Order of 2 June 1999

Document Number
112-19990602-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COtJR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE À LA LICÉITÉ

DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE
(YOUGOSLAVIE c. ESPAGNE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU 2 JUIN 1999

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING
LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA vSPAIN)

REQUEST FOIRTHE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER OF 2 JUNE 1999 Mode officielde citation:
Licéitéde I'enlploide laforce (Yougoslavie c. Espagne),
mesures con.uervatoire.~u,rdunnance du 2 juin 1999,
C.I.J. Recueil 1999,61

Official cit:tion

LProvisionul Meusures, Order of 2 June 1999,
1.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 761

No de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 734 1
ISBN 92-1-070802-4 2 JUIN 1999

ORDONNANCE

LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSLAVIE c. ESPAGNE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA ilSPAIN)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

2 JUNE 1999

ORDER INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1999 1'999
2 June
General List
2 June1999 No. 112

(CASECONCERNING

LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA v. SPAIN)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER

Presen: Vice-Presiu'ent WEERAMANTRY A,cting Pvesiu'ent; President
SCHWEBELJ ;uu'ges ODA, BEDJAOUIG , UILLAUMER , ANJEVA,
HERCZEGH,SHI, FLEISCHHAIJER K,OROMA,VERESHCHETIN,

HIGGINS,PARRA-ARANGC'REK NO, OIJMANSJ:udge.~ ad hoc
TORRES BIJRNAKDEK Z, ECA;Rc~gi~frurVALENCIA-OSPINA.

The International Court of Justice,

Composed as above.
After deliberation,

Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Article73 and 74of the Rules of Court,

Having regard to the Application by the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia (hereinafter "Yugoslavia") filed in the Registry of the Court on
29 April 1999. instituting proceedings against the Kingdom of Spain
(hereinafter "Spain") "for violation of the obligation not to use force", LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 762

Makes thejbllo~ving Order:

1. Whereas in thait Application Yugoslavia defines the subject of the
dispute as follows:

"The subject-inatter of the dispute are acts of the Kingdom of
Spain by which it has violated its international obligation banning
the use of force against another State, the obligation not to intervene
in the interna1 arfairs of another State, the obligation not to violate
the sovereignty of another State, the obligation to protect the civil-
ian population and civilian objects in wartime, the obligation to pro-
tect the environment, the obligation relating to free navigation on

international rivers, the obligation regarding fundamental human
rights and freedoms, the obligation not to use prohibited weapons,
the obligation not to deliberately inflict conditions of life calculated
to cause the physical destruction of a national group";

2. Whereasin the said Application Yugoslavia refers,as a basisfor thejuris-
diction of the Court, to Article 36, paragraph2,of the Statute of the Court

and to Article IX of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by the General Assembly of the United
Nations on 9 December 1948(hereinafter the "Genocide Convention");
3. Whereas in its .4pplication Yugoslavia States that the claims sub-
mitted by it to the Court are based upon the following facts:

"The Governrnent of the Kingdom of Spain, together with the
Governments of other Member States of NATO, took part in the
acts of use of force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by
taking part in bombing targets in the Federal Republic of Yugosla-

via. In bombing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia military and
civilian targets viere attacked. Great number of people were killed,
including a great many civilians. Residential houses came under
attack. Numerous dwellings were destroyed. Enormous damage was
caused to schoo:ls, hospitals, radio and television stations, cultural
and health institutions and to places of worship. A large number of

bridges, roads anidrailway lines were destroyed. Attacks on oil refin-
eries and chemical plants have had serious environmental effects on
cities, towns and villages in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The
use of weapons containing depleted uranium is having far-reaching
consequences for human life. The above-mentioned acts are deliber-
ately creating coinditions calculated at the physical destruction of an

ethnie group, in whole or in part. The Government of the Kingdom
of Spain is taking part in the training, arming, financing, equipping
and supplying the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation Army'";and whereas it further states that the said claims are based on the follow-
ing legal grounds:

"The above acts of the Government of the Kingdom of Spain rep-
resent a gross violation of the obligation not to use force against
another State. By financing, arming, training and equipping the so-

called 'Kosovo Liberation Army', support is given to terrorist groups
and the secessioriist movement in the territory of the Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia in breach of the obligation not to intervene in the
interna1 affairs of another State. In addition, the provisions of the
Geneva Convention of 1949and of the Additional Protocol No. 1of
1977on the protection of civilians and civilian objects in time of war

have been v~olated. The obligation to protect the environment has
also been breached. The destruction of bridges on the Danube is in
contravention of the provisions of Article 1 of the 1948Convention
on free navigation on the Danube. The provisions of the Interna-
tional Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and of the Interna-
tional Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966

have also been breached. Furthermore, the obligation contained in
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide not to impose deliberately on a national group conditions
of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the group
has been breached. Furthermore, the activities in which the King-
dom of Spain is taking part are contrary to Article 53. paragraph 1.

of the Charter of the United Nations";

4. Whereas the claims of Yugoslavia are formulated as follows in the
Application :

"The Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia requests
the International1 Court of Justice to adjudge and declare:

by taking part in the bombing of the territory of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, the Kingdom of Spain has acted against
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation
not to use force against another State;

by taking part in the training, arming, financing, equipping and

supplying terrorist groups. i.e. the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation
Army'. the Kingdom of Spain has acted against the Federal
Republic of 'Yugoslavia inbreach of its obligation not to inter-
vene in the affairs of another State:

- by taking pairt in attacks on civilian targets. the Kingdom of

Spain has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in
breach of its obligation to spare the civilian population, civilians
and civilian objects; by taking part in destroying or damaging monasteries, monu-
ments of culture, the Kingdom of Spain has acted against the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to

commit any act of hostility directed against historical monu-
ments, works of art or places of worship which constitute cul-
tural or spiritual heritage of people;

by taking part in the use of cluster bombs, the Kingdom of Spain
has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach
of its obligation not to use prohibited weapons, i.e. weapons cal-
culated to cause unnecessary suffering;

by taking part in the bombing of oil refineries and chemical
plants, the Kingdom of Spain has acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to cause

considerable environmental damage;

- by taking part in the use of weapons containing depleted ura-
nium, the Kingdom of Spain has acted against the Federal

Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to use
prohibited vieapons and not to cause far-reaching health and
environmental damage;
- by taking part in killing civilians, destroying enterprises, commu-

nications, health and cultural institutions, the Kingdom of Spain
has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach
of its obligation to respect the right to life, the right to work, the
right to info'rmation, the right to health care as well as other

basic human rights:

by taking part in destroying bridges on international rivers, the
Kingdom of Spain has acted against the Federal Republic of

Yugoslavia 111breach of its obligation to respect freedom of
navigation on international rivers:

- by taking part in activities listed above, and in particular by

causing enormous environmental damage and by using depleted
uranium, the Kingdom of Spain has acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to delib-
erately inflic~on a national group conditions of life calculated to

bring about its physical destruction, in whole or in part;

- the Kingdom of Spain is responsible for the violation of the
above international obligations:

- the Kingdoni of Spain is obliged to stop immediately the viola-
tion of the a.bove obligations vis-à-vis the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia ;
- the Kingdom of Spain is obliged to provide compensation for the damage tlone to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and to
its citizens and juridical persons";

and whereas, at the end of its Application, Yugoslavia reserves the right
to amend and supplement it;

5. Whereas on 29 April 1999, immediately after filing its Application.
Yugoslavia also subimitted a request for the indication of provisional
measures pursuant to Article 73 of the Rules of Court;and whereas that
request was accompanied by a volume of photographic annexes pro-
duced as "evidence" ;
6. Whereas, in support of its request for the indication of provisional

mensures, Yugoslavi;~ contends intcr uliu that, since the onset of the
bombing of its territory, and as a result thereof, about 1,000 civilians,
including 19 childreri, have been killed and more than 4,500 have sus-
tained serious injuries; that the lives of three million children are endan-
gered; that hundreds of thousands of citizens have been exposed to poi-
sonous gases; that about one million citizens are short of water supply;

that about 500,000 v~orkers have become jobless: that two million citi-
zens have no ineans of livelihood and are unable to ensure minimum
means of sustenance; and that the road and railway network has suffered
extensive destruction; whereas, in its request for the indication of provi-
sional measures, Yugoslavia also lists the targets alleged to have come

under attack in the air strikes and describes in detail the damage alleged
to have been inflicted upon them (bridges, railway lines and stations,
roads and means of transport, airports. industry and trade, refineries and
warehouses storing liquid raw materials and chemicals, agriculture, hos-
pitals and hcalth care centres, schools, public buildings and housing
facilities, infrastructure, telecommunications. cultural-historical monu-

ments and religious shrines); and whereas Yugoslavia concludes from
this that:

