Order of 2 June 1999

Document Number
110-19990602-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE À LA LICÉITÉ
DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSLAVIE C.PAYS-BAS)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU 2 JUIN 1999

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING
LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA vNETHERLANDS)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER OF 2 JUNE 1999 Mode officiel de citation
Licéité de l'emploi delaforce (Yougoslavie c. Pays-Bas),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnancedu 1999,
C.IJ. Recueil 1999, p. 542

Official cit:tion
Legality of Useof Force (Yugoslavia v. Netherlands),
Provisional Measures,er of 2 June 1999,
1C.J. Reports 1999, p. 542

ISSN 0074-4441 Nok vente: 732 1
ISBN 92-1-070800-8 Sales number 2 JUIN 1999

ORDONNANCE

LICÉITÉDE L'EMPLOIDE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSLAVIE C.PAYS-BAS)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

LEGALITYOF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA v.NETHERLANDS)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

2 JUNE 1999

ORDER INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1999 1999
2 June
General List
2 June 1999 No. 110

CASE CONCERNING
LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA v.NETHERLANDS)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER

Presen: Vice-President WEERAMANTRA Yc,ting Preside;tPresident
SCHWEBELJ;udges ODA, BEDJAOUIG , UILLAUMER ,ANJEVA,
HERCZEGH,SHI, FLEISCHHAUER K,OROMA,VERESHCHETIN,
HIGGINS,PARRA-ARANGUREK N, OIJMANSJ;ztdge ad hoc
KRECAR ; egistrar VALENCIA-OSPINA.

The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,

After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 andf the Statute of the Court and to
Articles3 and 74 of the Rules of Court,

Having regard to the Application by the Federal Republic of
slavia (hereinafter "Yugoslavia") filed in the Registry of the Court on
29 April 1999, instituting proceedings against the Kingdom of the
Netherlands (hereinafter "the Netherlands") "for violation of the obli-
gation not to use force", Makes thefollowing Order

1. Whereas in that Application Yugoslavia defines the subject of the
dispute as follows:

"The subject-matter of the dispute are acts of the Kingdom of the
Netherlands by which it has violated its international obligation
banning the use of force against another State, the obligation not to
intervene in the interna1 affairs of another State, the obligation not
to violate the sovereignty of another State, the obligation to protect
the civilian population and civilianobjects in wartime, the obligation
to protect the environment, the obligation relating to free navigation
on international rivers, the obligation regarding fundamental human
rights and freedoms, the obligation not to use prohibited weapons,
the obligation not to deliberately inflict conditions of life calculated
to cause the physical destruction of a national group";

2. Whereasin the saidApplicationYugoslavia refers,asa basisfor thejuris-
dictionof the Court, toArticl36, paragraph2,ofthe Statuteofthe Court and
to Article IX of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime ofGenocide,adopted by the GeneralAssemblyof the UnitedNations
on 9 December1948(hereinafterthe "GenocideConvention");
3. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia states that the claims sub-
mitted by it to the Court are based upon the following facts:

"The Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, together
with the Governments of other Member States of NATO, took part
in the acts of use of force against the Federal Republic of Yugosla-
via by taking part in bombing targets in the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia. In bombing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia mili-
tary and civilian targets were attacked.Great number of people were
killed, including a great many civilians. Residential houses came
under attack. Numerous dwellings were destroyed. Enormous dam-
age was caused to schools, hospitals, radio and television stations,
cultural and health institutions and to places of worship. A large
number of bridges, roads and railway lines were destroyed. Attacks
on oil refineriesand chemical plants have had serious environmental
effects on cities, towns and villages in the Federal Republic ofugo-

slavia. The use of weapons containing depleted uranium is having
far-reaching consequences for human life.The above-mentioned acts
are deliberately creatingconditions calculated at the physical destruc-
tion of an ethnic group, in whole or in part. The Government of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands is taking part in the training, arming,
financing, equipping and supplying the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation
Amy'";and whereas it further Statesthat the said claims are based on the follow-
ing legal grounds:

"The above acts of the Netherlands Government represent a gross
violation of the obligation not to use force against another State. By
financing, arming, training and equipping the so-called 'Kosovo Lib-
eration Army', support is given to terrorist groups and the secession-
ist movement in the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
in breach of the obligation not to intervene in the interna1 affairs of
another State. In addition, the provisions of the Geneva Convention
of 1949and of the Additional Protocol No. 1of 1977on the protec-
tion of civilians and civilian objects in time of war have been vio-
lated. The obligation to protect the environment has also been
breached. The destruction of bridges on the Danube is in contraven-

tion of the provisions of Article 1 of the 1948 Convention on free
navigation on the Danube. The provisions of the International Cov-
enant on Civil and Political Rights and of the International Cov-
enant on Economic. Social and Cultural Riehts o" 1966 have also
been breached. Furthermore, the obligation contained in the Con-
vention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
not to impose deliberately on a national group conditions of life cal-
culated to bring about the physical destruction of the group has been
breached. Furthermore, the activities in which the Kingdom of the
Netherlands is taking part are contrary to Article 53,paragraph 1,of
the Charter of the United Nations7':

4. Whereas the claims of Yugoslavia are formulated as follows in the
Application :

"The Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia requests
the International Court of Justice to adjudge and declare:
- by taking part in the bombing of the territory of the Federal

Republic of Yugoslavia, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has
acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its
obligation not to use force against another State;

- by taking part in the training, arming, financing, equipping and
supplying terrorist groups, i.e. the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation
Army', the Kingdom of the Netherlands has acted against the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
intervene in the affairs of another State;

by taking part in attacks on civilian targets, the Kingdom of the
Netherlands has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugosla-
via in breach of its obligation to spare the civilian population,
civilians and civilian objects;- by taking part in destroying or damaging monasteries, monu-
ments of culture, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has acted
against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its
obligation not to commit any act of hostility directed against
historical monuments, works of art or places of worship which
constitute cultural or spiritual heritage of people;

- by taking part in the use of cluster bombs, the Kingdom of the
Netherlands has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia in breach of its obligation not to use prohibited weapons,
i.e. weapons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering;

- by taking part in the bombing of oil refineries and chernical

plants, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has acted against the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
cause considerable environmental damage;

by taking part in the use of weapons containing depleted ura-
nium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has acted against the

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
use prohibited weapons and not to cause far-reaching health and
environmental damageu ,:
by taking part in killing civilians,destroying enterprises, commu-
nications, health and cultural institutions, the Kingdom of the
Netherlands has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugosla-
via in breach of its obligation to respect the right to life, the right

to work, the right to information, the right to health care as well
as other basic human rights;

- by taking part in destroying bridges on international rivers, the
Kingdom oftheNetherlandshas acted against the Federal Repub-
licof Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation to respect freedom of
navigation on international rivers;

- by taking part in activities listed above, and in particular by
causing enormous environmental damage and by using depleted
uranium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has acted against the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
deliberately inflict on a national group conditions of life calcu-

lated to bring about its physical destruction, in whole or in part;

- the Kingdom of the Netherlands is responsible for the violation
of the above international obligations;
- the Kingdom of the Netherlands is obliged to stop immediately
the violation of the above obligations vis-à-vistheFederal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia;

- the Kingdom of the Netherlands is obliged to provide compensa- tion for the damage done to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
and to its citizens andjuridical persons";
and whereas, at the end of its Application, Yugoslavia reserves the right
to amend and supplement it;
5. Whereas on 29 April 1999,immediately after filing its Application,

Yugoslavia also submitted a request for the indication of provisional
measures pursuant to Article 73 of the Rules of Court; and whereas that
request was accompanied by a volume of photographic annexes pro-
duced as "evidence" ;
6. Whereas, in support of its request for the indication of provisional
measures, Yugoslavia contends inter alia that, since the onset of the
bombing of its territory, and as a result thereof, about 1,000 civilians,
including 19 children. have been killed and more than 4.500 have sus-
tained sGious injuries';that the lives of three million childien are endan-
gered; that hundreds of thousands of citizens have been exposed to poi-
sonous gases; that about one million citizens are short of water supply;
that about 500,000 workers have become jobless; that two million citi-
zens have no means of livelihood and are unable to ensure minimum
means of sustenance; and that the road and railway network has suffered
extensive destruction; whereas, in its request for the indication of provi-
sional measures, Yugoslavia also lists the targets alleged to have come

under attack in the air strikes and describes in detail the damage alleged
to have been infiicted upon them (bridges, railway lines and stations,
roads and means of transport, airports, industry and trade, refineries and
warehouses storing liquid raw materials and chemicals, agriculture, hos-
pitals and health care centres, schools, public buildings and housing
facilities, infrastructure, telecommunications, cultural-historical monu-
ments and religious shrines); and whereas Yugoslavia concludes from
this that:

"The acts described above caused death, physical and mental
harm to the population of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; huge
devastation; heavy pollution of the environment, so that the Yugo-
slav population is deliberately imposed conditions of life calculated
to bring about physical destruction of the group, in whole or in
part" ;

7. Whereas, at the end of its request for the indication of provisional
measures, Yugoslavia states that
"If the proposed measure were not to be adopted, there will be
new losses of human life, further physical and mental harm inflicted
on the population of the FR of Yugoslavia, further destruction of
civilian targets, heavy environmental pollution and further physical

destruction of the people of Yugoslavia";and whereas, while reserving the right to amend and supplement its
request, Yugoslavia requests the Court to indicate the following measure:
"The Kingdom of the Netherlands shall cease immediately its acts
of use of force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of force
against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

8. Whereas the request for the indication of provisional measures was
accompanied by a letter from the Agent of Yugoslavia, addressed to the
President and Members of the Court, which read as follows:

"1have the honour to bring to the attention of the Court the latest
bombing of the central area of the town of Surdulica on 27 April
1999 at noon resulting in losses of lives of civilians, most of whom
were children and women, and to remind of killings of peoples in
Kursumlija, Aleksinac and Cuprija, as well as bombing of a refugee
convoy and the Radio and Television of Serbia, just to mention
some of the well-known atrocities. Therefore, 1would liketo caution
the Court that there is a highest probability of further civilian and
military casualties.
Considering the power conferred upon the Court by Article 75,

paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court and having in mind the greatest
urgency caused by the circumstances described in the Requests for
provisional measure of protection 1 kindly ask the Court to decide
on the submitted Requests proprio motu orto fixa datefor a hearing
at earliest possible time";
9. Whereas on 29 April 1999, the day on which the Application and
the request for the indication of provisional measures were filed in the

Registry, the Registrar sent to the Netherlands Government signed copies
of the Application and of the request, in accordance with Article38,para-
graph 4, and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and whereas
he also sent to that Government copies of the documents accompany-
ing the Application and the request for the indication of provisional
measures ;
10. Whereas on 29 April 1999the Registrar informed the Parties that
the Court had decided, pursuant to Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules
of Court, to hold hearings on 10and 11May 1999,where they would be
able to present their observations on the request for the indication ofro-
visional measures;
11. Whereas, pending the notification under Article 40, paragraph 3,
of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by transmittal of the
printed bilingual text of the Application to the Members of the United
Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court, the Regis-
trar on 29 April 1999informed those States of the filing of the Applica-

tion and of its subject-matter, and of the filing of the request for the
indication of provisional measures;
12. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the bench no judge of LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 548

Yugoslav nationality, the Yugoslav Government has availed itself of the
provisions of Article 31 of the Statute of the Court to choose Mr.
Milenko Kreéato sit as judge ad hoc in the case; and whereas no objec-
tion to that choice was raised within the time-limit fixed for the purpose
pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court;
13. Whereas, at the public hearings held between 10and 12May 1999,
oral observations on the request for the indication of provisional meas-
ures were presented by the Parties:

On behalf'of Yugoslavia.
Mr. Rodoljub Etinski, Agent,
Mr. Ian Brownlie,
Mr. Paul J. 1. M. de Waart,

Mr. Eric Suy,
Mr. Miodrag Mitié,
Mr. Olivier Corten;
On behalf'of the Netherlands:

Mr. Johan Lammers, Agent,
14. Whereas, by letter of 12 May 1999,the Agent of Yugoslavia sub-
mitted to the Court a "Supplement to the Application" of his Govern-
ment, which read as follows:

"Using the right reserved by the Application of the Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia against the Kingdom of the Netherlands for viola-
tion of the obligation not to use force, filed to the International
Court of Justice on 29 April 1999, 1 supplement its part related to
the grounds of jurisdiction of the Court, which should now read as
follows :

'TheGovernment of the Federal Republic ofYugoslavia invokes
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the International Court
of Justice as well as Article IX of the Convention on the Preven-
tion and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and Article 4 of
the Treaty of Judicial Settlement, Arbitration and Conciliation
between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Netherlands, signed
at The Hague on 11March 1931and in force since2 April 1932' " ;

whereas, at the start of the afternoon session of the hearing of 12 May
1999,the Vice-President of the Court, acting President, made the follow-
ing statement :
"In the light of the new bases of jurisdiction invoked today by
Yugoslavia . . .the Court wishes to inform the Parties that it will

give its consideration to any observations of the Netherlands .. .in
regard to the admissibility of the additional grounds invoked";

and whereas at the said afternoon session of 12 May 1999 the Nether-
lands made various observations on the admissibility of the Yugoslav"Supplement to the Application", and on the new basis of jurisdiction
invoked therein ;
15. Whereas, in this phase of the proceedings, the Parties presented the
following submissions:

On behaif of Yugoslavia;
"[Tlhe Court [is asked] to indicate the following provisional
measure :

[Tlhe Kingdom of the Netherlands .. .shall cease immediately the
acts of use of force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of
force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

On behaif of the Netherlands:

"The Netherlands [requests]the Court [to]deny the request for the
indication of a provisional measure made by the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia" ;

16. Whereas the Court is deeply concerned with the human tragedy,

the loss of life, and the enormous suffering in Kosovo which form the
background of the present dispute, and with the continuing loss of life
and human suffering in al1parts of Yugoslavia;

