~~~s~~~~VALENCIA-OSPINA. Au sujet de l'applicabilitéde la section 22de l'articleVI de la convention sur
les privilègeset immunités desNations Unies,

ainsi composée,
donne l'avisconsultatifsuivant:

1. La question sur laquelle un avis consultatif estdemandéà la Cour figure
dans la résolution1989/75 que le Conseil économiqueet social de l'organisa-
tion des Nations Unies (ci-aprèsdénomméle «Conseil») a adoptéele 24 mai
1989. Le Secrétaire générad l e l'organisation, par lettre duleTjuin 1989
adresséeau Présidentde la Cour et enregistréeau Greffe le 13juin 1989,a offi-
ciellementcommuniqué àlaCour la décisionpar laquelle le Conseil soumettait
à celle-cipour avis consultatif la question formuléedans cette résolution. La
résolution,dont le texte français et anglais certifié conforme était jointla
lettre, était rédigée commseuit:

«Le Conseiléconomique et social,
Ayant examiné la résolution1988/37de la Sous-Commission dela lutte
contre les mesures discriminatoires et de la protection des minorités,en

date dule'septembre 1988,et la résolution1989/37de la Commission des
droits de l'homme,en date du 6 mars 1989,
1. Conclutqu'une divergence de vues s'est élevéeentre l'organisation
des Nations Unies et le Gouvernementroumain quant à l'applicabilitéde
la convention sur les privilèges et immunités desNations Unies au cas de
M. Dumitru Mazilu, en sa qualitéde rapporteur spécialde la Sous-Com-
mission de la lutte contre les mesures discriminatoires et de la protection
des minorités;
2. Demande à titre prioritaire àlaCour internationale de Justice, en ap-
plication du paragraphe2 de l'article96 delaCharte des Nations Unies et
conformément à la résolution89 (1)de l'Assembléegénéralee , n date du

11décembre1946,un avis consultatif surla questionjuridique de l'appli-
cabilitédela section 22de l'articleVIdela convention sur lesprivilèges et
immunités des Nations Uniesau cas de M. Dumitru Mazilu en sa qualité
de rapporteur spécialde la Sous-Commission. »
Etaient égalementjointsàla lettre les résultats détaillés des votessur la résolu-
tion et sur un amendement ajoutant au paragraphe 2du projet de résolution les
mots «à titre prioritaiB.

2. Le 14juin 1989,le Greffier a notifiéla requêtepour avis consultatàtous
les Etats admis àesterdevant la Cour, ainsi qu'il estprescrit au paragra1de
l'article 66 du Statut de la Cour.
3. Par une ordonnance du 14juin 1989,le PrésidentdelaCour a décidéque
l'organisation des Nations Unies et les Etats parties convention sur lespri-
vilègeset immunités desNations Unies adoptéepar l'Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies le 13 février 1946(ci-après dénommée la ((convention géné-
rale») étaient susceptibles de fournir des renseignements sur la question,
conformémentau paragraphe 2de l'article 66 du Statut de la Cour. Le Prési-
dent, vu ceparagraphe, et considérantque, pour fixer les délaisde procédure,il
était ((nécessairde tenir compte du fait quela requêtepour avis consultatif
été expressément présenté àetitre prioritaire)), a fixé1juillet 1989la date
d'expiration du délaidans lequel la Cour étaitdisposéeà recevoir des exposés Concerning the applicability of Article VI, Section 22, of the Convention on
the Privilegesand Immunities of the United Nations,

composed as above,

givesthefollowingAdvisoryOpinion:

1. The question upon which the advisory opinion of the Court has been
requested is contained in resolution1989/75 of the United Nations Economic
and SocialCouncil (hereinaftercalled "the Council"), adopted on 24May 1989.
By a letter dated 1 June 1989, addressed by the Secretary-General of the
United Nations to the President of the Court, filed in the Registry on 13June
1989,the Secretary-Generalformallycommunicatedto the Court the decisionby
which the Council submitted to theCourt for an advisoryopinion the question
setout inthat resolution.Theresolution, certified true copies ofthe Englishand
French texts of which were enclosed with the letter,was inthe followingterms :

"TheEconomicand Social Council,
Having considered resolution 1988/37 of 1September 1988of the Sub-
Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minori-
ties and Commission on Human Rights resolution 1989/37 of 6 March
1989,

1. Concludesthat a difference has arisen between the United Nations
and the Government of Romania asto the applicability of the Convention
on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations to Mr. Dumitni
Mazilu as Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of
Discrimination and Protection of Minorities;

2. Requests,on a priority basis, pursuant to Article 96,paragraph 2, of
the Charter ofthe United Nations and in accordance with General Assem-
bly resolution 89 (1)of 11December 1946,an advisory opinion from the
International Court of Justice on the legal question of the applicability of
Article VI,Section22,ofthe Convention on the Privilegesand Immunities

of the United Nations in the case of Mr.Dumitru Mazilu as Special Rap-
porteur of the Sub-Commission."
Alsoenclosed with the letter weredetails ofthe voting on the resolution and on
an amendment to the draft thereof whereby the words "on a priority basis"
were added in paragraph 2.
2. On 14June 1989the Registrar gavethe notice of the request for an advi-
sory opinion prescribed by Article 66,paragraph 1, ofthe Statute of the Court

to al1Statesentitled to appear before the Court.
3. By an Order dated 14June 1989the President of the Court decided that
the United Nations and the States which are parties to the Convention on
the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations adopted by the United
Nations General Assembly on 13February 1946(hereinafter called "the Gen-
eral Convention") werelikelyto be able to furnish information on the question,
in accordance with Article 66, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court. The
President,havingregard to that paragraph, and considering that in fixingtime-
limitsfor the proceedings, it was "necessaryto bear in mind that the request for
opinion was expressed to be made 'on a priority basis"', fixed 31 July 1989
as the time-limit within whichthe Court would be prepared to receive writtenécritssurlaquestion etau 31août 1989ladated'expiration du délaidanslequel
des observations écrites surles exposés écritspourraient êtreprésentées.Le
14juin 1989,le Greffier a adresséàl'organisation des Nations Unieset auxdits

Etats la communication spéciale et directe prévueau paragraphe 2 de l'ar-
ticle 66 du Statut.
4. Dans le délai ainsifixé,des exposésécritsontété présenté par le Secré-
taire généradl e l'organisation des Nations Unies ainsi que par la République
fédéraled'Allemagne, leCanada, les Etats-Unisd'Amériqueet la République
socialiste de Roumanie. Des observations écrites ontété présentéed s,ns le
délai prescrit,par les Etats-Unisd'Amérique.Ces exposés etces observations
ont été communiquép sar le Greffier aux Etats auxquels il avait adresséla
communication spéciale et directe, ainsi qu'à l'organisation des Nations
Unies.
5. Conformémentau paragraphe 2 de l'article65du Statut, le Secrétairegé-
néralatransmis àla Courun dossiercontenantdesdocumentspouvant servir à
éluciderla question; ces documents sont parvenus au Greffe en plusieurs en-
vois àpartir du 2 août 1989.
6. La Cour a décidédetenir, àcompterdu 4 octobre 1989,des audiencesau

cours desquelles des exposésoraux pourraient être faits devantelle par tout
Etat ettoute organisationayantétéjugéssusceptiblesdecommuniquer desren-
seignementssur la question soumise à la Cour.
7. Conformémentà l'article 106 de son Règlement,la Cour a décidé de
rendre accessibleau public, àla date d'ouverture de laprocédureorale,letexte
des exposésécritsetdes observations écritesquilui avaient été présentés.
8. Au cours d'audiences publiques tenues les 4 et 5 octobre 1989,M. Carl-
August Fleischhauer,conseillerjuridique de l'organisation des Nations Unies,
a fait un exposé oral devant la Cour au nom du Secrétaire général, et
M. Abraham Sofaer,conseillerjuridique au départementd'Etat,en a fait un au
nom des Etats-Unisd'Amérique.Aucun des autres Etats qui avaient présenté
des exposésécritsn'aexpriméle désird'être entenduD . es membresdela Cour
ont posédes questionsau représentant du Secrétaire général, qu yia répondu
avantla clôture de la procédure orale.

9. Agissant conformément aux articles 55 c) et 68 de la Charte des
Nations Unies, le Conseil a, par résolution 5(1) du 16février 1946,com-
plétéele 18 février 1946, crééune Commission des droits de l'homme

(ci-après dénomméela Commission D).La Commission a instituéà son
tour, en 1947,une Sous-Commission de la lutte contre les mesures discri-
minatoires et de la protection des minorités (ci-après dénommée la
((Sous-Commission »),àlaquelle a été confié,en 1949,le mandat suivant :

«a) entreprendre des études,notamment àla lumière de la Déclara-
tion universelle des droits de l'homme, et adresser des recom-
mandations àla Commission des droits de l'homme ayant trait
à la lutte contre les mesures discriminatoires de toute espèce

prises en violation des droits de l'homme et des libertés fonda-
mentales, comme au sujet de la protection des minorités ra-
ciales, nationales, religieuses etlinguistiqueststatements on the question and 31 August 1989as the time-limit for written

comments on written statements. On 14June 1989the Registrar addressedthe
special and direct communication provided for in Article 66, paragraph 2, of
the Statute to the United Nations and to these States.

4. Written statements were submitted, within the time-limit so fixed, by the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, and by Canada, the Federal Repub-
lic of Germany, the Socialist Republic of Romania and the United States of
America. Written comments were submitted, within the relevant time-limit,
bythe United StatesofAmerica.Thesestatementsand commentswerecommuni-
cated by the Registrarto the Statesto which he had sent the special and direct
communicationand to the United Nations.

5. The Secretary-General transmitted to the Court, pursuant to Article 65,
paragraph 2,of the Statute, a dossier of documents likelyto throw light upon
the question; thesedocuments were receivedinthe Registryininstalments from
2 August 1989onwards.
6. TheCourt decidedto hold hearings,opening on4 October 1989,at which
oral statements might be submittedto the Court by any State or organization

which had been considered likely to be able to furnish information on the
question before the Court.
7. Pursuant to Article 106 ofthe Rules of Court, the Court decidedto make
the written statementsand comments submittedto the Court accessibleto the
public, with effect from the opening of the oral proceedings.
8. Atpublic sittingsheldon 4and 5October 1989,oralstatementsweremade
before the Court by Mr. Carl-August Fleischhauer,the United Nations Legal
Counsel, on behalf of the Secretary-General, and by Mr. Abraham Sofaer,
LegalAdviser,Department of State,on behalf of the United Statesof America.
None of the other States which had presented written statements expressed a
desire to be heard. Questions were put by Members of the Court to the repre-
sentative of the Secretary-General,and answered before the close of the oral
proceedings.

9. Pursuant to Articles 55(c) and 68 of the Charter of the United Na-
tions, the Council,by resolution 5(1) of 16February 1946,supplemented
on 18 February 1946, created a Commission on Human Rights (herein-
after called "the Commission"). In 1947 the Commission in its turn set
up a Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection
of Minorities (hereinafter called "the Sub-Commission"), and in 1949

the Sub-Commission was given the following mandate :
"(a) to undertake studies, particularly in the light of the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights and to make recommendations
to the Commission on Human Rights concerning the preven-
tion of discrimination of any kind relating to human rights and
fundamental freedoms and the protection of racial, national,
religious and linguistic minorities;and b) s'acquitter de toute autre fonction que pourrait lui confier le
Conseil économiqueet social ou la Commission des droits de
l'homme ».
10. Le 13mars 1984,laCommission,surproposition dela Roumanie, a

éluM. Dumitru Mazilu,ressortissantroumain,enqualitédemembredela
Sous-Commission,pour un mandat de trois ans expirant le 31décembre
1986.Conformément àla résolution19851'13de la Commission,qui prie
la Sous-Commission d'accorder toute l'attention voulue au rôle des
jeunes dans le domaine des droits de l'homme,la Sous-Commission, àsa
trente-huitième session,a adopté,le 29 août 1985,la résolution985/12
confiant àM. Mazilu lesoin

((d'établirun rapport surlesdroits del'homme etlajeunesse enana-
lysant les efforts et les mesures propresà réaliser les droits de
l'homme et àen garantir lajouissance aux jeunes, en particulier les
droitsàla vieà l'éducationet au travail»

et priant le Secrétairegénéradle lui apporter toute l'aide dont il aurait
besoin pour s'acquitter de sa tâche. Ce rapport devait être préseàtla
trente-neuvièmesessionde la Sous-Commissionprévuepour 1986,dans
lecadre du point de l'ordredujour intitulé«Promotion, protection et ré-
tablissement des droits de l'homme aux niveauxnational, régional et in-

ternational».
11. Latrente-neuvièmesessiondela Sous-Commission, à laquellelerap-
port de M. Maziludevaitêtreprésentén ,e s'estpas tenue en 1986et a été
reportée à1987.Lemandat detrois ans des membresde la Sous-Commis-
sion - qui devait normalement expirer le31décembre1986 - a étépro-
rogéd'unan par la décision1987/102du Conseil.Lorsde l'ouverturedela
trente-neuvièmesessiondela Sous-Commission àGenève,le10août 1987,
aucun rapport n'avait étreçu deM. Maziluet celui-cin'était pas présent.
Par une lettre parvenueàl'Office desNations Unies àGenèvele 12août
1987,la mission permanente de la Roumanie auprès dudit Office a in-
formécelui-ciqueM.Maziluavaitété victimed'une crisecardiaqueetqu'il

étaitencorehospitalisé.Dansl'exposéécritqu'ellea présentéà la Cour,la
Roumanie a indiquéqueM. Maziluétaittombé gravementmaladeen mai
1987et qu'il n'avaitpas encore,à ce moment-là, commencé àrédigerle
rapport qu'ilavait étchargé d'établir. elonl'exposé écritu Secrétaire
général,untélégrammesigné «D. Mazilu»a été reçu à Genèvele 18août
1987,faisant savoir à la Sous-Commissionqu'ilétait impossibleàl'inté-
ressé,en raison de sa maladie cardiaque, d'assistera session en cours.