"The acts deocribed above caused death, physical and mental
harm to the poplulation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; huge
devastation; heavy pollution of the environment, so that the Yugo-
slav population is deliberately imposed conditions of life calculated

to bring about physical destruction of the group, in whole or in
part" ;

7. Whereas. at the end of its request for the indication of provisional
measures. Yugos1avi;i States that

"If the proposed measure were not to be adopted, there will be
new losses of human life, further physical and mental harm inflicted

on the population of the FR of Yugoslavia, further destruction of
civilian targets. 'heavyenvironmental pollution and further physical
destruction of the people of Yugoslavia":and whereas, while reserving the right to amend and supplement its
request, Yugoslavia requests the Court to indicate the following measure:

"The Kingdoin of Spain shall cease immediately its acts of use of
force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of force against
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

8. Whereas the request for the indication of provisional measures was
accompanied by a letter from the Agent of Yugoslavia, addressed to the
President and Members of the Court, which read as follows:

"1have the honour to bring to the attention of the Court the latest
bombing of the central area of the town of Surdulica on 27 April
1999 at noon resulting in losses of lives of civilians, most of whom

were children and women, and to remind of killings of peoples in
Kursumlija, Aleksinac and Cuprija, as well as bombing of a refugee
convoy and the Radio and Television of Serbia, just to mention
some of the well-knownatrocities. Therefore, 1would like to caution
the Court that there is a highest probability of further civilian and
military casualties.
Considering the power conferred upon the Court by Article 75.

paragraph 1,of the Rules of Court and having in mind the greatest
urgency caused by the circumstances described in the Requests for
provisional measure of protection 1 kindly ask the Court to decide
on the submittecl Requestspvoprio niotu or to fix a date for a hearing
at earliest possible time";

9. Whereas on 29 April 1999, the day on which the Application and
the request for the indication of provisional measures were filed in the
Registry, the Registrar sent to the Spanish Government signed copies of

the Application and of the request. in accordance with Article 38,para-
graph 4, and Article '73,paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and whereas
he also sent to that Government copies of the documents accompanying
the Application and the request for the indication of provisional meas-
ures ;
10. Whereas on 20 April 1999 the Registrar informed the Parties that

the Court had decided, pursuant to Article 74, paragraph 3,of the Rules
of Court, to hold hea~ringson 10 and 11 May 1999, where they would be
able to present their observations on the request for the indication of pro-
visional measures;
11. Whereas, pencling the notification under Article 40, paragraph 3,
of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by transmittal of the

printed bilingual tex1 of the Application to the Members of the United
Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court, the Regis-
trar on 29 April 1999 informed those States of the filing of the Applica-
tion and of its subject-matter, and of the filing of the request for the
indication of provisional measures ; 12. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the bench no judge of
Yugoslav nationality, the Yugoslav Government has availed itself of the
provisions of Article 31 of the Statute of the Court to choose Mr.
Milenko Kreta to sit as judge ad hoc in the case; and whereas no objec-
tion to that choice wrrsraised within the time-limit fixed for the purpose
pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 3. of the Rules of Court; whereas,

since the Court includes upon the bench no judge of Spanish nationality,
the Spanish Governtrient has availed itself of the provisions of Article 31
of the Statute of the Court to choose Mr. Santiago Torres Bernardez to
sit as judge adhoc in the case; whereas, within the time-limit fixed for the
purpose pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court,
Yugoslavia, referring to Article 31, paragraph 5. of the Statute, objected

to that choice; and whereas the Court, after due deliberation, found that
the nomination of a judge ad hoc by Spain was justified in the present
phase of the case;
13. Whereas, at thr: public hearings held between 10 and 12 May 1999,
oral observations on the request for the indication of provisional meas-
ures were presented by the following:

Mr. Rodoljub Etinski, Agent.
Mr. Ian Brownlie,

Mr. Paul J.1.M. de Waart.
Mr. Eric Suy,
Mr. Miodrag Mitii:,
Mr. Olivier Corten;

011 helzalfof Spain

Mr. Aurelio PérezGiralda, Agerzf;

14. Whereas, in this phase of the proceedings, the Parties presented the
following submissions :

011 hehlrlf of Yugoslavia
"[Tlhe Court [is asked] to indicate the following provisional

measure :
[Tlhe Kingdorn of Spain shall cease immediately the acts of use of
force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of force against
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

On hrhuij q/'Spain.

"The Kingdorn of Spain respectfully requests the Court to:

1. Declare that it has no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the
Application filedlby the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;
2. Reject the request of the Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with a view to the indication of provisional measures
in relation to the: Kingdom of Spain;
3. Decide to remove this case from the General List of the Court" :

15. Whereas the C'ourt is deeply concerned with the human tragedy,

the loss of life, and the enormous suffering in Kosovo which form the
background of the p:resent dispute, and with the continuing loss of life
and human suffering in al1parts of Yugoslavia;

16. Whereas the Court is profoundly concerned with the use of force
in Yugoslavia; whereas under the present circumstances such use raises
very serious issues of international law;

17. Whereas the Court is mindful of the purposes and principles of the
United Nations Charter and of its own responsibilities in the mainte-
nance of peace and security under the Charter and the Statute of the
Court;
18. Whereas the Court deems it necessary to emphasize that al1parties
appearing before it must act in conformity with their obligations under

the United Nations Charter and other rules of international law, includ-
ing humanitarian law;

19. Whereas the Court, under its Statute, does not automatically have
jurisdiction over legal disputes between States parties to that Statute or
between other States to whom access to the Court has been granted;

whereas the Court has repeatedly stated "that one of the fundamental
principles of its Statuite is that it cannot decide a dispute between States
witliout the consent of those States to its jurisdiction" (Eust Tin~or(Por-
tugul V. Au~/ruliu), Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 199.5,p. 101,para. 26); and
whereas the Court can therefore exercise jurisdiction only between States
parties to a dispute who not only have access to the Court but also have

accepted the jurisdiction of the Court, either in general form or for the
individual dispute concerned;
20. Whereas on a request for provisional measures the Court need not,
before deciding whether or not to indicate them, finally satisfy itself that
it has jurisdiction on the merits of the case, yet it ought not to indicate
such measures unlesri the provisions invoked by the applicant appear,

prima facie, to afford a basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court might
be established;

21. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the first place, to
found the jurisdiction of the Court upon Article 36, paragraph 2, of theStatute; whereas each of the two Parties has made a declaration recog-
nizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court pursuant to that provi-
sion; whereas Yugoslavia's declaration was deposited with the Secretary-
General of the United Nations on 26 April 1999, and that of Spain on
29 October 1990;

22. Whereas Yugoslavia's declaration is formulated as follows :

"1 hereby declare that the Government of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia recognizes, in accordance with Article 36. paragraph 2,
of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, as compulsory
ip.vo,fuctoand without special agreement. in relation to any other
State accepting the same obligation, that is on condition of recipro-

city, thejurisdiction of the said Court in ail disputes arising or which
may arise after the signature of the present Declaration, with regard
to the situations or facts subsequent to this signature, except in cases
where the parties have agreed or shall agree to have recourse to
another procedure or to another method of pacific settlement. The
present Declaration does not apply to disputes relating to questions

which, under intlrrnational law. fall exclusively within the jurisdic-
tion of lhe Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. as well as to territorial
disputes.