17. Whereas the Court is profoundly concerned with the use of force
in Yugoslavia; whereas under the present circumstances such use raises
very serious issues of international law;
18. Whereas the Court is mindful of the purposes and principles of the
United Nations Charter and of its own responsibilities in the mainte-
nance of peace and security under the Charter and the Statute of the
Court;
19. Whereas the Court deems it necessary to emphasize that al1parties

appearing before it must act in conformity with their obligations under
the United Nations Charter and other rules of international law, includ-
ing humanitarian law;

20. Whereas the Court, under its Statute, does not automatically have
jurisdiction over legal disputes between States parties to that Statute or
between other States to whom access to the Court has been granted;
whereas the Court has repeatedly stated "that one of the fundamental
principles of itsStatute is that it cannot decide a dispute between States
without the consent of those States to itsjurisdiction" (East Timor (Por-
tugal v. Australia), Judgment, I. C.J. Reports 1995, p. 101,para. 26);and
whereas the Court can therefore exercisejurisdiction only between Statesparties to a dispute who not only have access to the Court but also have
accepted the jurisdiction of the Court, either in general form or for the
individual dispute concerned;
21. Whereas on a request for provisional measures the Court need not,
before deciding whether or not to indicate them, finally satisfy itselfthat
it has jurisdiction on the merits of the case, yet it ought not to indicate
such measures unless the provisions invoked by the applicant appear,
prima facie, to afford a basis on which thejurisdiction of the Court might
be established ;

22. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the first place, to
found the jurisdiction of the Court upon Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute; whereas each of the two Parties has made a declaration recog-
nizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court pursuant to that provi-
sion; and whereas Yugoslavia's declaration was deposited with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations on 26 April 1999, and that of
the Netherlands on 1 August 1956;

23. Whereas Yugoslavia's declaration is formulated as follows:

"1 hereby declare that the Government of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia recognizes, in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, as compulsory

ipsofacto and without special agreement, in relation to any other
State accepting the same obligation, that is on condition of recipro-
city, thejurisdiction of the said Court in al1disputes arising or which
may arise after the signature of the present Declaration, with regard
to the situations or facts subsequent to this signature, except in cases
where the parties have agreed or shall agree to have recourse to
another procedure or to another method of pacific settlement. The
present Declaration does not apply to disputes relating to questions
which, under international law, fa11exclusively within the jurisdic-
tion of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, as well as to territorial
disputes.
The aforesaid obligation is accepted until such time as notice may
be given to terminate the acceptance";

and whereas the declaration of the Netherlands reads as follows:
"1 hereby declare that the Government of the Kingdom of the
Netherlands recognizes, in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, with effect from
6 August 1956,as compulsory ipsofacto and without special agree-
ment, in relation to any other State accepting the same obligation,
that is on condition of reciprocity, the jurisdiction of theaid Court

in al1disputes arising or which may arise after 5 August 1921,with the exception of disputes in respect of which the parties, excluding
the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, may have
agreed to have recourse to some other method of pacific settlement.
The aforesaid obligation is accepted for a period of fiveyears and
will be renewed by tacit agreement for additional periods of five
years, unless notice is given, not less than six months before the
expiry of any such period, that the Government of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands does not wish to renew it.
The acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court founded on the
declaration of 5August 1946is terminated with effectfrom 6 August
1956".

24. Whereas the Netherlands contends that the Court lacks jurisdic-
tion in the case on the basis of Article 36,paragraph 2, of the Statute of
the Court; whereas it points out that Yugoslavia's declaration limits
ratione trmporis its acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court to "disputes arising or which may arise after the signature of the
present Declaration, with regard to the situations or facts subsequent to
this signature"; and whereas the Netherlands maintains that the dispute
between Yugoslavia and the Netherlands clearly arose before the date of

signature of the Yugoslav declaration and therefore falls outside the
scope of the jurisdiction of the Court;
25. Whereas, according to Yugoslavia, "[tlhe issue before the Court is
that of interpreting a unilateral declaration of acceptance of its jurisdic-
tion, and thus of ascertaining the meaning of the declaration on the basis
of the intention of its author"; whereas Yugoslavia contends that the text
of its declaration "allows al1disputes effectively arising after 25 April
1999 to be taken into account"; whereas, referring to bombing attacks
carried out by NATO mernber States on 28 April, 1 May, 7 May and
8 May 1999,Yugoslavia States that, "[iln each of these cases, which are
only examples, [it]denounced the flagrant violations of international law
of which it considered itself to have been the victim", and the "NATO
member States denied having violated any obligation under international
law"; whereas Yugoslavia asserts that "each of these events therefore
gave rise to 'a disagreementon a point of law or fact', a disagreement...
the terms of which depend in each case on the specific features of the
attack" in question; whereas Yugoslavia accordingly concludes that,
sincethese events constitute "instantaneous wrongful acts", there exist "a
number of separate disputes which have arisen" between the Parties
"since 25 April relating to events subsequent to that date"; and whereas

Yugoslavia argues from this that "[tlhere is no reason to exclude prima
facie the Court's jurisdiction over disputes having effectivelyarisen after
25 April, as provided in the text of the declaration"; and whereas Yugo-
slavia adds that to exclude such disputes from the jurisdiction of the
Court "would run entirely counter to the manifest and clear intention of
Yugoslavia" to entrust the Court with the resolution of those disputes; 26. Whereas Yugoslavia has accepted the Court's jurisdiction ratione
temporis in respect only, on the one hand, of disputes arising or which
may arise after the signature of its declaration and, on the other hand, of
those concerning situations or facts subsequent to that signature (cf.
Right of Passage overIndian Territory, Merits, Judgment, I. C.J. Reports
1960, p. 34); whereas, in order to determine whether the Court has juris-
diction in the case, it is sufficient to decide whether, in terms of the text of
the declaration, the dispute brought before the Court "arose" before or
after 25 April 1999,the date on which the declaration was signed;
27. Whereas Yugoslavia's Application is entitled "Application of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against the Kingdom of the Netherlands
for Violation of the Obligation Not to Use Force"; whereas in the Appli-

cation the "subject of the dispute" (emphasis added) is described in gen-
eral terms (see paragraph 1above); but whereas it can be seen both from
the statement of "facts upon which the claim is based" and from the
manner in which the "claims" themselves are formulated (see para-
graphs 3 and 4 above) that the Application is directed, in essence, against
the "bombing of the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", to
which the Court is asked to put an end;
28. Whereas it is an established fact that the bombings in question
began on 24 March 1999 and have been conducted continuously over a
period extending beyond 25 April 1999; and whereas the Court has no
doubt, in the light, inter uliu, of the discussions at the Security Council
meetings of 24 and 26 March 1999 (SlPV.3988 and 3989), that a "legal
dispute" (East Timor (Portugal v. Australiu), I. C.J. Reports 1995,
p. 100,para. 22) "arose" between Yugoslavia and the Respondent, as it
did also with the other NATO member States, well before 25 April 1999

concerning the legality of those bombings as such, taken as a whole;
29. Whereas the fact that the bombings have continued after 25 April
1999and that the dispute concerning them has persisted since that date is
not such as to alter the date on which the dispute arose; whereas each
individual air attack could not have given rise to a separate subsequent
dispute; and whereas, at this stage of the proceedings, Yugoslavia has
not established that new disputes, distinct from the initial one, have
arisen between the Parties since 25 April 1999in respect of subsequent
situations or facts attributable to the Netherlands;
30. Whereas, as the Court recalled in its Judgment of 4 December
1998in the case concerning Fisherie Jurisdiction (Spain v. Cunuda),

"It is for each State, in formulating its declaration, to decide upon
the limits it places upon its acceptance of the jurisdiction of the
Court: '[tlhisjurisdiction only exists within the limits within which
it has been accepted' (Phosphates irz Morocco, Judgment, 1938,
P.C. IJ., Series AIB, No. 74, p. 23)" (1.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 453,
para. 44);

and whereas, as the Permanent Court held in its Judgment of 14 June1938in the Phosphates in Morocco case (Preliminary Objections), "it is
recognized that, as a consequence of the condition of reciprocity stipu-
lated in paragraph 2 of Article 36 of the Statute of the Court", any limi-
tation ratione temporis attached by one of the Parties to its declaration of
acceptance of theCourt's jurisdiction "holds good as between the Parties"
(Phosphates in Morocco, Judgment, 1938, P.C.1.J., Srries AIB, No. 74,
p. 10);whereas, moreover, as the present Court noted in its Judgment of
11 June 1988 in the case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), "[als early as
1952, it held in the case concerning Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. that, when dec-
larations are made on condition of reciprocity, 'jurisdiction is conferred

on the Court only to the extent to which the two Declarations coincide in
conferring it' (I.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 103)" (1C.J. Reports 1998, p. 298,
para. 43); and whereas it follows from the foregoing that the declarations
made by the Parties under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute do not
constitute a basis on which thejurisdiction of the Court could prima facie
be founded in this case;

31. Whereas, referring to United Nations Security Council resolutions
757(1992) of 30 May 1992and 777 (1992)of 19September 1992,and to
United Nations General Assembly resolutions 4711of 22 September 1992
and 48/88 of 20 December 1993,the Netherlands also contends that the
Court has no jurisdiction in the case, even prima facie, on the basis of
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, because Yugoslavia is neither a
Member of the United Nations nor a party to the Statute of the Court,

and could not, therefore, validly make the declaration provided for in Ar-
ticle 36, paragraph 2; and whereas the Netherlands further contends that
Yugoslavia has not satisfied the conditions laid out in Security Council
resolution 9 of 15October 1946for acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction
by a State that is not a party to the Statute;

32. Whereas Yugoslavia, referring to the position of the Secretariat, as
expressed in a letter dated 29 September 1992from the Legal Counsel of
the Organization (doc. A/471485),and to the latter's subsequerit practice,
contends for its part that General Assemblyresolution 4711"[neither] ter-
minate[d] nor suspend[ed] Yugoslavia's membership in the Organiza-
tion", and that the said resolution did not take away from Yugoslavia
"[its] right to participate in the work of organs other than Assembly
bodies" ;
33. Whereas, in viewof its finding in paragraph 30 above, the Court
need not consider this question for the purpose of deciding whether or
not it can indicate provisional measures in the present case; 34. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the second place,
to found thejurisdiction of the Court on Article IX of the Genocide Con-
vention, which provides :
"Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpre-
tation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including

those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any
of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to
the dispute" ;
and whereas in its Application Yugoslavia states that the subject of the
dispute concerns inte rliu "acts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands by
which it has violated its international obligation . . .not to deliberately

inflict conditions of life calculated to cause the physical destruction of a
national group"; whereas, in describing the facts on which the Applica-
tion is based, Yugoslavia states: "The above-mentioned acts are deliber-
ately creating conditions calculated at the physical destruction of an eth-
nie group, in whole or in part"; whereas, in its statement of the legal
grounds on which the Application is based, Yugoslavia contends that
"the obligation . . not to impose deliberately on a national group con-
ditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the
group has been breached"; and whereas one of the claims on the merits
set out in the Application is formulated as follows:

"by taking part in activities listed above, and in particular by caus-
ing enormous environmental damage and by using depleted ura-
nium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to deliberately
inflict on a national group conditions of life calculated to bring
about its physical destruction, in whole or in part";

35. Whereas Yugoslavia contends moreover that the sustained and
intensive bombing of the whole of its territory, including the most heavily
populated areas, constitutes "a serious violation of Article II of the
Genocide Convention"; whereas it argues that "the pollution of soil, air
and water, destroying the economy of the country, contaminating the
environment with depleted uranium, inflicts conditions of life on the
Yugoslav nation calculated to bring about its physical destruction";
whereas it asserts that itis the Yugoslav nation as a whole and as such
that is targeted; and whereas it stresses that the use of certain weapons
whose long-term hazards to health and the environment are already
known, and the destruction of the largest part of the country's power
supply system, with catastrophic consequences of which the Respondent
must be aware, "impl[y] the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, the

Yugoslav national group as such;

36. Whereas for its part the Netherlands contends that the Courtcould have prima faciejurisdiction on the basis of Article IX of the Con-
vention, if the party invoking such jurisdiction were in a position to pro-
duce "at least some evidence that a question relating to the interpretation,
application or fulfilment of the 1948 Genocide Convention has arisen";
whereas according to the Netherlands, Yugoslavia's Application fails to
refer to the conditions that form the core of the crime of genocide under
the Convention, namely the "intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a
national, ethnical, racial or religious group, assuch", and whereas, in the
view of the Netherlands, the Court accordingly lacks jurisdiction ratione
materiae on the basis of Article IX;
37. Whereas it is not disputed that both Yugoslavia and the Nether-
lands are parties to the Genocide Convention without reservation; and
whereas Article IX of the Convention accordingly appears to constitute a
basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court might be founded to the

extent that the subject-matter of thedispute relates to "the interpretation,
application or fulfilment" of the Convention, including disputes "relating
to the responsibility of a state for genocide or for any of the other acts
enumerated in article III" of the said Convention;
38. Whereas, in order to determine, even prima facie, whether a dis-
pute within the meaning of Article IX of the Genocide Convention exists,
the Court cannot limit itself to noting that one of the Parties maintains
that the Convention applies, while the other denies it; and whereas in the
present case the Court must ascertain whether the breaches of the Con-
vention alleged by Yugoslavia are capable of fallingwithin the provisions
of that instrument and whether, as a consequence, the dispute is one
which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain pursuant
to Article IX (cf. Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. UnitedStates
of America), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1996 (II),
p. 810, para. 16);
39. Whereas the definition of genocide set out in Article II of the

Genocide Convention reads as follows:
"In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following
actscommitted with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
ethnical, racial or religious group, assuch:

(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the
group ;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated
to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group";
40. Whereas it appears to the Court, from this definition, "that [the]
essential characteristic [of genocide] is the intended destruction of 'a
national, ethnical, racial or religious group'"(Application of the Conven-
tion on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Provi- LEGALlTY OF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 556

sional Measures, Order of 13 September 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993,
p. 345, para. 42); whereas the threat or use of force against a State can-
not in itself constitute an act of genocide within the meaning of Article II
of the Genocide Convention;and whereas, in the opinion of the Court, it
does not appear at the present stage of the proceedings that the bombings
which form the subject of the Yugoslav Application "indeed entail the
element of intent, towards a group as such, required by the provision
quoted above" (Legality of the Threat or Useof Nuclear Weapons, Advi-

sory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 240, para. 26) ;