12. Dans ces conditions, la Sous-Commission a adopté la décision
1987/112 du 4 septembre 1987par laquelle elle reportait à sa quaran-
tième session,prévuepour 1988,l'examendu point 14de son ordre du
jour, dans le cadre duquel le rapport sur les droits de l'homme et lajeu-
nessedevaitêtreexaminé.Nonobstanltefait quelemandat de M.Mazilu

entantque membredela Sous-Commissionexpirait le31décembre1987,
la Sous-Commissiona fait mention, dans l'ordredujour provisoire de sa (b) to perform any other functions which may be entrusted to it
by the Economic and Social Council or the Commission on

Human Rights".
10. On 13March 1984the Commission,upon nomination byRomania,
elected Mr. Dumitru Mazilu, a Romanian national, to serveas a member
ofthe Sub-Commissionfor athree-yearterm, dueto expireon 31 Decem-
ber 1986.Pursuant to the Commission's resolution 1985/13callingupon

the Sub-Commissionto pay due attention to the role ofyouth in the field
of human rights,the Sub-Commissionat itsthirty-eighth sessionadopted
on 29August 1985resolution 1985/12wherebyitrequested Mr.Maziluto

"prepare a report on human rights and youth analysing the efforts
and measures for securing the implementation and enjoyment by
youth of human rights, particularly, the right to life, education and
work

and requested the Secretary-General to provide him with al1necessary
assistancefor the completionof his task. This report was to be submitted
under an agenda item entitled "Promotion, protection and restoration of
human rights at national, regional and international levels",at the thirty-
ninth sessionofthe Sub-Commissionscheduled for 1986.

11. The thirty-ninth session of the Sub-Commission, at which
Mr. Mazilu'sreport was to be presented, was not convened in 1986but
wasrescheduled for 1987.Thethree-year mandate of itsmembers - ori-

ginallydueto expire on 31December 1986 - was extended by Council
decision 1987/102foran additional year.Whenthethirty-ninth sessionof
the Sub-Commissionopened in Geneva on 10August 1987no report had
been receivedfromMr. Mazilu,nor washepresent. Byaletterreceivedby
the United Nations Office at Geneva on 12August 1987,the Permanent
Mission of Romania to that Office informed it that Mr. Mazilu had suf-
fereda heart attackand wasstillin hospital. In itswritten statementto the
Court, Romania stated that Mr. Mazilu had fallen seriously il1in May
1987,and that at that time he had not yet begun to draw up the report
entrusted to him. According to the written statement of the Secretary-
General, a telegram was received in Geneva on 18August 1987signed
"D. Mazilu" informingthe Sub-Commissionofhisinability,due to heart

illness,to attendthe current session.

12. In these circumstances, the Sub-Commission adopted decision
1987/112 on 4 September 1987,whereby it deferred consideration of
item 14 of its agenda - under which the report on human rights and
youth was due to be discussed - to its fortieth session scheduled for
1988.Notwithstanding the scheduled expiration on 31 December 1987
of Mr. Mazilu's term as a member of the Sub-Commission, the latter
included reference to a report to be submitted by him, identified byquarantièmesession, d'un rapport que ce dernier, nommément désigné,
devaitprésenterautitredu point del'ordredujour intitulé«Préventionde
la discrimination et protection de l'enfantlle a fait figurer ce rapport
sous le titreLes droits de l'homme etla jeunesse)) sur la «Liste des
études etrapports confiésaux membresdela Sous-Commissionsur déci-
sion des organes délibérants.
13. Postérieurementà la trente-neuvième sessionde la Sous-Commis-
sion,lecentrepour lesdroits del'hommedu Secrétariatdel'organisation
des Nations Unies à Genève a fait plusieurs tentatives pour entrer en
contact avec M. Mazilu et l'assisterdans l'établissementde son rapport,
notamment enorganisant àsonintention un voyage à Genève.Lesrensei-
gnements pertinents communiquéspar les gouvernements, les organisa-

tions intergouvernementales et les organisations non gouvernementales
luiontétérégulièrementadressés.Aprèsréceptdie ondeux lettresportant
le cachetpostal du 25décembre1987et celuidu 29décembre1987,dans
lesquelles M. Mazilu faisait savoir qu'il n'avait pas reçules communica-
tions précédentes du centre,le Secrétaire généraaldjoint aux droits de
l'homme,parun télégramme datédu 19janvier 1988,adresséau directeur
par intérimdu centre d'information desNations Unies à Bucarest,a de-
mandé àce dernier de l'aider àfaciliterl'établissementpar M. Mazilu de
son rapport, en lui faisant parvenir un billet pour lui permettre de se
rendre àGenève;le Secrétairegénéra aldjointa égalementdemandéque
soitremiseà M.Maziluune invitationofficielleàserendre au centrepour
lesdroits de l'homme,pour consultations.
14. Dans l'exposé écrit qu'ele présenté à la Cour, la Roumanie a

déclaréque M. Mazilu, àsademande, avaitété mis à la retraite pour inca-
pacitéde travail àpartir du le' décembre1987et qu'une commission
médicale, agissant conformémentaux lois roumaines en vigueur, avait
réexaminé l'éta dte santéde M. Mazilu en 1988et avait décidéde pro-
longer pour une nouvelle année samise à la retraite pour incapacité
de travail. Dans une lettre adresséeau Secrétaire généraaldjoint aux
droits de l'homme et remisele 15janvier 1988au directeur par intérim
du centre d'information des Nations Unieà Bucarest,M. Mazilua indi-
quéqu'il avait été hospitaliàédeux reprises et qu'il avait contraint
de prendre sa retraite compter du le'décembre1987et d'abandonner
sesdiversesfonctions officielles. a aussi déclaré qu'il était diàése
rendre à Genèveafin d'y tenir des consultations, maisque les autorités
roumaines refusaient de lui délivrerune autorisation de voyage. Dans

plusieurs lettresdatéesrespectivementdesavril, 19avril,8maiet 17mai
1988,M.Mazilu a donnédesdétails supplémentaires sur sasituation per-
sonnelle; dans lapremièrede ceslettres,ila affirméavoiropposéun refus
à la demande qui lui avait été fait22février1988par une commission
spécialedu ministèreroumain des affaires étrangèrese renoncer volon-
tairementàprésentersonrapport à laSous-Commission.Ils'estconstam-
ment plaint d'avoir subi, ainsiquesa famille,de fortes pressions.
15. Le31 décembre1987,le mandat de tous les membres de la Sous-
Commission,y compris celui de M. Mazilu,estvenu à expiration (voirlename, under the agenda item "Prevention of discrimination and protec-
tion of children", on the provisional agenda of its fortieth session, and
entered the report under the title "Human rights and youth" in the
"List of studies and reportsunder preparation by members of the Sub-
Commissionin accordance with the existinglegislativeauthority".

13. After the thirty-ninth session of the Sub-Commission, the Centre
for Human Rights of the United Nations Secretariat in Geneva made
various attempts to contact Mr. Mazilu and to provide him with assist-
ance in thepreparation of hisreport,including arrangingavisitto Geneva.
Relevant information submitted by Governments, intergovernmental

organizations and non-governmental organizations was sent to him on a
regular basis. Having received from Mr. Mazilu two letters postmarked
25and 29December 1987,wherebyhe stated that he had not receivedthe
previous communications of the Centre, the Under-Secretary-General
for Human Rights, in a telegram dated 19January 1988and addressed
to the Acting Director of the United Nations Information Centre in
Bucharest, requested the latter's assistancein facilitating Mr. Mazilu's
work on his report by serving as a channel through which a ticket to
Geneva would be provided to Mr. Mazilu; the Under-Secretary-General
also asked that a forma1invitation be communicated to Mr. Mazilu to
cometo the Centre for Human Rightsfor consultations.

14. Initswritten statementsubmittedtotheCourt, Romaniastatedthat
at Mr. Mazilu'srequest he had, from 1December 1987,been put on the
retired list as beingnfit for service, and that in 1988a medical com-
mission, acting in accordance with current Romanian legislation, had
re-examined Mr. Mazilu's state of health and decided to extend for a

further one-yearperiod hisretirement on thegrounds of continuedunfit-
ness for service.n a letter addressed to the Under-Secretary-Generalfor
Human Rights, handed on 15January 1988to the Acting Director of
the United Nations Information Centre in Bucharest, Mr. Mazilu
said that he had been twice in hospital, and that he had been forced to
retire, as of 1 December 1987,from his various governmental posts.
He stated that despite his willingness to come to Geneva for consulta-
tions, the Romanian authorities were refusing him a travel permit.
In a series of letters dated 5 April, 19April, 8 May and 17 May 1988,
Mr. Mazilu further described his persona1situation; in the first ofhese
letters he allegedthat he had refused to complywith a request addressed
to him on 22 February 1988by a specialcommissionfrom the Romanian
Ministry of Foreign Affairs voluntarily to decline to submit his report
to the Sub-Commission.He consistentlycomplained that strongpressure
had been exerted on him and on his family.

15. On 31 December 1987 the terms of al1 members of the Sub-

Commission, including Mr. Mazilu, expired (see paragraph 11 above).paragraphe 11ci-dessus).Le29février1988,laCommissionaélu,surpro-
position de leurs gouvernements respectifs,les nouveaux membres de la
Sous-Commission,dont M. Ion Diaconu, ressortissant roumain. En ré-
ponse à une lettre du 27juin 1988du représentantpermanent de la Rou-
manie auprèsde l'Office des Nations Unies à Genèvese référant à une
offre faitepar M. Diaconu d'établirun rapportsur les droits de l'homme
et lajeunesse, le Secrétairegénéraaldjoint aux droits de l'hommea rap-
pelé, lele'juillet 1988,que M. Mazilu avait reçu mandat par la résolu-
tion 1985/12de la Sous-Commissiond'établirle rapport sur ce sujet et a
déclaréque seule la Sous-Commission ou un organe de rang plus élevé
était compétentpour modifier cette désignation; le Secrétaire général
devaitpar conséquent agirconformémena tuxinstructions donnéespar la

Sous-Commissiondans laditerésolution, à savoir((apporter àM.Dumitru
Mazilu toute l'aide dont il [aurait]besoin pour s'acquitter de sa tâche ».
16. Entre-temps, par une lettre du 6mai 1988,le Secrétairegénéald-
joint aux droits del'homme avaitdemandéau représentantpermanentde
la Roumanie auprèsde l'Office des Nations Unies àGenèvedebien vou-
loirprêterson concourspour faireensorte que M.Mazilureçoivetous les
renseignementspertinents qui avaientétéfournispar desgouvernements,
desinstitutions spécialiséesetdesorganisationson gouvernementales,et
dont il avait besoin pour achever son rapport. Par une lettre du 15juin
1988,leSecrétairegénéra aldjointa informélereprésentantermanent de
la Roumanie qu'à titrede mesure exceptionnelle il avait décidé d'auto-
riser un fonctionnaire du centre pour les droits de l'hommeàserendrà
Bucarestpour prêterson concours à M. Mazilu envue de l'établissement

desonrapport, àcondition que M.Mazilusoitmisenmesuredeprésenter
ledit rapportà la Sous-Commission àGenève etde participer au débat.
17. Tous les rapporteurs et rapporteurs spéciauxde la Sous-Commis-
sion ont été invitàsparticipeà laquarantièmesessionde cettedernière
(8août-2septembre 1988),ainsi qu'aux séancesde sesgroupes detravail.
Or M. Mazilu,une nouvellefois,n'yestpas apparu. Ala suite d'un débat
qui a eu lieuà la deuxième séance,tenue le 9 août 1988,une invitation
spécialeà se rendre àGenèvepour présenterson rapport a été télégra-
phiéeà M. Mazilu, mais les télégrammes ne lui ont pas étéremis et le
centre d'information des Nations Unies à Bucarest n'a pas réussià re-
trouverM.Mazilu.Aucours du débatsurl'organisationdestravaux dela
session,qui a eu lieà la neuvième séancet,enue le 15août 1988,divers
membres ont exprimé leursvuessur la situation de M. Mazilu et leprési-
dent a soulignéque l'objectifde la Sous-Commissionétait d'unepart de

veilleràce que l'étude confiéeàM. Mazilu soit menée àbien et d'autre
part de s'efforcer d'obtenirque M. Mazilu vienne la présenter en per-
sonne.
18. Asa dixième séancet,enue le 15août 1988,la Sous-Commissiona
adoptéla décision 1988/102dans laquelle ellepriait le Secrétairegénéral

«de prendre contact avec le Gouvernement roumain et d'appeler
l'attentiondugouvernementsurlefaitquelaSous-Commissionavait On 29Febniary 1988the Commission,upon nomination by their respec-
tive Governments, electednewmembers ofthe Sub-Commission,among
whomwasMr. Ion Diaconu, a Romanian national. In responseto aletter
from the Permanent Representative of Romania to the United Nations
OfficeatGeneva,dated 27June 1988,referringto anofferby Mr.Diaconu
to prepare a report on human rights and youth, the Under-Secretary-
General for Human Rights recalled on 1July 1988that Mr. Mazilu had
been mandated by the Sub-Commission resolution 1985/12 to prepare
the report on thatsubject,and stated that only the Sub-Commissionor a
superior body was competent to change the designation; the Secretary-
Generalhad thereforeto act pursuant to the instructionsgivenbythe Sub-
Commission in the said resolution "to provide al1necessary assistance
to Mr. Dumitni Mazilu forthe completion ofthis task.

16. Meanwhile, by a letter dated 6 May 1988the Under-Secretary-
' General for Human Rights requested the assistance of the Permanent
Representative of Romania to the United Nations Office at Geneva in
transmitting to Mr. Mazilu al1relevant information which had been sub-
mitted by Governments, specialized agencies and non-governmental
organizations,and which was necessaryfor the completion of his report.
By a letter of 15June 1988,the Under-Secretary-General informed the
Permanent Representative of Romania that, as an exceptional measure,
he had decided to authorize a staff member of the Centre for Human
Rightsto travel to Bucharestfor the purpose of working withMr. Mazilu
on his report, but only on the understanding that Mr. Mazilu would be
enabled to present his report to the Sub-Commission in Geneva and to

participate in the ensuing debate.
