Advisory Opinion of 1 June 1956

Document Number
031-19560601-ADV-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,

ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

ADMISSIBILITY OF HEARINGS OF PETITIONERS
BY THE

COMMITTEE ON SOUTH WEST AFRICA

ADVISORYOPINION OF JUNE lst, 1956

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JITSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
-.--. --

ADMISSIBILITÉDE L'AUDITIONDE
PI~TITIONNAIRESPAR LE

COMITÉDU SUD-OUESTAFRICAIN

AVIS CONSULTATIFDU lerJUIN 1956 This Opinion should be cited as follows:
"Admissibility of hearings of petitioners by the Committee on
South West Africa, Advisory Opinion of Junest, 1956:
I.C. J.Reports 1956,p. 23."

Le présent avis doit êtrecité comme suit:

((Admissibilitédel'audition de pétitionnaires par le Comité
du Sud-Ouest africain,
Avis consultatif due7juin 1956: C.I. JRecueil 1956,p. 23.))

Sales number
NO de vente: 151 / INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

1956
June 1st
General Lis: YEAR 1956
SO. 31
June ~st,1956

ADMISSIBILITY OF HEARINGS OF PETITIONERS

BY THE
COMMITTEE ON SOUTH WEST AFRICA

-1Ieawing of Question put to Court.-Grant of Oval Heari,ngs to
Pelitioner: Decision by Cow~mittee on Soztth West .ifricaor by

General d ssembly.
Interpretatioof Opinion of II Jul?~1950 as a wl~ole, its general
pitrpovt and meaizing.

Conjormity with Mandates Systerrl and Procedureof Council of
League of Nations.-Cornpetence of Council ofeagu~ and of General
-2ssenrbly oUnited Nations to regz~late Supervision.

Excess ofSupervisio~z.-Conforlnztyz~)it/~Procedurof .I.fandates
Systen2.-Efjectivenessof Supervision.-Absence of Co-operationof
.IIandatovy.-Oral Hearzngs, bearing on Degree of Supevvisioiz.-

Con~or~zity "as tar as possible" to Procedure undev Lcagite of Nations..

ADVISORY OPINION

Preselzt: Pvesident HACKWORT HVice-President BADA~I ; Judges

BASDEVANT W, INIARSKI,KLAESTADR , EAD, HSU MO,
ARMAND-UGOK X, JEVNIKOV Sir Muhammad ZAFRULLA

KHAN,Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHM T,ORENO QUINTANA,
CORDOV ARegistrar LOFEZOLIVAN.24 HEAR. OF PETIT. BY COMM.ON S.W. AFRICA (OPIN. 1 VI56)

In the matter of the Admissibility of Hearings of Petitioners
by the Committee on South West Africa,

composed as above,
gives the following Advisory Opinion .

By a letter of December xgth, 1955, filed in the Registry on

December zznd, the Secretary-General of the United Nations
informed the Court that, by a Resolution adoptedon December 3rd,
1955, the General Assembly of the United Nations decided to request
the Court to give an Advisory Opinion on the following question :
"1s it consistent with the advisory opinion of the International
Court of Justice of II July 1950 for the Committee on South
West Africa, established by General Assembly resolution 749 A
(VIII) of 28 November 1953. to grant oral hearings to petitioners
on matters relating to the Territory of South West Africa ?"

The Secretary-General enclosed with that letter a certified true
copy of the Resolution which may be referred to as Resolution
942 A (X) and which is in the following terms :

" The GeneralAssembly,
Having been requestedby the Cornmittee on South West Africa
to decide whether or not the oral hearing of petitioners on matters
relating to the Territory of South West Africa is admissible before
that Cornmittee (A/zg13/Add.z),
Having instructed the Committee, in General Assembly reso-
lution 749 A (VIII) of 28 November, 1953, to examine petitions
as far as possible in accordance with the procedure of the former
Mandates System,

Requests the International Court of Justice to give an advisory
opinion on the following question :
'1s it consistent with the advisory opinion of the Inter-
national Court of Justice of II July 1950 for the Committee
on South West Africa, established by General Assembly
resolution 749 A (VIIII of 28 November 1953, to grant oral
hearings to petitioners on matters relating to the Territory
of South West Africa ?' "

In accordance with Article 66, paragraph 1, of the Statute,
notice was given, on December z4th, 1955, to al1States entitled to
appear before the Court, of the letter of the Secretary-General of
the TJnited Nations and of the Resolution annexed thereto.
In pursuance' of paragraph 2 of the same Article, the President
of the Court having considered that the States Members of the

5United Nations were likely to be able to furnish information on
the questions referred to the Court, the Registrar notitied these
States, by letters oi December z4th, 1955, that the Court would be
prepared to receive written statements from them withii a time-
limit hed by an Order of the same date at February 15th, 1956.
The Governments oi the United States of America and of the
Republic of China avaiied themselves of this opportunity to submit
written statements. The Govemment of India sent a letter stating
that it did not consider il necessary to submit any written statement,
in view of the fact that their views in the matter had already been
indicated in the relevant records of theTenth Session oi the General
Assembly of the United Nations.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations later transmitted
to the Court the documents likely to throw light upon the question.
together with an Introductory Note.
The written slate~nents submitted to the Court wene communi-
cated to al1 States which had been notified on December 24th,
1955 in accordance with paragralph 2 of Article 66 of the Statute.
These States were also infomaed that the Court would be prepared
to hear oral statements on March 15th, 1956. This date was later
changed to Marclazznd, 1956,and a public hearing was held on that
date when the Court heard the Rt. Hon. Sir Reginald Manningham-
BuUer, Q.C., M.P., Attorney-General, representing the Government
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northem lreland.

It is necessary at the outset to indicate the Court's understanding

of fh~ ilîiestion submitled for its opinion. The Court understands
tha~ tiie expression "grant oral hearings to petitioners" relates to
persons who have subniitteà written petitions to the Committee
on Sbuth West Africa in confomity with its Rules of Procedure.

A question arises as to whether the request for the Court's
Opinion relates to the authority of the Committee on South West
Africa to grant oral hearings in its own right or only undes
pnor authorization of the General Assembly.
The General Assembly having accepted the Court's Advisory
Opinion of Ir July 1950, proceeded to establish, by Resolution
749 A (VIHI), referred to in the request for the Opinion of the
Court contained in ResoIution 942 A (X),a subsidiary organ which,
i&v dia, was to "examine ..such information and documentation
as may be avafiable in respect of the Territory of South West
Africa", to "examine ..reports and petitions which may be sub-
mitted to the Committee or to the Secretary-General", and to
"transmit to the General Assernbly a report conceming conditions
inthe Territo ry...". This ongais the Committee on South West
Adria referred to in the question submitted to the Court for its

6opinion. Its functions are analogous to those of the Permanent
Mandates Commission established by the Council of the League
of Nations, pursuant to paragraph g of Article 22 of the Covenant.
It appears from Resolution 749 A (VIII) that the Mandatory
was refusing to assist in the implementation of the Advisory
Opinion of the Court and to CO-operatewith the United Nations
concerning the submission of reports and the transmission of
petitions in accordance with the procedure of the Mandates System.

As the Mandatory continued in its refusa1 to CO-operate,the Com-
mittee found itself handicapped in the examination of petitions.
It lacked both the Mandatory's comments on the petitions and the
supplementary information uhich the Mandatory might have been
expected to supply to the Committee directly or through its accre-
dited representative. These were the circumstances prevailing at
the time that the Committee requested the General Assembly to
decide whether or not the oral hearing of petitioners by the Com-
mittee would be admissible.
Before deciding whether the Committee should or should notbe
authorized to grant oral hearings, the General Assembly deemed it

advisable to obtain the Opinion of the Court on the question
whether the grant of oral hearings by the Committee on South
West Africa would be consistent with the Advisory Opinion of
the Court of II July 1950.
It was in these circumstances that the question was submitted
to the Court. While the question in terms refers to the grant of
oral hearings hy the Committee, the Court interprets it as meaning :
whether it is legally open to the General Assembly to authorize
the Committee to grant oral heanngs to petitioners. The Court
must therefore deal with the broader question as to whether it
would be consistent with its previous Opinion of II July 1950 for
the General Assembly to authorize the Committee on South West

Africa to grant oral hearings to petitioners.

The meaning of the question having been thus defined, the Court
will proceed to its examination.
In the operative part of the Advisory Opinion of II July 1950,
the Court stated :

"that South-West Africa is a territory under the international
Mandate assumed by the Union of South Africa on December 17th,
1920 ;
that the Union of South Africa continues to have the inter-
national obligations stated in Article 22 of the Covenant of the
League ofNations and in the Mandate for South-West Africa as
well as the obligarion to transmit petitions from the inhabitants
of that Territory, the supervisory functions to be exercised by
the United Nations, to whlch the annual reports and the petitions

7 of International Justice to be replacedtoby a reference to the
International Court of Justice, in accordance with Article 7 of
the Mandate and Article 37 of the Statute of the Court ;"

Accordingly, the obligations of the Mandatory continue unim-
paired with this difference, that the supervisory functions exercised
by the Council of the League of Nations are now to be exercised
by the United Nations. The organ of the United Nations exercising
these supervisory functions, that is, the General Assembly, is
legally qualified to carry out an effectiveand adequate supervision
of the administration of the Mandated Territory, as was the C~uncil
of the League.
In determining the question whether in these circumstances it
would be consistent with the Opinion of the Court of II JuIy 1950

for the Committee on South West Africa to grant oral hearings ta
petitioners, the Court must have regard to the whole of its previous
Opinion and its general purport and meaning.
In that Opinion the Court, having concluded that South West
Africa i: a territory under the international Mandate and that the
Mandatory continues to have the obligations stated in Article 22
of the Covenant of the League of Nations and in the Mandate, as
well as the obligation to transmit reports and petitions and to
submit to the supervision of the General Assembly. made it clear
that the obligations of the Mandatory were those which obtained
under the Mandates System. These obligations couId not be
extended beyond those to which the Mandatory had been subject
by virtiie of the provisions of Articl22 of the Covenant and of the
Mandate for South West Afnca under the Mandates System. The
Court stated, therefore, that the degree of supervision to be exer-

cised by the General Assemhly should not exceed that which
applied under the Mandates Çjrstem. Following its findirigregarding
the suhstitiition of the General Assembi,yof the United Nations for
the Council of the League of Nations in the exercise of supervision,
the Court stated ihat the deg~eeof supenrision shoiild conform as
far as possible to the procedure followed by the Councillof the
Leaçue of Nations in that respect. The Court observed that tbese
considerations were particularly applicable to annual reports and
petitions.
At the same time the Court stated that "the effective performance
of the sacred trust of civilization by the Mandatory Powers required
that the administration of mandated temtones should be subject
to international supervision" and said : "The necessity for super-

vision continues to exist despite the disappearance of the super-
visory organ under the Mandates System."