41. Whereas the Court is therefore not in a position to find, at this
stage of the proceedings, that the acts imputed by Yugoslavia to the
Respondent are capable of coming within the provisions of the Genocide
Convention; and whereas Article IX of the Convention, invoked by
Yugoslavia, cannot accordingly constitute a basis on which the jurisdic-
tion of the Court could prima facie be founded in this case;

42. Whereas after it had filed its Application Yugoslavia further
invoked, as basis for the Court's jurisdiction in this case, Article 4 of the

Treaty of Judicial Settlement, Arbitration and Conciliation between the
Netherlands and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, signed in The Hague on
11March 1931 ;whereas Yugoslavia's "Supplement to the Application",
in which it invoked this new basis of jurisdiction, was presented to the
Court in the second round of oral argument (see paragraph 14 above);
whereas Yugoslavia gave no explanation of its reasons for filing this
document at this stage of the proceedings; and whereas Yugoslavia
argues that, although the procedure provided for in Article 4 of the 1931
Treaty has not been strictly followed, "the Court, like its predecessor, the
Permanent Court of International Justice, has always had recourse to the
principle according to which it should not penalize a defect in a pro-
cedural act which the Applicant could easily remedy";
43. Whereas the Netherlands objects to the late presentation by Yugo-
slavia of this basisof jurisdiction; whereas the Netherlands argues that

the Treaty of Judicial Settlement, Arbitration and Conciliation of
11March 1931 is no longer in force between the Netherlands and Yugo-
slavia; whereas the Netherlands observes that it is not a party to the 1978
Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in respect of Treaties and
that, in contrast with a number of other bilateral treaties concluded with
the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, no provisional
mutual agreement has been reached on the continued validity of the 1931
Treaty; whereas the Netherlands further argues that Yugoslavia has not
complied with the procedural requirements of Article 4 of the Treaty, in
particular the period of notice of one month;
44. Whereas the invocation by a party of a new basis ofjurisdiction in
the second round of oral argument on a request for the indication of pro-visional measures has never occurred in the Court's practice; whereas
such action at this late stage, when it is not accepted by the other Party,
seriously jeopardizes the principle of procedural fairness and the sound
administration of justice; and whereas in consequence the Court cannot,
for the purpose of deciding whether it may or may not indicate provi-
sional measures in the present case, take into consideration the new title
of jurisdiction which Yugoslavia sought to invoke on 12 May 1999;

45. Whereas the Court has found above that it had no prima facie
jurisdiction to entertain Yugoslavia's Application, either on the basis of
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute or of Article IX of the Genocide
Convention; and whereas it has taken the view that it cannot, at this
stage of the proceedings, take account of the additional basis of jurisdic-
tion invoked by Yugoslavia; and whereas it follows that the Court can-
not indicate any provisional measure whatsoever in order to protect the
rights claimed by Yugoslavia in its Application;
46. Whereas, however, the findings reached by the Court in the present
proceedings in no way prejudge the question of the jurisdiction of the
Court to deal with the merits of the case or any questions relating to the
admissibility of the Application, or relating to the merits themselves; and
whereas they leave unaffected the right of the Governments of Yugo-
slavia and the Netherlands to submit arguments in respect of those

questions;

47. Whereas there is a fundamental distinction between the question
of the acceptance by a State of the Court's jurisdiction and the compat-

ibility of particular acts with international law; the former requires con-
sent; the latter question can only be reached when the Court deals with
the merits after having established its jurisdiction and having heard full
legal arguments by both parties;
48. Whereas, whether or not States accept the jurisdiction of the
Court, they remain in any event responsible for acts attributable to them
that violate international law, including humanitarian law; whereas any
disputes relating to the legality of such acts are required to be resolved
by peaceful means, the choice of which, pursuant to Article 33 of the
Charter, is left to the parties;
49. Whereas in this context the parties should take care not to aggra-
vate or extend the dispute;
50. Whereas, when such a dispute gives rise to a threat to the peace,
breach of the peace or act of aggression, the Security Council has special
responsibilitiesunder Chapter VI1 of the Charter; 51. For these reasons,

(1) By eleven votes to four,

Rejects the request for the indication of provisional measures submit-
ted by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 29 April 1999;
IN FAVOU R:esidentSchwebel; JudgesOda, Bedjaoui,Guillaume, Ranjeva,
Herczegh, Fleischhauer,Koroma, Higgins,Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans:

AGAINS Tice-PresidenWeeramantry, Acting Presiden;JudgesShi,Veresh-
chetin;Judge ad hoc Kreka;
(2) By fourteen votes to one,

Reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision.
IN FAVOUR : Vice-PresideritWeeramantry, Acting President ; President

Fleischhauer, Koroma,edjaoVereshchetin,, RHiggins, Parra-Aranguren,
Kooijmans; Judge ad hoc Kreka;

AGAINS Tudge Oda.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this second day ofJune, one thousand nine
hundred and ninety-nine, in three copies, one of which will be placed in

the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government
of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Government of the King-
dom of the Netherlands, respectively.

(Signed) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY,
Vice-President.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,

Registrar.

Judge KOROMA appends a declaration to the Order of the Court.

Judges ODA, HIGGINS,PARRA-ARANGURa End KOOIJMANa Sppend
separate opinions to the Order of the Court.

20 LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (ORDE2 VI 99) 559

Vice-President WEERAMANTRA Yc,ting President, Judges SHI and
VERESHCHETaIn Nd, Judge ad hoc KRECAappend dissenting opinions to
the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) C.G.W.
(Initialled) E.V.O.

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE À LA LICÉITÉ
DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSLAVIE C.PAYS-BAS)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU 2 JUIN 1999

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING
LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA vNETHERLANDS)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER OF 2 JUNE 1999 Mode officiel de citation
Licéité de l'emploi delaforce (Yougoslavie c. Pays-Bas),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnancedu 1999,
C.IJ. Recueil 1999, p. 542

Official cit:tion
Legality of Useof Force (Yugoslavia v. Netherlands),
Provisional Measures,er of 2 June 1999,
1C.J. Reports 1999, p. 542

ISSN 0074-4441 Nok vente: 732 1
ISBN 92-1-070800-8 Sales number 2 JUIN 1999

ORDONNANCE

LICÉITÉDE L'EMPLOIDE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSLAVIE C.PAYS-BAS)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

LEGALITYOF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA v.NETHERLANDS)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

2 JUNE 1999

ORDER COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

ANNÉE 1999
2juin
Rôle général
2 juin1999

AFFAIRE RELATIVE À LA LICÉITÉ

DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSLAVIE c. PAYS-BAS)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE

Présents: M. WEERAMANTRv Yi,e-président,faisant fonction de pré-
sident en l'affaire; M. SCHWEBEp,résident de la Cour;
MM. ODA, BEDJAOUIG , UILLAUMER, ANJEVAH, ERCZEGH,
SHI, FLEISCHHAUEKRO, ROMAV,ERESHCHETINM,me HIGGINS,
MM. PARRA-ARANGUREN, KOOIJMAN jS,es; M. KRECAj,uge
ad hoc; M. VALENCIA-OSPINgref,$er.

La Cour internationale de Justice,

Ainsi composée,
Après délibéen chambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles
son Règlement,

Vu la requête déposear la République fédéralede Yougoslavie (ci-
aprèsdénomméela «Yougoslavie))) au Greffe dela Cour le 29 avril 1999,
par laquelle ellea introduit une instance contre le Royaume des Pays-Bas
(ci-aprèsdénomméles «Pays-Bas»)pour violation de l'obligation de ne
pas recourirl'emploi de la force)), INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1999 1999
2 June
General List
2 June 1999 No. 110

CASE CONCERNING
LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA v.NETHERLANDS)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER

Presen: Vice-President WEERAMANTRA Yc,ting Preside;tPresident
SCHWEBELJ;udges ODA, BEDJAOUIG , UILLAUMER ,ANJEVA,
HERCZEGH,SHI, FLEISCHHAUER K,OROMA,VERESHCHETIN,
HIGGINS,PARRA-ARANGUREK N, OIJMANSJ;ztdge ad hoc
KRECAR ; egistrar VALENCIA-OSPINA.

The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,

After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 andf the Statute of the Court and to
Articles3 and 74 of the Rules of Court,

Having regard to the Application by the Federal Republic of
slavia (hereinafter "Yugoslavia") filed in the Registry of the Court on
29 April 1999, instituting proceedings against the Kingdom of the
Netherlands (hereinafter "the Netherlands") "for violation of the obli-
gation not to use force", Rend l'ordonnance suivante:

1. Considérant que, dans cette requête,la Yougoslavie définit l'objet
du différend ainsique suit:
((L'objet du différendporte sur les actes commis par le Royaume

des Pays-Bas, en violation de son obligation internationale de ne pas
recourirà l'emploi de la force contre un autre Etat, de l'obligation
de ne pas s'immiscerdans les affaires intérieuresd'un autre Etat, de
l'obligation de ne pas porter atteinteà la souveraineté d'un autre
Etat, de I'obligation de protégerlespopulations civileset lesbiens de
caractère civil en temps de guerre, de I'obligation de protégerl'envi-
ronnement, de l'obligation touchantà la libertéde navigation sur les
cours d'eau internationaux, de I'obligation concernant les droits et
libertésfondamentaux de la personne humaine, de I'obligation de ne
pas utiliser des armes interdites, de I'obligation de ne pas soumettre
intentionnellement un groupe national àdes conditions d'existence
devant entraîner sa destruction physique));

2. Considérant que,dans ladite requête,la Yougoslavie, pour fonder la
compétence de laCour, invoque le paragraphe 2 de l'article36du Statut de
la Cour et l'article de la convention pour la préventionet la répression
du crime de génocide,adoptéepar l'Assemblée générale dN esations Unies
le9 décembre1948(ci-après dénommée l(a(conventionsur le génocide)));
3. Considérant que, dans sa requête,la Yougoslavie expose que les
demandes qu'elle soumet à la Cour sont fondéessur les faits ci-après:

«Le Gouvernement du Royaume des Pays-Bas,conjointement avec
les gouvernements d'autres Etats membres de l'OTAN, a recouru à
l'emploi de la force contre la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie en
prenant part au bombardement de ciblesdans la Républiquefédérale
de Yougoslavie. Lors des bombardements de la Républiquefédérale
de Yougoslavie, des cibles militaires et civiles ont étéattaquées. Un

grand nombre de personnes ont ététuées,dont de très nombreux
civils. Des immeubles d'habitation ont subi des attaques. Un grand
nombre d'habitations ont étédétruites. D'énormes dégâts ont été
causésà des écoles, deshôpitaux, des stationsde radiodiffusion et de
télévision, es structures culturelles et sanitaires, ainsi qu'à des lieux
de culte. Nombre de ponts, routes et voies de chemin de fer ontété
détruits. Les attaques contre des raffineries de pétrole etdes usines
chimiques ont eu de graves effets dommageables pour I'environne-
ment de villes et de villages de la Républiquefédérale deYougosla-
vie. L'emploi d'armes contenant de l'uranium appauvri a de lourdes
conséquencespour la vie humaine. Les actes susmentionnésont pour
effet desoumettre intentionnellementun groupe ethnique àdescondi-
tions devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle. Le

Gouvernement du Royaume des Pays-Bas prend part à l'entraîne-
ment, à l'armement, au financement, à l'équipementet à l'approvi-
sionnement de la prétendue ((arméede libérationdu Kosovo)); Makes thefollowing Order

1. Whereas in that Application Yugoslavia defines the subject of the
dispute as follows:

"The subject-matter of the dispute are acts of the Kingdom of the
Netherlands by which it has violated its international obligation
banning the use of force against another State, the obligation not to
intervene in the interna1 affairs of another State, the obligation not
to violate the sovereignty of another State, the obligation to protect
the civilian population and civilianobjects in wartime, the obligation
to protect the environment, the obligation relating to free navigation
on international rivers, the obligation regarding fundamental human
rights and freedoms, the obligation not to use prohibited weapons,
the obligation not to deliberately inflict conditions of life calculated
to cause the physical destruction of a national group";

2. Whereasin the saidApplicationYugoslavia refers,asa basisfor thejuris-
dictionof the Court, toArticl36, paragraph2,ofthe Statuteofthe Court and
to Article IX of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime ofGenocide,adopted by the GeneralAssemblyof the UnitedNations
on 9 December1948(hereinafterthe "GenocideConvention");
3. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia states that the claims sub-
mitted by it to the Court are based upon the following facts:

"The Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, together
with the Governments of other Member States of NATO, took part
in the acts of use of force against the Federal Republic of Yugosla-
via by taking part in bombing targets in the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia. In bombing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia mili-
tary and civilian targets were attacked.Great number of people were
killed, including a great many civilians. Residential houses came
under attack. Numerous dwellings were destroyed. Enormous dam-
age was caused to schools, hospitals, radio and television stations,
cultural and health institutions and to places of worship. A large
number of bridges, roads and railway lines were destroyed. Attacks
on oil refineriesand chemical plants have had serious environmental
effects on cities, towns and villages in the Federal Republic ofugo-

slavia. The use of weapons containing depleted uranium is having
far-reaching consequences for human life.The above-mentioned acts
are deliberately creatingconditions calculated at the physical destruc-
tion of an ethnic group, in whole or in part. The Government of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands is taking part in the training, arming,
financing, equipping and supplying the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation
Amy'";et considérant qu'elle indique en outre que lesdites demandes reposent
sur les fondements juridiques suivants:
«Les actes susmentionnés du Gouvernement néerlandais consti-

tuent une violation flagrante de l'obligation de ne pas recourir à
l'emploi de la force contre un autre Etat. En finançant, armant,
entraînant et équipant la prétendue ((armée de libération du
Kosovo)), le Gouvernement néerlandais apporte un appui à des
groupes terroristes et au mouvement sécessionnistesur le territoire
de la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de l'obliga-
tion de ne pas s'immiscer dans les affaires intérieures d'un autre
Etat. De surcroît, les dispositions de la convention de Genève de
1949et du protocole additionnel no 1 de 1977relatives à la protec-
tion des civils et des biens de caractère civil en temps de guerre ont