17. Al1the rapporteurs and special rapporteurs of the Sub-Commis-
sion were invited to attend its fortieth session (8 August to 2 Septem-
ber 1988)and the meetings of its working groups; however Mr. Mazilu
again did not appear. Following a discussion at the 2nd meeting, held
on 9 August 1988, a special invitation was cabled to Mr. Mazilu to
go to Geneva to present his report, but the relevant telegrams were not
delivered,and the United Nations Information Centre in Bucharestwas
unable to locate Mr. Mazilu. During the debate at the 9th meeting,held
on 15August 1988,on the organization of work of the session, various
members expressed their views about Mr. Mazilu's situation, and the
Chairman stressed the two-fold aim of the Sub-Commission,namely,to
ensurethat the study entnisted to Mr. Mazilu bebrought to a satisfactory

conclusion, and to tryto ensure itspresentation by Mr. Mazilu in person.

18. At its 10thmeeting,held on 15August 1988,the Sub-Commission
adopted decision 1988/102,whereby it requested the Secretary-General

"to establish contact with the Government of Romania and to bring
to the Government'sattentionthe Sub-Commission'surgent needto besoin,d'urgence,deprendre personnellementcontact avecson rap-
porteur spécial,M.Dumitru Mazilu, etde sefaire son intermédiaire
auprès du gouvernement pour lui demander d'aider à retrouver
M. Mazilu et d'accorderàun membre de la Sous-Commissionet du

secrétariatles facilitésvouluespour qu'il rende visite. Mazilu
afin d'aider cedernieracheverson étudesurlesdroits de l'homme
et lajeunesse, s'ille souhaitait

Le Secrétairegénéral adjoint auxdroits de l'homme a informé laSous-
Commission, à sa quatorzièmeséance,tenuele 17août 1988,qu'au cours
d'entretiens entrelecabinetdu Secrétairegénéraeltlechargéd'affairesde
la mission permanente de la Roumanie auprès de l'organisation à
NewYork,lapossibilitéd'entreren contact avecM.Mazilu avaitété évo-
quée.
19. LeSecrétairegénéra aldjointa indiquéque,lorsdecesentretiens,le
chargé d'affaires avait fait connaître que la position des autorités rou-
maines étaitque toùte intervention du Secrétariatde l'organisation des
Nations Unies ou toute forme d'enquête à Bucarest serait considérée
commeune ingérencedans les affaires intérieuresde la Roumanie; l'af-

faire Mazilu était une affaire interne entreun citoyen et son propre gou-
vernement, et aucune visite M. Mazilu neserait donc autorisée.
20. A sa trente-deuxième séance,tenue le 30août 1988,la Sous-Com-
mission a examinéun projet de résolution qui envisageaitla présentation
à la Cour d'une demande d'avis consultatif sur l'applicabilitéde la
convention généraleau cas de M. Mazilu; elle était en possessiond'un
avissur la question, donnéparlebureau desaffairesjuridiques du Secré-
tariat de l'organisation des Nations Unies; un autre avis lui estparvenu
de ce bureau au sujet de l'incidence juridique de la réserveque la Rou-
manie avait apportéeà lasection30(relativeau règlementdesdifférends)
de la convention générale.
21. Le le'septembre 1988,la Sous-Commissiona adopté,par 16voix
contre 4,avec3abstentions,la résolution1988/37.Tenant comptedu fait

«si M. Mazilu ne pouvait, pour quelque raison personnelle que ce
soit, achever ledit rapport et le présenter lui-même Sous-Com-
mission,ildevraitrecevoirdel'organisation desNations Uniestoute
l'assistance possiblepour lui permettre d'achever son rapport, avec

cetteassistance,en Roumanie »,
la Sous-Commission,selon lestermes du dispositif:

«1. Prie le Secrétaire générale faire une fois de plus des dé-
marches auprèsdu Gouvernement roumain et d'invoquer l'applica-
bilitéde la convention sur les privilègeset immunitésdes Nations
Unies, ainsi que d'inviter le gouvernement à coopérer pleinement
àl'application de la présente résolution en faisanten sorte que le
rapport de M. Mazilu soit achevé etprésentéà la Sous-Commission establish persona1contact with its Special Rapporteur Mr. Dumi-
tru Mazilu and to conveythe request that the Govemment assistin
locating Mr. Mazilu and facilitate a visitto him by a member of the
Sub-Commissionand the secretariattohelp himinthe completionof
his study onhuman rights and youth ifhe sowished".

The Under-Secretary-General for Human Rights informed the Sub-
Commissionat its 14thmeeting, heldon 17August 1988,that in contacts
between the Secretary-General's Officeand the Chargéd'affaires of the
Romanian Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York, the
possibilityof establishingcontact with Mr.Mazilu wasraised.

19. The Under-Secretary-General reported that in these contacts the

Chargéd'affaireshad statedthat any intervention bythe United Nations
Secretariat and any form of investigation in Bucharest would be con-
sidered interferencein Romania'sinterna1affairs; the case of Mr. Mazilu
wasan intemal matterbetween a citizenand hisownGovernment andfor
that reason no visitto Mr. Mazilu would be allowed.

20. Atits32nd meeting,held on 30August 1988,the Sub-Commission
considered a draft resolution contemplating that an advisory opinion on
the applicability of the General Convention to the case of Mr. Mazilu be
sought from the Court; it had before it an opinion by the Office of Legal
Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat on that question, and a further
opinion was obtained from that Office on the legal implications of the
reservation made by Romania to Section30(the disputes-settlernentpro-
vision)ofthe General Convention.

21. The Sub-Commission on 1 September 1988adopted by 16votes
to 4,with 3abstentions, resolution 1988/37.Taking into account that

"if Mr. Mazilu should be unable for whatever persona1 reasons
to complete and present himself the said report to the Sub-Com-
mission, he should be given any possible assistance by the United
Nations enabling him to complete his report, with such assistance,
in Romania",

the Sub-Commission,according to the terms ofthe operativepart,

"1. Requeststhe Secretary-General to approach once more the
Govemment of Romania and invoke the applicability of the Con-
vention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations,
and request the Government to CO-operatefully in the imple-
mentation of the present resolution by ensuring that Mr. Mazilu's
report be completed and presented to the Sub-Commission at the àla date la plus rapprochéepossible, soit par M. Mazilu lui-même,
soit de la manièreindiquéeci-dessus,

2. Prie enoutrele Secrétairegénéraal,u cas où le Gouvernement
roumain ne souscrirait pasl'applicabilitédes dispositions deladite
convention dans le cas présent etpartant, aux termes de la présente
résolution,de porter cette divergence de vues entre l'organisation
desNations UniesetlaRoumanie à l'attention immédiatedelaCom-
mission des droits de l'hommeà sa quarante-cinquième session, en
1989,
3. Priela Commission des droits de l'homme,dans cette dernière
hypothèse,de demander instamment au Conseil économiqueet so-
cial de solliciterde la Cour internationale de Justice, conformément

àla résolution89(1)del'Assemblée généraleen datedu 11décembre
1946,un avis consultatif sur l'applicabilité des dispositionsperti-
nentes de la convention sur les privilègeset immunités des Nations
Unies au casprésent etdans le cadre de la présente résolution.

22. Conformémentàlarésolutionsusmentionnée l, Secrétairegénérala
adressé, le26 octobre 1988,au représentant permanent de la Roumanie
auprès del'Organisationdes Nations Uniesà NewYork,une noteverbale
dans laquelle il invoquait la convention générale ence qui concerne
M.Maziluetpriait leGouvernementroumaind'accorder à celui-cilesfaci-
lités nécessairsfin qu'ilpuisse acheverla tâche qui lui avaiconfiée.
Cette note verbale étantrestéesans réponse,le Secrétairegénérldjoint
auxdroitsdel'hommeaadressé,le 19décembre1988,unelettrederappelau
représentant permanent de la Roumanie auprès del'Office desNations
Unies à Genève,dans laquelle il demandait au Gouvernement roumain
deprêterson concourspour permettre àM.Maziludeserendre àGenève
pour pouvoir discuter avecle centre pour les droits de l'hommede l'aide
que celui-cipourrait lui apporter dans l'établissementde sonrapport.
23. Le 6 janvier 1989,le représentantpermanent de la Roumanie a

remisau conseillerjuridique del'Organisation desNations Uniesun aide-
mémoiredans lequel la position du Gouvernement roumain àl'égardde
M. Mazilu était définie. En cqui concerne les faits de l'affaire, laRou-
manie déclaraitque M. Mazilu, qui n'avaitrien élaboré ni roduit sur le
sujet qui lui avait été confié, était tombé sérieuseenatlade en 1987,
souffrant d'une grave maladie cardiaque, et avaitdû être hospitaliàé
maintes reprises, durant plusieurs mois. Auxtermes de l'aide-mémoire,
M. Mazilu avait, en novembre 1987,((personnellement soumis une de-
mande de mise à la retraite pour incapacitéde travaàlcause de cette
maladie, tout en fournissant des certificats médicaux appropriés));
«conformémentàlaloiroumaine, ilaétéexaminé par une commissionde
médecinsqui a décidésa mise à la retraite pour cause de maladie, pour
une durée initiale d'une année»; «à la fin d'une première annéede

retraite [pour raison] médicale, il a fait l'objet d'un nouvel examen
devant une commissionsimilairede médecinsqui a décidé de prolonger
sa retraite pour cause de maladie PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES (ADVISOR OYPINION) 184

earliest possible date, either by himself or in the manner indicated
above ;
2. Furtherrequeststhe Secretary-General,inthe eventthe Govern-
ment of Romania does not concur in the applicability of the provi-

sions of thesaid Convention in the present case, and thus with the
terms of the present resolution, to bring the difference between the
United Nations and Romania immediately to the attention of the
Commissionon Human Rightsat itsforthcoming forty-fifth session
in 1989;
3. Requeststhe Commissionon Human Rights,in the latter event,
to urge the Economic and Social Council to request, in accordance
with General Assemblyresolution 89(1)of 11December 1946,from
the International Court ofJustice an advisoryopinion on the applic-
abilityofthe relevantprovisions ofthe Convention on the Privileges

and Immunities ofthe United Nations to the present caseand within
the scope ofthe presentresolution."
22. Pursuant to the foregoing resolution the Secretary-General on
26October 1988addresseda Note Verbaleto the Permanent Representa-
tive ofRomania tothe United Nations in New York,in whichhe invoked

the General Convention in respect of Mr. Mazilu and requested the
Romanian Government to accord Mr. Mazilu the necessary facilities in
order to enable him to complete his assigned task. Asno reply had been
received to that Note Verbale,the Under-Secretary-General for Human
Rights on 19December 1988wrote a letter of reminder to the Permanent
Representative of Romania to the United Nations Office at Geneva,
in which he asked that the Romanian Government assist in arranging
for Mr. Maziluto visitGenevasothat he could discusswiththe Centrefor
Human Rightsthe assistanceit mightgivehim in preparing his report.

23. On 6 January 1989the Permanent Representative of Romania
handed to the LegalCounsel of the United Nations an Aide-Mémoire in
which was set forth the Romanian Government's position concerning
Mr.Mazilu.Onthe factsofthe case,Romania statedthat Mr.Mazilu,who

had not prepared or produced anything on the subject entrusted to him,
had in 1987becomegravelyil1withaseriousheart condition andhad had
repeatedly to gointo hospital overaperiod ofseveralmonths. In Novem-
ber 1987,accordingtothat Aide-Mémoire,hehad "applied personally for
disability retirementbecause of this condition, submitting appropriate
medical certificates"; "in accordance with Romanian law, he was
examined byapanel ofdoctors whichdecided to place him onthe retired
list on grounds of ill-healthfor an initialperiod of one year"; "at the end
of the first year of his disabilityretirement,he was examinedby a similar
panel of doctors which decided to extend his retirement on grounds of
ill-health". 24. Abordant les questions de droit dans le même aide-mémoire, la

Roumanie a estiméque «le problèmede l'application de la convention
générale ..ne sepose pas dans cecas» :la convention «ne comporte pas
une assimilation des rapporteurs, dont les activitésne sont qu'occasion-
nelles,aux experts en missionspour lesNations Unies » ;et
«mêmesi l'onattribuait partiellement aux rapporteurs le statut des
experts..ceux-cinepeuventbénéficier que d'immunitésetdeprivi-
lègesfonctionnels,c'est-à-direliésauxactivitésqu'ilsaccomplissent
pour les Nations Unies, pendant la période oùils accomplissent la
mission respective, etuniquement dans les pays où ils l'accomplis-

sent et dans ceux detransit ».
La Roumanie a considéréqu'ilétait évidentque :

«un expertnejouit pas deprivilègesetimmunitésdans lepaysoù ila
sa résidencepermanente,mais uniquement dans le pays où il est en
mission et durant celle-ci.De même,les privilèges et lesimmunités
prévuspar la convention ne commencent qu'au moment du départ
de l'expert dansun voyage liéàI'accomplissementde sa mission.»

Elle a ajouté que
«dans lepays dont il estcitoyenetdans d'autres pays oùilsetrouve-
rait en dehors de sa mission,un expert nejouit de privilèges et d'im-
munitésquepour cequi serapporte au contenu del'activitédéployée
dans le cadre de la mission (oral et écrit)».

La Roumanie a expressémentdéclaré qu'elleétait opposée àla présenta-
tion àla Cour de toute demande d'avissur ce cas. Un point de vue simi-
lairea étdéfendu dansl'exposé écrq ituelaRoumanieasoumis àlaCour
dans la présente procédure.
25. A la quarante-cinquième session de la Commission, en 1989,le
Secrétairegénéral a présenté une note établie«en application du para-
graphe 2 de la résolution1988/37de la Sous-Commission»(voirlepara-
graphe 21ci-dessus),à laquelleétaientjoints sanoteverbaledu 26octobre
1988adresséeau Gouvernement roumain et l'aide-mémoirede la Rou-
manie en datedu 6janvier 1989.Le6mars 1989,la Commissiona adopté
par 26 voix contre 5, avec 12abstentions, sa résolution1989/37 recom-
mandant au Conseil dedemander àla Courun avisconsultatif. Le24mai

1989,leConseila adoptépar 24voixcontre 8,avec 19abstentions,saréso-
lution 1989/75; dans cette résolution le Conseil demandait, comme la
Commissionl'avaitrecommandé dans sarésolution 1989/37,quelaCour
donne un avisconsultatif surla questionjuridique de l'applicabilitéde la
section22de l'articleVIdelaconventiongénérale au casdeM.Maziluen
sa qualitéderapporteur spécialde la Sous-Commission. 24. Onthe law,Romaniaexpressedtheviewinthat Aide-Mémoirethat
"the problem ofthe application ofthe General Convention doesnot arise
in this case": the Convention "does not equate rapporteurs, whose
activities are only occasional, with experts on missions for the United
Nations" ;and

"even if rapporteurs are givensome ofthe status of experts,...they
can enjoy only functional immunities and privileges, that is, privi-
leges connected with their activitiesfor the United Nations, during
the period of their mission, and then only in the countries in which
theyperform the mission and in countries oftransit".