In discussing the effect of Article 80(1)of the Charter, preserving
the rights of States and peoples under existing international
agreements, the Court observed : "The purpose must have been
8to provide a real protection for those rights ;but no such rights
of the peoples could be effectively safeguarded without inter-
national supervision and a duty to render reports to a supervisory
organ."
The general purport and meaning of the Opinion of the Court of
II July 1950 içthat the paramount purpose underlying the taking
over by the General Assembly of the United Nations of the super-
visory functions in respect of the Mandate for South West Africa
formerly exercised by the Council of the League of Nations was to
safeguard the sacred trust of civilization through the maintenance
of effective international supervision of the administration of the
Mandated Temtory.
Accordingly, in interpreting any particular sentences in the
Opinion of the Court of II July 1950, it is not permissible, in the
absence of express words to the contrary, to attnbute to them a

meaning which would not be in conformity with this paramount
purpose or with the operative part of that Opinion.

Before proceeding further, it is necessary to refer bnefly to the
way in which the question of the grant of oral hearings to petitioners
was dealt with during the regime of the League of Nations. The
Permanent Mandates Commission had under consideration at
various meetings the question of the grant of oral hearings to
petitioners, both at the request of petitioners and on its own
initiative. The Commission felt that in some cases oral hearings
would be useful, if not indispensable, in determining whether
petitions were well-founded or not. In 1926, the Commission laid

the matter before the Council, but refrained from making a definite
recommendation on the subject. The Council, in tum, decided that,
before taking action, it should consult the Mandatory Powers.
After obtaining the views of those Powers, al1 of whom were
opposed to the grant of oral hearings on various grounds, the
Council, by Resolution of March 7, 1927, decided that there was
no occasion to modify the procedure theretofore followed by the
Commission in regard tothe question. In his Report to the Council,
the Rapporteur stated that, if in any particular case the circum-
stances should show that it was impossible for al1 the necessary
information to be secured by the usual means, the Council could
"decide on such exceptional procedure as might seem appropriate
and necessary in the particular circumstances". By its Resolution,
the Council directed that copies of the Resolution, of the Report
of the Rapporteur and of the replies of the Mandatory Powers,

should be transmitted to the Permanent Mandates Commission.
It is clear that oral hearings were not granted to petitioners by the
Permanent Mandates Commission at any time dunng the regime
of the League of Nations.
9 The right of petition was introduced into the Mandates System
by the Council of the League on January 31st, 1923. and certain
rules relating to the matter were prescribed. This was an innovation
designed to render the supervisory function of the Council more
effective. The Council having established the right of petition, and
regulated the manner of its exercise, was, in the opinion of the
Court, compet ent to authorize the Permanent Mandates Com-
mission to grant oral hearings to petitioners, had it seen fit to do so.

It has been conteiided that the Court, in its Opinion of II July
1950, intended to express the view that the Mandates System and
the degree of supervision to be exercised by the General Assembly
in respect of the Temtory of South West Afnca must be deemed
to have been crystallized, so that, though the General Assembly
replaced the Council of the League as the supervisory organ in
respect of the Mandate, it could not, in the exercise of its super-
visory functions, do anything which the Council had not actually
done, even if it had authority to do it. The Court does not consider
that its Opinion of II July 1950 supports this position.

There is nothing in the Chartzr of the United Nations, the Cove-
nant of the Leagw, CI ihc Resolution of the Assembly of the Lzague
of April 18th, 1946 elied upon by the Court in its Opinion of 1950,
that can be construed as in any way restricting the authority of the

General Assembly to less than that which was conferred upon
the Council by the Covenant and the Mandate ;nor does the Court
find any justification for assuming that the taking over by the
General Assembly of the supervisory authority fornerly exercised
by the Council of the League had the effect of crystalli.zing the
Mandates System at the point which it had reached in 1946.

The Court having determined that the General Assembly had
replaced the Council of the League as the supervisory organ, it
was proper for it to point out that the General Assembly could not
enlarge its authority but must confine itself to the exercise oi such
authority as the Mandates System had conferred upon the super-
visory organ. The Court was not called upon to determine whether
the General Assembly could or could not exercise powers which

the Council of the League had possessed but for the exercise of
which no occasion had ansen.
The Court held that the obligations of the Mandatory under the
Mandate continued unimpaired, and that the supervisory functions
in respect of the Mandate were exercisable by the United Nations,
the General Assembly replacing in this respect the Council of the
League. It followed that the Generd Assembly in carrying out itssupervisory functions had the same authority as the Council. The
scope of that authority could not be narrowed by the fact that
the Assembly had replaced the Council as the supervisory organ.

Reliance has been placed upon the following sentence in the
Court's Opinion of 1950 :

"The degreeof supervisionto be exercisedby the GeneralAssembly
should not therefore exceedthat which applied under the Mandates
followedin this respect by the Councilof the League thofpNations."

It ha been suggested that the gant of oral hearings by the Com-
mittee on South West Africa to petitioners would involve an

excess in tlie degree of supervision to be exercised by the General
Assembly and that the sentence should be interpreted as intended
to restrict the activity of the General Assembly to measures which
had actually been applied by the League of Nations. On these
grounds it has been contended that the grant of oral hearings
by the Committee would not be consistent with the Court's Opinion
of 1950.
The Court will deal first with the suggestion that the grant of
oral hearings to petitioners wou!d, in fact, add to the obligations
of the Mandatory and thi~- ' - upon it a heavier burden than it
was subject to unr3er . A .S'arriiùatesSystem. The Court is unable
to accept this suggestion. The Committee on South West Africa
at present receives petitions from the inhabitants of the Mandated
Territory and proceeds to examine them without the beriefit of
the cornments of the Mandatory or of the assistance of its accredited

reyresentative during the course of the examination. In many
cases, the material available to the Committee from the petitions
or from other sources may be sufficient to enable the Cornmittee
to form an opinion on the merits of the petitions. In other cases
the Cornmittee may not be able to come to a decision on the
matenal available to it. If the Committee cannot have recourse
to any further information for the purpose of testing whether a
petition is or is not well-founded, it may lead in certain cases to
acceptance of statements in the petitions without further test.
Oral hearings in such cases might enable the Committee to submit
~ts advice to the General Assembly with greater confidence. If
asthe result of the grant 2f oral hearings to petitioners in certain
cases the Committeeis put in a better position to judge the merits
of petitions, this cannot be presumed to add to the burden of the

Mandatory. It is in the interest of the Mandatory, as well as of
the proper working of the Mandates System, that the exercise of
supervision bythe Generu Assembly shouldbe based upon material
which has been tested as far as possible, rather than upon material
which has not been subjected to proper scrutiny either by or on
behalf of the Mandatory, or by the Committee itself.
II31 =AR. OF PETIT. BY COMM. ON S.W. -CA (OPIN. 1 VI56)
The Cour t ill deal next with the suggestion that the statement
"the degree of supe-on to be exercisedby the General Assembly
should not therefore exceed that which applied under tbe Mandates
System" should be interpreted as intended to restrict the activity
of the General Assembly to measures which had actually been
applied by the League of Nations. This could not have been the
intention of the Court. Neither the Covenant of the League, nor
the Mandate for South West Africa, nor the Charter of the United
Nations, contains any provision which could justify such a restric-
tion. That it cannot have been the intention of theCour to impose
on the General Assembly a rigid limitation on its supervisory
function is evidenced by the second part of the same sentence,
according to which the degree of supervision "shoulà wnform as
far as possible to the procedure followed in this respect by the
Councilof the League of Nations". With regard to this statement.
the Court said in its Opinion of 1955:

"When the Court stated in its previous Opinionthat in exer-
cising its supervisory functions the General Assembly should
conform 'asfaraspossibleto the procedurefonowed in this respect
in the nature of things the General Assembly,operating underhat
an instrument differentfrom that whichgovemed the Councilof
the League ofNations, would noi be able to folloa precisethe
same procedures 2q :- , r:l!owed by the Council.Consequently,
the expression 3si,i:as possible'wasdesignedto allowfor adjust-
ments and modifications necessitatedby legal or practical con-
siderations."

The Court notes that, under the compulsion of practical consi-
derations arising out of the lack of co-operation by the Mandatory,
the Comittee on South West Africa provided by Rule XXVI ofits
Rules of Procedure an alternative procedure for the receipt and
treatment of petitions. This Rule became necessary because the
Mandatory had refused to transmit to the General Assembly
petitions by the inhabitants of the Temtory, thus rendering in-
operative provisions in the Rules concerning petitions and directly
affecting the abiiity of the General Assembly to exercise an effec-
tive supervision. This Rule enabled the Cornmittee on South West
Africa to receive and deal with petitions notwithstanding that
they had not been transmitted by the Mândatory and involved
a departure in this respect from the procedure prescribed by the
Councii of the League.
Re particular question which has been submitted to the Court
arose out of a situation in which the Mandatory has maintained
itsrefusal to assist in givingeffect to the Opinion oIr July 1950.
and to co-operate with the United Nations by the submisjion ofreports, and by the transmission of petitions in conformity with
the procedure of the Mandates System. This sort of situation was
provided for by the statement in the Court's Opinion of 1950 that
the degree of supervision to be exercised by the General Assembly
"should conform as far as possible to the procedure followed in
this respect by the Council of the League of Nations".