étéviolées.11y a eu aussi violation de l'obligation de protégerl'envi-
ronnement. La destruction de ponts sur le Danube enfreint les dis-
positions de l'article de la convention de 1948relative à la liberté
de navigation sur le Danube. Les dispositions du pacte international
relatif aux droits civils et politiques et du pacte international relatif
aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels de 1966ont elles aussi
étéviolées. Enoutre, l'obligation énoncée dans la convention pour la
préventionet la répressiondu crime de génocidede ne pas soumettre
intentionnellement un groupe national à des conditions d'existence
devant entraîner sa destruction physique a étéviolée.De plus, les

activités auxquelles le Royaume des Pays-Bas prend part sont
contraires au paragraphe 1 de l'article 53 de la Charte des Nations
Unies» ;

4. Considérant que les demandes de la Yougoslavie sont ainsi formu-
léesdans la requête:
«Le Gouvernement de la Républiquefédérale de Yougoslavie prie
la Cour internationale de Justice de dire et juger:

- qu'en prenant part aux bombardements du territoire de la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie, le Royaume des Pays-Bas a agi
contre la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de
son obligation de ne pas recourirà l'emploide la force contre un
autre Etat;
- qu'en prenant part à l'entraînement, à l'armement, au finance-
ment, à l'équipementet à l'approvisionnement de groupes terro-

ristes,à savoir la prétendue«arméede libérationdu Kosovo B,le
Royaume des Pays-Bas a agi contre la République fédérale de
Yougoslavie, en violation de son obligation de ne pas s'immiscer
dans les affaires d'un autre Etat;
- qu'en prenant part à des attaques contre des cibles civiles, le
Royaume des Pays-Bas a agi contre la République fédéralede
Yougoslavie, en violation de son obligation d'épargnerla popu-
lation civile, les civils et les biens de caractère civil;and whereas it further Statesthat the said claims are based on the follow-
ing legal grounds:

"The above acts of the Netherlands Government represent a gross
violation of the obligation not to use force against another State. By
financing, arming, training and equipping the so-called 'Kosovo Lib-
eration Army', support is given to terrorist groups and the secession-
ist movement in the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
in breach of the obligation not to intervene in the interna1 affairs of
another State. In addition, the provisions of the Geneva Convention
of 1949and of the Additional Protocol No. 1of 1977on the protec-
tion of civilians and civilian objects in time of war have been vio-
lated. The obligation to protect the environment has also been
breached. The destruction of bridges on the Danube is in contraven-

tion of the provisions of Article 1 of the 1948 Convention on free
navigation on the Danube. The provisions of the International Cov-
enant on Civil and Political Rights and of the International Cov-
enant on Economic. Social and Cultural Riehts o" 1966 have also
been breached. Furthermore, the obligation contained in the Con-
vention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
not to impose deliberately on a national group conditions of life cal-
culated to bring about the physical destruction of the group has been
breached. Furthermore, the activities in which the Kingdom of the
Netherlands is taking part are contrary to Article 53,paragraph 1,of
the Charter of the United Nations7':

4. Whereas the claims of Yugoslavia are formulated as follows in the
Application :

"The Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia requests
the International Court of Justice to adjudge and declare:
- by taking part in the bombing of the territory of the Federal

Republic of Yugoslavia, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has
acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its
obligation not to use force against another State;

- by taking part in the training, arming, financing, equipping and
supplying terrorist groups, i.e. the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation
Army', the Kingdom of the Netherlands has acted against the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
intervene in the affairs of another State;

by taking part in attacks on civilian targets, the Kingdom of the
Netherlands has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugosla-
via in breach of its obligation to spare the civilian population,
civilians and civilian objects;- qu'en prenant part à la destruction ou à l'endommagement de
monastères, d'édificesculturels, le Royaume des Pays-Bas a agi
contre la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de
son obligation de ne pas commettre d'actes d'hostilité dirigés
contre des monuments historiques, des Œuvresd'art ou des lieux
de culte constituant le patrimoine culturel ou spirituel d'un

peuple;
- qu'en prenant part à I'utilisation de bombes en grappe, le
Royaume des Pays-Bas a agi contre la République fédéralede
Yougoslavie, en violation de son obligation de ne pas utiliser des
armes interdites, c'est-à-dire des armes de natureà causer des
maux superflus;
qu'en prenant part aux bombardements de raffineries de pétrole
et d'usines chimiques, le Royaume des Pays-Bas a agi contre la
République fédérale de Yougoslavie, en violation de son obliga-
tion de ne pas causer de dommages substantiels à I'environne-
ment;

qu'en recourant à I'utilisation d'armes contenant de l'uranium
appauvri, le Royaume des Pays-Bas a agi contre la République
fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de son obligation de ne pas
utiliser des armes interdites et de ne pas causer de dommages de
grande ampleur à la santéet à I'environnement;
qu'en prenant part au meurtre de civils,àla destruction d'entre-
prises, de moyens de communication et de structures sanitaires et
culturelles, le Royaume des Pays-Bas a agi contre la République
fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de son obligation de res-
pecter le droit la vie, le droit au travail, le àl'information,

le droit aux soins de santéainsi que d'autres droits fondamen-
taux de la personne humaine;
- qu'en prenant part à la destruction de ponts situéssur des cours
d'eau internationaux, le Royaume des Pays-Bas a agi contre la
République fédérale de Yougoslavie, en violation de son obliga-
tion de respecter la libertéde navigation sur lescours d'eau inter-
nationaux;
qu'en prenant part aux activités énumérée csi-dessus et en parti-
culier en causant des dommages énormes à I'environnement et en
utilisant de l'uranium appauvri, le Royaume des Pays-Bas a agi
contre la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de

son obligation de ne pas soumettre intentionnellement un groupe
national àdes conditions d'existencedevant entraîner sa destruc-
tion physique totale ou partielle;
que le Royaume des Pays-Bas porte la responsabilitéde la viola-
tion des obligations internationales susmentionnées;
que le Royaume des Pays-Bas est tenu de mettre fin immédiate-
ment à la violation des obligations susmentionnéesà l'égardde
la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie;
que le Royaume des Pays-Bas doit réparationpour les préjudices- by taking part in destroying or damaging monasteries, monu-
ments of culture, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has acted
against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its
obligation not to commit any act of hostility directed against
historical monuments, works of art or places of worship which
constitute cultural or spiritual heritage of people;

- by taking part in the use of cluster bombs, the Kingdom of the
Netherlands has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia in breach of its obligation not to use prohibited weapons,
i.e. weapons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering;

- by taking part in the bombing of oil refineries and chernical

plants, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has acted against the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
cause considerable environmental damage;

by taking part in the use of weapons containing depleted ura-
nium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has acted against the

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
use prohibited weapons and not to cause far-reaching health and
environmental damageu ,:
by taking part in killing civilians,destroying enterprises, commu-
nications, health and cultural institutions, the Kingdom of the
Netherlands has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugosla-
via in breach of its obligation to respect the right to life, the right

to work, the right to information, the right to health care as well
as other basic human rights;

- by taking part in destroying bridges on international rivers, the
Kingdom oftheNetherlandshas acted against the Federal Repub-
licof Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation to respect freedom of
navigation on international rivers;

- by taking part in activities listed above, and in particular by
causing enormous environmental damage and by using depleted
uranium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has acted against the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
deliberately inflict on a national group conditions of life calcu-

lated to bring about its physical destruction, in whole or in part;

- the Kingdom of the Netherlands is responsible for the violation
of the above international obligations;
- the Kingdom of the Netherlands is obliged to stop immediately
the violation of the above obligations vis-à-vistheFederal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia;

- the Kingdom of the Netherlands is obliged to provide compensa- LICÉITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD.2 VI 99)

causés a la République fédéralede Yougoslavie ainsi qu'a ses
citoyens et personnes morales »;

et considérant qu'au terme de sa requêtela Yougoslavie se réservele
droit de modifier et de complétercelle-ci;
5. Considérant que, le 29 avril 1999,immédiatementaprèsle dépôtde
sa requête,la Yougoslavie aen outre présenté une demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires invoquant l'article 73 du Règlement de la
Cour; et que la demande était accompagnéed'un volume d'annexes pho-
tographiques produites a titre de «preuves»;
6. Considérant que, à l'appui de sa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, la Yougoslavie soutient notamment que, depuis le début
des bombardements contre son territoire, et du fait de ceux-ci, environ
mille civils,dont dix-neuf enfants, ont été tués et pse quatre mille cinq

cents grièvement blessés;que la vie de trois millions d'enfants est me-
nacée;que des centaines de milliers de personnes ont étéexposées àdes
gaz toxiques; qu'environ un million de personnes sont privéesd'appro-
visionnement en eau; qu'environ cinq cent mille travailleurs ont perdu
leur emploi; que deux millions de personnes sont sans ressources et
dans l'impossibilitéde se procurer le minimum vital; et que les réseaux
routier et ferroviaire ont subi d'importants dégâts; considérant que,
dans sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires, la Yougo-
slavie énumèrepar ailleurs les cibles qui auraient étéviséespar les
attaques aériennes et décriten détail les dommages qui leur auraient
étéinfligés(ponts, gares et lignes de chemins de fer, réseauroutier et
moyens de transport, aéroports, commerce et industrie, raffineries et en-
trepôts de matiéres premières liquideset de produits chimiques, agricul-

ture, hôpitaux et centres médicaux,écoles, édificespublicset habitations,
infrastructures, télécommunications,monuments historiques et culturels
et édifices religieux);et considérant que la Yougoslavie en conclut ce qui
suit:
«Les actes décrits ci-dessus ont causé des morts ainsi que des
atteintesà I'intégritéphysique et mentale de la population de la
Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie, de trèsimportants dégâts,une

forte pollution de l'environnement, de sorte que la population you-
goslave se trouve soumise intentionnellement à des conditions d'exis-
tence devant entraîner la destruction physique totale ou partielle de
ce groupe»;
7. Considérant que, au terme de sa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, la Yougoslavie préciseque

«Si les mesures demandéesne sont pas adoptées,il y aura de nou-
velles pertes en vies humaines, de nouvelles atteintes à I'intégrité
physique et mentale de la population de la République fédéralede
Yougoslavie, d'autres destructions de cibles civiles, une forte pollu-
tion de l'environnement et la poursuite de la destruction physique de
la population de Yougoslavie»; tion for the damage done to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
and to its citizens andjuridical persons";
and whereas, at the end of its Application, Yugoslavia reserves the right
to amend and supplement it;
5. Whereas on 29 April 1999,immediately after filing its Application,

Yugoslavia also submitted a request for the indication of provisional
measures pursuant to Article 73 of the Rules of Court; and whereas that
request was accompanied by a volume of photographic annexes pro-
duced as "evidence" ;
6. Whereas, in support of its request for the indication of provisional
measures, Yugoslavia contends inter alia that, since the onset of the
bombing of its territory, and as a result thereof, about 1,000 civilians,
including 19 children. have been killed and more than 4.500 have sus-
tained sGious injuries';that the lives of three million childien are endan-
gered; that hundreds of thousands of citizens have been exposed to poi-
sonous gases; that about one million citizens are short of water supply;
that about 500,000 workers have become jobless; that two million citi-
zens have no means of livelihood and are unable to ensure minimum
means of sustenance; and that the road and railway network has suffered
extensive destruction; whereas, in its request for the indication of provi-
sional measures, Yugoslavia also lists the targets alleged to have come

under attack in the air strikes and describes in detail the damage alleged
to have been infiicted upon them (bridges, railway lines and stations,
roads and means of transport, airports, industry and trade, refineries and
warehouses storing liquid raw materials and chemicals, agriculture, hos-
pitals and health care centres, schools, public buildings and housing
facilities, infrastructure, telecommunications, cultural-historical monu-
ments and religious shrines); and whereas Yugoslavia concludes from
this that:

"The acts described above caused death, physical and mental
harm to the population of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; huge
devastation; heavy pollution of the environment, so that the Yugo-
slav population is deliberately imposed conditions of life calculated
to bring about physical destruction of the group, in whole or in
part" ;

7. Whereas, at the end of its request for the indication of provisional
measures, Yugoslavia states that
"If the proposed measure were not to be adopted, there will be
new losses of human life, further physical and mental harm inflicted
on the population of the FR of Yugoslavia, further destruction of
civilian targets, heavy environmental pollution and further physical

destruction of the people of Yugoslavia";547 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD.2 VI 99)

et considérant que, tout en se réservant le droit de modifier et de com-
plétersa demande, elle prie la Cour d'indiquer la mesure suivante:
«Le Royaume des Pays-Bas doit cesser immédiatement de recou-
rirà l'emploi de la force et doit s'abstenir de tout acte constituant

une menace de recours ou un recours à l'emploide la force contre la
Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie » ;
8. Considérant que la demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires était accompagnée d'une lettre de l'agent de la Yougoslavie,
adresséeau président etaux membres de la Cour, qui étaitainsi libellée:

«J'ai l'honneur d'appeler l'attention de la Cour sur le dernier
bombardement qui a frappé le centre de la ville de Surdulica le
27 avril 1999à midi et entraîné la mort de civils, pour la plupart des
enfants et des femmes, et de vous rappeler les morts de Kursumlija,
Aleksinac et Cuprija, ainsi que le bombardement d'un convoi de
réfugiéset de l'immeuble abritant la radio et la télévision serbes,
pour ne citer quequelques exemplesdes atrocitésque chacun connaît.