The aforesaid obligation is accepted until such time as notice may
be given to terminate the acceptance";

and whereas the declaration of Spain reads as follows:

"1. On behalf of the Spanish Government, 1 have the honour to
declare that the Kingdom of Spain accepts as compulsory ipsofucto
and without special agreement, the jurisdiction of the International
Court of Justice, in conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute of the Court, in relation to any other State accepting the

samc obligation, on condition of reciprocity, in legal disputes not
included among the following situations and exceptions:

iu) disputes in regard to which the Kingdom of Spain and the

other party or parties have agreed or shall agree to have recourse
to some oth~ermethod of peaceful settlement of the dispute;
(hl disputes in regard to whlch the other party or parties have
accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court only in rela-
tion to or for the purposes of the dispute in question;
(c) disputes in regard to which the other party or parties have
accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court less than

12 months prior to the filing of the application bringing the
dispute before the Court;
(d) disputes arising prior to the date on which this Declaration was
deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations or relating to !:vents or situations which occurred prior to that
date, even ifsuch events or situations may continue to occur or
to have effects thereafter.

2. The Kingdcim of Spain may at any time, by means of a notifi-
cation addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,
add to, amend or withdraw, in whole or in part, the foregoing res-
ervations or any that may hereafter be added. These amendments
shall become effective on the date of their receipt by the Secretary-

General of the United Nations.

3. The present Declaration, which is deposited with the Secretary-
General of the United Nations in conformity with Article 36, para-
graph 4, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, shall
remain in force until such time as it has been withdrawn by the
Spanish Governrnent or superseded by another declaration by the

latter.
The withdrawal of the Declaration shall become effective after a
period of six months has elapsed from the date of receipt by the
Secretary-Genera~lof the United Nations of the relevant notification
by the Spanish (Jovernment. However, in respect of States which
have established a period of less than six months between notifica-

tion of the withdlrawal of their Declaration and its becoming effec-
tive, the withdrawal of the Spanish Declaration shall become effec-
tive after such sh~orterperiod has elapsed";

23. Whereas Spain contends that the Court's jurisdiction cannot be
founded upon Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court in this
case, in view of the reservations contained in its declaration; whereas
it observes in particiilar that, under the terms of paragraph 1 (c) of
that declaration, it does not recognize the jurisdiction of the Court in

respect of
"(c) disputes in regard to which the other party or parties have
accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court less than

12 months prior to the filing of the application bringing the
dispute before the Court";

whereas Spain argues that "this limitation is both specific and unequivo-
cal and should not be a matter for either interpretation or doubt" and
that "the intention of Spain in formulating its declaration could not have
been clearer"; and whereas it points out that 12 months have manifestly
not elapsed between i.hedate on which Yugoslavia accepted the jurisdic-
tion of the Court and that on which it filed its Application;

24. Whereas Yugoslavia submitted no argument on this point;

25. Whereas, given that Yugoslavia deposited itsdeclaration of accept-
ance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court with the Secretary-General on 26 April 1099and filed its Application instituting proceedings
with the Court on 29 April 1999, there can be no doubt that the condi-
tions for the exclusiori of the Court's jurisdiction provided for in para-
graph 1 (c) of Spain's declaration are satisfied in this case; whereas, as
the Court recalled in its Judgment of 4 December 1998 in the Fisheries
Jurisdictio (Spain v. Cunada) case,

"It is for each State, in formulating its declaration, to decide upon
the limits it places upon its acceptance of the jurisdiction of the
Court: '[tlhisjurisdiction only exists within the limits within which it
has been accepted' (Phosphates in Morocco, Judgment, 1938,

P.C.1.J., Series AIB, No. 74, p. 23)" (1. C1J. Reports 1998, p. 453,
para. 44);
and whereas, as the Court noted in its Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the
case concerning the Idand und Maritime Boundury het~tleenCameroon

and Nigeria (Curneroon v. Nigeriu), "[als early as 1952,it held in the case
concerning Anglo-lruiziun Oil Co. that . . . 'jurisdiction is conferred on
the Court only to the extent to which the [declarationsmade] coincide in
conferring it'(I.C.J. I;!eports1952, p. 103)" (1.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 298,
para. 43); and whereas the declarations made by the Parties under
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute manifestly cannot constitute a
basis of jurisdictionin the present case, even prima facie;

26. Whereas, referring to United Nations Security Council resolution
777 (1992) of 19September 1992and to United Nations General Assem-
bly resolution 4711of 22 September 1992, Spain also contends that "the
Federal Rep~iblicof Yugoslavia cannot be considered, as it claims, to be
the continuator State of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia", and that, not having duly acceded to the Organization, it is not a
Menlber thereof, is not a party to the Statute of the Court and cannot

appear before the latter;

27. Whereas Yugoslavia, referring to the position of the Secretariat, as
expressed in a letter dated 29 September 1992 from the Legal Counsel of
the Organization (doc. Al471485),and to the latter's subsequent practice,
contends for its part that General Assembly resolution 4711"[neither] ter-

minate[d] nor suspencd[ed] Yugoslavia's membership in the Organiza-
tion", and that the said resolution did not take away from Yugoslavia
"[its] right to participate in the work of organs other than Assembly
bodies" ;
28. Whereas, in view of its finding in paragraph 25 above, the Court
need not consider thi:; question for the purpose of deciding whether or
not it can indicate provisional measures in the present case; 29. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the second place,
to found the jurisdiction of the Courton Article IX of the Genocide Con-
vention, which providizs:

"Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpre-
tation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including
those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any
of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to
the dispute" ;

whereas it is not disputed that both Yugoslavia and Spain are parties to
theGenocide Convention; whereas, however, Spain's instrument of acces-
sion to the Convention, deposited with the Secretary-General on 13 Sep-

tember 1968, contairis a reservation "in respect of the whole of
Article IX";
30. Whereas Spain contends that, this reservation having given rise to
no objection by Yugoislavia, Article IX of the Genocide Convention "is
inapplicable to the mutual relations between Spain and . . . Yugoslavia",
and that the said Article cannot accordingly found the jurisdiction of the

Court in this case, eveii prima facie; and whereas Spain further contends
that the dispute submitted to the Court by Yugoslavia "does not . . .
come within the scope of the Convention";

31. Whereas Yugos:lavia disputed Spain's interpretation of the Geno-
cide Convention, but submitted no argument concerning Spain's reserva-

tion to Article IX of tlneConvention;

32. Whereas the Genocide Convention does not prohibit reservations;
whereas Yugoslavia did not object to Spain's reservation to Article IX:
and whereas the said reservation had the effect of excluding that Ar-
ticle from the provisioins of the Convention in force between the Parties:

33. Whereas in consequence Article IX of the Genocide Convention
cannot found the jurisdiction of the Court to entertain a dispute between
Yugoslavia and Spain alleged to faIl within its provisions; and whereas
that Article manifestly does not constitute a basis of jurisdiction in the
present case, even prima facie:

34. Whereas Spain lùrther states that it "does not accept the jurisdic-
tion of the Court under Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court";
whereas that provision reads as follows :

"5. When the applicant State proposes to found the jurisdiction
of the Court upoii a consent thereto yet to be given or manifested
by the State against which such application is made, the application
shall be transmitted to that State. It shall not however be entered in the General List, nor any action be taken in the proceedings, unless
and until the State against which such application is made consents
to the Clourt'sjurisdiction for the purposes of the case";

and whereas it is quite clear that, in the absence of consent by Spain,
given pursuant to Article 38,paragraph 5,of the Rules, the Court cannot
exercise jurisdiction in the present case, even prima facie;

35. Whereas it follows from what has been said above that the Court
manifestly lacks jurisdiction to entertain Yugoslavia's Application;
whereas it cannot therefore indicate any provisional measure whatsoever

in order to protect the rights invoked therein; and whereas, within a sys-
tem of consensual jurisdiction, to maintain on the General List a case
upon which it appears certain that the Court will not be able to adjudi-
cate on the merits would most assuredly not contribute to the sound
administration of justice;

36. Whereas there is a fundamental distinction between the question
of the acceptance by ;iState of the Court's jurisdiction and the compati-
bility of particular acts with international law: the former requires con-
sent; the latter question can only be reached when the Court deals with

the merits alter havinig established its jurisdiction and having heard full
legal arguments by bot11parties;
37. Whereas. whether or not States accept the jurisdiction of the
Court, they remain in any event responsible for acts attributable to them
that violate international law, including humanitarian law; whereas any
disputes relating to the legality of such acts are required to be resolved

by peaceful means, the choice of which. pursuant to Article 33 of the
Charter, is left to the parties;
35. Whereas in this context the parties should take care not to aggra-
vate or extend the dispute;
39. Whereas. when such a dispute gives rise to a threat to the peace,
bre~ichof the peace or act of aggression. the Security Council has special

responsibilities under Chapter VI1 of the Charter;