For Romania,it was obviousthat
"an expert doesnot enjoyprivilegesand immunitiesin the countryin
which he has his permanent residence but only in the country
in which he is on mission and during the period of his mission.
Likewise,the privileges and immunities provided by the Conven-
tion begin to apply only at the moment when the expert leaveson a
journey connected withthe performance of his mission."

Moreover,

"in the country of which he is a national and in countries other than
thecountryto whichheissentonmission,an expertenjoysprivileges
and immunities only in respect of actual activitiesspoken or written
which heperforms in connection with his mission".
Romania stated expressly that it was opposed to a request for advisory
opinion from the Court of anykind inthis case.Similarcontentions were

also put fonvard in the written statement presented by Romania to the
Court in the present proceedings.
25. Atthe forty-fifthsessionofthe Commissionin 1989,the Secretary-
Generalpresented a Note "pursuant to paragraph2 ofresolution 1988/37
ofthe Sub-Commission"(seeparagraph 21above),to whichwasattached
his Note Verbaleto the Romanian Government of 26 October 1988,and
the Romanian Aide-Mémoire of 6 January 1989. The Commission
adopted on 6 March 1989,by26votesto 5,with 12abstentions, itsresolu-
tion 1989/37recommendingthatthe Councilrequest an advisoryopinion
from the Court. The Council on 24 May 1989adopted by 24 votes to 8,
with 19abstentions,itsresolution 1989/75requestingan advisoryopinion
ofthe Court, asrecommendedin Commissionresolution 1989/37,on the
legalquestion ofthe applicabilityofArticleVI,Section22,ofthe General
Convention in the case of Mr. Mazilu as Special Rapporteur of the Sub-
Commission. 26. LeSecrétairegénéralaaussiinforméC laour desfaitsci-après,sur-
venuspostérieurement àlaprésentationdela demande d'avisconsultatif.
Unrapport sur lesdroitsdel'homme etlajeunesse, établipar M.Mazilu,a
été distribuéen tant que document de la Sous-Commission daté du
10juillet 198;M. Mazilu avaitfaitparvenir par diversesvoiesletexte de
cerapport au centrepour lesdroits del'homme,enplusieurs envoiséche-
lonnés.A une séancetenue le 8août 1989,la Sous-Commissiona décidé,
conformément àsapratique, d'inviterM.Mazilu àparticiper auxséances

qui devaient être consacrées l'étudede son rapport: aucune réponse à
l'invitationquilui avait éfaite n'a été reçu. ans une note verbale du
15août 1989adressée à l'Office des Nations Unieà Genève,lamission
permanente de la Roumanie auprès de cet Office s'est référéaeu soi-
disant rapport » de M. Mazilu, s'estdéclarésurprise «que les avis mé-
dicaux mis àla disposition du centre pour les droits de l'hom..aient
étéignorés))et a poursuivi en cestermes:

«Lefaitquela direction du centreaitaccepté,dans cesconditions,
de patronner la publication, sous l'égidedel'ONU, de certaines
idéesetjugements de M. Mazilu nepeut que nuire àl'autoritéeà la
crédibilitdeI'ONU.»

De l'avisde la Roumanie
«Al'évidence,suite àsamaladie depuis 1987,M.Dumitru Mazilu
ne disposepas de la capacitéintellectuellenécessairepour faire une
analyseobjective,responsable etsanspréjugésq,uipuisseconstituer
l'objetd'unrapport conformémentauxexigencesde I'ONU.»

A sa quarantième séance, tenuele le' septembre 1989,la Sous-Com-
mission a adopté,par 12 voix contre 4, avec 2 abstentions, sa résolu-
tion 1989/45intitulée«Rapport de M. Dumitru Mazilu sur les droits de
l'homme etlajeunesse ».Elleanotéque lerapport de M.Maziluavaitété
établidans desconditionsdifficilesetquel'information pertinente réunie

par leSecrétairegénéranle semblaitpas avoirétremise àM.Mazilu.Elle
a notamment priéM. Mazilu de mettre àjour son rapport etl'ainviàéle
lui soumettre lui-même lorsde sa session suivante; elle a aussi priéle
Secrétaire généradle continuer à rassembler età fournir à M. Mazilu
l'information relative son étudeet de lui offrir toute l'assista-cey
compris sous forme de consultations avec le centre pour les droits de
l'homme - dont il pourrait avoirbesoin pour mettre àjour son rapport.

27. Laquestion soumise à la Courpar le Conseil est;aux termes de la
résolutionpar laquelle l'avisconsultatifa demandé à la Cour (résolu-
tion 1989/75intitulée«Statut des rapporteurs spéciaux»),

«la question juridique de I'applicabilitéde la section 22 de l'ar-
ticleI de la conventionsur les privilègeset immunitésdes Nations 26. The Court has also been informed bythe Secretary-Generalofthe
followingeventswhichhave occurred sincethe request foradvisoryopin-
ionwasmade. Areport on human rights and youthprepared by Mr.Maz-
iluwascirculated asadocument ofthe Sub-Commissionbearing the date
10July 1989;thetext ofthisreport had been transmitted by Mr.Maziluto
the Centrefor Human Rightsinseveralinstalmentsthrough various chan-
nels.Atameetingheld on 8August 1989,the Sub-Commissiondecided,in
accordance with its practice, to invite Mr. Mazilu to participate in the
meetingsat whichhis report wasto be considered :no replywasreceived
to the invitation extended. Bya Note Verbaledated 15August 1989from
the Permanent Mission of Romania to the United Nations Office at
Geneva addressed to that Office,the Permanent Mission referred to "the
so-called report" by Mr. Mazilu, expressed surprise "that the medical
opinions made available to the Centre for Human Rights ...have been
ignored", and continued :

"The factthatthe Centre's administrationhas agreed,in these cir-
cumstances,tosponsorthe publication ofsomeof Mr. Mazilu'sideas
and judgements under the auspices of the United Nations can only
harm the standing and credibilityofthe Organization."

In the viewof Romania,
"Obviously sincebecoming il1in 1987,Mr. Dumitru Mazilu does
not possess the intellectual capacity necessary for making an

objective, responsibleand unbiased analysisthat could serve as the
substance of a report consistentwith the requirementsof the United
Nations."
At its 40th meeting held on 1 September 1989,the Sub-commission
adopted, by 12votes to 4 with 2 abstentions, resolution 1989/45entitled
"The report on human rights and youth prepared by Mr. Dumitru
Mazilu". The Sub-Commissionnoted that Mr. Mazilu'sreport had been
prepared in difficult circumstances and that the relevant information
collected by the Secretary-General appeared not to have been delivered

to Mr. Mazilu. The Sub-Commission inter aliarequested Mr. Mazilu to
update his report and invited himto present it inerson to the Sub-Com-
missionat itsnext session; it alsorequested the Secretary-Generalto con-
tinue to gatherand furnishto Mr. Maziluinformationrelatingto hisstudy,
andto provideMr. Mazilu withal1theassistancehe mightneedinupdating
hisreport, includingconsultationswiththe Centrefor Human Rights.

27. The question laid before the Court by the Council is, in the terms

of the resolution requesting the advisory opinion (resolution 1989/75,
entitled"Statusof SpecialRapporteurs"),
"the legalquestionofthe applicabilityofArticleVI,Section22,ofthe
Convention on the Privilegesand Immunitiesof the United Nations Unies au cas de M. Dumitru Mazilu en saqualitéde rapporteur spé-
cialde la Sous-Commission[dela lutte contre les mesuresdiscrimi-

natoires et de la protection desminorités]
Selonl'exposéécritprésenté àla Cour par le Secrétairegénéral,

«il convient de noter que la demande adresséeà la Cour concerne
l'applicabilitéde la sectionde la convention au cas de M. Mazilu,
mais non les conséquencesde cette applicabilité,c'est-à-direla na-
ture des privilègeset immunitésdont M. Mazilu pourrait bénéficier
en conséquencede son statut et la question de savoir s'ila porté
atteinte àcesprivilègeset immunités».
Au coursdesaudiences, le représentantdu Secrétairegénérarlé , pondant

à une questionquiluiavaitétéposép ear un membredelaCour,adéclaré :
«un point est révélateurde l'intention qui étaitcelle du Conseil
lorsqu'il aadoptéla résolutionaprès avoirévoquéune ((divergence
de vues»,il n'a pas cherché, en soumettant la questioàla Cour, à
obtenir que cette divergence dans son ensemble soit résolue.Au
contraire, il a simplementposéune question juridique préliminaire
àla Cour, qui sembledestinée à précisertout au plus la situation de

M. Mazilu vis-à-visde la convention,maissans résoudrel'ensemble
du litigequiopposemanifestementl'Organisation desNations Unies
et leGouvernement roumain. »

28. La présentedemande d'avisconsultatif est la premièredemande
faitepar leConseilenvertu duparagraphe 2del'article96delaCharte des
Nations Unies. Ce paragraphe dispose que les organes de l'organisation
desNationsUniesautresque l'Assemblég eénéraleelteConseildesécurité,
«qui peuvent, à un moment quelconque, recevoir de l'Assemblée
généraleune autorisationàceteffetontégalementledroitdedeman-
derà la Cour des avisconsultatifs sur desquestionsjuridiques qui se
poseraient dans le cadre de leur activité

Pour ce qui est du Conseil, une telle autorisation a étédonnée parl'As-
sembléegénéraledans sarésolutio8n9(1)du 11décembre1946.La ques-
tion qui fait l'objet de la demande est une question juridique en tant
qu'elleimplique l'interprétationd'uneconventioninternationale àl'effet
de déterminer son applicabilité.Il s'agiten outre d'une question qui se
pose dans le cadre de l'activitédu Conseil. Ainsi qu'il est dit au para-
graphe 10 ci-dessus, la tâche confiéeà M. Mazilu se rattachait à une

fonction età un programme du Conseil. La Commission est un organe
subsidiairedu Conseiletla Sous-CommissionquianomméM.Mazilurap-
porteur spécialest à son tour un organe subsidiaire de la Commission.
En conséquence,la requêtd eont la Cour est saisiesatisfait aux conditions
prévuesauparagraphe 2 del'article96delaCharte desNationsUnies. inthe caseof Mr. Dumitru Maziluas SpecialRapporteur ofthe Sub-
Commission[onthe Preventionof Discriminationand the Protection
of Minorities]".
According to the written statement submitted to the Court by the
Secretary-General,

"It should.. benotedthatwhiletheCourt hasbeenaskedaboutthe
applicabilityofSection22oftheConventioninthe caseofMr.Mazilu,
ithasnotbeen askedaboutthe consequencesofthat applicability,that
is about what privilegesand immunitiesMr. Mazilu might enjoy asa
resultofhisstatusand whetherornot thesehad been violated."

During the oral proceedings,the representativeof the Secretary-General,
when replyingto a questionput by a Memberofthe Court, obsemedthat :

"it issuggestiveof the Council'sintention in adoptingthe resolution
to note that, having referredto a 'difference', itthen did not attempt
to have that difference as a whole resolved by the question it
addressed to the Court. Rather ...the Council merely addressed a
preliminary legal questionto the Court, which appears designed to
clarify atmostthe generalstatusof Mr. Mazilu inrespectofthe Con-
vention, without resolving the entire issue that evidently separates
the United Nationsandthe Government."

28. Thepresent requestfor advisoryopinion isthefirst request madeby
theCouncil,pursuanttoparagraph2ofArticle96ofthe Charter.Thatpara-
graph providesthat organs of the United Nations, other than the General
Assemblyandthe SecurityCouncil,
"which may at any time be so authorized by the General Assembly,
may also request advisoryopinions of the Court on legal questions
arisingwithinthe scopeoftheir activities".

Such authorization in respect of the Council was given by General
Assemblyresolution 89 (1)of 11December 1946.The question which is
the subject of the request, involving as it does the interpretation of
an international convention in order to determine its applicability,is a
legal question. Furthermore it is one arising within the scope of the
activitiesofthe Council.Asindicatedinparagraph 10above,Mr. Mazilu's
assignment was pertinent to a function and programme of the Council.
The Commission is a subsidiary organ of the Council, and the Sub-
Commission, of which he was appointed special rapporteur, is in turn
a subsidiary organ of the Commission. Accordingly, the request before
theCourt fulfilsthe conditions of Article96,paragraph 2,of the Charter
of the United Nations. 29. Il appartient maintenantà la Cour d'examiner l'argumentationde
la Roumanie fondéesur la réserve qu'ellea apportée àla section 30de la
conventiongénérale,argumentation selonlaquelle laCour «ne peut pas
sedéclarercompétente pourdonner un avisconsultatif »enl'espèce. Aux
termes de la section0de la conventiongénérale :

((Toute contestation portant sur l'interprétationou l'application
de la présente convention seraportéedevant laCour internationale
deJustice,amoinsque, dansun casdonné,lesparties neconviennent
d'avoir recoursàun autre mode de règlement.Siun différend surgit
entre l'organisation des Nations Unies, d'une part, et un Membre,
d'autre part, un avis consultatif surtout point de droit soulevésera
demandé enconformitéde l'article 96de la Charte et de l'article65
du Statut de la Cour. L'avisde la Cour sera acceptépar les parties

comme décisif.»