Je tiens en conséquence à prévenir laCour qu'il est fort probable
qu'il y aura encore d'autres victimes civileset militaires.
Considérant le pouvoir conféré à la Cour aux termes du para-
graphe 1de l'article 75de son Règlement,et compte tenu de l'extrême
urgence de la situation née des circonstances décritesdans les de-
mandes en indication de mesures conservatoires, je prie la Cour de
bien vouloir se prononcer d'officesur les demandes présentéesou de
fixerune datepour la tenue d'une audience dans lesmeilleursdélais»;

9. Considérant que, le 29 avril 1999, date à laquelle la requêteet la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires ont été déposéeasu
Greffe, le greffier a fait tenir au Gouvernement néerlandais des copies
signéesde la requêteet de la demande, conformément au paragraphe 4 de
l'article8 et au paragraphe 2 de l'article 73du Règlementde la Cour; et
qu'il a égalementfait tenir audit gouvernement une copie des documents
qui accompagnaient la requêteet la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires ;
10. Considérant que, le 29 avril 1999,legreffier a aviséles Parties que
la Cour avait décidé,conformément au paragraphe 3 de l'article 74 de
son Règlement, de tenir audience les 10 et 11 mai 1999 aux fins de les

entendre en leurs observations sur la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires;
11. Considérantqu'en attendant que la communication prévueau para-
graphe 3 de l'article 40du Statut àtl'article42 du Règlementde la Cour
ait été effectuépear transmission du texte bilingue impriméde la requête
aux Membres des Nations Unies et aux autres Etats admis a ester devant
la Cour, le greffier a, le 29 avril 1999, informéces Etats du dépôtde la
requêteet de son objet, ainsi que du dépôtde la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires;
12. Considérant que, la Cour ne comptant pas sur le siègede juge deand whereas, while reserving the right to amend and supplement its
request, Yugoslavia requests the Court to indicate the following measure:
"The Kingdom of the Netherlands shall cease immediately its acts
of use of force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of force
against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

8. Whereas the request for the indication of provisional measures was
accompanied by a letter from the Agent of Yugoslavia, addressed to the
President and Members of the Court, which read as follows:

"1have the honour to bring to the attention of the Court the latest
bombing of the central area of the town of Surdulica on 27 April
1999 at noon resulting in losses of lives of civilians, most of whom
were children and women, and to remind of killings of peoples in
Kursumlija, Aleksinac and Cuprija, as well as bombing of a refugee
convoy and the Radio and Television of Serbia, just to mention
some of the well-known atrocities. Therefore, 1would liketo caution
the Court that there is a highest probability of further civilian and
military casualties.
Considering the power conferred upon the Court by Article 75,

paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court and having in mind the greatest
urgency caused by the circumstances described in the Requests for
provisional measure of protection 1 kindly ask the Court to decide
on the submitted Requests proprio motu orto fixa datefor a hearing
at earliest possible time";
9. Whereas on 29 April 1999, the day on which the Application and
the request for the indication of provisional measures were filed in the

Registry, the Registrar sent to the Netherlands Government signed copies
of the Application and of the request, in accordance with Article38,para-
graph 4, and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and whereas
he also sent to that Government copies of the documents accompany-
ing the Application and the request for the indication of provisional
measures ;
10. Whereas on 29 April 1999the Registrar informed the Parties that
the Court had decided, pursuant to Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules
of Court, to hold hearings on 10and 11May 1999,where they would be
able to present their observations on the request for the indication ofro-
visional measures;
11. Whereas, pending the notification under Article 40, paragraph 3,
of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by transmittal of the
printed bilingual text of the Application to the Members of the United
Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court, the Regis-
trar on 29 April 1999informed those States of the filing of the Applica-

tion and of its subject-matter, and of the filing of the request for the
indication of provisional measures;
12. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the bench no judge of548 LICEITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

nationalitéyougoslave, le Gouvernement yougoslave a invoquélesdispo-
sitions de l'article 31 du Statut de la Cour et a désignéMilenko Krei.a
pour siégeren qualitéde juge ad hoc en l'affaire; et qu'aucune objection
à cette désignation n'a étésoulevéedans le délaifixé à cet effet en vertu
du paragraphe 3 de l'article 35 du Règlement de la Cour;
13. Considérant que, aux audiences publiques qui ont été tenuesentre
le 10et le 12mai 1999,des observations orales sur la demande en indica-
tion de mesures conservatoires ont étéprésentées:

au nom de la Yougoslavie.
par M. Rodoljub Etinski, ugent,
M. Ian Brownlie,
M. Paul J. 1. M. de Waart,

M. Eric Suy,
M. Miodrag Mitii.,
M. Olivier Corten;
au nom des Pays-Bas:

par M. Johan Lammers, agent;
14. Considérant que, par lettre du 12 mai 1999,l'agent de la Yougo-
slavie a soumis àla Cour un ((complément à la requête»de son Gouver-
nement, qui était ainsi libellé:

((Faisant usage du droit que la Républiquefédéralede Yougosla-
vie s'est réservdans la requète déposée le 29 avril 1999 devant la
Cour internationale de Justice contre le Royaume des Pays-Bas,
pour violation de l'obligation de ne pas recourir à l'emploi de la
force, je complètela partie de la requêteayant trait aux fondements
de la compétencede la Cour, qui doit maintenant se lire comme suit:

«Le Gouvernement de la République fédéralede Yougoslavie
invoque le paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice ainsi que l'article de la convention pour la
prévention et la répressiondu crime de génocideet l'article 4 du
traité derèglementjudiciaire,d'arbitrage et de conciliation entre le
Royaume de Yougoslavie et les Pays-Bas, signé à La Haye le
11mars 1931et en vigueur depuis le 2 avril 1932)) »;

considérant que, à l'ouverture de l'audience du 12mai 1999(après-midi),
le vice-présidentde la Cour, faisant fonction de président, a indiquéce
qui suit:
«Eu égard aux nouvelles bases de compétence invoquées
aujourd'hui par la Yougoslavie ...la Cour informe les Parties qu'elle

prendra en considération toutes observations que ..les Pays-Bas
voudraient faire concernant la recevabilitédes moyens supplémen-
taires invoqués»;
et considérant que,à l'audience du 12mai 1999(après-midi),lesPays-Bas
ont formulé diverses observations quant à la recevabilitédu «complé- LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 548

Yugoslav nationality, the Yugoslav Government has availed itself of the
provisions of Article 31 of the Statute of the Court to choose Mr.
Milenko Kreéato sit as judge ad hoc in the case; and whereas no objec-
tion to that choice was raised within the time-limit fixed for the purpose
pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court;
13. Whereas, at the public hearings held between 10and 12May 1999,
oral observations on the request for the indication of provisional meas-
ures were presented by the Parties:

On behalf'of Yugoslavia.
Mr. Rodoljub Etinski, Agent,
Mr. Ian Brownlie,
Mr. Paul J. 1. M. de Waart,

Mr. Eric Suy,
Mr. Miodrag Mitié,
Mr. Olivier Corten;
On behalf'of the Netherlands:

Mr. Johan Lammers, Agent,
14. Whereas, by letter of 12 May 1999,the Agent of Yugoslavia sub-
mitted to the Court a "Supplement to the Application" of his Govern-
ment, which read as follows:

"Using the right reserved by the Application of the Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia against the Kingdom of the Netherlands for viola-
tion of the obligation not to use force, filed to the International
Court of Justice on 29 April 1999, 1 supplement its part related to
the grounds of jurisdiction of the Court, which should now read as
follows :

'TheGovernment of the Federal Republic ofYugoslavia invokes
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the International Court
of Justice as well as Article IX of the Convention on the Preven-
tion and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and Article 4 of
the Treaty of Judicial Settlement, Arbitration and Conciliation
between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Netherlands, signed
at The Hague on 11March 1931and in force since2 April 1932' " ;

whereas, at the start of the afternoon session of the hearing of 12 May
1999,the Vice-President of the Court, acting President, made the follow-
ing statement :
"In the light of the new bases of jurisdiction invoked today by
Yugoslavia . . .the Court wishes to inform the Parties that it will

give its consideration to any observations of the Netherlands .. .in
regard to the admissibility of the additional grounds invoked";

and whereas at the said afternoon session of 12 May 1999 the Nether-
lands made various observations on the admissibility of the Yugoslav549 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

ment à la requête))yougoslave, ainsi qu'à la nouvelle base dejuridiction
y invoquée;
15. Considérant que, dans cette phase de la procédure,les Parties ont
présentéles conclusions suivantes:

au nom de la Yougoslavie
«[L]a Cour [est priée] d'indiquer la mesure conservatoire sui-
vante:

[L]e Royaume des Pays-Bas ...doi[t] cesser immédiatement de
recourirà l'emploi de la force et doi[t] s'abstenir de tout acte cons-
tituant une menace de recours ou un recours à I'emploi de la force
contre la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie));
au nom des Pays-Bas:

«Les Pays-Bas [prient] la Cour [de]rejeter la demande en indica-
tion de mesure conservatoire présentéepar la Républiquefédéralede
Yougoslavie» ;

16. Considérant que la Cour est profondément préoccupéepar le

drame humain, les pertes en vies humaines et lesterribles souffrances que
connaît le Kosovo et qui constituent la toile de fond du présent différend,
ainsi que par les victimes et les souffrances humaines quel'on déplorede
façon continue dans l'ensemble de la Yougoslavie;
17. Considérant quela Cour est fortement préoccupéepar l'emploi de
la force en Yougoslavie; que, dans les circonstances actuelles, cet emploi
soulève des problèmes très gravesde droit international;
18. Considérant que la Cour garde présents à l'esprit les buts et les
principes de la Charte des Nations Unies, ainsi que les responsabilitésqui
lui incombent, en vertu de ladite Charte et du Statut de la Cour, dans le
maintien de la paix et de la sécurité;
19. Considérant que la Cour estime nécessairede souligner que toutes
lesparties qui se présentent devantelledoivent agir conformément à leurs

obligations en vertu de la Charte des Nations Unies et des autres règles
du droit international, y compris du droit humanitaire;

20. Considérant qu'en vertu de son Statut la Cour n'a pas automati-
quement compétence pour connaître des différendsjuridiques entre les
Etats parties audit Statut ou entre les autres Etats qui ont étéadmis à
ester devant elle; que la Cour a déclaré à maintes reprises «que l'un des
principes fondamentaux de son Statut est qu'elle nepeut trancher un dif-
férendentre des Etats sans que ceux-ci aient consenti à sa juridiction))
(Timor oriental (Portugal c. Australie), arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1995,p. 101,
par. 26); et que la Cour ne peut donc exercer sa compétence à l'égard"Supplement to the Application", and on the new basis of jurisdiction
invoked therein ;
15. Whereas, in this phase of the proceedings, the Parties presented the
following submissions:

On behaif of Yugoslavia;
"[Tlhe Court [is asked] to indicate the following provisional
measure :

[Tlhe Kingdom of the Netherlands .. .shall cease immediately the
acts of use of force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of
force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

On behaif of the Netherlands:

"The Netherlands [requests]the Court [to]deny the request for the
indication of a provisional measure made by the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia" ;

16. Whereas the Court is deeply concerned with the human tragedy,

the loss of life, and the enormous suffering in Kosovo which form the
background of the present dispute, and with the continuing loss of life
and human suffering in al1parts of Yugoslavia;

17. Whereas the Court is profoundly concerned with the use of force
in Yugoslavia; whereas under the present circumstances such use raises
very serious issues of international law;
18. Whereas the Court is mindful of the purposes and principles of the
United Nations Charter and of its own responsibilities in the mainte-
nance of peace and security under the Charter and the Statute of the
Court;
19. Whereas the Court deems it necessary to emphasize that al1parties

appearing before it must act in conformity with their obligations under
the United Nations Charter and other rules of international law, includ-
ing humanitarian law;

20. Whereas the Court, under its Statute, does not automatically have
jurisdiction over legal disputes between States parties to that Statute or
between other States to whom access to the Court has been granted;
whereas the Court has repeatedly stated "that one of the fundamental
principles of itsStatute is that it cannot decide a dispute between States
without the consent of those States to itsjurisdiction" (East Timor (Por-
tugal v. Australia), Judgment, I. C.J. Reports 1995, p. 101,para. 26);and
whereas the Court can therefore exercisejurisdiction only between States550 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

d'Etats partiesà un différendque si cesderniers ont non seulement accès
a la Cour, mais ont en outre acceptésa compétence,soit d'une manière
générale, soitpour le différendparticulier dont il s'agit;
21. Considérant que, en présence d'une demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires, point n'est besoinpour la Cour, avant de décider
d'indiquer ou non de telles mesures, de s'assurer de manière définitive
qu'elle a compétencequant au fond de l'affaire, mais qu'elle nepeut indi-
quer ces mesures que si les dispositions invoquéespar le demandeur sem-
blent prima facie constituer une base sur laquelle la compétencede la
Cour pourrait être fondée;

22. Considérant que la Yougoslavie, dans sa requête, prétend enpre-
mier lieu fonder la compétencede la Cour sur le paragraphe 2 de I'ar-

ticle 36 du Statut; que chacune des deux Parties a fait une déclaration
reconnaissant la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour en vertu de cette dis-
position; et que la déclaration de la Yougoslavie a été déposéaeuprèsdu
Secrétairegénéralde l'organisation des Nations Unies le 26 avril 1999,et
celle des Pays-Bas lele' août 1956;
23. Considérant que la déclaration de la Yougoslavie est ainsi conçue:
[Traduction du Greffe]

«Je déclarepar la présenteque le Gouvernement de la République
fédéralede Yougoslavie, conformément au paragraphe 2 de I'ar-
ticle 36 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, reconnaît
comme obligatoire de plein droit et sans convention spéciale,'égard
de tout autre Etat acceptant la mêmeobligation, c'est-à-dire sous
condition de réciprocité, juridiction de la Cour pour tous lesdiffé-
rends, surgissant ou pouvant surgir après la signature de la présente
déclaration,qui ont traitàdes situations ou àdes faits postérieurà
ladite signaturà,l'exceptiondesaffaires pour lesquelleslesparties ont
convenu ou conviendront d'avoir recours a une autre procédureou à

une autre méthode de règlement pacifique.La présente déclaration
ne s'applique pas aux différendsrelatifs des questionsqui, en vertu
du droit international, relèvent exclusivementde la compétencede la
République fédéralede Yougoslavie, ni aux différendsterritoriaux.
L'obligation susmentionnéen'est acceptéeque pour une période
qui durera jusqu'à notification de l'intention d'y mettre fin»;
et que la déclaration des Pays-Bas se lit comme suit:

«Je déclare que le Gouvernement du Royaume des Pays-Bas
reconnaît àpartir du 6 août 1956,conformément à l'article 36, para-
graphe 2, du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, comme
obligatoire de plein droit et sans convention spéciale, vis-à-visde
tout Etat acceptant la mêmeobligation, c'est-à-dire à condition de
réciprocité,la juridiction de ladite Cour sur tous les différendsnés
ou à naître après le 5 août 1921à l'exception de ceuxà propos des-parties to a dispute who not only have access to the Court but also have
accepted the jurisdiction of the Court, either in general form or for the
individual dispute concerned;
21. Whereas on a request for provisional measures the Court need not,
before deciding whether or not to indicate them, finally satisfy itselfthat
it has jurisdiction on the merits of the case, yet it ought not to indicate
such measures unless the provisions invoked by the applicant appear,
prima facie, to afford a basis on which thejurisdiction of the Court might
be established ;

22. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the first place, to
found the jurisdiction of the Court upon Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute; whereas each of the two Parties has made a declaration recog-
nizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court pursuant to that provi-
sion; and whereas Yugoslavia's declaration was deposited with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations on 26 April 1999, and that of
the Netherlands on 1 August 1956;

23. Whereas Yugoslavia's declaration is formulated as follows:

"1 hereby declare that the Government of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia recognizes, in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, as compulsory

ipsofacto and without special agreement, in relation to any other
State accepting the same obligation, that is on condition of recipro-
city, thejurisdiction of the said Court in al1disputes arising or which
may arise after the signature of the present Declaration, with regard
to the situations or facts subsequent to this signature, except in cases
where the parties have agreed or shall agree to have recourse to
another procedure or to another method of pacific settlement. The
present Declaration does not apply to disputes relating to questions
which, under international law, fa11exclusively within the jurisdic-
tion of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, as well as to territorial
disputes.
The aforesaid obligation is accepted until such time as notice may
be given to terminate the acceptance";

and whereas the declaration of the Netherlands reads as follows:
"1 hereby declare that the Government of the Kingdom of the
Netherlands recognizes, in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, with effect from
6 August 1956,as compulsory ipsofacto and without special agree-
ment, in relation to any other State accepting the same obligation,
that is on condition of reciprocity, the jurisdiction of theaid Court

in al1disputes arising or which may arise after 5 August 1921,with LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)
551

quels les parties, en excluant la juridiction de la Cour internationale
de Justice, seraient convenues d'avoir recours à un autre mode de
règlement pacifique.
L'obligation susmentionnéeest acceptéepour une périodede cinq
ans et sera renouvelée par tacite reconduction pour de nouvelles
périodesd'une mêmedurée, à moins qu'il ne soit communiqué, au
plus tard six mois avant l'expiration d'une période,que le Gouver-
nement du Royaume des Pays-Bas ne désire pasle renouvellement.
L'acceptation de la juridiction de la Cour telle qu'elle est fondée
sur la déclaration du 5 août 1946 est abrogée à partir du 6 août
1956));

24. Considérantque les Pays-Bas font valoir que la Cour n'a pas com-
pétenceen l'espècesur la base du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut;

qu'ils observent que la déclaration de la Yougoslavie limiteratione tem-
poris son acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour aux ((diffé-
rends surgissant ou pouvant surgir après la signature de la présente décla-
ration, qui ont traità des situations ou à des faits postérieursà ladite
signature));et qu'ils soutiennent que le différendentre la Yougoslavie et
les Pays-Bas a manifestement surgi avant la date de la signature de la
déclarationyougoslave et n'entre par conséquent pasdans le champ de la
compétencede la Cour;
25. Considérant que, selon la Yougoslavie, «le problème poséici àla
Cour est d'interpréterune déclaration unilatérale d'acceptation desajuri-
diction, et donc de dégager le sens de cette déclaration sur la base de
l'intention de son auteur)); considérant que la Yougoslavie soutient que
le texte de sa déclaration ((permet de prendre en compte tous les diffé-
rends qui ont effectivement surgi postérieurementau 25avril 1999));que,
se référant à des bombardements effectuéspar les Etats membres de
l'OTAN les 28 avril, 1" mai, 7 mai et 8 mai 1999, la Yougoslavie fait

valoir que, «[dlans chacun de ces cas, qui ne sont que des exemplesparmi
d'autres)), elle a ((dénoncéles violations flagrantes du droit international
dont elle estime avoir étéla victime)) et lesEtats membres de l'OTAN
ont niéavoir violé unequelconque obligation de droit international));
que la Yougoslavie affirme que ((chacun de cesévénementsa donc donné
lieu àun ((désaccordsurun point de droit ou de fait)), désaccorddont ...
les termes dépendent à chaque fois des spécificitéde l'attaque)) concer-
née;qu'elle endéduit que,ces événementsconstituant des ((délitsinstan-
tanés)),il existe ((quantitéde différendsdistincts qui ont surgi)) entre les
Parties «après le 25 avril concernant des événementspostérieurs à cette
date)); et qu'elle enconclut qu'ail n'existeaucune raison d'écarter,prima
facie, la compétencede la Cour pour traiter des différends effectivement
survenus après le 25 avril, conformément au texte ..de la déclaration));
et considérant que la Yougoslavie ajoute qu'exclure ces différendsde la
juridiction de la Cour ((serait en totale contradiction avec l'intention
manifeste et claire de la Yougoslavie))de confier à la Cour le règlement

desdits différends: the exception of disputes in respect of which the parties, excluding
the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, may have
agreed to have recourse to some other method of pacific settlement.
The aforesaid obligation is accepted for a period of fiveyears and
will be renewed by tacit agreement for additional periods of five
years, unless notice is given, not less than six months before the
expiry of any such period, that the Government of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands does not wish to renew it.
The acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court founded on the
declaration of 5August 1946is terminated with effectfrom 6 August
1956".

24. Whereas the Netherlands contends that the Court lacks jurisdic-
tion in the case on the basis of Article 36,paragraph 2, of the Statute of
the Court; whereas it points out that Yugoslavia's declaration limits
ratione trmporis its acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court to "disputes arising or which may arise after the signature of the
present Declaration, with regard to the situations or facts subsequent to
this signature"; and whereas the Netherlands maintains that the dispute
between Yugoslavia and the Netherlands clearly arose before the date of

signature of the Yugoslav declaration and therefore falls outside the
scope of the jurisdiction of the Court;
25. Whereas, according to Yugoslavia, "[tlhe issue before the Court is
that of interpreting a unilateral declaration of acceptance of its jurisdic-
tion, and thus of ascertaining the meaning of the declaration on the basis
of the intention of its author"; whereas Yugoslavia contends that the text
of its declaration "allows al1disputes effectively arising after 25 April
1999 to be taken into account"; whereas, referring to bombing attacks
carried out by NATO mernber States on 28 April, 1 May, 7 May and
8 May 1999,Yugoslavia States that, "[iln each of these cases, which are
only examples, [it]denounced the flagrant violations of international law
of which it considered itself to have been the victim", and the "NATO
member States denied having violated any obligation under international
law"; whereas Yugoslavia asserts that "each of these events therefore
gave rise to 'a disagreementon a point of law or fact', a disagreement...
the terms of which depend in each case on the specific features of the
attack" in question; whereas Yugoslavia accordingly concludes that,
sincethese events constitute "instantaneous wrongful acts", there exist "a
number of separate disputes which have arisen" between the Parties
"since 25 April relating to events subsequent to that date"; and whereas

Yugoslavia argues from this that "[tlhere is no reason to exclude prima
facie the Court's jurisdiction over disputes having effectivelyarisen after
25 April, as provided in the text of the declaration"; and whereas Yugo-
slavia adds that to exclude such disputes from the jurisdiction of the
Court "would run entirely counter to the manifest and clear intention of
Yugoslavia" to entrust the Court with the resolution of those disputes;552 LICÉITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

26. Considérant que la Yougoslavie n'a accepté la juridiction de la
Cour ratione temporis que pour ce qui est d'une part des différendssur-
gissant ou pouvant surgir après la signature de sa déclaration et d'autre
part de ceux qui concerneraient des situations ou des faits postérieursa
ladite signature (cf.Droit de pussage sur territoire indien, fond, urrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1960, p. 34); qu'aux fins d'apprécierla compétencede la
Cour en l'espèce,il suffit de déterminer si, conformément au texte de la
déclaration, le différendportédevant la Cour a «surgi» avant ou aprèsle
25 avril 1999,date àlaquelle ladite déclaration a étésignée;
27. Considérantque la requête dela Yougoslavie est intitulée«Requête
de la République fédéralede Yougoslavie contre le Royaume des Pays-
Bas pour violation de l'obligation de ne pas recourir a l'emploi de la
force»; que, dans la requête, l'«objet du différend))(les italiques sont de
la Cour) est décriten termes généraux (voirparagraphe 1ci-dessus); mais

qu'il ressort tant de l'exposé des«faits sur lesquels les demandes sont
fondées»quedela formulation de ces((demandes »elles-mêmes (voir para-
graphes 3 et 4 ci-dessus) que la requêteest dirigée,dans son essence,
contre les ((bombardements du territoire de la République fédéralede
Yougoslavie)), auxquels il est demandé a la Cour de mettre un terme;
28. Considérant qu'il est constant que les bombardements en cause
ont commencéle 24mars 1999et se sont poursuivis, de façon continue,
au-delà du 25 avril 1999;et qu'il nefait pas de doute pour la Cour,au vu
notamment des débats du Conseil de sécurité des24 et 26 mars 1999
(SlPV.3988et 3989), qu'un ((différendd'ordre juridique)) (Timor oriental
(Portugal c. Australie), C.I.J. Recueil 1995, p. 100, par. 22) a «surgi»
entre la Yougoslavie et 1'Etat défendeur, comme avec les autres Etats
membres de l'OTAN,bien avant le 25 avril 1999,au sujet de la licéitéde
ces bombardements comme tels, pris dans leur ensemble;
29. Considérant que la circonstance que ces bombardements se soient
poursuivis aprèsle 25 avril 1999et que le différendlesconcernant ait per-

sistédepuis lors n'est pas de natureà modifier la date à laquelle le diffé-
rend avait surgi;que des différendsdistincts n'ont pu naître par la suite a
l'occasion de chaque attaque aérienne;et qu'à ce stade de la procédure,
la Yougoslavie n'établit pasque des différendsnouveaux, distincts du dif-
férend initial,aient surgi entre les Parties après le 25 avril 1999au sujet de
situations ou de faits postérieurs imputables aux Pays-Bas;
30. Considérant que, comme la Cour l'a rappelé dans son arrêtdu
4 décembre 1998 en l'affaire de la Compétenceen matière depêcheries
(Espagne c. Canada),

((11appartient à chaque Etat, lorsqu'il formule sa déclaration, de
décider des limites qu'il assigneson acceptation de la juridiction de
la Cour: «la juridiction n'existe que dans les termes où elle a été
acceptée)) (Phosphutes du Maroc, urrêt, 1938,C.P.J.I. s4rie AIB
no 74, p. 23)))(C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 453, par. 44);

et que, comme la Cour permanente l'a relevédans son arrêt du 14juin 26. Whereas Yugoslavia has accepted the Court's jurisdiction ratione
temporis in respect only, on the one hand, of disputes arising or which
may arise after the signature of its declaration and, on the other hand, of
those concerning situations or facts subsequent to that signature (cf.
Right of Passage overIndian Territory, Merits, Judgment, I. C.J. Reports
1960, p. 34); whereas, in order to determine whether the Court has juris-
diction in the case, it is sufficient to decide whether, in terms of the text of
the declaration, the dispute brought before the Court "arose" before or
after 25 April 1999,the date on which the declaration was signed;
27. Whereas Yugoslavia's Application is entitled "Application of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against the Kingdom of the Netherlands
for Violation of the Obligation Not to Use Force"; whereas in the Appli-

cation the "subject of the dispute" (emphasis added) is described in gen-
eral terms (see paragraph 1above); but whereas it can be seen both from
the statement of "facts upon which the claim is based" and from the
manner in which the "claims" themselves are formulated (see para-
graphs 3 and 4 above) that the Application is directed, in essence, against
the "bombing of the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", to
which the Court is asked to put an end;
28. Whereas it is an established fact that the bombings in question
began on 24 March 1999 and have been conducted continuously over a
period extending beyond 25 April 1999; and whereas the Court has no
doubt, in the light, inter uliu, of the discussions at the Security Council
meetings of 24 and 26 March 1999 (SlPV.3988 and 3989), that a "legal
dispute" (East Timor (Portugal v. Australiu), I. C.J. Reports 1995,
p. 100,para. 22) "arose" between Yugoslavia and the Respondent, as it
did also with the other NATO member States, well before 25 April 1999

concerning the legality of those bombings as such, taken as a whole;
29. Whereas the fact that the bombings have continued after 25 April
1999and that the dispute concerning them has persisted since that date is
not such as to alter the date on which the dispute arose; whereas each
individual air attack could not have given rise to a separate subsequent
dispute; and whereas, at this stage of the proceedings, Yugoslavia has
not established that new disputes, distinct from the initial one, have
arisen between the Parties since 25 April 1999in respect of subsequent
situations or facts attributable to the Netherlands;
30. Whereas, as the Court recalled in its Judgment of 4 December
1998in the case concerning Fisherie Jurisdiction (Spain v. Cunuda),

"It is for each State, in formulating its declaration, to decide upon
the limits it places upon its acceptance of the jurisdiction of the
Court: '[tlhisjurisdiction only exists within the limits within which
it has been accepted' (Phosphates irz Morocco, Judgment, 1938,
P.C. IJ., Series AIB, No. 74, p. 23)" (1.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 453,
para. 44);

and whereas, as the Permanent Court held in its Judgment of 14 June553 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD.2 VI 99)