40. For these reasons,

THE CO~IRT,

(1) By fourteen vo'testo two, Rejects the request for the indication of provisional measures submit-
ted by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 29 April 1999;

IN FAVOUR : Vice-President Weeramantry, Acting President ; Presider~t
Schwebel; Judgcs Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh,
Fleischhauer, Koroma, Higgins, Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans; Judges ad
hoc Torres Bernarclez,Kreca ;

AGAINSJ Tu:dges Shi, Vereshchet;n

(2) By thirteen voteisto three,

Orders that the case be removed from the List.
IN FAVOUR:Vice-Pr,~sident Weeramantry, Acting President; President
Schwebel; Judges Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh,

Shi, Fleischhauer, Koroma, Higgins, Kooijmans; Judge ad hoc Torres
Bernardez;
AGAINSJ Tu:dges Vereshchetin,Parra-Aranguren; Judge ad hoc KreCa.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this second day of June, one thousand nine
hundred and ninety-nine, in three copies, one of which will be placed in
the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government
of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Government of the King-
dom of Spain, respectively.

(Signed) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY,
Vice-President.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,

Registrar.

Judges SHI, KOROMAand VERESHCHETIaN ppend declarations to the
Order of the Court.

Judges ODA, HIGGIEISP ,ARRA-ARANGUaR ndN KOOIJMANaSnd Judge
ud hoc KRECAappend separate opinions to the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) C.G.W
(Initialled) E.V.O.

Bilingual Content

COtJR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE À LA LICÉITÉ

DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE
(YOUGOSLAVIE c. ESPAGNE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU 2 JUIN 1999

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING
LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA vSPAIN)

REQUEST FOIRTHE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER OF 2 JUNE 1999 Mode officielde citation:
Licéitéde I'enlploide laforce (Yougoslavie c. Espagne),
mesures con.uervatoire.~u,rdunnance du 2 juin 1999,
C.I.J. Recueil 1999,61

Official cit:tion

LProvisionul Meusures, Order of 2 June 1999,
1.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 761

No de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 734 1
ISBN 92-1-070802-4 2 JUIN 1999

ORDONNANCE

LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSLAVIE c. ESPAGNE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA ilSPAIN)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

2 JUNE 1999

ORDER COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

1999 ANNÉE 1999
2 juin
Rôle général
no 112 2 juin1999

AFFAIRE RELATIVE À LA LICÉITÉ

DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSLAVIE c. ESPAGNE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE

Prkscnt.~: M. WEERAMANTRY vi,ce-prksident, ,fuisunt ji~nction dc~prg-
sident en l'uffiuire: M. SCHWEBp,rk.sident de lu Cour;
MM. ODA, BEDJAOUI,GUILLAUMER , ANJEVA,HERCZEGH,
SHI, FLEISCHHALERK,OROMAV , ERESHCHETIM N,t"' HIGGINS,
MM. PARRA-ARANGUREK N, OIJMANjSu,,qes; MM. TORRES
BERNARDEZ. KKECA,,jug~'.rad hoc: M. VALENCIA-OSPINA,
greffic.~.

La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,

Après délibéré chambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73 et 74 de
son Règlement,

Vu la requête dépospar la République fédéralede Yougoslavie (ci-
aprèsdénomméela <Yougoslavie») au Greffe de la Co29 avril 1999,
par laquelle elle a introduit une instance contre le Royaume d'Espagne
(ci-après dénomméI'<spagne))) «pour violation de l'obligation de ne
pas recourir à l'emploi de la force)), INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1999 1'999
2 June
General List
2 June1999 No. 112

(CASECONCERNING

LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA v. SPAIN)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER

Presen: Vice-Presiu'ent WEERAMANTRY A,cting Pvesiu'ent; President
SCHWEBELJ ;uu'ges ODA, BEDJAOUIG , UILLAUMER , ANJEVA,
HERCZEGH,SHI, FLEISCHHAIJER K,OROMA,VERESHCHETIN,

HIGGINS,PARRA-ARANGC'REK NO, OIJMANSJ:udge.~ ad hoc
TORRES BIJRNAKDEK Z, ECA;Rc~gi~frurVALENCIA-OSPINA.

The International Court of Justice,

Composed as above.
After deliberation,

Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Article73 and 74of the Rules of Court,

Having regard to the Application by the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia (hereinafter "Yugoslavia") filed in the Registry of the Court on
29 April 1999. instituting proceedings against the Kingdom of Spain
(hereinafter "Spain") "for violation of the obligation not to use force",762 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

Rend I'oudonnunce suivuntc

1.Considérant que, dans cette requête, la Yougoslavie définitl'objet
du différend ainsique suit:

((L'objet du différend porte sur les actes commis par le Royaume
d'Espagne, en violation de son obligation internationale de ne pas
recourir à l'emploi de la force contre un autre Etat, de l'obligation

de ne pas s'immiscer dans les affaires intérieures d'un autre Etat, de
l'obligation de ne pas porter atteinte à la souveraineté d'un autre
Etat, de I'obligation de protégerles populations civiles et les biens de
caractère civil en temps de guerre, de l'obligation de protéger l'envi-
ronnement, de I'obligation touchant à la libertéde navigation sur les
cours d'eau internationaux, de I'obligation concernant les droits et

libertésfondamentaux de la personne humaine, de l'obligation de ne
pas utiliser des armes interdites, de l'obligation de ne pas soumettre
intentionnellement un groupe national à des conditions d'existence
devant entraîner sa destruction physique));

2. Considérant que, dans ladite requête,la Yougoslavie, pour fonder la
compétencede la Cour, invoque le paragraphe 2de l'article 36 du Statutde
la Cour et l'articleX de la convention pour la préventionet la répression
du crime de génocide,adoptéepar l'Assembléegénérale desNations Unies
le 9 décembre 1948(ci-aprèsdénomméela ((conventionsur le génocide »);

3. Considérant que, dans sa requête,la Yougoslavie expose que les
demandes qu'elle soumet à la Cour sont fondéessur les faits ci-après:

«Le Gouvernement du Royaume d'Espagne, conjointement avec
les gouvernements d'autres Etats membres de l'OTAN, a recouru à
l'emploi de la force contre ia République fédéralede Yougoslavie en
prenant part au bombardement de cibles dans la République fédérale
de Yougoslavie. Lors des bombardements de la République fédérale
de Yougoslavie, des cibles militaires et civiles ont été attaquées.Un

grand nombre de personnes ont été tuéesd ,ont de très nombreux
civils. Des immeubles d'habitation ont subi des attaques. Un grand
nombre d'habitations ont été détruites. D'énormesdégâts ont été
causésà des écoles,des hôpitaux, des stations de radiodiffusion et de
télévision,des structures culturelles et sanitaires, ainsi qu'à des lieux
de culte. Nombre de ponts, routes et voies de chemin de fer ont été
détruits. Les attaques contre des raffineries de pétrole et des usines

chimiques ont eu de graves effets dommageables pour I'environne-
ment de villes et de villages de la République fédéralede Yougosla-
vie. L'emploi d'armes contenant de l'uranium appauvri a de lourdes
conséquencespour la vie humaine. Les actessusmentionnés ont pour
effet de soumettre intentionnellement un groupe ethnique à descondi-
tions devant entraîner sadestruction physique totale ou partielle. Le

Gouvernement du Royaume d'Espagne prend part à l'entraînement,
iil'armement, au financement, à l'équipementet à l'approvisionne-
ment de la prétendue ((arméede libération du Kosovo)); LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 762

Makes thejbllo~ving Order:

1. Whereas in thait Application Yugoslavia defines the subject of the
dispute as follows:

"The subject-inatter of the dispute are acts of the Kingdom of
Spain by which it has violated its international obligation banning
the use of force against another State, the obligation not to intervene
in the interna1 arfairs of another State, the obligation not to violate
the sovereignty of another State, the obligation to protect the civil-
ian population and civilian objects in wartime, the obligation to pro-
tect the environment, the obligation relating to free navigation on

international rivers, the obligation regarding fundamental human
rights and freedoms, the obligation not to use prohibited weapons,
the obligation not to deliberately inflict conditions of life calculated
to cause the physical destruction of a national group";