The Court holds that it would not be inconsistent with its Opi-
nion of II July 1950 for the General Assembly to authorize a
procedure for the grant of oral hearings by the Committee on
South West Africa to petitioners who had already submitted written

petitions : provided that the General Assembly was satisfied that
such a course was necessary for the maintenance of effective inter-
national supervision of the administration of the Mandated
Territory.

For these reasons,

THE COURT IS OF OPINION,
by eight votes to five,

that the grant of oral hearings to petitioners by the Committee
on South West Africa would be consistent with the Advisory
Opinion of the Court of II July 1950.

Done in English and French, the English text being authoratitive,
at The Peace Palace, The Hague, this first day of June; one
.thousand nine hundred and fifty-six, in two copies, one of which

wiUbe placed in the Archives of the Court andthe other transmitted
to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

(Signed) GREEN M. HACKWORTH,
President.

(Signed) J. LOPEZ OLIVAN,

Registrar. Judge WINIARSK Ihile voting in favour of the Opinion of the
Court, makes the following declaration :
1 regret that 1 am unable to accept the whole of the reasoning
on which the Court has based its reply. In particular 1think that
as the Opinion of 1950 was not based on the idea of the United
Nations as a successor in title of the League of Nations, the question
of a devolution of the powers of the Council of the League of
Nations to the General Assembly does not arise.1am in agreement
with the minonty opinion in considering that the whole structure
of the Opinion of 1950 was founded on the objective elements of
the situation which arose as a result of the disappearance of the
League of Nations, and that that Opinion found in the General
Assembly the organ qualified to exercise those functions which
could not be allowed to go by default.
1 also believe that the maintenance of the previously existing
situation constitutesthe dominant theme of the Opinion and that
the decisive testis to be found in what was formerly done, and 1
therefore think that any enquiry as to the extent of the powers of
the Council and of the General Assembly respectively is pointless.
The pGwers of the supervisory organ, which are determined by the
continuing obligations of the mandatory Power, are at the same
time duties, and it is quite natural that, conscious of its responsibili-

ties, the General Assembly should have put to the Court the ques-
tion relating thereto.
1 agree with the Court in considering that, though drafted in
absolute terms, the question is to be understood as relating to the
actual situation existing and 1 hesitate to reply to it as though
this situation were normal, that is to Say, as if the Mandatory
were discharging its undertakings as it did under the regime of the
League of Nations ; the raison d'êtreof the question cannot be
ignored. If then, in these circumstances, the General Assembly, in
order to secure further information, grants a hearing to a petitioner,
its decision cannot be held to be irregular. If, on the same basis, it
shoiild authonze the Committee, which is its organ, to grant a
hearing in a particular case in its stead,hould be unable to regard
such a decision, which is one for the Assembly, as conflicting with
the Opinion of 1950 ;if, in the same circumstances, it deemed it
necessary to authorize the Committee to undertake sach hearings,
that, while not in accordance with the former practice, would be
justified if warranted by imperative considerations and if kept
within reasonable limits and govemed by the rule of good faith.

Judge KOJEVNIKOV w,hile voting in favour of the Opinion of the
Court, makes the following declaration :
While accepting the operative clause of the Advisory Opinion,
1 am unable to concur in certain respects with the reasoning, in
14particular with that part which would attribute to the Opinion a
limited and conditional character, fLram of opinion that petitions
may be in writing or oral, or both in writing and oral, that heanngs
granted to petitioners by the Committee on South West Afnica are
consistent with the Advisory Opinion of the Court of July ~mth,
1950, and that the presentation even of oral petitions is one of the
indefeasible rights of the population of the Territory of South West
Africa, rights which accrue from the Covenant of the League oà
Nations, and still more from the Charter of the United Nations, in
conformity with which this Territory shoulà be includecl in the
Trusteeship System of the United Nations.

Judge Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHT a,ailing himself of theright
conferred on him by Articles57 and 68 of the Stalute, appnds to
the Opinion of the Court a staternent of his separate Opinion.

Vice-President BADAWIand Judges BASDEVANT ,Isw MO,
ARMAND-UGOaN nd MORENO QUINTANA a,vailing themselves of the
right conferred on them by Articles 57 and 68 of the Statuée,
append to the Opinion of the Court the joint sta-ternentoLtheir
dissenting Opinion, to which iç attached a declarationby Vice-
President Badawi;

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,

ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

ADMISSIBILITY OF HEARINGS OF PETITIONERS
BY THE

COMMITTEE ON SOUTH WEST AFRICA

ADVISORYOPINION OF JUNE lst, 1956

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JITSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
-.--. --

ADMISSIBILITÉDE L'AUDITIONDE
PI~TITIONNAIRESPAR LE

COMITÉDU SUD-OUESTAFRICAIN

AVIS CONSULTATIFDU lerJUIN 1956 This Opinion should be cited as follows:
"Admissibility of hearings of petitioners by the Committee on
South West Africa, Advisory Opinion of Junest, 1956:
I.C. J.Reports 1956,p. 23."

Le présent avis doit êtrecité comme suit:

((Admissibilitédel'audition de pétitionnaires par le Comité
du Sud-Ouest africain,
Avis consultatif due7juin 1956: C.I. JRecueil 1956,p. 23.))

Sales number
NO de vente: 151 / INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

1956
June 1st
General Lis: YEAR 1956
SO. 31
June ~st,1956

ADMISSIBILITY OF HEARINGS OF PETITIONERS

BY THE
COMMITTEE ON SOUTH WEST AFRICA

-1Ieawing of Question put to Court.-Grant of Oval Heari,ngs to
Pelitioner: Decision by Cow~mittee on Soztth West .ifricaor by

General d ssembly.
Interpretatioof Opinion of II Jul?~1950 as a wl~ole, its general
pitrpovt and meaizing.

Conjormity with Mandates Systerrl and Procedureof Council of
League of Nations.-Cornpetence of Council ofeagu~ and of General
-2ssenrbly oUnited Nations to regz~late Supervision.

Excess ofSupervisio~z.-Conforlnztyz~)it/~Procedurof .I.fandates
Systen2.-Efjectivenessof Supervision.-Absence of Co-operationof
.IIandatovy.-Oral Hearzngs, bearing on Degree of Supevvisioiz.-

Con~or~zity "as tar as possible" to Procedure undev Lcagite of Nations..

ADVISORY OPINION

Preselzt: Pvesident HACKWORT HVice-President BADA~I ; Judges

BASDEVANT W, INIARSKI,KLAESTADR , EAD, HSU MO,
ARMAND-UGOK X, JEVNIKOV Sir Muhammad ZAFRULLA

KHAN,Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHM T,ORENO QUINTANA,
CORDOV ARegistrar LOFEZOLIVAN. COURINTERNATIONALEDE JUSTICE

1956
Le ~er juin
Rôlno 316ral

xer juin 1956

ADMISSIBILITÉDE L'AUDITIONDE

PI~TITIONNAIREP SAR LE

COMITÉDU SUD-OUESTAFRICAIN

Sens de la question posée à la Courdctdiences à. accorder à des

pétitionnair:décision du Comité dzt Sud-Ouest afriou de l'As-
semblée générale.
InterFrétation de l'aziII juille1950 selo~ son ensemble, so~z
but général etle sens enidécoule.

Conformité avec le régime des -Wandats et la procédztre du Conseil
de la Sociétédes Nation-. Compétence du. Conseil -dela Sociétédes
Nationset de l'Assemblée généraledes A\7ations Unies pour réglementer
ln sz4rveilla~zce.

Excès de surveillanc-. Conformité aoec la procédure du régime
des Jfandats- Eficacité de la sztrveillaAbsence de coopération
(126Mandataire- -4udience: leur efjet sur le degré desurveillance. -
Corzjormite azttant qzre poss11d ln procéd~trede In Société des

A\Tatioizs.

AVIS CONSULTATIF

Prése~zt:s M.HACKWORT Pré,siden;M.BADAW I,ice-Présiden;
MM. BASDEV.~NTW , IXIARSKI,KLAEST-4DR , EAD,

HSU MO, ARMBND-'LTGK OONJ,VNIKOV, Sir Muham-
mad ZAFRULLA KHAN, Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHT,

NM. MORENO QUINTAXA C,ORDOVA J,tges; M. LOPEZ
OLIVAX G,refler.

424 HEAR. OF PETIT. BY COMM.ON S.W. AFRICA (OPIN. 1 VI56)

In the matter of the Admissibility of Hearings of Petitioners
by the Committee on South West Africa,

composed as above,
gives the following Advisory Opinion .

By a letter of December xgth, 1955, filed in the Registry on

December zznd, the Secretary-General of the United Nations
informed the Court that, by a Resolution adoptedon December 3rd,
1955, the General Assembly of the United Nations decided to request
the Court to give an Advisory Opinion on the following question :
"1s it consistent with the advisory opinion of the International
Court of Justice of II July 1950 for the Committee on South
West Africa, established by General Assembly resolution 749 A
(VIII) of 28 November 1953. to grant oral hearings to petitioners
on matters relating to the Territory of South West Africa ?"