1938 dans l'affaire desPhosphates du Maroc (exceptions préliminaires),
«il est reconnu que, par l'effet de la condition de réciprocité inscriteau
paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour)), toute limitation
ratione temporis apportéepar l'une desparties à sa déclaration d'accepta-
tion de la juridiction de la Cour «fait droit entre les parties))(Phosphates
du Maroc, arrêt, 1938, C.P.J.I. série AIB no 74, p. 22); qu'en outre,
comme la présente Cour l'a noté dans son arrêt du Il juin 1998 en
l'affaire de la Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le
Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigbria), «[d]ès 1952, elle a jugédans l'affaire de
1'Anglo-lranian Oil Co. que, lorsque des déclarations sont faites sous
condition de réciprocité,((compétenceest conféréea la Cour seulement
dans la mesure où elles coïncident pour la lui conférer))(C.I.J. Recueil
1952, p. 103)))(C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 298, par. 43); et considérantqu'il

découle de ce qui précèdeque les déclarations faites par les Parties
conformément au paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut ne constituent
pas une base sur laquelle la compétencede la Cour pourrait prima facie
être fondée dans le cas d'espèce;

31. Considérant quelesPays-Bas, seréférantaux résolutions757(1992),
en date du 30 mai 1992,et 777 (1992),en date du 19septembre 1992,du
Conseil de sécuritéde l'organisation des Nations Unies, ainsi qu'aux réso-
lutions 4711,en date du 22 septembre 1992, et 48188,en date du 20 dé-
cembre 1993,de l'Assemblée générale de Nsations Unies, font aussi valoir
que la Cour n'a pas compétenceen l'espèce,fût-ceprima facie, sur la base
du paragraphe 2 de I'article 36 du Statut car la Yougoslavie n'est pas
membre des Nations Unies ni partie au Statut de la Cour et ne peut donc
pas faire valablement la déclarationprévueau paragraphe 2 de l'article 36

du Statut; et que les Pays-Bas font par ailleurs observer que la Yougo-
slavie n'a pas rempliles conditions auxquelles le Conseil de sécurit, ans
sa résolution 9 en date du 15 octobre 1946, a subordonné l'acceptation
de la compétence de laCour par un Etat non partie au Statut;
32. Considérant que la Yougoslavie, se référant a la position du Secré-
tariat, telle qu'expriméedans une lettre en date du 29 septembre 1992du
conseiller juridique de l'organisation(doc. A/471485),ainsi qu'a la pra-
tique ultérieure de celle-ci,soutient pour sa part que la résolution 4711
de l'Assemblée généralne'a «pas [mis]fin a l'appartenance de la Yougo-
slavie a l'organisation et ne [l'a pas suspendue] non plus)), ladite réso-
lution n'ôtant pas a la Yougoslavie «le droit de participer aux travaux
d'organes autres que ceux qui relèventde l'Assembléegénérale));
33. Considérant que, eu égard à la conclusion à laquelle elle est
parvenue au paragraphe 30 ci-dessus, la Cour n'a pas a examiner cette
question à l'effet de décider si elle peut ou non indiquer des mesures
conservatoires dans le cas d'espèce;1938in the Phosphates in Morocco case (Preliminary Objections), "it is
recognized that, as a consequence of the condition of reciprocity stipu-
lated in paragraph 2 of Article 36 of the Statute of the Court", any limi-
tation ratione temporis attached by one of the Parties to its declaration of
acceptance of theCourt's jurisdiction "holds good as between the Parties"
(Phosphates in Morocco, Judgment, 1938, P.C.1.J., Srries AIB, No. 74,
p. 10);whereas, moreover, as the present Court noted in its Judgment of
11 June 1988 in the case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), "[als early as
1952, it held in the case concerning Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. that, when dec-
larations are made on condition of reciprocity, 'jurisdiction is conferred

on the Court only to the extent to which the two Declarations coincide in
conferring it' (I.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 103)" (1C.J. Reports 1998, p. 298,
para. 43); and whereas it follows from the foregoing that the declarations
made by the Parties under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute do not
constitute a basis on which thejurisdiction of the Court could prima facie
be founded in this case;

31. Whereas, referring to United Nations Security Council resolutions
757(1992) of 30 May 1992and 777 (1992)of 19September 1992,and to
United Nations General Assembly resolutions 4711of 22 September 1992
and 48/88 of 20 December 1993,the Netherlands also contends that the
Court has no jurisdiction in the case, even prima facie, on the basis of
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, because Yugoslavia is neither a
Member of the United Nations nor a party to the Statute of the Court,

and could not, therefore, validly make the declaration provided for in Ar-
ticle 36, paragraph 2; and whereas the Netherlands further contends that
Yugoslavia has not satisfied the conditions laid out in Security Council
resolution 9 of 15October 1946for acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction
by a State that is not a party to the Statute;

32. Whereas Yugoslavia, referring to the position of the Secretariat, as
expressed in a letter dated 29 September 1992from the Legal Counsel of
the Organization (doc. A/471485),and to the latter's subsequerit practice,
contends for its part that General Assemblyresolution 4711"[neither] ter-
minate[d] nor suspend[ed] Yugoslavia's membership in the Organiza-
tion", and that the said resolution did not take away from Yugoslavia
"[its] right to participate in the work of organs other than Assembly
bodies" ;
33. Whereas, in viewof its finding in paragraph 30 above, the Court
need not consider this question for the purpose of deciding whether or
not it can indicate provisional measures in the present case; 34. Considérant quela Yougoslavie, danssa requête, prétend en second
lieu fonder la compétencede la Cour sur l'articleIX de la convention sur
le génocide,aux termes duquel:

«Les différendsentre les Parties contractantes relatifà l'interpré-
tation, l'application ou l'exécutionde la présenteconvention, y com-
pris ceux relatifsla responsabilité d'unEtat en matièrede génocide
ou de l'un quelconque des autres actes énumérés à I'articleIII,seront
soumis à la Cour internationale de Justice,à la requêted'une partie
au différend»;

et considérant que, dans sa requête,la Yougoslavie indique que l'objet du
différendporte notamment sur «les actes commis par le Royaume des
Pays-Bas, en violation de son obligation internationale ..de ne pas sou-
mettre intentionnellement un groupe national à des conditions d'exis-
tence devant entraîner sa destruction physique)); qu'en décrivantles faits
sur lesquels la requêteest fondée,la Yougoslavie précise: «Les actes sus-
mentionnés ont pour effet de soumettre intentionnellement un groupe
ethnique à des conditions devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale
ou partielle)); qu'en exposant lesfondements juridiques de la requête,elle
soutient que «l'obligation ...de ne pas soumettre intentionnellement un
groupe national à des conditions d'existence devant entraîner sa destruc-
tion physique a étéviolée));et que l'une desdemandes au fond contenues

dans la requête est ainsiformulée:
«qu'en prenant part aux activités énumérée csi-dessus et en particu-
lier en causant des dommages énormes a I'environnement et en uti-
lisant de I'uranium appauvri, le Royaume des Pays-Bas a agi contre
la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de son obliga-
tion de ne pas soumettre intentionnellement un groupe national à

des conditions d'existence devant entraîner sa destruction physique
totale ou partielle))
35. Considérant que la Yougoslavie soutient en outre que le bombar-
dement constant et intensif de l'ensemble de son territoire, y compris les
zones les plus peuplées,constitue ((uneviolation grave de I'articleIIde la
convention sur le génocide));qu'elle fait valoir que«la pollution du sol,

de l'air etde l'eau, la destruction de l'économiedu pays, la contamination
de l'environnement par de l'uranium appauvri reviennent à soumettre la
nation yougoslave à des conditions d'existence devant entraîner sa des-
truction physique)); qu'elle affirmeque c'est la nation yougoslave tout
entiére, entant que telle, qui est prise pour cible; et qu'elle souligne que
le recoursiicertaines armes, dont on connaît par avance lesconséquences
dommageables à long terme sur la santéet l'environnement, ou la des-
truction de la plus grande partie du réseau d'alimentation enélectricité
du pays, donton peut prévoird'avance lesconséquencescatastrophiques,
« témoigne[nt]implicitement de I'intention de détruiretotalement ou par-
tiellement)) le groupe national yougoslave en tant que tel;
36. Considérant que les Pays-Bas soutiennent pour leur part que la 34. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the second place,
to found thejurisdiction of the Court on Article IX of the Genocide Con-
vention, which provides :
"Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpre-
tation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including

those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any
of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to
the dispute" ;
and whereas in its Application Yugoslavia states that the subject of the
dispute concerns inte rliu "acts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands by
which it has violated its international obligation . . .not to deliberately

inflict conditions of life calculated to cause the physical destruction of a
national group"; whereas, in describing the facts on which the Applica-
tion is based, Yugoslavia states: "The above-mentioned acts are deliber-
ately creating conditions calculated at the physical destruction of an eth-
nie group, in whole or in part"; whereas, in its statement of the legal
grounds on which the Application is based, Yugoslavia contends that
"the obligation . . not to impose deliberately on a national group con-
ditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the
group has been breached"; and whereas one of the claims on the merits
set out in the Application is formulated as follows:

"by taking part in activities listed above, and in particular by caus-
ing enormous environmental damage and by using depleted ura-
nium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to deliberately
inflict on a national group conditions of life calculated to bring
about its physical destruction, in whole or in part";

35. Whereas Yugoslavia contends moreover that the sustained and
intensive bombing of the whole of its territory, including the most heavily
populated areas, constitutes "a serious violation of Article II of the
Genocide Convention"; whereas it argues that "the pollution of soil, air
and water, destroying the economy of the country, contaminating the
environment with depleted uranium, inflicts conditions of life on the
Yugoslav nation calculated to bring about its physical destruction";
whereas it asserts that itis the Yugoslav nation as a whole and as such
that is targeted; and whereas it stresses that the use of certain weapons
whose long-term hazards to health and the environment are already
known, and the destruction of the largest part of the country's power
supply system, with catastrophic consequences of which the Respondent
must be aware, "impl[y] the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, the

Yugoslav national group as such;

36. Whereas for its part the Netherlands contends that the Court555 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

Cour pourrait êtreprimafacie compétentesur la base de l'article IX de la
convention si la partie invoquant cette base dejuridiction étaiten mesure
de produire «ne serait-ce que quelquesélémentsde preuve montrant qu'il
existe un différend relatifà l'interprétation, l'application ou l'exécution
de la convention de 1948 sur le génocide)); que, selon les Pays-Bas, la
Yougoslavie n'a pas fait état dans sa requête dece qui constitue I'essen-
tiel du crime de génocideaux termes de la convention, a savoir ((l'inten-
tion de détruire,en tout ou en partie, un groupenational, ethnique, racial
ou religieux, comme tel)); et que, de l'avis des Pays-Bas,la Cour n'est de

ce fait pas compétente ratione materiae sur la base de l'article IX;
37. Considérant qu'il n'estpas contesté que tant la Yougoslavie que
les Pays-Bas sont partiesà la convention sur le génocide,sans réserves;et
que l'article IX de la convention semble ainsi constituer une base sur
laquelle la compétencede la Cour pourrait êtrefondée,pour autant que
l'objet du différendait traità ((l'interprétation,l'application ou l'exécu-
tion)) de la convention, y compris les différends((relatifsa la responsa-
bilitéd'un Etat en matière de génocideou de l'un quelconque des autres
actes énumérés à l'article III)) de ladite convention;
38. Considérant que, a l'effetd'établir,mêmeprimafacie, si un diffé-
rend au sens de I'article IX de la convention sur le génocide existe, la
Cour ne peut se borner à constater que l'une desparties soutient que la

convention s'applique alors que l'autre le nie; et que, au cas particulier,
elledoit rechercher si lesviolations de la convention alléguéepar la You-
goslavie sont susceptibles d'entrer dans les prévisionsde cet instrument et
si, par suite, le différend estde ceux dont la Cour pourrait avoir compé-
tence pour connaître ratione materiae par application de I'article IX
(cf.Plates-formes pétrolières(Républiqueislamique d'Iran c. Etats-Unis
d'Amérique), exception préliminaire, arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II),
p. 810, par. 16);
39. Considérant que la définitiondu génocide,figurant a I'article II de
la convention sur le génocide,se lit comme suit:

«Dans la présente convention le génocide s'entendde l'un quel-
conque des actes ci-après, commis dans l'intention de détruire, en
tout ou en partie, un groupe national, ethnique, racial ou religieux,
comme tel :
a) meurtre de membres du groupe;
b) atteinte grave à l'intégrité physiqueou mentale de membres du
groupe;

c) soumission intentionnelle du groupe à des conditions d'existence
devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle;
d) mesures visant à entraver les naissances au sein du groupe;
e) transfert forcéd'enfants du groupe a un autre groupe));
40. Considérant qu'il apparaît à la Cour, d'aprèscette définition,«que
la caractéristique essentielle du génocide est ladestruction intentionnelle
d'un «groupe national, ethnique, racial ou religieux))))(Application de la
conventionpour la préventionet la répressiondu crime de génocide,me-could have prima faciejurisdiction on the basis of Article IX of the Con-
vention, if the party invoking such jurisdiction were in a position to pro-
duce "at least some evidence that a question relating to the interpretation,
application or fulfilment of the 1948 Genocide Convention has arisen";
whereas according to the Netherlands, Yugoslavia's Application fails to
refer to the conditions that form the core of the crime of genocide under
the Convention, namely the "intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a
national, ethnical, racial or religious group, assuch", and whereas, in the
view of the Netherlands, the Court accordingly lacks jurisdiction ratione
materiae on the basis of Article IX;
37. Whereas it is not disputed that both Yugoslavia and the Nether-
lands are parties to the Genocide Convention without reservation; and
whereas Article IX of the Convention accordingly appears to constitute a
basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court might be founded to the

extent that the subject-matter of thedispute relates to "the interpretation,
application or fulfilment" of the Convention, including disputes "relating
to the responsibility of a state for genocide or for any of the other acts
enumerated in article III" of the said Convention;
38. Whereas, in order to determine, even prima facie, whether a dis-
pute within the meaning of Article IX of the Genocide Convention exists,
the Court cannot limit itself to noting that one of the Parties maintains
that the Convention applies, while the other denies it; and whereas in the
present case the Court must ascertain whether the breaches of the Con-
vention alleged by Yugoslavia are capable of fallingwithin the provisions
of that instrument and whether, as a consequence, the dispute is one
which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain pursuant
to Article IX (cf. Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. UnitedStates
of America), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1996 (II),
p. 810, para. 16);
39. Whereas the definition of genocide set out in Article II of the