2. Whereasin the said Application Yugoslavia refers,as a basisfor thejuris-
diction of the Court, to Article 36, paragraph2,of the Statute of the Court

and to Article IX of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by the General Assembly of the United
Nations on 9 December 1948(hereinafter the "Genocide Convention");
3. Whereas in its .4pplication Yugoslavia States that the claims sub-
mitted by it to the Court are based upon the following facts:

"The Governrnent of the Kingdom of Spain, together with the
Governments of other Member States of NATO, took part in the
acts of use of force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by
taking part in bombing targets in the Federal Republic of Yugosla-

via. In bombing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia military and
civilian targets viere attacked. Great number of people were killed,
including a great many civilians. Residential houses came under
attack. Numerous dwellings were destroyed. Enormous damage was
caused to schoo:ls, hospitals, radio and television stations, cultural
and health institutions and to places of worship. A large number of

bridges, roads anidrailway lines were destroyed. Attacks on oil refin-
eries and chemical plants have had serious environmental effects on
cities, towns and villages in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The
use of weapons containing depleted uranium is having far-reaching
consequences for human life. The above-mentioned acts are deliber-
ately creating coinditions calculated at the physical destruction of an

ethnie group, in whole or in part. The Government of the Kingdom
of Spain is taking part in the training, arming, financing, equipping
and supplying the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation Army'";763 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

et considérant qu'elle indique en outre que lesdites demandes reposent
sur les fondements juridiques suivants:

«Les actes susmentionnés du Gouvernement espagnol constituent
une violation flagrante de l'obligation de ne pas recourir à l'emploi
de la force contre un autre Etat. En finançant, armant, entraînant

et équipant la prétendue ((arméede libération du Kosovo)), le Gou-
vernement espagnol apporte un appui à des groupes terroristes
et au mouvement sécessionniste sur le territoire de la République
fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de l'obligation de ne pas s'im-
miscer dans les affaires intérieures d'un autre Etat. De surcroît, les

dispositions de la convention de Genève de 1949 et du protocole
additionnel no 1 de 1977 relatives a la protection des civils et
des biens de caractère civil en temps de guerre ont étéviolées.Il y a
eu aussi violation de l'obligation de protéger l'environnement. La
destruction de ponts sur le Danube enfreint les dispositions de I'ar-
ticle 1de la convention de 1948 relative à la liberté de navigation

sur le Danube. Les dispositions du pacte international relatif aux
droits civils et politiques et du pacte international relatif aux droits
économiques, sociaux et culturels de 1966 ont elles aussi étéviolées.
En outre, l'obligation énoncéedans la convention pour la pré-
vention et la répression du crime de génocide de ne pas soumettre

intentionnellement un groupe national à des conditions d'existence
devant entraîner sa destruction physique a été violée. De plus,
les activités auxquelles le Royaume d'Espagne prend part sont
contraires au paragraphe 1 de l'article 53 de la Charte des Nations
Unies » ;

4. Considérant que les demandes de la Yougoslavie sont ainsi formu-
léesdans la requête:

«Le Gouvernement de la République fédéralede Yougoslavie prie
la Cour internationale de Justice de dire et juger:

- qu'en prenant part aux bombardements du territoire de la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie, le Royaume d'Espagne a agi
contre la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de

son obligation de ne pas recourir à l'emploi de la force contre un
autre Etat;
- qu'en prenant part a l'entraînement, à l'armement, au finance-
ment, à l'équipement et a l'approvisionnement de groupes terro-
ristes, à savoir la prétendue «arméede libération du Kosovo)), le

Royaume d'Espagne a agi contre la République fédéralede You-
goslavie, en violation de son obligation de ne pas s'immiscer
dans les affaires d'un autre Etat;
- qu'en prenant part à des attaques contre des cibles civiles, le
Royaume d'Espagne a agi contre la République fédéralede You-
goslavie, en violation de son obligation d'épargner la population

civile, les civils et les biens de caractère civil;and whereas it further states that the said claims are based on the follow-
ing legal grounds:

"The above acts of the Government of the Kingdom of Spain rep-
resent a gross violation of the obligation not to use force against
another State. By financing, arming, training and equipping the so-

called 'Kosovo Liberation Army', support is given to terrorist groups
and the secessioriist movement in the territory of the Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia in breach of the obligation not to intervene in the
interna1 affairs of another State. In addition, the provisions of the
Geneva Convention of 1949and of the Additional Protocol No. 1of
1977on the protection of civilians and civilian objects in time of war

have been v~olated. The obligation to protect the environment has
also been breached. The destruction of bridges on the Danube is in
contravention of the provisions of Article 1 of the 1948Convention
on free navigation on the Danube. The provisions of the Interna-
tional Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and of the Interna-
tional Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966

have also been breached. Furthermore, the obligation contained in
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide not to impose deliberately on a national group conditions
of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the group
has been breached. Furthermore, the activities in which the King-
dom of Spain is taking part are contrary to Article 53. paragraph 1.

of the Charter of the United Nations";

4. Whereas the claims of Yugoslavia are formulated as follows in the
Application :

"The Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia requests
the International1 Court of Justice to adjudge and declare:

by taking part in the bombing of the territory of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, the Kingdom of Spain has acted against
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation
not to use force against another State;

by taking part in the training, arming, financing, equipping and

supplying terrorist groups. i.e. the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation
Army'. the Kingdom of Spain has acted against the Federal
Republic of 'Yugoslavia inbreach of its obligation not to inter-
vene in the affairs of another State:

- by taking pairt in attacks on civilian targets. the Kingdom of

Spain has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in
breach of its obligation to spare the civilian population, civilians
and civilian objects;- qu'en prenant part a la destruction ou a l'endommagement de
monastères, d'édificesculturels, le Royaume d'Espagne a agi
contre la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de

son obligation de ne pas commettre d'actes d'hostilité dirigés
contre des monuments historiques, des Œuvres d'art ou des lieux
de culte constituant le patrimoine culturel ou spirituel d'un
peuple;
- qu'en prenant part a l'utilisation de bombes en grappe, le

Royaume d'Espagne a agi contre la République fédéralede You-
goslavie, en violation de son obligation de ne pas utiliser des
armes interdites, c'est-à-dire des armes de nature a causer des
maux superflus ;
- qu'en prenant part aux bombardements de raffineries de pétrole

et d'usines chimiques, le Royaume d'Espagne a agi contre la
République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de son obliga-
tion de ne pas causer de dommages substantiels à l'environne-
ment ;
- qu'en recourant a l'utilisation d'armes contenant de l'uranium

appauvri, le Royaume d'Espagne a agi contre la République
fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de son obligation de ne pas
utiliser des armes interdites et de ne pas causer de dommages de
grande ampleur à la santéet a l'environnement;

- qu'en prenant part au meurtre de civils, a la destruction d'entre-
prises, de moyens de communication et de structures sanitaires et
culturelles, le Royaume d'Espagne a agi contre la République
fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de son obligation de res-
pecter le droit a la vie, le droit au travail, le droit à l'information,

le droit aux soins de santé ainsi que d'autres droits fondamen-
taux de la personne humaine;
- qu'en prenant part à la destruction de ponts situéssur des cours
d'eau internationaux, le Royaume d'Espagne a agi contre la
République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de son obliga-

tion de respecter la libertéde navigation sur les cours d'eau inter-
nationaux;
- qu'en prenant part aux activitésénuméréec si-dessus et en parti-
culier en causant des dommagesénormes a l'environnement et en
utilisant de l'uranium appauvri, le Royaume d'Espagne a agi

contre la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de
son obligation de ne pas soumettre intentionnellement un groupe
national à des conditions d'existence devant entraîner sa destruc-
tion physique totale ou partielle;
- que le Royaume d'Espagne porte la responsabilité de la violation

des obligations internationales susmentionnées;
- que le Royaume d'Espagne est tenu de mettre fin immédiatement
à la violation des obligations susmentionnées a l'égard de la
République fédéralede Yougoslavie;
- que le Royaume d'Espagne doit réparation pour les préjudices by taking part in destroying or damaging monasteries, monu-
ments of culture, the Kingdom of Spain has acted against the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to

commit any act of hostility directed against historical monu-
ments, works of art or places of worship which constitute cul-
tural or spiritual heritage of people;

by taking part in the use of cluster bombs, the Kingdom of Spain
has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach
of its obligation not to use prohibited weapons, i.e. weapons cal-
culated to cause unnecessary suffering;

by taking part in the bombing of oil refineries and chemical
plants, the Kingdom of Spain has acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to cause

considerable environmental damage;