The Secretary-General enclosed with that letter a certified true
copy of the Resolution which may be referred to as Resolution
942 A (X) and which is in the following terms :

" The GeneralAssembly,
Having been requestedby the Cornmittee on South West Africa
to decide whether or not the oral hearing of petitioners on matters
relating to the Territory of South West Africa is admissible before
that Cornmittee (A/zg13/Add.z),
Having instructed the Committee, in General Assembly reso-
lution 749 A (VIII) of 28 November, 1953, to examine petitions
as far as possible in accordance with the procedure of the former
Mandates System,

Requests the International Court of Justice to give an advisory
opinion on the following question :
'1s it consistent with the advisory opinion of the Inter-
national Court of Justice of II July 1950 for the Committee
on South West Africa, established by General Assembly
resolution 749 A (VIIII of 28 November 1953, to grant oral
hearings to petitioners on matters relating to the Territory
of South West Africa ?' "

In accordance with Article 66, paragraph 1, of the Statute,
notice was given, on December z4th, 1955, to al1States entitled to
appear before the Court, of the letter of the Secretary-General of
the TJnited Nations and of the Resolution annexed thereto.
In pursuance' of paragraph 2 of the same Article, the President
of the Court having considered that the States Members of the

5 En l'affaire concernant l'admissibilité de l'audition de pétitior-
naires par le Comité du Sud-Ouest africain,

LA COUR,
ainsi composée,

donne l'avis consultatif suivant :

Par lettre du19 décembre 1955, enregistrée au Greffe le 22 décem-
bre, le Secrétaire général desNations Unies a porté a la connais-

sance de la Cour que, par une résolution adoptée le 3dCcelribre 1955,
l'Assemblée généraledes Nations Unies avait décidéde demander
à la Cour un avis consultatif sur la question suivante :
«Le Comitédu Sud-Ouest africain, créépar la résolution 749 A
(VIII) de l'Assembléegénérale, endate du 28 novembre 1953, se
conformerait-ilà l'avis consultatif rendu par la Cour interna-
tionale de Justice, leII juillet 1950, en accordaht des audiences
à des pétitionnaires sur des questions relatives au Territoire du
Sud-Ouest africain ?))

Le Secrétairegénérala joint à cette lettre copie certifiée conforme
de ladite résolution qui sera mentionnée ci-après sous la dénomi-
nation :Résoliltion 942 A (X) et qui est conçue dans les termes
suivants :

«L'Assembléegénérde,
Ayant éfë priéepar le Comitédu Sud-Ouest africain de décider
si les demandes d'audience pr6sentéeçpar des -6kit;onnairessur
des questions relatives au Territoire du Sud-Oiresl africain étaient
recevables de van^ le Comité (A/29~3!J4:id...;,

Ayant chargéle Comité,par ia résciarion G9 A (VIII) qu'elle
a adoptée le 28 novembre 1953, d'examiner les pétitions en se
conformant, dans toute la meslire du possible, à la procédure de
l'ancien régimedes Mâadats,
Demande à la Cour iilternationale de Justice de rendre un avis
consultatif sur la question suivante:
((Le Comitédu Sud-Ouest àfricain, créé par la résolution
749 A (VIIZ)de 1'Assemblée généralee ,n date du 28 novembre
1grj3,se conformerait-ilà l'avis consultatif rendu par la Cour
internationale de Justice, leII juillet ~950,sn accordant des
audiences à des pétitionnaires sur des questions relatives au
Temtoire du Sud-Ouest africain ? 1))

Conformément à l'article 66, paragraphe 1, du Statut, la lettre
&A Secrétaire général des Nations Unies, avec la résolution y
annexée, a éténotifiée le 24 décembre 1955 à tous les États admis
à ester en justice devant la Cour.
Par application du paragraphe 2 du même article, le Président
de la Cour ayant jugé que les États Membres des Nations Unies

5United Nations were likely to be able to furnish information on
the questions referred to the Court, the Registrar notitied these
States, by letters oi December z4th, 1955, that the Court would be
prepared to receive written statements from them withii a time-
limit hed by an Order of the same date at February 15th, 1956.
The Governments oi the United States of America and of the
Republic of China avaiied themselves of this opportunity to submit
written statements. The Govemment of India sent a letter stating
that it did not consider il necessary to submit any written statement,
in view of the fact that their views in the matter had already been
indicated in the relevant records of theTenth Session oi the General
Assembly of the United Nations.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations later transmitted
to the Court the documents likely to throw light upon the question.
together with an Introductory Note.
The written slate~nents submitted to the Court wene communi-
cated to al1 States which had been notified on December 24th,
1955 in accordance with paragralph 2 of Article 66 of the Statute.
These States were also infomaed that the Court would be prepared
to hear oral statements on March 15th, 1956. This date was later
changed to Marclazznd, 1956,and a public hearing was held on that
date when the Court heard the Rt. Hon. Sir Reginald Manningham-
BuUer, Q.C., M.P., Attorney-General, representing the Government
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northem lreland.

It is necessary at the outset to indicate the Court's understanding

of fh~ ilîiestion submitled for its opinion. The Court understands
tha~ tiie expression "grant oral hearings to petitioners" relates to
persons who have subniitteà written petitions to the Committee
on Sbuth West Africa in confomity with its Rules of Procedure.

A question arises as to whether the request for the Court's
Opinion relates to the authority of the Committee on South West
Africa to grant oral hearings in its own right or only undes
pnor authorization of the General Assembly.
The General Assembly having accepted the Court's Advisory
Opinion of Ir July 1950, proceeded to establish, by Resolution
749 A (VIHI), referred to in the request for the Opinion of the
Court contained in ResoIution 942 A (X),a subsidiary organ which,
i&v dia, was to "examine ..such information and documentation
as may be avafiable in respect of the Territory of South West
Africa", to "examine ..reports and petitions which may be sub-
mitted to the Committee or to the Secretary-General", and to
"transmit to the General Assernbly a report conceming conditions
inthe Territo ry...". This ongais the Committee on South West
Adria referred to in the question submitted to the Court for its

6étaient susceptibles de fournir des renseignements sur les questions
soumises à la Cour, le Greffier leur a fait connaître, par lettres
également datées du 24 décembre 1955, que la Cour était disposée
à recevoir d'eux des exposésécrits dans un délai dont, par ordon-
nance du même jour,la date d'expiration a étéfixéeau 15 février
1956. Les Gouvernements des États-unis d'Amérique et de la
République de Chine ont fait usage de cette faculté. Le Gouver-
nement de l'Inde a fait savoir par lettre qu'il ne jugeait pas néces-
saire de présenter un exposé écrit, attendu que ses vues sur la
question avaient étérapportées dans les comptes rendus pertinents
de la dixième session de l'Assemblée généraledes Nations Unies.

Le Secrétaire général des Nations Unies a, ultérieurement.
transmis à la Cour les documents pouvant servir à élucider la
question, en y joignant une note introductive.

Les exposés écrits présentés à la Cour ont étécommuniqués A
tous les États auxquels avait Stéadressée, le 24 décembre 1955,
la communication prévue à l'article 66, paragraphe 2. du Statut.
Ces Etats ont également étéinformés que la Cour était disposée
à entendre des exposés oraux le rj mars 1956. Ultérieurement,
cette date a étéremise au 22 mars 1956 ià l'audience tenue alors,
la Cour a entendu le très honorable sir Reginald Manningham-
Bulier, Q. C.,M.B.,,4ltorney-Ge?zerulr,eprésentant leGouvernement
du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord.

Ilimporte dès le début de dCterminer le sens que la Cour attache
à la question qui !ai est soumise porir avis. La Cour considère que
l'expression c!en accordant dti~ aildiei~ces à des pétitionnaires ))
a trait aux personnes qui 01.qprésenté des pétitions écrites au
Comité du Sud-Ouest africain conformément au Règlement de
ce dernier.
Il y a lieu dc se demander si la questic~nposéeà la Cour a trait

au pouvoir du Comité du Sud-Ouest africain d'accorder des
audiences de sa propre autorité ou seulement sur autorisation
préalable de l'Assemblée générale.
Ayant accepté l'avis consultatif de la Cour du II juillet1950,
l'Assemblée généralea procédé,par la résolution 749 A (VIII)
qui est mentionnée dans la demande d'avis contenue dans la
résolution 942 A (X), à la création d'un organe subsidiaire, lequel,
entre autres, était chargé «d'examiner ...les renseignements et
la documentation disponibles ai: sujet du Territoire du Sud-Ouest
africainD, d'examiner ...les rapports et pétitions qui viendraient
à êtresoumis au Comité ou au Secrétaire général », et ((de com-
muniquer à l'Assemblée géndrale un rapport sur la situation du
Territoire..». Cet organe est le Comité du Sud-Oues; africain,
mentionne dans la question soumise A la Cour pour avis. Ses

6opinion. Its functions are analogous to those of the Permanent
Mandates Commission established by the Council of the League
of Nations, pursuant to paragraph g of Article 22 of the Covenant.
It appears from Resolution 749 A (VIII) that the Mandatory
was refusing to assist in the implementation of the Advisory
Opinion of the Court and to CO-operatewith the United Nations
concerning the submission of reports and the transmission of
petitions in accordance with the procedure of the Mandates System.

As the Mandatory continued in its refusa1 to CO-operate,the Com-
mittee found itself handicapped in the examination of petitions.
It lacked both the Mandatory's comments on the petitions and the
supplementary information uhich the Mandatory might have been
expected to supply to the Committee directly or through its accre-
dited representative. These were the circumstances prevailing at
the time that the Committee requested the General Assembly to
decide whether or not the oral hearing of petitioners by the Com-
mittee would be admissible.
Before deciding whether the Committee should or should notbe
authorized to grant oral hearings, the General Assembly deemed it

advisable to obtain the Opinion of the Court on the question
whether the grant of oral hearings by the Committee on South
West Africa would be consistent with the Advisory Opinion of
the Court of II July 1950.
It was in these circumstances that the question was submitted
to the Court. While the question in terms refers to the grant of
oral hearings hy the Committee, the Court interprets it as meaning :
whether it is legally open to the General Assembly to authorize
the Committee to grant oral heanngs to petitioners. The Court
must therefore deal with the broader question as to whether it
would be consistent with its previous Opinion of II July 1950 for
the General Assembly to authorize the Committee on South West

Africa to grant oral hearings to petitioners.