Genocide Convention reads as follows:
"In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following
actscommitted with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
ethnical, racial or religious group, assuch:

(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the
group ;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated
to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group";
40. Whereas it appears to the Court, from this definition, "that [the]
essential characteristic [of genocide] is the intended destruction of 'a
national, ethnical, racial or religious group'"(Application of the Conven-
tion on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Provi-sures conservatoires, ordonnance du 13 septembre 1993, C. IJ. Recueil
1993, p. 345, par. 42); que le recours ou la menace du recours à l'emploi
de la force contre un Etat ne sauraient en soi constituer un acte de géno-
cide au sens de l'articleII de la convention sur le génocide;et que, de
l'avis de la Cour,il n'apparaît pas au présentstade de la procédureque
les bombardements qui constituent l'objet de la requête yougoslave
«comporte[nt] effectivement l'élémentd'intentionnalité, dirigé contre
un groupe comme tel, que requiert la disposition sus-citée)) (Lickitéde
la menace ou de l'emploi d'armes nuclbaires, avis consultatif; C.I.J.
Recueil 1996 (I), p. 240, par. 26);

41. Considérant que la Cour n'est dèslors pas en mesure de conclure,
à ce stade de la procédure, que les actes que la Yougoslavie impute au
défendeur seraient susceptibles d'entrer dans les prévisionsde la conven-
tion sur le génocide;et que l'articleIX de la convention, invoqué par la
Yougoslavie, ne constitue partant pas une base sur laquelle la compé-
tence de la Cour pourrait prima facie être fondée dans le cas d'espèce;

42. Considérant quela Yougoslavie, aprèsle dépôtde sa requête, aen
outre invoqué, pour fonder la compétence de la Cour en l'espèce,l'ar-
ticle 4 du traitéde règlementjudiciaire,d'arbitrage et de conciliation entre
les Pays-Bas et le Royaume de Yougoslavie, signé a La Haye le II mars

1931 ; que le ((complément à la requête))de la Yougoslavie, dans lequel
celle-cis'est prévaluede cette nouvelle base dejuridiction, a été soumisa
la Cour lors du second tour de plaidoiries (voir paragraphe 14ci-dessus);
que la Yougoslavie n'apas fourni d'explication sur lesraisonsqui l'avaient
amenée à déposerce document à ce stade de la procédure; et qu'elle fait
valoir que, mêmesi la procédureprévue àl'article 4 du traité de1931n'a
pas été strictementsuivie, «la Cour, comme sa devancière, la Cour per-
manente de Justice internationale, a toujours appliquéle principe suivant
lequel il ne faut pas pénaliserle demandeur qui a commis dans un acte de
procédure une erreur qu'il peut facilement réparer));
43. Considérant que les Pays-Bas font objection a la présentation tar-
dive par la Yougoslavie de ce chef de compétence;qu'ils soutiennent que
le traitéde règlement judiciaire, d'arbitrage et de conciliation dumars

1931n'est plus en vigueur entre les Pays-Bas et la Yougoslavie; que les
Pays-Bas font observer qu'ils ne sont pas partie à la convention de
Vienne de 1978 sur la succession d'Etats en matière de traités et que,
contrairement à ce qu'il en est pour un certain nombre d'autres traités
bilatéraux conclus avec l'ancienne République fédérative socialistede
Yougoslavie, il n'a pas été passé d'accord provisoire sur le maintien en
vigueur du traité de 1931 ;et que les Pays-Bas font en outre valoir que la
Yougoslavie n'a pas respectéles prescriptions de procédureindiquées à
l'article 4 du traité,notamment le préavisd'un mois;
44. Considérant quel'invocation par une partie d'une nouvelle base de
juridiction au stade du second tour de plaidoiries sur une demande en LEGALlTY OF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 556

sional Measures, Order of 13 September 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993,
p. 345, para. 42); whereas the threat or use of force against a State can-
not in itself constitute an act of genocide within the meaning of Article II
of the Genocide Convention;and whereas, in the opinion of the Court, it
does not appear at the present stage of the proceedings that the bombings
which form the subject of the Yugoslav Application "indeed entail the
element of intent, towards a group as such, required by the provision
quoted above" (Legality of the Threat or Useof Nuclear Weapons, Advi-

sory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 240, para. 26) ;

41. Whereas the Court is therefore not in a position to find, at this
stage of the proceedings, that the acts imputed by Yugoslavia to the
Respondent are capable of coming within the provisions of the Genocide
Convention; and whereas Article IX of the Convention, invoked by
Yugoslavia, cannot accordingly constitute a basis on which the jurisdic-
tion of the Court could prima facie be founded in this case;

42. Whereas after it had filed its Application Yugoslavia further
invoked, as basis for the Court's jurisdiction in this case, Article 4 of the

Treaty of Judicial Settlement, Arbitration and Conciliation between the
Netherlands and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, signed in The Hague on
11March 1931 ;whereas Yugoslavia's "Supplement to the Application",
in which it invoked this new basis of jurisdiction, was presented to the
Court in the second round of oral argument (see paragraph 14 above);
whereas Yugoslavia gave no explanation of its reasons for filing this
document at this stage of the proceedings; and whereas Yugoslavia
argues that, although the procedure provided for in Article 4 of the 1931
Treaty has not been strictly followed, "the Court, like its predecessor, the
Permanent Court of International Justice, has always had recourse to the
principle according to which it should not penalize a defect in a pro-
cedural act which the Applicant could easily remedy";
43. Whereas the Netherlands objects to the late presentation by Yugo-
slavia of this basisof jurisdiction; whereas the Netherlands argues that

the Treaty of Judicial Settlement, Arbitration and Conciliation of
11March 1931 is no longer in force between the Netherlands and Yugo-
slavia; whereas the Netherlands observes that it is not a party to the 1978
Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in respect of Treaties and
that, in contrast with a number of other bilateral treaties concluded with
the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, no provisional
mutual agreement has been reached on the continued validity of the 1931
Treaty; whereas the Netherlands further argues that Yugoslavia has not
complied with the procedural requirements of Article 4 of the Treaty, in
particular the period of notice of one month;
44. Whereas the invocation by a party of a new basis ofjurisdiction in
the second round of oral argument on a request for the indication of pro-indication de mesures conservatoires est sans précédentdans la pratique
de la Cour; qu'une démarcheaussi tardive, lorsqu'elle n'est pas acceptée
par l'autre partie, met gravement en pérille principe du contradictoire et
la bonne administration de lajustice; et que, par suite, la Cour ne saurait,
aux fins de décidersi elle peut ou non indiquer des mesures conserva-
toires dans le cas d'espèce,prendre en considération le nouveau chef de
compétencedont la Yougoslavie a entendu se prévaloirle 12 mai 1999;

45. Considérant quela Cour a conclu ci-dessusqu'elle n'avait compétence
prima facir pour connaître de la requête dela Yougoslavie ni sur la base
du paragraphe 2 de I'article 36 du Statut ni sur celle de I'article IX de la

convention sur le génocide; et qu'ellea estiméne pas pouvoir,à ce stade de
la procédure,prendre en considérationla base dejuridiction additionnelle
invoquéepar la Yougoslavie; et considérant qu'il s'ensuitque la Cour ne
saurait indiquer quelque mesure conservatoire que ce soit à l'effetde pro-
tégerles droits dont la Yougoslavie se prévautdans sa requête;
46. Considérant toutefois que les conclusions auxquelles la Cour est
parvenue en la présente procédurene préjugent enrien la compétencede
la Cour pour connaître du fond de l'affaire, niaucune question relative à
la recevabilité de la requêteou au fond lui-même, et qu'elles laissent
intact le droit du Gouvernement yougoslave et du Gouvernement néer-
landais de faire valoir leurs moyens en la matière;

47. Considérantqu'il existe unedistinction fondamentale entre la ques-
tion de l'acceptation par un Etat de la juridiction de la Cour et la com-
patibilitéde certains actes avec le droit international; la compétenceexige
le consentement; la compatibilité ne peut êtreappréciéeque quand la
Cour examine le fond, après avoir établisa compétenceet entendu les

deux parties faire pleinement valoir leurs moyens en droit;
48. Considérant que les Etats, qu'ils acceptent ou non la juridiction
de la Cour, demeurent en tout état de cause responsables des actes
contraires au droit international, y compris au droit humanitaire,
qui leur seraient imputables; que tout différend relatifà la licéité detels
actes doit êtreréglépar des moyens pacifiques dont le choix est laissé
aux parties conformément à l'article 33 de la Charte;
49. Considérant que dans ce cadre les parties doivent veiller a ne pas
aggraver ni étendrele différend;
50. Considérant que, lorsqu'un tel différend suscite une menacecontre
la paix, une rupture de la paix ou un acte d'agression, le Conseil de sécu-
ritéest investi de responsabilités spécialeen vertu du chapitre VI1 de la
Charte;visional measures has never occurred in the Court's practice; whereas
such action at this late stage, when it is not accepted by the other Party,
seriously jeopardizes the principle of procedural fairness and the sound
administration of justice; and whereas in consequence the Court cannot,
for the purpose of deciding whether it may or may not indicate provi-
sional measures in the present case, take into consideration the new title
of jurisdiction which Yugoslavia sought to invoke on 12 May 1999;

45. Whereas the Court has found above that it had no prima facie
jurisdiction to entertain Yugoslavia's Application, either on the basis of
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute or of Article IX of the Genocide
Convention; and whereas it has taken the view that it cannot, at this
stage of the proceedings, take account of the additional basis of jurisdic-
tion invoked by Yugoslavia; and whereas it follows that the Court can-
not indicate any provisional measure whatsoever in order to protect the
rights claimed by Yugoslavia in its Application;
46. Whereas, however, the findings reached by the Court in the present
proceedings in no way prejudge the question of the jurisdiction of the
Court to deal with the merits of the case or any questions relating to the
admissibility of the Application, or relating to the merits themselves; and
whereas they leave unaffected the right of the Governments of Yugo-
slavia and the Netherlands to submit arguments in respect of those

questions;

47. Whereas there is a fundamental distinction between the question
of the acceptance by a State of the Court's jurisdiction and the compat-

ibility of particular acts with international law; the former requires con-
sent; the latter question can only be reached when the Court deals with
the merits after having established its jurisdiction and having heard full
legal arguments by both parties;
48. Whereas, whether or not States accept the jurisdiction of the
Court, they remain in any event responsible for acts attributable to them
that violate international law, including humanitarian law; whereas any
disputes relating to the legality of such acts are required to be resolved
by peaceful means, the choice of which, pursuant to Article 33 of the
Charter, is left to the parties;
49. Whereas in this context the parties should take care not to aggra-
vate or extend the dispute;
50. Whereas, when such a dispute gives rise to a threat to the peace,
breach of the peace or act of aggression, the Security Council has special
responsibilitiesunder Chapter VI1 of the Charter;558 LICÉITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORC(ORD.2 VI 99)

51. Par ces motifs,

1) Par onze voix contre quatre,

Rejettela demande en indication de mesures conservatoires présentée
par la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie le29 avril 1999;

POURM : . Schwebel,ésiden delaCour; MM. Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume,
Ranjeva, Herczegh, Fleischhauer,Koroma, Mm' Higgins,MM. Parra-
Aranguren, Kooijmansjuges;
CONTRE M:. Weeramantry,vice-présidf ent,antonctiodneprésiden en
l'affairMM. Shi, Vereshchetij,ugesM. KreEa,jugead hoc;

2) Par quatorze voix contre une,
Réservela suite de la procédure.

POUR:M. Weeramantry, vice-présidfeant,antonctionde présidenetn
l'affairM. Schwebel,présidendelaCour; MM. Bedjaoui, Guillaume,
Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,Koroma, Vereshchetin,
MmeHiggins,MM. Parra-Aranguren,Kooijmans, juges;M. KreCa,juge
ad hoc;
CONTRE:M. Oda, juge.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de

la Paix,à La Haye, le deux juin mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-dix-neuf, en
trois exemplaires, dont'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et
les autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie et au Gouvernement du Royaume des
Pays-Bas.

Le vice-président,

(Signé) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY.
Le greffier,

(Signé) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA.

M. KOROMA ,ge, joint une déclaratiànl'ordonnance.

M. ODA,Mme HIGGINSe ,t MM. PARRA-ARANGUReE tNKOOIJMANS,
juges, joignent a l'ordonnance les exposésde leur opinion individuelle. 51. For these reasons,

(1) By eleven votes to four,

Rejects the request for the indication of provisional measures submit-
ted by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 29 April 1999;
IN FAVOU R:esidentSchwebel; JudgesOda, Bedjaoui,Guillaume, Ranjeva,
Herczegh, Fleischhauer,Koroma, Higgins,Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans:

AGAINS Tice-PresidenWeeramantry, Acting Presiden;JudgesShi,Veresh-
chetin;Judge ad hoc Kreka;
(2) By fourteen votes to one,

Reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision.
IN FAVOUR : Vice-PresideritWeeramantry, Acting President ; President

Fleischhauer, Koroma,edjaoVereshchetin,, RHiggins, Parra-Aranguren,
Kooijmans; Judge ad hoc Kreka;

AGAINS Tudge Oda.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this second day ofJune, one thousand nine
hundred and ninety-nine, in three copies, one of which will be placed in

the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government
of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Government of the King-
dom of the Netherlands, respectively.

(Signed) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY,
Vice-President.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,

Registrar.

Judge KOROMA appends a declaration to the Order of the Court.

Judges ODA, HIGGINS,PARRA-ARANGURa End KOOIJMANa Sppend
separate opinions to the Order of the Court.

20 M. WEERAMANTRv i,e-président, faisant fonction de président en
l'affaire,. SHIet VERESHCHETjIu Ng,es, et M. KRECAj,uge ad hoc,
joignentàl'ordonnance les exposés de leuropinion dissidente.

(Paraphé) C.G.W.

(Paraphé) E.V.O. LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (ORDE2 VI 99) 559

Vice-President WEERAMANTRA Yc,ting President, Judges SHI and
VERESHCHETaIn Nd, Judge ad hoc KRECAappend dissenting opinions to
the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) C.G.W.
(Initialled) E.V.O.

ICJ document subtitle

Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 2 June 1999

Links