La Roumaniea adhéré àlaconventiongénérale etsoninstrumentd'adhé-

sion a été déposé auprè ds Secrétairegénéralle 5juillet 1956.L'instru-
ment d'adhésion contenaitla réservesuivante :

«La Républiquepopulaire roumaine ne se considère pasliéepar
lesstipulations de la section 30de la convention, envertu desquelles
lajuridiction de la Cour internationale de Justice est obligatoire en
casde contestation portant sur l'interprétation ou l'applicationde la
convention; en cequi concerne la compétencedelaCour internatio-
nale deJustice dans lesdifférendssurgisdansdetels cas,la position
de la République populaire roumaineestque,pour la soumissionde
quelque différendque ce soit àla réglementationde la Cour, il est
nécessaire,chaquefois,d'avoirle consentement detoutes lesparties
au différend. Cetteréserves'applique également aux stipulations
comprisesdans la même section,selonlesquellesl'avisconsultatif de
la Cour internationale doit être accecomme décisif. »

30. La Roumanie affirmequ'en raison de la réserve qu'ellea apportée
à la section 30 une requêtepour avis consultatif ne saurait, sans son

consentement, être présentép ear l'organisation des Nations Unies au
sujet du différendde celle-ci avec elle. La réserve,soutient-elle, subor-
donne la compétencede la Cour pour ((examiner tout différend surgi
entre l'organisation desNations Unies etla Roumanie, ycompris dans le
cadrede la procédure consultative,»au consentementdesparties au dif-
férend.La Roumaniefaitobserverqu'ellen'apas consenti à cequ'unavis
fût demandé àla Cour en l'espèceet conclutàun défautde compétence.

31. La compétencequ'ala Cour envertu de l'article96de la Charte et
del'article65du Statutpourdonner desavisconsultatifssurdesquestions
juridiques permet àdes entitésdes NationsUnies dedemander conseil à
la Courafin demenerleursactivitésconformémena tu droit.Cesavissont

consultatifs,non obligatoires.Ces avisétantdestinéséclairerl'organisa- 29. The Court has next to considerthe contention of Romania, on the
basis of the reservationmade by it to Section30of the General Conven-
tion,thattheCourt "cannot findthat ithasjurisdiction to givean advisory
opinion" in the present case. Section 30 of the General Convention
provides :

"Al1differencesarising out of the interpretation or application of
the present conventionshallbereferred to theInternational Court of
Justice,unless in anycase it isagreedby the parties to haverecourse
to another mode of settlement. If a difference arises between the
United Nations on the one hand and a Memberon the other hand, a
request shallbe made for an advisoryopinion on any legalquestion
involvedin accordance with Article96oftheCharter and Article 65
of theStatute of the Court. The opinion givenby theCourt shallbe
accepted as decisiveby the parties."

Romaniaacceded to the GeneralConvention, and itsinstrument ofacces-
sionwas depositedwith the Secretary-Generalon 5July 1956.Theinstru-
ment of accessioncontained the followingreservation :

"The Romanian People'sRepublic does not consider itselfbound
by the terms of section 30of the Convention which provide for the
compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court in differences
arising out of the interpretation or application of the Convention;
with respect to the competence of the International Court in such
differences,the Romanian People'sRepublictakesthe viewthat,for

thepurpose ofthe submissionofanydisputewhatsoevertothe Court
fora ruling,the consent of al1the parties to the dispute isrequired in
every individual case. This resewation is equally applicable to the
provisionscontainedin the said sectionwhichstipulatethat the advi-
soryopinion oftheInternational Court istobeacceptedas decisive."

30. It isclaimedbyRomaniathat, becauseofthe reservationmade byit
to Section 30, the United Nations cannot, without Romania's consent,
submit a request for advisory opinion in respect of its difference with
Romania. The reservation, it is said, subordinates the competence
of the Court to "deal with any dispute that may have arisen between
the United Nations and Romania, including a dispute within the frame-
work of the advisoryprocedure," to the consent of the parties to the dis-
pute. Romania points outthatit did not agreethat an opinion should be
requested of the Court in the present case and concludes that the Court
iswithoutjurisdiction.
3 1. Thejurisdiction of the Court under Article 96 of the Charter and
Article 65 of the Statute, to give advisory opinions on legal questions,

enables United Nations entitiesto seekguidancefrom the Court in order
to conduct their activities in accordance with law. These opinions are
advisory, not binding. As the opinions are intended for the guidance oftion des Nations Unies, le consentement des Etats ne conditionne pas la
compétencede la Courpour lesdonner. Comme laCour l'afait observer
en 1950:

«Le consentement des Etats parties à un différendest le fonde-
ment de la juridiction de la Cour en matière contentieuse. en est
autrementenmatièred'avis,alorsmême quelademande d'avisatrait
àune question juridique actuellement pendante entre Etats. La ré-
ponse delaCour n'aqu'un caractèreconsultatif: commetelle,ellene
saurait avoir d'effetobligatoire.enrésultequ'aucun Etat, Membre
ou non membre des Nations Unies, n'a qualitépour empêcherque
soit donnésuiteà une demande d'avisdont les Nations Unies,pour
s'éclairerdans leur action propre, auraient reconnu l'opportunité.

L'avis estdonné parla Cour non aux Etats, mais àl'organe habilité
pour le lui demander; la réponse constitueune participation de la
Cour, elle-même «organedesNations Unies », àl'actiondel'organi-
sationet,enprincipe, ellenedevraitpasêtrerefusée.»(Interprétation
destraitésdepaix conclusaveclaBulgarie,la HongrieetlaRoumanie,
premièrephase, avis consultatiC.I.J.Recueil1950,p. 71.)
Ce raisonnement est égalementvalable lorsqu'ilest avancé qu'une ques-

tionjuridique n'estpas pendante entre deux Etats, mais entre l'organisa-
tion des Nations Unies etun Etat Membre.
32. La Roumanie invoque cependant sa réserve àla section 30 de la
convention générale;mais cette section joue sur un plan et dans un
contextedifférentsdeceuxdel'article96delaCharte. Unelectureglobale
des dispositions de cette section montre clairement que leur objet est de
fournir unmécanismederèglementdesdifférends.Lapremièrephrasede
lasectionprévoitlecasou une contestation portant sur l'interprétation ou
l'application de la conventiongénéralesurgitentre des Etatsparties; elle
comprend deux élémentsL . epremier est l'obligation conventionnellede
porter la contestation devant la Cour,moins que lesparties ne décident
d'un autremodederèglement;lesecondestlebut delasaisinedelaCour,
qui estde réglerla contestation.
33. L'Organisation des Nations Unies est elle-même intimement et le

plussouventdirectementconcernéepar lamiseenŒuvredelaconvention
généraleL. a section30apar conséquentété rédigéede manière àcouvrir
aussilerèglementdesdifférendsentrel'organisation etun Etat partie àla
conventiongénéraleS . iun tel différend surgit,
«un avisconsultatif surtout point de droit soulevéserademandéen
conformitédel'article96delaCharte etdel'article65du Statutdela

Cour. L'avisde la Cour sera acceptépar lesparties comme décisif.

Cette disposition a lemêmeobjetque lapremièrephrasedela section30;
lanature particulièredelaprocédureenvisagéetient àlaqualitéd'organi-
sation internationale de l'une desparties au différend.the United Nations, the consent of Statesis not a condition precedent to
the competenceofthe Court to give them. Asthe Court observedin 1950,

"The consent of States, parties to a dispute, is the basis of the

Court's jurisdiction in contentious cases. The situation is different
in regard to advisory proceedings even where the Request for an
Opinion relates to a legal question actuallypending between States.
The Court's reply is only of an advisory character: as such, it has
no binding force. It follows that no State, whether a Member of
the United Nations or not, can prevent the giving of an Advisory
Opinion whichthe United Nations considers to be desirable in order
to obtain enlightenment as to the course of action it should take.
TheCourt's Opinionisgivennottothe States,but tothe organ which
is entitled to request it; the reply of the Court, itself an 'organ of
the United Nations', represents its participation in the activities
of the Organization, and, in principle, should not be refused."
(Interpretationof PeaceTreatieswithBulgaria,HungaiyandRomania,
FirstPhase,Advisory Opinion1 , .C.J.Reports1950,p. 71 .)

Thisreasoning isequallyvalidwhereitissuggestedthata legalquestionis
pending, not between two States,but between the United Nations and a
memberState.
32. Romania however relies on its rese~ation to Section 30 of the
General Convention;but that Sectionoperateson a differentplane and in
a different context fromthat of Article96ofthe Charter. Whenthe provi-
sionsofthe Sectionareread intheirtotality, itisclearthat their objectisto

provide a dispute settlement mechanism.Thefirstsentence ofthe Section
provides forthe casewherea differencearisesout ofthe interpretation or
application of the General Convention between Statesparties to it, and
contains two elements.Thefirst isthetreaty obligation to referthe differ-
enceto the Court, unless another mode of settlement is decided upon by
theparties; the second isthe object ofthe referenceto the Court, namely
to settlethe difference.
33. The United Nations is itself intimately, and for the most part
directly, concerned with the operation of the General Convention.
Section 30 was therefore so framed as to take in also the settlement of
differencesbetweenthe United Nations and a State party to the General
Convention. If such a differencearises,

"a request shall be made for an advisory opinion on any legal
question involvedin accordance with Article 96 of the Charter and
Article 65 of the Statute of the Court. The opinion given by the
Court shall be accepted as decisivebythe parties."

Thisprovision pursuesthe sameintent asexpressedin thefirstsentenceof
Section30; the particular nature ofthe proceeding contemplated is attri-
butable to the status as an international organization of one ofthe parties
to the difference. 34. Siune requêtepour avisconsultatifluiétaitprésentés eurlabase de
la section30,la Cour seraitnaturellement tenue de prendreen considéra-
tion les réservesqu'une partie au différend aurait faiàeladite section.

Dans le cas particulier de la Roumanie, la Cour devrait examiner si la
réserveformuléepar cet Etat pourrait avoir pour résultat d'empêcher la
mise en Œuvrede la procédurede demande d'avis consultatifou seule-
ment de priver l'avisque la Cour donnerait de l'effet décisifque la sec-
tion 30dela conventiongénérale attribueàun tel avis.Maisenl'espèce, il
n'a pas été fait référence la section 30 dans la résolutionpar laquelle
l'avisde la Cour a étésollicitéet il ressort clairement du dossier qu'eu
égard à l'existencede la réservede la Roumanie il n'entrait pas dans les
intentions du Conseil d'invoquer cette section. La requête n'estpas pré-
sentéeenvertu de la section30etla Cour n'adonc pas à seprononcer sur
l'effetde la réserveroumaineà cettedisposition.
35. LaRoumanie soutient cependant que,bien que le Conseil,dans sa

résolution 1989/75du 24mai 1989,ne fassepas référence à la section 30
de la convention généraleen tant que fondement de sa demande d'avis
consultatif,la question qu'ilsoulèveatrait àl'applicabilité d'une disposi-
tion de fond de la convention générale«à un cas concret considéré
commeun différendentreun Etat partie àlaconvention etl'Organisation
des Nations Unies ».Elle faitvaloir que

«sil'onacceptaitqu'un Etatpartie àlaconvention,oul'organisation
des Nations Unies,puisse demander que des différends concernant
l'application ou l'interprétationde la convention soient portés de-
vant la Cour surun autre fondement que les dispositions de la sec-
tion 30de la convention, ceserait rompre l'unitéde la conventionà
savoir les dispositions de substance de celles relatàvla solution
des différends,ce qui seraitmêmede modifier le contenu et l'éten-
due des obligationsassuméespar les Etats lorsqu'ilsont donnéleur
consentement àêtreliéspar la convention».

Ilrestequelaprésenteprocédurev , usanature etsonobjet,vise,ainsiqu'il
a été expliqué ci-dessus,à demander un avis sur l'applicabilitéd'une
partie de la convention générale,et non àporter un différend devant la
Cour envuede son règlement.Deplus, le «contenu etl'étenduedesobli-
gations assuméespar les Etats » - et en particulier par la Roumanie-

«lorsqu'ilsontdonnéleur consentement àêtreliéspar la convention»ne
sontpas modifiésparla demande d'avisni par leprésentavisconsultatif.
36. LaCour conclutquelaréservefaitepar la Roumanie àlasection30
delaconventiongénérale estsansincidencesur la compétencedela Cour
pour connaître de la présente requête.

37. Toutefois,même slie défautde consentement de la Roumanie à la
présente procédurene peut avoir aucun effet sur la compétencede la
Cour, c'estlà une questionqui doit êtreexaminée pour déterminers'ilest 34. In caseofarequestforan advisoryopinion made under Section30,
theCourt would ofcoursehaveto consider anyresemation whicha party
tothe disputehad madeto that Section.In theparticular caseofRomania,
the Court would have to consider whether the effect of its reservation
could be to act as a bar tothe operation of the procedure of request for
advisoryopinion, or merelyto deprive any opinion givenof the decisive
effect attributed to such opinions by Section 30.But in the present case,
the resolution requesting the advisory opinion made no reference to
Section 30,and it is evident fromthe dossierthat, in view ofthe existence
of the Romanian reservation,it was not the intention of the Council to
invoke Section 30. The request is not made under that Section,and the
Court does not therefore need to determinethe effect ofthe Romanian
reservationto that provision.

35. Romania however contends that although the Council resolution
1989/75dated 24 May 1989does not allude to Section30 ofthe General
Convention asthe basis of its request for advisoryopinion, the question

which it raises nevertheless relates to the applicabilityof a substantive
provision of the General Convention"to a concrete case considered to
be a dispute between a State party to the Convention and the United
Nations".It arguesthat
"If it wereaccepted that a State party to the Convention,or the
United Nations,mightask for disputes concerningthe application or
interpretationof the Convention tobe brought beforethe Court on a
basis other than the provisionsof Section30 of the Convention, that
would disruptthe unityofthe Convention,by separatingthe substan-

tive provisions from those relating to dispute settlement, which
would be tantamount to a modification of the content and extent of
the obligations entered into by States when they consented to be
boundbythe Convention."
However, the nature and purpose of the present proceedings are,
as explained above, that of a request for advice on the applicabilityof
a part of the General Convention, and not the bringing of a dispute
before the Court for determination. Furthermore,the "content and extent
of the obligations entered into by States" - and, in particular, by

Romania - "when they consented to be bound by the Convention" are
not modifiedbythe requestand bythepresentadvisoryopinion.
36. The Court thus finds that the reservationmadeby Romania to Sec-
tion30ofthe General Conventiondoesnot affecttheCourt's jurisdictionto
entertainthe presentrequest.

37. While, however,the absence of the consent of Romania to the
present proceedingscan have no effect on the jurisdiction of the Court,
it is aatterto be consideredwhen examiningthe propriety of the Courtopportun que la Cour donne un avis. Il est bien établidans la jurispru-
dence de la Cour que, lorsqu'un organede l'organisation des Nations
Unies ou une institution spécialiséedemande à la Cour un avis consul-

tatif en vertu de l'article de la Charte,à titre de conseil ou d'éclaircis-
sement d'un point de droit, la Cour doit donner suite à la requêteet
donner son avis, à moins que des ((raisons décisives» ne s'yopposent.