The meaning of the question having been thus defined, the Court
will proceed to its examination.
In the operative part of the Advisory Opinion of II July 1950,
the Court stated :

"that South-West Africa is a territory under the international
Mandate assumed by the Union of South Africa on December 17th,
1920 ;
that the Union of South Africa continues to have the inter-
national obligations stated in Article 22 of the Covenant of the
League ofNations and in the Mandate for South-West Africa as
well as the obligarion to transmit petitions from the inhabitants
of that Territory, the supervisory functions to be exercised by
the United Nations, to whlch the annual reports and the petitions

7fonctions sont analogues à celles de la Commission permanente
des Mandats, instituée par le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations
conformément au paragraphe g de l'article 22 du Pacte.
Il appert de la résolution 749 A (VIII) que la Puissance manda-
taire refusait d'aider à la mise en aeuvre de l'avis consultatif de

la Cour et de coopérer avec les Nations Unies, en ce qui est de la
présentation de rapports et de la transmission de pétitions confor-
mément à la procédure du régime des Mandats. Le Mandataire
ayant persisté dans son refus de coopérer, le Comité s'est trouvé
gêné pour l'examen des pétitions. Les observations du Mandataire
sur les pétitions lui faisaient défaut, ainsi que les renseignements
supplémentaires que l'on aurait pu s'attendre à voir le Mandataire
lui fournir, directement ou par l'entremise de son représentant
accrédité.Telles étaient les circonstances au moment où le Comité
a demandé à l'Assembléegénérale de décidersi l'audition par lui
de pétitionnaires serait ou non admissible.

Avant de décider si le Comité devrait ou non être autorisé à
accorder des audiences, l'Assemblée générale a jugé opportun
d'obtenir l'avis de la Cour sur la question de savoir si, en accordant
des audiences, le Comité du Sud-Ouest africain se conformerait à
l'avis consultatif de la Cour du II juillet 1950.

C'est dans ces circonstances que la question a étésoumise à la
Cour. Alors que la question se réfère expressément à des audiences
à accorder par le Comité, la Cour l'interprète comme ayant pour
objet de déterminer si l'Assembléegénérale est habilitée en droit
à autoriser le Comitéà accorder des audiences à des pétitionnaires.

La Cour doit par conséquent examiner la question plus large por-
tant sur le point suivant : l'Assembléegénéralese conformerait-elle
à l'avis consultatif du II juillet 1950 en autorisant le Comitédu
Sud-Ouest africain à accorder des audiences à des pétitionnaires ?

Le sens de la question ayant ainsi étéprécisé,la Cour va main-
tenant passer à son examen.
Dans le dispositif de l'avis consultatif du II juillet 1950, la
Cour a dit :

((que le Sud-Ouest africain est un temtoire soumis au Mandat
international assumé par l'Union sud-africaine le 17 décembre
1920 ;
que l'Unionsud-africaine continueà êtresoumiseaux obligations
internationales énoncées à l'articl22 du Pacte de la Sociétéd:es
Nations et au Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain ainsi qu'à l'obli-
gation de transmettre les pétitionsdes habitants de ce Temtoire,
les fonctions de contrôle devant êtreexercéespar les Nations
Unies auxquelles les rapports annuels et les pétitions devront

7 of International Justice to be replacedtoby a reference to the
International Court of Justice, in accordance with Article 7 of
the Mandate and Article 37 of the Statute of the Court ;"

Accordingly, the obligations of the Mandatory continue unim-
paired with this difference, that the supervisory functions exercised
by the Council of the League of Nations are now to be exercised
by the United Nations. The organ of the United Nations exercising
these supervisory functions, that is, the General Assembly, is
legally qualified to carry out an effectiveand adequate supervision
of the administration of the Mandated Territory, as was the C~uncil
of the League.
In determining the question whether in these circumstances it
would be consistent with the Opinion of the Court of II JuIy 1950

for the Committee on South West Africa to grant oral hearings ta
petitioners, the Court must have regard to the whole of its previous
Opinion and its general purport and meaning.
In that Opinion the Court, having concluded that South West
Africa i: a territory under the international Mandate and that the
Mandatory continues to have the obligations stated in Article 22
of the Covenant of the League of Nations and in the Mandate, as
well as the obligation to transmit reports and petitions and to
submit to the supervision of the General Assembly. made it clear
that the obligations of the Mandatory were those which obtained
under the Mandates System. These obligations couId not be
extended beyond those to which the Mandatory had been subject
by virtiie of the provisions of Articl22 of the Covenant and of the
Mandate for South West Afnca under the Mandates System. The
Court stated, therefore, that the degree of supervision to be exer-

cised by the General Assemhly should not exceed that which
applied under the Mandates Çjrstem. Following its findirigregarding
the suhstitiition of the General Assembi,yof the United Nations for
the Council of the League of Nations in the exercise of supervision,
the Court stated ihat the deg~eeof supenrision shoiild conform as
far as possible to the procedure followed by the Councillof the
Leaçue of Nations in that respect. The Court observed that tbese
considerations were particularly applicable to annual reports and
petitions.
At the same time the Court stated that "the effective performance
of the sacred trust of civilization by the Mandatory Powers required
that the administration of mandated temtones should be subject
to international supervision" and said : "The necessity for super-

vision continues to exist despite the disappearance of the super-
visory organ under the Mandates System."

In discussing the effect of Article 80(1)of the Charter, preserving
the rights of States and peoples under existing international
agreements, the Court observed : "The purpose must have been
8 AUDIT. DE PÉTIT. PAR COMM. S.-O. AFR. (AVIS I VI 56) 27
êtresoumis. et la référenceà la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale devant &treremplacéepar ia référence à la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice, conformément à l'article 7 du Mandat et
à l'article 37 du Statut de la Cour; )>

Par conséquent, les obligations du Mandataire subsistent dans
toute leur force, avec cette différenceque les fonctions de contrôle
exercées par le Conseil de la Société des Nations doivent mainte-
nant être exercées par les Nations Unies. L'organe des Nations
Unies exerçant ces fonctions de contrôle, à savoir l'Assemblée
générale, est fondéen droit, comme l'était le Conseil de la Société
des Nations, à exercer une surveillance effective èt appropriée de
l'administration du Territoire sous Mandat.
En examinant la question de savoir si, dans ces conditions,

le Comité du Sud-Ouest africain se conformerait à l'avis de la
Cour du II luillet 1950 en accordant des audiences à des pétition-
naires, la Cour doit se fonder sur son avis antérieur, considérédans
son ensemble, son bi?t généralet le sens qui en découle.
Dans cet avis, la Cour, après avoir conclu que le Sud-Ouest
africain est un territoire sous Mandat international et que la Puis-
sance mandataire continue d'être tenue des obligations énoncées
dans l'article 22 du Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations et dans le
Mandat, ainsi que de l'obligation d'envoyer des rapports et de
transmettre des pétitions, et de se soumettre à la surveillance de
1'AssemblCegénérale,a clairement énoncéque les obligations du

Mandataire étaient celles qui prévalaient sous le régime des Man-
dats. Ces obligations ne pouvaient être accrues de manière à
dépasser celles auxquelles le Mandataire avait été soumis sous le
régimedes Mandats en vertu de l'article 22 du Pacte et du Mandat
sur le Sud-Ouest africain. La Cour a donc déclaré que le degré
de surveillance à exercer par l'Assemblée générale ne saurait
dépasser celui qui a étéappliqué sous le régime des Mandats. A
la suite de la constatation qu'elle avait faite de la çubstitution de
I'Asçembléegénérale des Nations Unies au Conseil de la Sociét4
des Nations pour l'exercice de la surveillance, la Cour a énoncé

que le degré de surveillance devrait se conformer autant que pos-
sible àla procédure suivie à cet égard par le Conseil de la Société
des Nations. La Cour a déclaréque ces considérations s'appli-
quaient en particulier aux rapports annuels et aux pétitions.
En mêmetemps, la Cour a énoncéque, « pour assurer effective-
ment l'accomplissement de la mission sacrée de civilisation confiée
à la Puissance mandataire, il importait de soumettre à une surveil-
lance internationale l'administration des territoires sous mandat r;
elle a déclaréeri outre que cila nécessitéd'une telle surveillance
subsiste en dépit de la disparition de l'organe de contrôle prévu
pour les Mandats ».

Recherchant quel était l'effet de lJarticl$ 80, paragraphe 1,
de la Charte, qui garantit les droits que les États et les peuples
tiennent des actes internationaux en vigueur, la Cour a fait ob-
Sto provide a real protection for those rights ;but no such rights
of the peoples could be effectively safeguarded without inter-
national supervision and a duty to render reports to a supervisory
organ."
The general purport and meaning of the Opinion of the Court of
II July 1950 içthat the paramount purpose underlying the taking
over by the General Assembly of the United Nations of the super-
visory functions in respect of the Mandate for South West Africa
formerly exercised by the Council of the League of Nations was to
safeguard the sacred trust of civilization through the maintenance
of effective international supervision of the administration of the
Mandated Temtory.
Accordingly, in interpreting any particular sentences in the
Opinion of the Court of II July 1950, it is not permissible, in the
absence of express words to the contrary, to attnbute to them a

meaning which would not be in conformity with this paramount
purpose or with the operative part of that Opinion.