- by taking part in the use of weapons containing depleted ura-
nium, the Kingdom of Spain has acted against the Federal

Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to use
prohibited vieapons and not to cause far-reaching health and
environmental damage;
- by taking part in killing civilians, destroying enterprises, commu-

nications, health and cultural institutions, the Kingdom of Spain
has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach
of its obligation to respect the right to life, the right to work, the
right to info'rmation, the right to health care as well as other

basic human rights:

by taking part in destroying bridges on international rivers, the
Kingdom of Spain has acted against the Federal Republic of

Yugoslavia 111breach of its obligation to respect freedom of
navigation on international rivers:

- by taking part in activities listed above, and in particular by

causing enormous environmental damage and by using depleted
uranium, the Kingdom of Spain has acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to delib-
erately inflic~on a national group conditions of life calculated to

bring about its physical destruction, in whole or in part;

- the Kingdom of Spain is responsible for the violation of the
above international obligations:

- the Kingdoni of Spain is obliged to stop immediately the viola-
tion of the a.bove obligations vis-à-vis the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia ;
- the Kingdom of Spain is obliged to provide compensation for causés à la République fédéralede Yougoslavie ainsi qu'à ses
citoyens et personnes morales »;

et considérant qu'au terme de sa requêtela Yougoslavie se réserve le

droit de modifier et de compléter celle-ci;
5. Considérant que, le 29 avril 1999,immédiatement après le dépôtde
sa requête,la Yougoslavie a en outre présentéune demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires invoquant l'article 73 du Règlement de la
Cour; et que la demande était accompagnéed'un volume d'annexes pho-
tographiques produites à titre de «preuves»;

6. Considérant que, ë l'appui de sa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, la Yougoslavie soutient notamment que, depuis le début
des bombardements contre son territoire, et du fait de ceux-ci, environ
mille civils, dont dix-neuf enfants. ont ététuéset plus de quatre mille cinq
cents grièvement blessés;que la vie de trois millions d'enfants est mena-
cée;que des centaines de milliers de personnes ont été exposées à des gaz

toxiques; qu'environ un million de personnes sont privéesd'approvision-
nement en eau; qu'environ cinq cent mille travailleurs ont perdu leur
emploi; que deux millions de personnes sont sans ressources et dans
l'impossibilitéde se procurer le minimum vital; et que les réseauxroutier
et ferroviaire ont subi d'importants dégâts; considérant que, dans sa de-
mande en indication de mesures conservatoires, la Yougoslavie énumère

par ailleurs les cibles qui auraient étéviséespar les attaques aériennes
et décrit en détail les dommages qui leur auraient étéinfligés(ponts,
gares et lignes de chemins de fer, réseau routier et moyens de transport,
aéroports, commerce et industrie, raffineries et entrepôts de matières pre-
mières liquides et de produits chimiques, agriculture, hôpitaux et centres
médicaux,écoles,édificespublics et habitations, infrastructures, télécom-

munications. monuments historiques et culturels et édificesreligieux); et
considérant que la Yougoslavie en conclut ce qui suit:

«Les actes décrits ci-dessus ont causé des morts ainsi que des
atteintes li l'intégritéphysique et mentale de la population de la
République fédéralede Yougoslavie, de très importants dégâts, une
forte pollution de l'environnement, de sorte que la population you-

goslave se trouve soumiseintentionnellement à des conditions d'exis-
tence devant entraîner la destruction physique totale ou partielle de
ce groupe );

7. Considérant que, au terme de sa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, la Yougoslavie préciseque

((Si les mesures demandéesne sont pas adoptées, il y aura de nou-
velles pertes en vies humaines, de nouvelles atteintes à l'intégrité

physique et mentale de la population de la République fédéralede
Yougoslavie, d'autres destructions de cibles civiles, une forte pollu-
tion de l'environnement et la poursuite de la destruction physique de
la population de Yougoslavie)); the damage tlone to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and to
its citizens and juridical persons";

and whereas, at the end of its Application, Yugoslavia reserves the right
to amend and supplement it;

5. Whereas on 29 April 1999, immediately after filing its Application.
Yugoslavia also subimitted a request for the indication of provisional
measures pursuant to Article 73 of the Rules of Court;and whereas that
request was accompanied by a volume of photographic annexes pro-
duced as "evidence" ;
6. Whereas, in support of its request for the indication of provisional

mensures, Yugoslavi;~ contends intcr uliu that, since the onset of the
bombing of its territory, and as a result thereof, about 1,000 civilians,
including 19 childreri, have been killed and more than 4,500 have sus-
tained serious injuries; that the lives of three million children are endan-
gered; that hundreds of thousands of citizens have been exposed to poi-
sonous gases; that about one million citizens are short of water supply;

that about 500,000 v~orkers have become jobless: that two million citi-
zens have no ineans of livelihood and are unable to ensure minimum
means of sustenance; and that the road and railway network has suffered
extensive destruction; whereas, in its request for the indication of provi-
sional measures, Yugoslavia also lists the targets alleged to have come

under attack in the air strikes and describes in detail the damage alleged
to have been inflicted upon them (bridges, railway lines and stations,
roads and means of transport, airports. industry and trade, refineries and
warehouses storing liquid raw materials and chemicals, agriculture, hos-
pitals and hcalth care centres, schools, public buildings and housing
facilities, infrastructure, telecommunications. cultural-historical monu-

ments and religious shrines); and whereas Yugoslavia concludes from
this that:

"The acts deocribed above caused death, physical and mental
harm to the poplulation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; huge
devastation; heavy pollution of the environment, so that the Yugo-
slav population is deliberately imposed conditions of life calculated

to bring about physical destruction of the group, in whole or in
part" ;

7. Whereas. at the end of its request for the indication of provisional
measures. Yugos1avi;i States that

"If the proposed measure were not to be adopted, there will be
new losses of human life, further physical and mental harm inflicted

on the population of the FR of Yugoslavia, further destruction of
civilian targets. 'heavyenvironmental pollution and further physical
destruction of the people of Yugoslavia":766 LICÉITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

et considérant que, tout en se réservant le droit de modifier et de com-
pléter sademande, elle prie la Cour d'indiquer la mesure suivante:

«Le Royaume d'Espagne doit cesser immédiatement de recourir a
l'emploi de la force et doit s'abstenir de tout acte constituant une
menace de recours ou un recours a l'emploi de la force contre la
République fédéralede Yougoslavie >> :

8. Considérant que la demande en indication de mesures conserva-
toires était accompagnée d'une lettre de l'agent de la Yougoslavie,
adresséeau président et aux membres de la Cour, qui était ainsi libellée:

«J'ai l'honneur d'appeler l'attention de la Cour sur le dernier
bombardement qui a frappé le centre de la ville de Surdulica le
27 avril 1999a midi et entraîné la mort de civils, pour la plupart des
enfants et des femmes, et de vous rappeler les morts de Kursumlija,
Aleksinac et Cuprija, ainsi que le bombardement d'un convoi de
réfugiéset de l'immeuble abritant la radio et la télévisionserbes,

pour ne citer que quelques exemples desatrocités que chacun connaît.
Je tiens en conséquence à prévenir la Cour qu'il est fort probable
qu'il y aura encore d'autres victimes civiles et militaires.
Considérant le pouvoir conféré A la Cour aux termes du para-
graphe 1 de l'article 75 de son Règlement, et compte tenu de l'extrême
urgence de la situation néedes circonstances décrites dans les de-
mandes en indication de mesures conservatoires, je prie la Cour de

bien vouloir se prononcer d'office sur les demandes présentéesou
de fixer une date pour la tenue d'une audience dans les meilleurs
délais»;