Dans l'affairedu Sahara occidental,la Cour afaitallusion àune situation
danslaquellepourrait exister une ((raisondécisive»de cetype.Commen-
tant dans cette affaire les observations qu'elleavait formulées dansl'af-
faire de l'Interprétationdestraitésdepaix, selonlesquellessa compétence
pourdonner un avisconsultatif ne dépendpas du consentementdesEtats
intéressés,laCour s'estexpriméeen cestermes :

«La Cour a ...reconnu que le défautde consentement pourrait
l'amener ànepas émettred'avis sid ,anslescirconstancesd'uneespèce
donnée, des considérationstenant à son caractèrejudiciaire impo-
saient un refus de répondre.Bref, le consentement d'un Etat inté-
resséconservesonimportance non pas du point devue dela compé-
tence de la Cour mais pour appréciers'ilest opportun de rendre un
avisconsultatif.

33. Ainsi ledéfautde consentementd'un Etat intéressépeutd ,ans
certaines circonstances,rendre le prononcé d'unavis consultatif in-
compatibleavec le caractèrejudiciairede la Cour. Telseraitle cas si
les faits montraient qu'accepter de répondre aurait pour effet de
tourner le principe selon lequel un Etat n'estpas tenu de soumettre
un différendau règlementjudiciaire s'il n'estpas consentant. Siune
telle situation devait se produire, le pouvoir discrétionnaireque la
Cour tient de l'article 65, paragraphe 1, du Statut fournirait des
moyensjuridiques suffisants pour assurerlerespectdu principe fon-
damental du consentement à lajuridiction))(Sahara occidental,avis
consultatiJ;C.I.J. Recueil1975,p. 25,par. 32-33.)

38. Etant donnéquela Roumanie a misl'accentsur sa réserveàla sec-
tion 30 de la conventiongénéraleet qu'ellen'a pas donnéson consente-
ment àlaprésentedemande d'avisconsultatif,la Cour doitexaminersi,en
l'espèce,((accepterde répondre auraitpour effet de tourner le principe '
selonlequelun Etat n'estpastenude soumettreundifférendau règlement

judiciaire s'il n'estpas consentant.La Cour estimequ'enla présente af-
faireaccepter de répondre n'aurait pas unteleffet.Certes, dans la résolu-
tion par laquelle il demande l'avisde la Cour, le Conseil conclut qu'une
divergencede vues s'estélevée entre l'Organisation des Nations Unies et
le Gouvernement roumain quant à l'applicabilitde la convention au cas
de M.Dumitru Mazilu. Maiscettedivergencedevues,etlaquestionposée
à la Cour comptetenu de celle-ci,ne doiventpas être confonduesavecle
différend entrel'organisation des Nations Unies etla Roumanie au sujet
de l'applicationde la conventiongénérale au cas de M. Mazilu.
39. En l'espèce,la Cour ne voit donc aucune raison décisivepour
refuser de donner un avisconsultatif. En conséquence,la Cour va main-givingan opinion. It is wellsettledin the Court's jurisprudencethat when
a request is made under Article 96 of the Charter by an organ of the
United Nations or a specialized agency for an advisory opinion by
wayof guidance or enlightenmenton a questionof law,the Court should
entertain the request and give its opinion unless there are "compelling
reasons" to the contrary. In the WesternSaharacase the Court adverted
to a possible situation in which such a "compelling reason" might be
present. In that case, commenting on its observations in the Interpre-
tationof PeaceTreatiescase, to the effect that its competence to give an
opinion does not depend on the consent of the interested States, the
Court obsewed :

"the Court recognizedthat lackofconsent mightconstituteaground
fordecliningto givethe opinionrequested if,inthe circumstances of
a given case, considerations ofjudicial propriety should oblige the
Court to refuse an opinion. In short, the consent of an interested
Statecontinues tobe relevant,notfor the Court's competence,but for
the appreciation ofthe propriety of givingan opinion.

33. In certain circumstances,therefore,the lack of consent of an
interestedState mayrenderthe givingofan advisoryopinionincom-
patible withthe Court's judicial character. Aninstance ofthiswould
be when the circumstances disclose that to givea reply would have
the effectof circumventingthe principle that a Stateisnot obligedto
allow its disputes to be submitted to judicial settlementwithout its
consent. If such a situation should arise, the powers of the Court
under the discretion given to it by Article 65, paragraph 1, of the

Statute, would afford sufficient legal means to ensure respect for
the fundamental principle of consent to jurisdiction." (Western
Sahara,Advisory Opinion, I.C.J.Reports1975,p. 25,paras. 32-33.)
38. In view ofthe emphasis placed by Romania on its reservationto
Article30ofthe GeneralConvention and theabsence ofitsconsent to the
presentrequestfor advisoryopinion,the Court must consider whetherin
this case "to givea replywould have the effectof circumventingthe prin-
ciple that a State is not obliged to allow its disputes to be submitted

to judicial settlementwithout its consent". The Court considers that in
the present case to give a reply would have no such effect. Certainly
the Council, in its resolution requestingthe opinion, didconclude that a
differencehad arisen betweenthe United Nations and the Governmentof
Romaniaas to the applicabilityofthe Conventionto Mr.Dumitru Mazilu.
But this difference, and the question put to the Court in the light of
it, are not to be confused with the dispute between the United Nations
and Romania with respect to the applicationof the General Convention
in the case of Mr. Mazilu.
39. In the present case, the Court thus does not find any compelling
reason to refuse an advisory opinion. The Court will therefore proceedtenant répondre àla question juridique sur laquelle un tel avis lui a été
demandé.

40. Afin de se prononcer sur l'applicabilitéde la section 22 de l'ar-
ticle VI de la convention générale auxrapporteurs spéciauxde la Sous-
Commission,puis surson applicabilitéau cas de M. Dumitru Mazilu,la
Cour doit tout d'abord déterminerle sensde cetexte.
41. Selon le paragraphe 1 de l'article 105de la Charte des Nations
Unies :

«L'Organisationjouit, sur leterritoire de chacun de sesMembres,
desprivilègesetimmunitésquiluisontnécessairespour atteindre ses
buts.»
En outre, d'aprèsleparagraphe 2 du mêmearticle:

«Les représentants desMembres des Nations Unies et les fonc-
tionnaires del'organisation jouissent égalementdesprivilèges etim-
munités qui leur sont nécessairespour exercer en toute indépen-
dance leurs fonctionsen rapport avecl'organisation. »

Enfin, en vertu du paragraphe 3, l'Assembléegénérale peut«proposer
aux Membres des Nations Unies des conventions ..»en vue de fixer les
détails d'application desparagraphes1et2.
42. Agissant conformément à l'article 105de la Charte, l'Assemblée
générale a, le 13février1946,approuvé la conventiongénérale et l'apro-
posée à l'adhésionde chacun des Etats Membres del'organisation. Cent
vingt-quatreEtats, dont la Roumanie, sont partiesà cetteconvention.

43. Commeil estprévu à l'article 105dela Charte, la conventiongéné-
rale détermine en ses articles II et III les privilègeset immunitésdont
bénéficie l'organisation des Nations Unies en tant que telle, fixe en son
article IV les privilèges etimmunités des représentants des Membres
des Nations Unies et préciseen son article Vceux des fonctionnaires de
l'organisation. Elle comporte en outre un article VI intitulé((Expertsen
missions pour l'Organisation des Nations Unies » et diviséen deux sec-
tions. La section 22dispose ce qui suit:

«Les experts (autres que les fonctionnaires visés à l'article V)
lorsqu'ils accomplissent des missions pour l'organisation des
Nations Uniesjouissent,pendant la duréedecettemission, ycompris
le temps du voyage, des privilèges etimmunités nécessairespour
exercerleursfonctionsen toute indépendance. Ilsjouissent enparti-
culierdes privilègeset immunitéssuivants :

a) immunitéd'arrestation personnelleoude détentionetdesaisiede
leursbagagespersonnels ;
b) immunitédetoutejuridiction en cequiconcernelesactesaccom-now to reply to the legal question on which such an opinion has been
requested.

40. In order to determine the applicability of ArticleVI,Section22,of
the General Convention, to special rapporteurs of the Sub-Commission,
and its applicability in the case of Mr. Dumitru Mazilu, the Court must
first ascertain the meaning ofthat text.
41. According to Article 105, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the
United Nations

"The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its
Members such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the
fulfilment of itspurposes."
Furthermore, according to Article 105,paragraph 2,

"Representatives of the Members of the United Nations and
officials of the Organization shall similarly enjoy such privileges
and immunities as are necessary for the independent exercise of
their functions in connection with the Organization."

Lastly,Article 105,paragraph 3, Statesthat the General Assembly"may
propose conventionstothe Members ofthe United Nations" with a view
to determiningthe details ofthe application ofparagraphs 1 and 2.
42. Acting in conformity with Article 105of the Charter, the General
Assembly approved the General Convention on 13 February 1946and
proposed it for accession by each Member of the United Nations. One
hundred and twenty-four States, including Romania, are parties to the
Convention.
43. As contemplated by Article 105of the Charter, the General Con-
vention determines the privileges and immunities enjoyed by the United
Nations as such(Arts.II and III), laysdownthe privilegesand immunities
of the representatives of Members of the United Nations (Art. IV),and
defines those of the officials of the Organization (Art. V). It contains
in addition an Article VI entitled "Experts on Missions for the United

Nations", divided into two Sections.Section22provides as follows :

"Experts (other than officials coming within the scope of Ar-
ticleV)performingmissionsforthe United Nations shallbe accorded
such privilegesand immunities as are necessaryfor theindependent
exerciseoftheirfunctions duringtheperiod oftheir missions,includ-
ing the time spent on journeys in connection with their missions.In
particular they shall be accorded :

(a) immunity from persona1arrest or detention and from seizureof
theirpersona1baggage ;
(b) in respect of words spoken or written and acts done by them in plispar euxau cours deleursmissions(ycompris leursparoles et
écrits).Cette immunité continuera à leur être accordée même
après que ces personnes auront cesséde remplir des missions
pourl'organisation desNations Unies;

c) inviolabilitédetouspapiers etdocuments;
d) droitde faireusage de codesetde recevoirdesdocuments etde la
correspondance par courrier ou par valises scellées,pour leurs
communicationsavecl'organisation desNations Unies ;

e) lesmêmes facilités,encequiconcernelesréglementationsmoné-
taires ou de change, que celles qui sont accordéesaux représen-
tants des gouvernements étrangers enmission officielletempo-
raire;
JI lesmêmes immunitésetfacilitésencequi concerneleursbagages
personnels que celles qui sont accordées aux agents diploma-
tiques.»

La section 23ajoute :

«Les privilèges etimmunitéssont accordés aux expertsdans l'in-
térêdtel'organisation desNations Unies, etnon à leuravantageper-
sonnel. Le Secrétaire générap lourra et devra lever l'immunité ac-
cordée à un expert, dans tous les cas oùàson avis, cetteimmunité
empêcheraitquejustice soitfaite etoù ellepeut êtrelevéesansporter
préjudice aux intérêdtse l'Organisation.

Enfin, la section26del'articleVI1de la conventiongénéraleaccordeaux
experts certainesfacilitéslorsqu'ils voyagentpour le compte de l'organi-
sation.
44. La Cour examinera l'applicabilitérationepersonae, ratione tem-
poriset rationelocide la section 22.Ellerecherchera donc enpremierlieu
cequesont les((expertsenmissions »au sensdelasection22,puiscequ'il
convientd'entendre par ((duréede[la]mission»,avant de s'interrogersur
lasituationdesexperts dans leursrelationsavec 1'Etatdont ilssontressor-
tissants ou sur leterritoire duquel ilsrésident.

45. La convention générale nedonne aucune définition des«experts

en missions ». Tout au plus fournit-elle deux précisions,l'une négative,
l'autrepositive.Ilrésultetout d'abord desdispositionsdelasection22que
les fonctionnaires de l'organisation, fussent-ilschoisis en raison de leur
compétencetechniquedansun domaine déterminén ,'entrent pasdans la
catégorie des expertsau sensde cetexte.En outre ne sont couvertspar la
section22quelesexpertsquiaccomplissentdesmissions pourl'organisa-
tion. Maiscettesection nefournit aucune indication surlanature,ladurée
ou lelieu de cesmissions.
46. Lestravaux préparatoires nesont guèreplus instructifsà cetégard.
La convention a étéinitialementrédigéepuisprésentée àl'Assembléegé-
néralepar la commissionpréparatoire constituée àSan Francisco enjuin the course of the performance of their mission, immunity from
legal process of every kind. This immunity from legal process
shall continue to be accorded notwithstanding that the persons
concerned are no longer employed on missions for the United
Nations ;
(c) inviolabilityforal1papers and documents;
(dj for the purpose of their communications with the United
Nations, the right to use codes and to receive papers or corre-
spondence bycourier orinsealedbags ;
(e) the samefacilitiesinrespect ofcurrencyor exchangerestrictions
as are accorded to representatives of foreign governments on
temporary officia1missions ;

(JI the same immunities and facilities in respect of their personal
baggageasareaccorded to diplomaticenvoys."

Section23adds :

"Privileges and immunitiesare granted to experts in the interests
ofthe United Nations and notforthe personal benefit ofthe individ-
uals themselves.The Secretary-Generalshall have the right and the
duty to waive the immunity of any expert in any case where, in his

opinion,the immunitywould impedethe course ofjustice and it can
be waivedwithoutprejudice to the interests ofthe United Nations."
Finally,Article VII,Section26,ofthe GeneralConventiongrantscertain
facilitiesto experts when travelling on the business of the Organization.

44. The Court willexaminethe applicability of Section22 rationeper-
sonae, ratione temporisand ratione loci,that is to Sayit will consider first
whatismeantby"experts onmissions"forthe purposes ofSection22,and
then the meaning to be attached to the expression "period of [the]
missions", before considering the position of experts in their relations
withthe Statesofwhichtheyarenationalsor ontheterritory ofwhichthey
reside.