Before proceeding further, it is necessary to refer bnefly to the
way in which the question of the grant of oral hearings to petitioners
was dealt with during the regime of the League of Nations. The
Permanent Mandates Commission had under consideration at
various meetings the question of the grant of oral hearings to
petitioners, both at the request of petitioners and on its own
initiative. The Commission felt that in some cases oral hearings
would be useful, if not indispensable, in determining whether
petitions were well-founded or not. In 1926, the Commission laid

the matter before the Council, but refrained from making a definite
recommendation on the subject. The Council, in tum, decided that,
before taking action, it should consult the Mandatory Powers.
After obtaining the views of those Powers, al1 of whom were
opposed to the grant of oral hearings on various grounds, the
Council, by Resolution of March 7, 1927, decided that there was
no occasion to modify the procedure theretofore followed by the
Commission in regard tothe question. In his Report to the Council,
the Rapporteur stated that, if in any particular case the circum-
stances should show that it was impossible for al1 the necessary
information to be secured by the usual means, the Council could
"decide on such exceptional procedure as might seem appropriate
and necessary in the particular circumstances". By its Resolution,
the Council directed that copies of the Resolution, of the Report
of the Rapporteur and of the replies of the Mandatory Powers,

should be transmitted to the Permanent Mandates Commission.
It is clear that oral hearings were not granted to petitioners by the
Permanent Mandates Commission at any time dunng the regime
of the League of Nations.
9server : cson but a certainement étéd'assurer à ces droits une
protection réelle; or, ces droits des peuples ne sauraient être
efficacement garantis sans contrôle international et sans l'obli-
gation de soumettre des rapports à un organe de contrôle o.
Selon le but généralde l'avis de la Cour du II juillet 1950et le
sens qui en découle, l'intention principale qui est à la base de la
reprise par l'Assembléegénéraledes Nations Unies des fonctions
de surveillance à l'égard du Mandat sur le Sud-Ouest africain,

précédemment exercées par le Conseil de la Sociétédes Xations,
est de sauvegarder la mission sacrée de civilisation, grâce au
maintien d'une surveillance internationale effective de l'adminis-
tration du territoire sous mandat.
En conséquence, pour l'interprétation de telle ou telle phrase
isolée de l'avis de la Cour du II juillet 1950, on ne saurait, en
l'absence de termes exprès prévoyant le contraire, lui attribuer
un sens qui ne serait conforme ni à cette intention principale ni
au dispositif de cet avis.

Avant de poursuivre, il est nécessaire de rappeler brièvement
la manière dont a été traitéela question relative à l'octroi d'au-
diences aux pétitionnaires sous le régimede la Sociétédes Nations.
A plusieurs de ses séances,la Commission permanente des Mandats
a examiné la question de l'audition de pétitionnaires, et à la
demande de ceux-ci et de sa propre initiative. La Commission a
pensé que, dans certains cas, des audiences seraient utiles, sinon
indispensables, pour déterminer si les pétitions étaient bien fondées
ou non. En 1926, la Commission a soumislaquestion au Conseil,mais
s'est abstenue de formuler à ce sujet une recommandation expresse.
A son tour, le Conseil a décidéqu'avant d'agir, il devait consulter les

Puissances mandataires. Aprèsavoir obtenu l'opinion decelles-ci,qui
se sont toutes opposées à l'octroi d'audiences pour des motifs divers,
le Conseil, par sa résolution du 7 mars 1927, a décidéqu'il n'y
avait pas d'avantage à modifier la procédure suivie jusque-là par
la Commission dans cette question. Dans son rapport au Conseil,
le rapporteur a exposéque si, dans un cas spécial, les faits mon-
traient qu'il serait impossible d'obtenir par les moyens habituels
tous les renseignements nécessaires, le Conseil pourrait « décider
de la procédure exceptionnelle qui paraîtrait justifiéeet nScessaire
dans les circonstances particulières ».Le Conseil, danssa résolution,
a prescrit que des copies de la résolution, du rapport du rapporteur,
ainsi que des réponses des Puissances mandataires, seraient trans-

mises à la Commission permanente des Mandats. Il est clair qu'à
aucun moment sous le régime de la Sociétédes Nations, la Com-
mission permanente des Mandats n'a accordé d'audiences à des
pétitionnaires. The right of petition was introduced into the Mandates System
by the Council of the League on January 31st, 1923. and certain
rules relating to the matter were prescribed. This was an innovation
designed to render the supervisory function of the Council more
effective. The Council having established the right of petition, and
regulated the manner of its exercise, was, in the opinion of the
Court, compet ent to authorize the Permanent Mandates Com-
mission to grant oral hearings to petitioners, had it seen fit to do so.

It has been conteiided that the Court, in its Opinion of II July
1950, intended to express the view that the Mandates System and
the degree of supervision to be exercised by the General Assembly
in respect of the Temtory of South West Afnca must be deemed
to have been crystallized, so that, though the General Assembly
replaced the Council of the League as the supervisory organ in
respect of the Mandate, it could not, in the exercise of its super-
visory functions, do anything which the Council had not actually
done, even if it had authority to do it. The Court does not consider
that its Opinion of II July 1950 supports this position.

There is nothing in the Chartzr of the United Nations, the Cove-
nant of the Leagw, CI ihc Resolution of the Assembly of the Lzague
of April 18th, 1946 elied upon by the Court in its Opinion of 1950,
that can be construed as in any way restricting the authority of the

General Assembly to less than that which was conferred upon
the Council by the Covenant and the Mandate ;nor does the Court
find any justification for assuming that the taking over by the
General Assembly of the supervisory authority fornerly exercised
by the Council of the League had the effect of crystalli.zing the
Mandates System at the point which it had reached in 1946.

The Court having determined that the General Assembly had
replaced the Council of the League as the supervisory organ, it
was proper for it to point out that the General Assembly could not
enlarge its authority but must confine itself to the exercise oi such
authority as the Mandates System had conferred upon the super-
visory organ. The Court was not called upon to determine whether
the General Assembly could or could not exercise powers which

the Council of the League had possessed but for the exercise of
which no occasion had ansen.
The Court held that the obligations of the Mandatory under the
Mandate continued unimpaired, and that the supervisory functions
in respect of the Mandate were exercisable by the United Nations,
the General Assembly replacing in this respect the Council of the
League. It followed that the Generd Assembly in carrying out its Le droit de pétition a étéintroduit dans le régimedes Mandats
par le Conseil de la Société des Nations le 31 janvier 1923, et
certaines règles relatives à cette matière furent prescrites. C'était
là une innovation destinée à tendre plus effective la fonction de
surveillance du Conseil. Ayant établi le droit de pétition et en
ayant réglél'exercice, le Conseil, selon l'opinion de la Cour, était
compétent pour autoriser la Commission permanente des Mandats
à accorder des audiences à des pétitionnaires, s'il l'avait jugéà

propos.

Il a étésoutenu que, dans son avis consultatif du II juillet 1950,
la Cour entendait exprimer l'opinion que le régime des Mandats
et le degré de surveillance à exercer par l'Assembléegénéraleà
l'égarddu Territoire du Sud-Ouest africain devaient êtreconsidérés
comme cristallisés, de telle sorte que, dans l'exercice de ses fonc-
tions de surveillance, l'Assembléegénérale,tout ,en remplaçant le
Conseil de la Société des Nations comme organe de surveillance du
Mandat, ne pourrait rien faire que le Conseil n'eût effectivement
fait, mêmes'il avait eu le pouvoir de le faire. La Cour ne considère
pas que son avis consultatif du II juillet 1950 vient à l'appui
de cette thèse.
Ni dans la Charte des Nations Unies, ni dans le Pacte de la
Société des Nations, ni dans la résolution de l'Assemblée de la
Société des Nations du 18 avril 1946, sur laquelle s'est fondéela
Cour dans son avis consultqtif de 1950, il n'y a rien qui puisse
êtreinterprétécomme restreignant en aucune manifre les pouvoirs
de l'Assemblée généralepar rapport à ceux que le Pacte et le
Mandat avaient conférésau Conseil ; la Cour ne voit pas non plus
de possibilité d'admettre que l'opinion selon laquelle la reprise par

l'Assemblée générale du pouvoir de surveillance précédemment
exercée par le Conseil de la Société desNations aurait eu pour
effet de cristalliser le régi,nedes Mandats au pointatteint par ce
régime en 1946.
La Cour ayant établi que l'Assembléegénéraleavait remplacé
leCoiiseii de la Sociétédes Nations. en tant qu'organe de surveil-
lance, il était normal qu'elle fasse remarquer que l'Assemblée
généralene pouvait élargir ses pouvoirs, mais devait se limiter à
exercer ceux que le régimedes Mandats avait conférésà l'organe
de surveillance. La Cour n'était pas appelée à dire si l'Assemblée
générale pouvait ou non exercer des pouvoirs qui avaient appar-
tenu au Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations mais qu'il n'avait pas
eu l'occasion d'exercer.
La Cour a estimé que les obligations du Mandataire, aux termes
du Mandat, subsistaient dans toute leur force et que les fonctions
de surveillance relativement au Mandat devaient êtreexercées par
les Nations Unies, I'Assembléegénéraleremplaçant à cet égard
le Conseil de la SociCté des Nations. Il s'ensuit que, dans l'exer-supervisory functions had the same authority as the Council. The
scope of that authority could not be narrowed by the fact that
the Assembly had replaced the Council as the supervisory organ.

Reliance has been placed upon the following sentence in the
Court's Opinion of 1950 :

"The degreeof supervisionto be exercisedby the GeneralAssembly
should not therefore exceedthat which applied under the Mandates
followedin this respect by the Councilof the League thofpNations."