9. Considérant que, le 29 avril 1999, date a laquelle la requête etla
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires ont été déposéea su
Greffe, le greffier a fait tenir au Gouvernement espagnol des copies
signéesde la requêteet de la demande, conformément au paragraphe 4 de
l'article 38 et au paragraphe 2 de l'article 73 du Règlement de la Cour; et
qu'il a égalementfait tenir audit gouvernement une copie des documents
qui accompagnaient la requête etla demande en indication de mesures

conservatoires;
10. Considérant que, le 29 avril 1999,le greffier a aviséles Parties que
la Cour avait décidé,conformément au paragraphe 3 de l'article 74 de
son Règlement, de tenir audience les 10et 11 mai 1999 aux fins de les
entendre en leurs observations sur la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires ;
11. Considérant qu'en attendantque la communication prévueau para-

graphe 3 de l'article 40 du Statutea l'article 42 du Règlement de la Cour
ait étéeffectuéepar transmission du texte bilingue impriméde la requête
aux Membres des Nations Unies et aux autres Etats admis à ester devant
la Cour, le greffier a, le 29 avril 1999, informéces Etats du dépôt de la
requête etde son objet, ainsi que du dépôt de la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires;and whereas, while reserving the right to amend and supplement its
request, Yugoslavia requests the Court to indicate the following measure:

"The Kingdoin of Spain shall cease immediately its acts of use of
force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of force against
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

8. Whereas the request for the indication of provisional measures was
accompanied by a letter from the Agent of Yugoslavia, addressed to the
President and Members of the Court, which read as follows:

"1have the honour to bring to the attention of the Court the latest
bombing of the central area of the town of Surdulica on 27 April
1999 at noon resulting in losses of lives of civilians, most of whom

were children and women, and to remind of killings of peoples in
Kursumlija, Aleksinac and Cuprija, as well as bombing of a refugee
convoy and the Radio and Television of Serbia, just to mention
some of the well-knownatrocities. Therefore, 1would like to caution
the Court that there is a highest probability of further civilian and
military casualties.
Considering the power conferred upon the Court by Article 75.

paragraph 1,of the Rules of Court and having in mind the greatest
urgency caused by the circumstances described in the Requests for
provisional measure of protection 1 kindly ask the Court to decide
on the submittecl Requestspvoprio niotu or to fix a date for a hearing
at earliest possible time";

9. Whereas on 29 April 1999, the day on which the Application and
the request for the indication of provisional measures were filed in the
Registry, the Registrar sent to the Spanish Government signed copies of

the Application and of the request. in accordance with Article 38,para-
graph 4, and Article '73,paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and whereas
he also sent to that Government copies of the documents accompanying
the Application and the request for the indication of provisional meas-
ures ;
10. Whereas on 20 April 1999 the Registrar informed the Parties that

the Court had decided, pursuant to Article 74, paragraph 3,of the Rules
of Court, to hold hea~ringson 10 and 11 May 1999, where they would be
able to present their observations on the request for the indication of pro-
visional measures;
11. Whereas, pencling the notification under Article 40, paragraph 3,
of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by transmittal of the

printed bilingual tex1 of the Application to the Members of the United
Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court, the Regis-
trar on 29 April 1999 informed those States of the filing of the Applica-
tion and of its subject-matter, and of the filing of the request for the
indication of provisional measures ;767 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

12. Considérant que, la Cour ne comptant pas sur le siègede juge de
nationalité yougoslave, le Gouvernement yougoslave a invoquéles dispo-
sitions de l'article 31 du Statutde la Cour et a désignéM. MilenkoKreéa
pour siéger enqualité de juge ad hoc en l'affaire; et qu'aucune objection
à cette désignation n'a été soulevédeans le délaifixéa cet effet en vertu

du paragraphe 3 de l'article 35 du Règlement de la Cour; considérant
que, la Cour ne comptant pas sur le siège de juge de nationalité espa-
gnole, le Gouvernement espagnol a invoqué les dispositions de l'articl1 3
du Statut de la Cour et a désignéM. Santiago Torres Bernirdez pour
siégeren qualité de juge ad hoc en l'affaire; que, dans le délfixé A cet
effet en vertu du paragraphe 3 de l'article 35 du Règlement, la Yougo-

slavie, se référantau paragraphe 5 de l'article 31 du Statut, a fait objec-
tion a cette désignation; et que la Cour, après délibération,est parvenue
à la conclusion que la désignation d'un juge adflocpar l'Espagne se jus-
tifiait dans la présente phase de l'affaire;
13. Considérant que, aux audiences publiques qui ont été tenuesentre
le 10et le 12mai 1999,des observations orales sur la demande en indica-
tion de mesures conservatoires ont été présentées:

au nom CILl> Yougoslavie:

par M. Rodoljub Etinski, agent,
M. Ian Brownlie,

M. Paul J. 1. M.de Waart,
M. Eric Suy,
M. Miodrag Mitic,
M. Olivier Corten;

au nom de I'Espugne:

par M. Aurelio PérezGiralda, agent;

14. Considérant que, dans cette phase de la procédure, les Parties ont
présentéles conclusions suivantes:

au nom de lu Yougo.sla~~ie:

«[L]a Cour [est priée] d'indiquer la mesure conservatoire sui-
vante:
[L]e Royaume d'Espagne doi[t] cesser immédiatement de recourir
a l'em~loi de la force et doirtl s'abstenir de tout acte constituant une
menace de recours ou un recours i l'emploi de la force contre la

République fédéralede Yougoslavie » ;
uu nom de 1I'E.vpagnr

«Le Royaume d'Espagne demande avec respect que la Cour:

1. Déclarequ'elle n'est pas compétente pour statuer sur la requête
déposéepar la République fédéralede Yougoslavie;
2. Rejette la demande du Gouvernement de la République fédé- 12. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the bench no judge of
Yugoslav nationality, the Yugoslav Government has availed itself of the
provisions of Article 31 of the Statute of the Court to choose Mr.
Milenko Kreta to sit as judge ad hoc in the case; and whereas no objec-
tion to that choice wrrsraised within the time-limit fixed for the purpose
pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 3. of the Rules of Court; whereas,

since the Court includes upon the bench no judge of Spanish nationality,
the Spanish Governtrient has availed itself of the provisions of Article 31
of the Statute of the Court to choose Mr. Santiago Torres Bernardez to
sit as judge adhoc in the case; whereas, within the time-limit fixed for the
purpose pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court,
Yugoslavia, referring to Article 31, paragraph 5. of the Statute, objected

to that choice; and whereas the Court, after due deliberation, found that
the nomination of a judge ad hoc by Spain was justified in the present
phase of the case;
13. Whereas, at thr: public hearings held between 10 and 12 May 1999,
oral observations on the request for the indication of provisional meas-
ures were presented by the following:

Mr. Rodoljub Etinski, Agent.
Mr. Ian Brownlie,

Mr. Paul J.1.M. de Waart.
Mr. Eric Suy,
Mr. Miodrag Mitii:,
Mr. Olivier Corten;

011 helzalfof Spain

Mr. Aurelio PérezGiralda, Agerzf;

14. Whereas, in this phase of the proceedings, the Parties presented the
following submissions :

011 hehlrlf of Yugoslavia
"[Tlhe Court [is asked] to indicate the following provisional

measure :
[Tlhe Kingdorn of Spain shall cease immediately the acts of use of
force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of force against
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

On hrhuij q/'Spain.