45. The General Convention gives no definition of "experts on
missions". Al1it does is to clarifytwo points, one negative and the other
positive.From Section22itisclear,firstthat the officialsofthe Organiza-
tion, evenifchosenin consideration oftheirtechnicalexpertisein a parti-
cularfield,arenot includedinthe categoryofexperts withinthemeaning
ofthat provision; and secondlythat only expertsperforming missionsfor
the United Nationsare coveredby Section22.The Section doesnot, how-

ever, furnish any indication of the nature, duration or place of these
missions.
46. Nor is there really any guidancein this respect to be found in the
travauxpréparatoires ofthe General Convention.TheConvention wasin-
itiallydrafted and submitted to the General Assemblybythe Preparatory1945;ce projet initial ne comportait pas de disposition correspondaàt
l'actuel articleVI.Cedernier fut ajoutépar la sous-commissiondesprivi-
lègesetimmunitéscréép ear la SixièmeCommissionen vued'examinerle
texte,maislesdocumentsofficielsdel'époque nepermettentpas dedéter-
miner les motifsde cetteaddition.

47. L'objectifrecherchépar la section22n'enestpas moins clair,à sa-

voirpermettre àl'organisation desNations Unies deconfierdesmissions
à despersonnes n'ayantpas la qualitéde fonctionnaire del'organisation
etleurgarantir lesprivilègesetimmunitésnécessaires pour exercerleurs
fonctionsentoute indépendance».Lesexpertsainsinommésou éluspeu-
ventêtrerémunérésounon,bénéficieroun d'nncontrat, sevoirconfier
une tâche nécessitant des travaux plus ou moins prolongés. L'essentiel
n'est pas dans leur situation administrative,mais dans la nature de leur
mission.
48. Dans la pratique, et selon les informations fournies par le Secré-
tairegénérall,'organisation desNations Uniesa étéamenée àconfierdes
missionsde plus enplus variéesà despersonnes n'ayant pas la qualitéde
fonctionnaire de l'organisation. De tellespersonnes ont été chargéese
médiations,delapréparationderapports,de l'élaboration d'étudesd,ela

réalisation d'enquêteosu de la recherche et de l'établissement des faits.
Ellesontparticipé àdesforcesdemaintien delapaix, à destâches d'assis-
tance technique età de multiples autres activités.En outre de nombreux
comités,commissionsouorganismessimilairesdont lesmembressontdé-
signés,non en tant que représentantsdYEtats,mais àtitre personnel, ont
été constituéasu sein de l'organisation. C'est ainsi qu'ont été crélas
Commission du droit international, le comité consultatifpour les ques-
tions administratives et budgétaires, la Commissionde la fonction pu-
blique internationale, le comitédes droitsde l'hommeinstituépour l'ap-
plication du pacte surlesdroits civilsetpolitiques et diversautrescomités
demême nature, telsquelecomitépour l'éliminationdeladiscrimination
raciale ou le comitépour l'éliminationde la discrimination'égard des
femmes.Dans tous cescas,ilressort delapratique desNations Uniesque
lespersonnes ainsidésignéese,tenparticulier lesmembresde cescomités

ou commissions,ontété regardéescommedesexpertsenmissionsau sens
de la section 22.
49. Suivant cette dernière disposition, ces expertsjouissent des privi-
lèges etimmunitésprévusau texte «pendant la duréede [leur]mission,y
comprisletemps du voyage».La question sepose par suitede savoirs'ils
sont couvertspar la section2uniquement au coursdes missionsnécessi-
tant desdéplacementsous'ilslesontégalementenl'absence ouendehors
de tout déplacement. Pour répondre à cettequestion, il est nécessairede
préciserle sens des mots «mission »en français et missionen anglais, les
deux langues dans lesquellesla conventiongénéralea étéadoptée. Initia-
lement,etconformément à son étymologielatine, cetermene qualifiait la
tâche confiéeàunepersonne quelorsquecettedernièreétaitenvoyéle'ac-
complir au loin. Elle supposait un déplacement. LamêmeconnotationCommissionset up atSanFranciscoinJune 1945 ;that initialdraft did not
contain anythingcorresponding to thepresent ArticleVI.That articlewas
added by the Sub-Commissionon Privilegesand Immunitiesestablished
by the Sixth Committeeto examine the draft, but the contemporary offi-
cialrecords do not make it possible to ascertain the reasons forthe addi-
tion.
47. The purpose of Section 22 is nevertheless evident, namely, to en-
able the United Nations to entrust missions to persons who do not have

the status of an officia1ofthe Organization, and to guarantee them "such
privilegesand immunitiesasarenecessaryfortheindependent exerciseof
theirfunctions".Theexperts thus appointed or electedmayormaynotbe
remunerated, mayor maynot have a contract, maybe givenatask requir-
ing work over alengthyperiod or a short time.The essence ofthe matter
liesnot intheir administrativeposition but in the nature of their mission.

48. Inpractice,accordingto the informationsupplied bythe Secretary-
General, the United Nations has had occasion to entrust missions -
increasingly varied in nature - to persons not having the status of
United Nations officiais.Such persons have been entrusted with media-
tion,withpreparingreports,preparing studies,conductinginvestigationsor
finding and establishingfacts. They have participated in certain peace-
keepingforces,technicalassistance work,and a multitude ofother activi-

ties. In addition, many committees, commissionsor similarbodies whose
membersserve,not asrepresentatives ofStates,but in apersona1capacity,
havebeen set up within the Organization; for example the International
Law Commission, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and
Budgetary Questions, the International Civil Service Commission, the
Human Rights Committee established for the implementation of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,and various other
committeesofthe samenature, suchastheCommittee on the Elimination
of Racial Discrimination or the Committee on the Elimination of Al1
Forms of Discrimination Against Women.In al1these cases,the practice
of the United Nations shows that the persons so appointed, and in par-
ticular the members of these committees and commissions, have been
regarded as experts on missionswithin the meaning of Section 22.

49. Accordingto that Section,experts enjoytheprivilegesand immuni-
tiestherein provided for "during the period of their missions,including
the time spent onjourneys". Thequestion thus ariseswhether experts are
covered by Section 22 only during missions requiring travel or whether
they are also coveredwhenthere is no suchtravel orapart from such tra-
vel.To answerthis question, it is necessary to determine the meaning of
the word "mission" in French and "mission" in English,the twolanguages
in which the General Convention was adopted. Initially, in keeping with
its Latin derivation, the word referred to a task entrusted to ason only
ifthatperson wassentsomewhereto perform it. It implied ajourney. The
sameconnotation isapparentinthe words,ofthe samederivation, "emis-peut êtrerelevéedans les mots dérivés ((émissair »e, ((missionnaire» ou
((missive». Maisle terme français ((mission»et leterme anglais mission
ont pris depuis longtemps un sens plus étenduet couvrent àl'heure ac-
tuelle de manière générale les tâches confiées à une personne, que ces
tâches impliquent ou non un déplacement.
50. LaCour considèreque,lorsquelasection 22viselesexpertsaccom-
plissant des missions pour l'organisation des Nations Unies, elle use du
terme ((mission»au sensgénéralC . ertains de ces experts doivent néces-
sairementsedéplacerpour accomplirleurstâches alors que d'autres peu-
vent lesaccomplir sans devoir le faire. Dans les deux hypothèses,la sec-
tion 22entend assurer dans l'intérêdte l'organisation l'indépendancede
cesexperts enleur accordant lesprivilègesetimmunitésnécessaires à cet
effet. Ces privilègeset immunitéstendent dans certains cas àfaciliter le

voyage des experts et leur séjour à l'étranger,par exemple en ce qui
concerne la saisie ou la fouille des bagages personnels. Mais, dans d'au-
tres cas, ils ont un caractèrebeaucoup plus général,en particulier pour
ce qui est des communications avec l'organisation des Nations Unies
ou del'inviolabilitédespapiersetdocuments. Dans cesconditions, lasec-
tion 22est applicableà tout expert en mission,qu'il soitou non en dépla-
cement.
51. La question a par ailleurs été soulevéee savoir si les experts en
missionspeuvent seprévaloirde cesprivilègeset immunités àl'encontre
de l'Etatdont ilssont ressortissantsou surleterritoire duquel ilsrésident.
LaCour note à cetégardque la section 15de la conventiongénéralecom-
porte, en ce qui concerne lesreprésentants desMembres,une stipulation
selon laquelle les dispositions des sections 11,et 13de l'article IVles

concernant «ne sont pas applicables dans le cas d'un représentantvis-
à-visdesautoritésde 1'Etatdont ilestressortissant oudont il estouaétle
représentant ».Maisl'articleVsur lesfonctionnaires de l'organisation et
l'articleIrelatifauxexpertsenmissions pourl'organisation necompor-
tent aucune règlecomparable. Cette différence d'approche s'explique
aisément.Lesprivilèges et immunités accordép sar les articlest VIle
sont en vue d'assurer l'indépendance des fonctionnaires internationaux
et des experts dans l'intérêdte l'organisation. Cette indépendancedoit
être respectépear tous les Etats, y compris par 1'Etatde la nationalitéet
celui de la résidence.Aussi bien certains Etats partiesà la convention
générale (Canada, Etats-Unis d'Amérique, Népal, République démocra-
tique populaire lao, Thaïlande et Turquie) ont-ils formulé des réserves
à certaines dispositions de l'article V, voire de l'article VI (Etats-Unis
d'Amériqueet Mexique), en ce qui concerne leurs ressortissants ou les

personnes résidant habituellementsur leur territoire. Le fait mêmeque
le besoin a étéressenti de formuler ces réservesconfirme la conclusion
qu'en l'absencede telles réservesles experts en missionsbénéficient des
privilèges et immunités prévuspar la convention généraledans leurs
relations avec 1'Etatdont ilssontressortissants ou sur leterritoire duquel
ilsrésident.
52. Pour conclure, la Cour estime que la section 22 de la conventionsary", "missionary" and "missive". The French word "mission"a ,nd the
English word "mission", have however long since acquired a broader
meaning and nowadays embracein generalthe tasks entrusted to a per-
son,whether or not those tasks involvetravel.

50. The Court considersthat Section22,in itsreference to expertsper-
forming missions for the United Nations, uses the word "mission" in a
general sense. While some experts have necessarily to travel in order to
performtheirtasks,others can perform them without havingto travel. In
either case,theintent of Section22isto ensurethe independence of such
experts in the interests of the Organization by according them the privi-
legesand immunitiesnecessaryforthe purpose. In somecasestheseprivi-
leges and immunitiesare designed to facilitatethe travel of experts and
their stay abroad, for instancethose concerning seizure or searching of
persona1baggage. In other cases,however,they are of a far moregeneral
nature, particularly with respect to communications with the United
Nations or the inviolability of papers and documents. Accordingly,
Section 22 is applicable to every expert on mission, whether or not he

travels.

51. The questionwhether experts on missions can invoke these privi-
legesand immunitiesagainst the Statesof whichthey are nationals oron
the territory ofwhichtheyresidehas alsobeenraised. In thisconnection,
the Court notesthat Section 15of the General Convention provides that
the terms of Article IV,Sections 11,12and 13,relating to the representa-
tivesof Members "are not applicable asbetween a representative and the
authorities of the State of which he is a national or of which he is or has
been the representative". Article V, concerning officials of the Organi-
zation, and Article VI, concerning experts on missions for the United
Nations, do not, however, contain any comparable rule. This difference
of approach can readilybe explained.The privileges and immunities of
ArticlesVand VIareconferred witha viewto ensuring the independence
of international officialsand experts in the interests of the Organization.
Thisindependence must be respected by al1Statesincluding the State of
nationality and the State of residence. SomeStatesparties to the General
Convention (Canada, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Nepal,

Thailand, Turkey and the United States of America)haveindeed entered
resemations to certain provisions of Article V, or of Article VI itself
(Mexico and the United States of America), as regards their nationals
or persons habitually resident on their territory. The very fact that it
was felt necessary to make such reservations confirms the conclusion
that, in the absence ofsuch resemations, experts on missions enjoy the
privileges and immunities provided for under the Convention in their
relations with the States ofwhich they are nationals or on the territory of
whichthey reside.

52. To sumup,the Court takesthe viewthat Section22ofthe Generalgénéraleest applicable aux personnes (autres que les fonctionnaires de
l'organisation des Nations Unies) auxquelles une mission a été confiée
par l'organisation et qui sont de ce fait en droit de bénéficier des privi-
lèges etimmunités prévuspar ce texte pour exercer leurs fonctions en
toute indépendance. Pendant toute la duréede cettemission, les experts
jouissent de cesprivilègesetimmunitésfonctionnels,qu'ilssoientou non
endéplacement.Ceux-cipeuventêtreinvoqués àl'encontrede1'Etatdela
nationalité oudelarésidence,saufréserve à lasection22delaconvention

généraleformuléevalablemenptar cet Etat.

53.Alalumièredecequiprécède,laCours'interrogeramaintenantsur
lasituationdes rapporteurs spéciauxdela Sous-Commission.C'estlàune
question qui touche au statut juridique des rapporteurs en général,caté-
gorie de personnes que l'Organisation des Nations Unies et les institu-
tions spécialisées trouvent nécessaire d'engagerour mener à bien des
tâches de plus en plus variées,et quide ce fait est une question d'impor-
tance pour l'ensembledu systèmedes Nations Unies.
54. Leparagraphe 9 ci-dessusa rappelé les conditionsdans lesquelles
laCommissionetlaSous-Commissionontété crééee sn 1946et 1947,ainsi
que le mandat attribué en 1949 à cette dernière. Le 28 mars 1947,le
Conseil avait décidéque la Sous-Commissionserait composéede douze

personnalitésqu'ilavaitnommémentdésignées,sourséservedu consente-
ment des gouvernements respectifs. Les membres de la Sous-Commis-
sion,aujourd'hui au nombre de vingt-cinq,ont étépar la suitechoisispar
la Commissiondes droits de l'hommedans des conditions comparables;
le Conseil, dans sa résolution1983/32 du 27 mai 1983,a expressément
«rappe[lé] ..que les membres de la Sous-Commission sont éluspar la
Commission des droits de l'homme en qualité d'experts siégeant à titre
personnel» et en a déduitque leurs suppléants devaient êtreélus etde-
vaientsiégerdans lesmêmes conditions.N'ayant nilaqualitédereprésen-
tant d'Etats Membres de l'Organisation des Nations Unies ni celle de
fonctionnaire de l'organisation, et s'acquittant pour cette dernière en
touteindépendancedesfonctionsprévuespar lemandat de la Sous-Com-
mission, lesmembresde celle-cidoiventêtreregardéscommedesexperts
en missions au sens de la section 22.