It ha been suggested that the gant of oral hearings by the Com-
mittee on South West Africa to petitioners would involve an

excess in tlie degree of supervision to be exercised by the General
Assembly and that the sentence should be interpreted as intended
to restrict the activity of the General Assembly to measures which
had actually been applied by the League of Nations. On these
grounds it has been contended that the grant of oral hearings
by the Committee would not be consistent with the Court's Opinion
of 1950.
The Court will deal first with the suggestion that the grant of
oral hearings to petitioners wou!d, in fact, add to the obligations
of the Mandatory and thi~- ' - upon it a heavier burden than it
was subject to unr3er . A .S'arriiùatesSystem. The Court is unable
to accept this suggestion. The Committee on South West Africa
at present receives petitions from the inhabitants of the Mandated
Territory and proceeds to examine them without the beriefit of
the cornments of the Mandatory or of the assistance of its accredited

reyresentative during the course of the examination. In many
cases, the material available to the Committee from the petitions
or from other sources may be sufficient to enable the Cornmittee
to form an opinion on the merits of the petitions. In other cases
the Cornmittee may not be able to come to a decision on the
matenal available to it. If the Committee cannot have recourse
to any further information for the purpose of testing whether a
petition is or is not well-founded, it may lead in certain cases to
acceptance of statements in the petitions without further test.
Oral hearings in such cases might enable the Committee to submit
~ts advice to the General Assembly with greater confidence. If
asthe result of the grant 2f oral hearings to petitioners in certain
cases the Committeeis put in a better position to judge the merits
of petitions, this cannot be presumed to add to the burden of the

Mandatory. It is in the interest of the Mandatory, as well as of
the proper working of the Mandates System, that the exercise of
supervision bythe Generu Assembly shouldbe based upon material
which has been tested as far as possible, rather than upon material
which has not been subjected to proper scrutiny either by or on
behalf of the Mandatory, or by the Committee itself.
IIcice de ses fonctions de surveillance, l'Assemblée généralea les
mêmespouvoirs que le Conseil. L'étendue de ces pouvoirs ne peut
être diminuée du fait que l'Assemblée générale a remplacé le
Conseil de la Société des Nations comme organe de surveillance.
La phrase suivante, qui figure dans l'avis consultatif de la Cour
de 1950, a étéinvoquée:

« Le degré de surveillance à exercer par l'AssembléegénCralene
saurait donc dépassercelui qui a été appliqué sous le régimedes
Mandats et devrait êtreconforme, autant qiie possibleà la procé-
dure suivie en la matière par le Conseilde la Socides Nations. 1)

Il a étésuggéréque l'octroi d'audiences à despétitionnaires par le
Comité du Sud-Ouest africain impliquerait un accroissement du
degré de surveillance à exercer par l'Assembléegénéraleet que la
phrase devrait êtreinterprétéecomme destinée à restreindre l'acti-
vitéde l'Assembléegénéraleaux mesures que la Sociétédes Nations
avait effectivement appliquées. Sur cette base, il a étésoutenu
que l'octroi d'audiences par le Comité ne serait pas conforme à
l'avis de la Cour de 1950.

La Cour traitera d'abord la thèse selon laquelle l'octroi d'au-

diences à des pétitionnaires ajouterait en fait aux obligations du
Mandataire et, de la sorte, lui imposerait un fardeau plus lourd
que celui qu'il avait à porter sous le régimedes Mandats. La Cour
ne saurait accepter cette thèse. Le Comité du Sud-Ouest africain
reçoit actuellement des pétitions des habitants du Territoire sous
mandat et procède à leur examen sans bénéficierdes commen-
taires du Mandataire ni, au cours de l'examen, de l'aide de son
représentant accrédité. Dans bien des cas, les informations dont
peut disposer le Comitéet qu'il trouve dans la pétition ou ailleurs
peuvent lui permettre de se faire une opinion sur les mérites de
la pétition. Dans d'autres cas, le Comitépeut ne pas êtreen mesure
de prendre une décisionsur la base des informations dont il dispose.
Si le Comité est dans l'impossibilité de recourir à d'autres infor-
mations pour juger du bien-fondé d'une pétition, il pourrait en
résulter que, dans certains cas, des déclarations contenues dans

une pétition seraient admises sans autre vérification. Dans de
tels cas, des audiences pourraient permettre au Comité de faire
connaître son avis à l'Assembléegénéraleavec plus d'assurance.
Si, à la suite de l'octroi, dans certains cas, d'audiences à des péti-
tionnaires, le Comité se trouve mieux en mesure de juger des
mérites d'une pétition, on ne peut présumerqu'il y ait là un accrois-
sement du fardeau imposé au Mandataire. Il est dans l'intérêt
du Mandataire, comme dans l'intérêt dubon fonctionnement du
régimedes Mandats, que l'exercice de la surveillance par l'hssem-
bléegénéralesoit fondé sur des faits contrôlés autant que possible,
plutôt que sur des faits que ni le Mandataire ou son représentant,
ni le Comité lui-même,n'ont soumis à une vérification appropriée.31 =AR. OF PETIT. BY COMM. ON S.W. -CA (OPIN. 1 VI56)
The Cour t ill deal next with the suggestion that the statement
"the degree of supe-on to be exercisedby the General Assembly
should not therefore exceed that which applied under tbe Mandates
System" should be interpreted as intended to restrict the activity
of the General Assembly to measures which had actually been
applied by the League of Nations. This could not have been the
intention of the Court. Neither the Covenant of the League, nor
the Mandate for South West Africa, nor the Charter of the United
Nations, contains any provision which could justify such a restric-
tion. That it cannot have been the intention of theCour to impose
on the General Assembly a rigid limitation on its supervisory
function is evidenced by the second part of the same sentence,
according to which the degree of supervision "shoulà wnform as
far as possible to the procedure followed in this respect by the
Councilof the League of Nations". With regard to this statement.
the Court said in its Opinion of 1955:

"When the Court stated in its previous Opinionthat in exer-
cising its supervisory functions the General Assembly should
conform 'asfaraspossibleto the procedurefonowed in this respect
in the nature of things the General Assembly,operating underhat
an instrument differentfrom that whichgovemed the Councilof
the League ofNations, would noi be able to folloa precisethe
same procedures 2q :- , r:l!owed by the Council.Consequently,
the expression 3si,i:as possible'wasdesignedto allowfor adjust-
ments and modifications necessitatedby legal or practical con-
siderations."

The Court notes that, under the compulsion of practical consi-
derations arising out of the lack of co-operation by the Mandatory,
the Comittee on South West Africa provided by Rule XXVI ofits
Rules of Procedure an alternative procedure for the receipt and
treatment of petitions. This Rule became necessary because the
Mandatory had refused to transmit to the General Assembly
petitions by the inhabitants of the Temtory, thus rendering in-
operative provisions in the Rules concerning petitions and directly
affecting the abiiity of the General Assembly to exercise an effec-
tive supervision. This Rule enabled the Cornmittee on South West
Africa to receive and deal with petitions notwithstanding that
they had not been transmitted by the Mândatory and involved
a departure in this respect from the procedure prescribed by the
Councii of the League.
Re particular question which has been submitted to the Court
arose out of a situation in which the Mandatory has maintained
itsrefusal to assist in givingeffect to the Opinion oIr July 1950.
and to co-operate with the United Nations by the submisjion of La Cour va maintenant traiter de la thèse selon laquelle la
phrase «le degré de surveillance à exercer par l'Assembléegéné-
rale ne saurait donc dkpasser celui qui a étéappliqué sous le
régime des Mandats » devrait êtreinterprétéecomme destinée A
restreindre l'activité de l'Assembléegénéraleaux mesures que la
Sociétédes Nations avait effectivement appliquées. Telle n'a pu

êtrel'intention de la Cour. Ni le Pacte de la SociétCdes Nations,
ni le Mandat du Sud-Ouest africain, ni la Charte des Nations Unies
ne contiennent de dispositions qui pourraient justifier une telle
restriction. Que l'intention de la Cour n'a pu être d'imposer à
l'Assembléegénérale une limitation rigide à son pouvoir de sur-
veillance est démontré par la deuxième partie de cette phrase,
selon laquelie le degré de surveillance ((devrait être conforme,
autant que possible, à la procédure suivie en la matière par le
Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations ».En ce qui concerne cette décla-
ration, la Cour, dans son avis de 1955, a dit :

ses fonctions de surveillance,l'Assembleénéraledevait se confor-
mer ((autant que possible A la procédure suivieen la matière
par le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations D, elle indiquait que,
naturellement, l'Assembléegénérale,dont le fonctionnement est
régipar un instrument autre que celui qui régissaitle Conseil
de la SociCtédes Nations, ne pourrait suivre avec précisionles
procéduresqui étaient suivies par le Conseil. Par conséquent.
l'expression((autant que possible avait pour objet de permettre
les ajustements et modificationsrendus nécessairespar des consi-
dérationsjuridiques ou pratiques.u

La Cour observe que, par des considérations pratiques résultant
de l'absence de coopération de la part du Mandataire, le Comité
du Sud-Ouest africain a étécontraifit de prévoir, dans l'article
XXVI de son Règlement, une procédure de remplacement pour
la réception et le traitement des pétitions. Cet article a étérendu
nécessaire parce que la Puissance mandataire a refusé de trans-
mettre à l'Assemblée générale les pétitions des habitants du

Temtoire, rendant ainsi inopérantes les dispositions du Règlement
relatives aux pétitions et affectant directement la possibilitépour
1'Assembiéegénérale d'exercer une surveillance effective. L'article
dont il s'agit, par dérogation à la procédure prescrite par le
Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations, a permis au Comitédu Sud-
Ouest africain de recevoir des pétitions et d'en traiter, bien
qu'elles n'aient pas ététransmises par la Puissance mandataire.
La question particulikre soumise à la Cour résulte d'une situa-
tion dans laquelle la Puissance mandataire a maintenu son refus
d'aider à donner effet à l'avis consultatif duII juillet 1950 et de
coopéreravec les Nations Unies en présentant des rapports et en

12reports, and by the transmission of petitions in conformity with
the procedure of the Mandates System. This sort of situation was
provided for by the statement in the Court's Opinion of 1950 that
the degree of supervision to be exercised by the General Assembly
"should conform as far as possible to the procedure followed in
this respect by the Council of the League of Nations".

The Court holds that it would not be inconsistent with its Opi-
nion of II July 1950 for the General Assembly to authorize a
procedure for the grant of oral hearings by the Committee on
South West Africa to petitioners who had already submitted written

petitions : provided that the General Assembly was satisfied that
such a course was necessary for the maintenance of effective inter-
national supervision of the administration of the Mandated
Territory.

For these reasons,

THE COURT IS OF OPINION,
by eight votes to five,

that the grant of oral hearings to petitioners by the Committee
on South West Africa would be consistent with the Advisory
Opinion of the Court of II July 1950.

Done in English and French, the English text being authoratitive,
at The Peace Palace, The Hague, this first day of June; one
.thousand nine hundred and fifty-six, in two copies, one of which

wiUbe placed in the Archives of the Court andthe other transmitted
to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

(Signed) GREEN M. HACKWORTH,
President.

(Signed) J. LOPEZ OLIVAN,

Registrar.transmettant des pétitions conformément à la procédure du régime
des Mandats. Ce genre de situatiori a étéprévu par la déclaration

contenue dans l'avis de la Cour de 1950 selon laquelle le degré de
surveillance à exercer par l'Assemblée générale « devrait être
conforme, autant que possible, à la procédure suivie en la matière
par Ie Conseil de laSociétédes Nations 1).

La Cour constate qu'il ne serait pas incompatible avec son avis
du II juillet 1950 que l'Assembléegénéraleautorisât une procé-
dure pour l'octroi par le Comitédu Sud-Ouest africain d'auàierices
3 des pétitionnaires ayant déjà soumis des pétitions &crites :
pourvu que l'Assembléegénérale soit arrivéeà la conclusion que

cette procédure est rendue nécessaire au maintien d'une surreil-
:ance internationale effective de l'administration du Territoire sous
mandat.

Par ces motifs,

LA COUR EST D'AVIS,
par huit voix contre cinq,

que, en accordant des audiences à des pétitionnaires, le Comité
Ji1 Sud-Ouest africain se conformerait A i'avis consultatif rendu
par 'ia êorirle rx.juillet 1950.

Fait en anglais rt en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, âu

Palais cZela Paix, :lLa Haye, le premier [üin mil neuf cent cin-
quante-six, en deux exernplalres, Aont 1'gn restera déposéaux
archives de ia Cour et dont l'autre sera transmis au Secrétaire
généraldes Nations Unies.

Le Président,

(Signé) GREENH. HACKWOXTH.

Le Greffier,

(Signé)J. L~PEZOLIVAN. Judge WINIARSK Ihile voting in favour of the Opinion of the
Court, makes the following declaration :
1 regret that 1 am unable to accept the whole of the reasoning
on which the Court has based its reply. In particular 1think that
as the Opinion of 1950 was not based on the idea of the United
Nations as a successor in title of the League of Nations, the question
of a devolution of the powers of the Council of the League of
Nations to the General Assembly does not arise.1am in agreement
with the minonty opinion in considering that the whole structure
of the Opinion of 1950 was founded on the objective elements of
the situation which arose as a result of the disappearance of the
League of Nations, and that that Opinion found in the General
Assembly the organ qualified to exercise those functions which
could not be allowed to go by default.
1 also believe that the maintenance of the previously existing
situation constitutesthe dominant theme of the Opinion and that
the decisive testis to be found in what was formerly done, and 1
therefore think that any enquiry as to the extent of the powers of
the Council and of the General Assembly respectively is pointless.
The pGwers of the supervisory organ, which are determined by the
continuing obligations of the mandatory Power, are at the same
time duties, and it is quite natural that, conscious of its responsibili-

ties, the General Assembly should have put to the Court the ques-
tion relating thereto.
1 agree with the Court in considering that, though drafted in
absolute terms, the question is to be understood as relating to the
actual situation existing and 1 hesitate to reply to it as though
this situation were normal, that is to Say, as if the Mandatory
were discharging its undertakings as it did under the regime of the
League of Nations ; the raison d'êtreof the question cannot be
ignored. If then, in these circumstances, the General Assembly, in
order to secure further information, grants a hearing to a petitioner,
its decision cannot be held to be irregular. If, on the same basis, it
shoiild authonze the Committee, which is its organ, to grant a
hearing in a particular case in its stead,hould be unable to regard
such a decision, which is one for the Assembly, as conflicting with
the Opinion of 1950 ;if, in the same circumstances, it deemed it
necessary to authorize the Committee to undertake sach hearings,
that, while not in accordance with the former practice, would be
justified if warranted by imperative considerations and if kept
within reasonable limits and govemed by the rule of good faith.

Judge KOJEVNIKOV w,hile voting in favour of the Opinion of the
Court, makes the following declaration :
While accepting the operative clause of the Advisory Opinion,
1 am unable to concur in certain respects with the reasoning, in
14 M. WINIARSK u,ge, après avoir voté pour l'avis, fait la décla-
ration suivante :
Je regrette de ne pouvoir accepter dans leur ensemble les motifs
sur lesquels la Cour a fondé sa réponse. En particulier, je pense
que l'wis de 1950 n'ayant pas étébasésur l'idéede la succession
des Nations Unies à la Sociétédes Nations, la question du transfert
des pouvoirs du Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations à l'Assemblée
généralene se pose pas. Avec l'opinion de la minorité, je considère
que l'avis de 1950 a basésa construction sur les éléments objectifs

de la situation telle qu'elle s'est produite à la suite de la disparition
de la Société des Nations, et que dans l'Assembléegénérale ila
trouvé l'organe habilité à exercer les fonctions qui ne pouvaient
pas êtreabandonnées.

Je trouve aussi que le maintien de la situation antérieurement
existante constitue la thèse maîtresse cie l'avis et que c'est la
pratique qui est décisive, ce qui rend inutile la recherche de la
définition des pouvoirs du Conseil et de l'Assemblée générale
respectivement. Les pouvoirs de l'organe de surveillance, déter-
minds par les obligations continues de la Puissance mandataire
sont en mêmetemps des devoirs, et il est naturel que, consciente
de ses responsabilités, l'Assembléegénéraleait posé à la Cour la
question y relative.

D'accord avec la Cour je comprends cette question, bien que
rédigéeen termes absolus, comme s'attachant à la situation con-

crète, et j'hésitey répondrecomme sicette situation étaitnormale,
c'est-à-dire comme si le Mandataire s'acquittait de ses engagements
comme il le faisait sous le régime de la Sociétédes Nations ; la
raison d'êtrede la question ne peut êtreignorée.Or, si dans ces
conditions, aux fins d'obtenir un complément d'information,
l'Assembléegénérale accorde une audience A un pétitionnaire, sa
décision ne saurait êtretenue pour irrégulière.Si, dans le même
ordre d'idées, elleautorisait le Comité, son organe, à procéder à
sa place à une telle audience dans un cas déterminé,je ne poilmais
considérercette décision,qui est du ressort de l'Assemblée,comme
contraire à l'avis de 1950; si, toujours dans les mêmesconditions,
elle jugeait nécessaire d'autoriser le Comitéà procéder à de telles
auditions, le fait, encore que n'étant pas conforme à la pratique,
serait justifiés'ilétait déterminépar desconsidérations impérieuses,
s'il était maintenu dans des limites raisonnables et dominé par la
règle de la bonne foi.

M. KOJEVNIKO jVge, après avoir votépour l'avis, fait la décla-
ration suivante :
En acceptant le dispositif final de l'avis consultatif, je ne puis
pourtant me rallier à certains points des motifs, en particulier
14particular with that part which would attribute to the Opinion a
limited and conditional character, fLram of opinion that petitions
may be in writing or oral, or both in writing and oral, that heanngs
granted to petitioners by the Committee on South West Afnica are
consistent with the Advisory Opinion of the Court of July ~mth,
1950, and that the presentation even of oral petitions is one of the
indefeasible rights of the population of the Territory of South West
Africa, rights which accrue from the Covenant of the League oà
Nations, and still more from the Charter of the United Nations, in
conformity with which this Territory shoulà be includecl in the
Trusteeship System of the United Nations.

Judge Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHT a,ailing himself of theright
conferred on him by Articles57 and 68 of the Stalute, appnds to
the Opinion of the Court a staternent of his separate Opinion.

Vice-President BADAWIand Judges BASDEVANT ,Isw MO,
ARMAND-UGOaN nd MORENO QUINTANA a,vailing themselves of the
right conferred on them by Articles 57 and 68 of the Statuée,
append to the Opinion of the Court the joint sta-ternentoLtheir
dissenting Opinion, to which iç attached a declarationby Vice-
President Badawi;à ceux qui attribuent à cet avis un caractère restreint et condi-
tionnel, car je suis d'avis que les pétitions peuvent être écrites
ou orales ou encore écrites et orales en mêmetemps, que l'octroi
d'audiencesà des pétitionnaires par le Comitédu Sud-Ouestafricain
est conforme à l'avis consultatif de la Cour II juillet 1950 er
que la présentation mêmedespétitions orales appartient au nombre
des droits imprescriptibles de la population du temtoire du Sud-
Ouest africain, droits qui ressortent du Pacte de la Sociétédes
Nations et encore plus de la Charte des Nations Unies, confor-
mément à laquelle ce temtoire doit êtreinclus dans le système
de tutelle del'organisation des Nations Unies.

Sir Hersch LAUTERPACHT ju,ge, se prévalant du droit que lui

confèrent les article57 et 68 du Statut, jointà l'avis l'exposé
de son opinion individuelle.

MM. BADAWIV , ice-Président, BASDEVANT H,SU MO, ARMAND-
UGON et MORENO QUINTANA , ges, se prévalant du droit que leur
confèrent les articles 57 et 68 du Statut, joigàl'avis l'exposé
commun de leur opiniondissidente, auquel est annexéeune déclara-
tion deM. Badawi, Vice-Président.

(Paraphé) G. H. H.

(Paraphé) J. L. O.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Advisory Opinion of 1 June 1956

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