55. Selonlapratique suiviepar denombreuxorganes del'Organisation
des Nations Unies, la Sous-Commission a désigné de temps àautre des
rapporteurs ou des rapporteurs spéciaux auxquelselle a confiéle soin

d'étudier dessujetsdéterminés.Cers apporteursourapporteurs spéciaux
sont normalement choisis parmi les membres de la Sous-Commission.
Toutefois, au cours des dix dernières années, desrapporteurs spéciaux
ont,à trois reprises au moins, été désignéshodrse la Sous-Commission.
En outre, dansde nombreux cas,desrapporteurs spéciauxmembresdelaConvention isapplicable to persons (other than United Nations officiais)
to whom a mission has been entrusted by the Organization and who are
therefore entitled to enjoy the privileges and immunities provided for
in this Section with a viewto theindependent exerciseoftheir functions.
During the wholeperiod of such missions,experts enjoythese functional
privileges and immunities whether or not they travel. They may be
invokedas againstthe Stateofnationalityor ofresidenceunlessa reserva-
tion to Section 22 of the General Convention has been validly made
bythat State.

53. In the light ofthe foregoing,the Court willnow consider the situa-
tion of special rapporteurs of the Sub-Commission.This is a question
which touches on the legalposition of rapporteurs in general, a category
of persons whom the United Nations andthe specialized agenciesfind it
necessary to engage for the implementation of increasinglyvaried func-
tions, and isthus one of importanceforthe whole ofthe United Nations
system.
54. The establishment in 1946of the Commission, and the establish-
ment in 1947of the Sub-Commission and the definition in 1949of its
mandate, havebeen described in paragraph 9 above. On 28 March 1947,
the Council decided that the Sub-Commission would be composed of
12eminent persons, designated by name, subject to the consent of their
respective national Governments. Subsequently the members of the
~ub-~ommission, at present 25 in numbet were chosen by the Human

Rights Commission under similar conditions, and the Council in resolu-
tion 1983/32 of 27 May 1983,expressly "recall[ed] ... that members of
the Sub-Commissionare elected by the Commission on Human Rights
as experts in their individual capacity", and concluded that their
alternates should thereforebe elected and should serveon thesamebasis.
The members of the Sub-Commission, since their status is neither that
of a representative of a member State nor that of a United Nations
official, and since they perform independently for the United Nations
functions contemplated in the remit of the Sub-Commission, must be
regarded as experts on missionswithinthe meaning of Section22.

55. In accordance with the practice followed by many United Nations
bodies,the Sub-Commissionhasfrom timetotimeappointedrapporteurs
or specialrapporteurs with the task of studyingspecified subjects.hese
rapporteurs or special rapporteurs are normally selected from among
members of the Sub-Commission. However, over the past ten years,
specialrapporteurs have, on at leastthree occasions,been appointed from
outside the Sub-Commission. Furthermore, in numerous cases, special
rapporteurs appointed from among members of the Sub-CommissionSous-Commissionn'ont achevéleurrapport qu'après l'expirationde leur
mandat de membre de la Sous-Commission.Entoute hypothèse,lesrap-
porteurs ou rapporteurs spéciaux sevoientconfier par la Sous-Commis-
sion une mission d'étude.Leurs fonctions sont diverses,car ils doivent
rassembler,analyseretvérifierladocumentation existantsurleproblème
àétudier,établiurn rapport formulantdesrecommandations appropriées
et présenterce rapport à la Sous-Commission. N'ayant ni la qualitéde
représentant d'EtatsMembres,ni celledefonctionnaire del'Organisation
et effectuant cette étude en toute indépendance pour cette dernière,ils
doivent être regardés comme des expertsen missions au sens de la sec-
tion 22, mêmedans l'hypothèse oùils n'appartiennent pas ou n'appar-
tiennent plus à la Sous-Commission.Ils jouissent par suite, conformé-
ment àla section22,desprivilèges etimmunitésnécessaires pour exercer

leurs fonctions, et en particulier pour établir tous contacts utiàela
préparation,àla rédactionet à la présentationdeleurrapport à la Sous-
Commission.

56. S'étant ainsiprononcée surl'applicabilitde la section22aux rap-
porteurs spéciauxdela Sous-Commission,la Cour doit encorestatuer sur
l'applicabilitéde cetexte au cas de M. Dumitru Mazilu.

57. Ainsi qu'ila étéexposéplushaut (voirleparagraphe 10ci-dessus),
M. Dumitru Mazilu a été élu membrd ee la Sous-Commissionle 13mars
1984.La Sous-Commissionlui a confié,le 29août 1985,le soin d'établir

un rapport sur lesdroits del'homme etlajeunesse. Lemandat de M. Ma-
zilu entant que membre de la Sous-Commissiona expiréle 3l décembre
1987.Lerapport demandésurlesdroits de l'homme etlajeunessen'avait
pas été présentéà cette date et M. Mazilu a été maintenudans sesfonc-
tions de rapporteur spécialpar décisionsou résolutionde la Sous-Com-
mission des4 septembre 1987,15août 1988et le'septembre 1988(voirles
paragraphes 12, 18et 21 ci-dessus). La Sous-Commissiona par la suite
reçuunrapport de M.Mazilu,quiaétépublié le 10juillet 1989,puis ellea,
par sa résolution1989/45 du le'septembre 1989(voir le paragraphe 26
ci-dessus),maintenu une nouvelle fois l'intéressdans ses fonctions de
rapporteur spécialet l'a prié demettre àjour son rapport à la lumière
notamment desinformationsrassemblées àsonintention par leSecrétaire
généralA. insiM.Mazilua eu, du 13mars 1984au 29août 1985,la qualité

de membre de la Sous-Commission.Du 29 août 1985au 31 décembre
1987,il a étéà la fois membre de la Sous-Commissionet rapporteur de
celle-ci.Enfin, sidepuis cettedernièredate iln'appartient plusa Sous-
Commission, il en est demeurérapporteur spécial. Il n'a donc pas cessé
pendant toute cettepérioded'avoirla qualité d'expert enmission au sens
dela section22etd'être en droit debénéficier,our exercersesfonctions,
des privilègeset immunitésprévus par cetexte.have completed their reports only after their membership of the Sub-
Commission had expired. In any event, rapporteurs or special rappor-
teursareentrusted bythe Sub-Commissionwitharesearch mission. Their
functions are diverse,since they have to compile, analyse and check the
existing documentation on the problem to be studied, prepare a report
makingappropriate recommendations, and present thereport to the Sub-
Commission. Since their status is neither that of a representative of a
member State nor that of a United Nations official, andsince they carry
out such research independently for the United Nations, they must
be regarded as experts on missions within the meaning of Section 22,
evenin the eventthat they are not, or are no longer,members of theSub-
Commission. Consequently they enjoy, in accordance with Section 22,

the privileges and immunities necessary for the exercise of their func-
tions, and in particular for the establishment of any contacts which may
be useful for the preparation, the drafting and the presentation of their
reports to the Sub-Commission.

56. Having thus pronounced on the applicability of Section 22 to
special rapporteurs of the Sub-Commission, the Court must now give
its opiniononthe questionofthe applicabilityofthis provisioninthe case
of Mr.Dumitru Mazilu.
57.Ashas been noted earlier(paragraph 10above),Mr. Dumitru Maz-
ilu was elected a member of the Sub-Commissionon 13 March 1984.
On 29 August 1985 the Sub-Commission requested him to prepare
a report on human rights and youth. The mandate of Mr. Mazilu as a
member of the Sub-Commission expired on 31 December 1987.On that
date, the report requested onhuman rights and youth had not been sub-

mitted and Mr. Mazilu was retained as special rapporteur by decisions
or resolutions of the Sub-Commission adopted on 4 September 1987,
15August 1988and 1 September 1988(paragraphs 12,18and 21 above).
The Sub-Commission subsequently received a report by Mr. Mazilu,
which was published on 10July 1989;and by its resolution 1989/45 of
1September 1989(paragraph 26above),the Sub-Commissiononce again
retained Mr. Mazilu asspecial rapporteur, and requested him to update
his report in the light of,teralia,the information collected for him by
the Secretary-General. Thus from 13 March 1984to 29 August 1985
Mr. Mazilu had the status of member of the Sub-Commission. From
29August 1985to 31December 1987,he wasboth a memberand arappor-
teur of the Sub-Commission. Finally,although since the last-mentioned
date he has no longer been a member of the Sub-Commission,he has
remained one of its special rapporteurs. At no time during this period,
therefore, has heceasedto havethe status of an expert on missionwithin
the meaningof Section22,or ceasedto be entitledto enjoyforthe exercise
of his functions the privilegesand immunitiesprovided for therein. 58. Des doutesont cependant été émispar la Roumanie sur l'aptitude
deM.Mazilu àremplirsonmandatderapporteur spécial.LaRoumaniea
en effetsoulignéque l'intéressé était tombé sérieusementmalae demai
1987et qu'il avaitpar suite émis à la retraite conformémentaux déci-
sions prises par les médecins compétents selonles lois roumaines appli-
cables; la Roumanie a ajoutédans son exposé écritque M. Mazilu était
encore,àladate de cetexposé,dans l'incapacité d'assumerlatâche quilui
avait été confiéear la Sous-Commission. M. Mazilu a de son côté fait
connaître àl'organisation des Nations Unies queson étatde santéne lui
interdisait ni de préparerle rapport qui lui avait étédemandéni de se
rendre à cet effet au centre des droits de l'homàeGenève. Lorsqu'un
rapport de M. Mazilu a été distribuéen tant que document de la Sous-
Commission, la Roumanie a déclaréqu'il était évidentque «suite à sa

maladie depuis 1987,M. Dumitru Mazilu ne dispose pas de la capacité
intellectuelle nécessaire))pour rédigerun «rapport conformément aux
exigences de l'organisation des Nations Unies» (voir le paragraphe 26
ci-dessus).
59. La Cour n'a pas àseprononcer sur l'étatde santédeM. Mazilu et
sur les conséquencesde cet étatde santésurlestravaux qu'ila menésou
doit mener pour la Sous-Commission. Il lui suffit d'une part de relever
qu'il appartenait l'organisation des Nations Unies de déciderdans les
circonstances de l'espèces'ilconvenait de maintenir M. Mazilu dans sa
qualitéderapporteur spécialetd'autrepart deconstaterquedesdécisions
en.cesens ont étéprisespar la Sous-Commission.
60. Dans ces circonstances, M. Mazilu continue àavoir la qualitéde
rapporteur spécialet doitde ce fait être considérécommeexpert emnis-
sion au sens de la section 22 de la conventiongénérale. Cette sectionest

dès lorsapplicableau cas de M. Mazilu.

61. Par ces motifs,

LACOUR,

àl'unanimité,
Est d'avisque la section 22 de l'article VI de la convention sur les
privilèges et immunités des Nations Unies est applicable au cas de
M. Dumitru Mazilu en sa qualitéderapporteur spécialde la Sous-Com-

mission de la lutte contre lesmesuresdiscriminatoires et de la protection
desminorités.

Fait enfrançaiset enanglais,letextefrançaisfaisant foi, au palais de la
Paix,à La Haye, le quinze décembremil neuf cent quatre-vingt-neuf,en 58. Doubt wasnevertheless expressedby Romania whether Mr. Maz-
ilu was capable of performing his task as special rapporteur. Romania
emphasized that he had been taken seriously il1in May 1987,and had
therefore been placed on the retired list pursuant to decisions taken by

the competent medical practitioners, in accordance with the applicable
Romanian legislation; according to the Romanian written statement, he
wasatthat time stillunable to cany outhismandate asspecialrapporteur.
Mr. Mazilu himself informed the United Nations that the state of his
health did not prevent him from preparing the report entrusted to him
or from goingfor thispurpose to the Centrefor Human Rightsin Geneva.
When a report by Mr. Mazilu was circulated as a document of the Sub-
Commission, Romania expressed theviewthat it was obviousthat "since
becoming il1in 1987,Mr. Dumitru Mazilu does not possess the intellec-
tua1 capacity necessary" for the preparation of "a report consistent
withthe requirements ofthe United Nations" (paragraph 26above).

59. It is not for the Court to pronounce on the state of Mr. Mazilu's
health, or on its consequences on the work he has done or is to do for
the Sub-Commission. It is sufficient for it to note, first that it wasfor the

United Nations to decide whether in the circumstances it wished to
retain Mr. Mazilu as special rapporteur, and secondly to take note that
decisionsto that effecthave been taken bythe Sub-Commission.

60. In these circumstances Mr. Mazilu continues to have the status of
special rapporteur, and as a consequence must be regarded as an expert
on missionwithin the meaning of Section 22 ofthe General Convention.
That Sectionis accordingly applicable in the case of Mr. Mazilu.

61. For these reasons,

Unanimously,

1sof theopinionthat Article VI, Section 22, of the Convention on the
Privilegesand Immunities ofthe United Nations is applicable in the case
ofMr. Dumitru Maziluasaspecialrapporteur ofthe Sub-Commissionon
Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities.

Done in French and in English,the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fifteenth day of December, one thou-deux exemplaires,dont l'un resteradépoaux archivesde la Couret
l'autresera transmisauSecrétaeénéradle l'organisationdes Nations
Unies.

LePrésident,

(Signé)José MariRUDA.
LeGreffier,

(Signé)EduardoVALENCIA-OSPINA.

MM.ODA,EVENSE et SHAHABUDDE jEge,,joignenàl'avisconsul-
tatifles exposésdeleuropinionindividuelle.

(Paraphé)J.M.R.

(Paraphé)E.V.O.sand nine hundred and eighty-nine, in two copies,one of which will be

placed inthe archivesofthe Courtand the othertransmitted to thecre-
tary-General of the United Nations.

(Signed)José Maria RUDA,
President.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.

JudgesODA,EVENSEaN nd SHAHABUDDE apEpend separate opinionsto
the AdvisoryOpinion ofthe Court.

(Znitialled)J.M.R.
(Znitialled)E.V.O.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Advisory Opinion of 15 December 1989

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