"The Kingdorn of Spain respectfully requests the Court to:

1. Declare that it has no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the
Application filedlby the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;
2. Reject the request of the Government of the Federal Republic768 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

rale de Yougoslavie en vue de l'indication de mesures conservatoires

envers le Royaume d'Espagne;
3. Décidede rayer cette affaire du rôle généralde la Cour));

15. Considérant que la Cour est profondément préoccupéepar le
drame humain, les pertes en vies humaines et les terribles souffrances que
connaît le Kosovo et qui constituent la toile de fond du présent différend,
ainsi que par les victimes et les souffrances humaines que l'on déplore de

façon continue dans l'ensemble de la Yougoslavie;
16. Considérant que la Cour est fortement préoccupéepar l'emploi de
la force en Yougoslavie; que, dans les circonstances actuelles, cet emploi
soulève des problèmes très graves de droit international;
17. Considérant que la Cour garde présents a l'esprit les buts et les
principes dela Charte des Nations Unies, ainsi que les responsabilités qui
lui incombent, en vertu de ladite Charte et du Statut de la Cour, dans le

maintien de la paix et de la sécurité;
18. Considérant que la Cour estime nécessairede souligner que toutes
les parties qui se présententdevant elle doivent agir conformément à leurs
obligations en vertu de la Charte des Nations Unies et des autres règles
du droit international, y compris du droit humanitaire;

19. Considérant au'en vertu de son Statut la Cour n'a vas automati-
quement compétence pour connaître des différends juridiques entre les

Etats varties audit Statut ou entre les autres Etats aui ont été admisà
ester devant elle; que la Cour a déclaré a maintes reprises ((que l'un des
principes fondamentaux de son Statut est qu'elle ne peut trancher un dif-
férend entre des Etats sans que ceux-ci aient consenti a sa juridiction))
(Timor oriental (Portugal c. Australie). arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil1995, p. 101,
par. 26); et que la Cour ne peut donc exercer sa compétence à l'égard
d'Etats parties à un différendque si ces derniers ont non seulement accès

à la Cour, mais ont en outre acceptésa compétence, soit d'une manière
générale,soit pour le différend particulier dont il s'agit;
20. Considérant que, en présence d'une demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires, point n'est besoin pour la Cour, avant de décider
d'indiquer ou non de telles mesures, de s'assurer de manière définitive
qu'elle a compétence quant au fond de l'affaire, mais qu'elle ne peut indi-
quer ces mesures que si les dispositions invoquéespar le demandeur sem-

blent priinu ,fucieconstituer une base sur laquelle la compétence de la
Cour pourrait êtrefondée;

21. Considérant que la Yougoslavie, dans sa requête, prétenden pre-
mier lieu fonder la compétencede la Cour sur le paragraphe 2 de l'article of Yugoslavia with a view to the indication of provisional measures
in relation to the: Kingdom of Spain;
3. Decide to remove this case from the General List of the Court" :

15. Whereas the C'ourt is deeply concerned with the human tragedy,

the loss of life, and the enormous suffering in Kosovo which form the
background of the p:resent dispute, and with the continuing loss of life
and human suffering in al1parts of Yugoslavia;

16. Whereas the Court is profoundly concerned with the use of force
in Yugoslavia; whereas under the present circumstances such use raises
very serious issues of international law;

17. Whereas the Court is mindful of the purposes and principles of the
United Nations Charter and of its own responsibilities in the mainte-
nance of peace and security under the Charter and the Statute of the
Court;
18. Whereas the Court deems it necessary to emphasize that al1parties
appearing before it must act in conformity with their obligations under

the United Nations Charter and other rules of international law, includ-
ing humanitarian law;

19. Whereas the Court, under its Statute, does not automatically have
jurisdiction over legal disputes between States parties to that Statute or
between other States to whom access to the Court has been granted;

whereas the Court has repeatedly stated "that one of the fundamental
principles of its Statuite is that it cannot decide a dispute between States
witliout the consent of those States to its jurisdiction" (Eust Tin~or(Por-
tugul V. Au~/ruliu), Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 199.5,p. 101,para. 26); and
whereas the Court can therefore exercise jurisdiction only between States
parties to a dispute who not only have access to the Court but also have

accepted the jurisdiction of the Court, either in general form or for the
individual dispute concerned;
20. Whereas on a request for provisional measures the Court need not,
before deciding whether or not to indicate them, finally satisfy itself that
it has jurisdiction on the merits of the case, yet it ought not to indicate
such measures unlesri the provisions invoked by the applicant appear,

prima facie, to afford a basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court might
be established;

21. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the first place, to
found the jurisdiction of the Court upon Article 36, paragraph 2, of the36 du Statut; que chacune des deux Parties a fait une déclaration recon-
naissant la juridiction obligatoire dela Cour en vertu de cette disposi-
tion; que la déclaration de la Yougoslavie a été déposée auprès du
Secrétairegénéral del'organisation des Nations Unies le 26 avril 1999,et
celle de l'Espagne le 29 octobre 1990;
22. Considérant que la déclaration de la Yougoslavie est ainsi conçue:

[Traduction du Grqfjfi.]

«Je déclare par la présente que le Gouvernement de la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie, conformément au paragraphe 2 de
l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, reconnaît
comme obligatoire de plein droit et sans convention spéciale,A
l'égard detout autre Etat acceptant la mêmeobligation, c'est-à-dire
sous condition de réciprocité,la juridiction de la Cour pour tous les

différends, surgissant ou pouvant surgir après la signature de la
présente déclaration, qui ont trait à des situations ou A des faits
postérieurs à ladite signature, à l'exception des affaires pour les-
quelles les parties ont convenu ou conviendront d'avoir recours A
une autre procédure ou à une autre méthode de règlement paci-
fique. La présente déclaration ne s'applique pas aux différends

relatifsà des questions qui, en vertu du droit international,
relèvent exclusiven~ent de la compétence de la République fédérale
de Yougoslavie, ni aux différends territoriaux.
L'obligation susmentionnée n'est acceptée que pour une période
qui durera jusqu'à notification de l'intention d'y mettre fin»;

et que la déclaration de l'Espagne se lit comme suit:

« 1.J'ai l'honneur, au nom du Gouvernement espagnol, de décla-
rer que le Royaume d'Espagne, conformément aux dispositions du
paragraphe 2 de I'article 36 du Statut de la Cour internationale de
Justice, reconnaît comme obligatoire de plein droit, et sans qu'une
convention spéciale soit nécessaire,la juridiction de la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice vis-à-vis de tout autre Etat ayant accepté la

mêmeobligation, sous condition de réciprocité,en ce qui concerne
les différends d'ordre juridique autres que:
LI) les différends au sujet desquels le Royaume d'Espagne et l'autre
partie ou lesautres parties en cause seraient convenus ou convien-

draient de recourir êun autre moyen pacifique de règlement;
h) les différends dans lesquels l'autre partie ou les autres parties en
cause ont acceptéla juridiction de la Cour uniquement en ce qui
concerne lesdits différends ou exclusivement aux fins de ceux-ci;
c) les différendsdans lesquels l'autre partie ou les autres parties en
cause ont acceptéla juridiction obligatoire de la Cour moins de

douze mois avant la date de présentation de la requête écrite
introduisant l'instance devant la Cour:
d les différendsnésavant la date de la remise de la présente décla-
ration au Secrétaire généradle l'organisation des Nations UniesStatute; whereas each of the two Parties has made a declaration recog-
nizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court pursuant to that provi-
sion; whereas Yugoslavia's declaration was deposited with the Secretary-
General of the United Nations on 26 April 1999, and that of Spain on
29 October 1990;

22. Whereas Yugoslavia's declaration is formulated as follows :

"1 hereby declare that the Government of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia recognizes, in accordance with Article 36. paragraph 2,
of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, as compulsory
ip.vo,fuctoand without special agreement. in relation to any other
State accepting the same obligation, that is on condition of recipro-

city, thejurisdiction of the said Court in ail disputes arising or which
may arise after the signature of the present Declaration, with regard
to the situations or facts subsequent to this signature, except in cases
where the parties have agreed or shall agree to have recourse to
another procedure or to another method of pacific settlement. The
present Declaration does not apply to disputes relating to questions

which, under intlrrnational law. fall exclusively within the jurisdic-
tion of lhe Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. as well as to territorial
disputes.

The aforesaid obligation is accepted until such time as notice may
be given to terminate the acceptance";

and whereas the declaration of Spain reads as follows:

"1. On behalf of the Spanish Government, 1 have the honour to
declare that the Kingdom of Spain accepts as compulsory ipsofucto
and without special agreement, the jurisdiction of the International
Court of Justice, in conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute of the Court, in relation to any other State accepting the

samc obligation, on condition of reciprocity, in legal disputes not
included among the following situations and exceptions:

iu) disputes in regard to which the Kingdom of Spain and the

other party or parties have agreed or shall agree to have recourse
to some oth~ermethod of peaceful settlement of the dispute;
(hl disputes in regard to whlch the other party or parties have
accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court only in rela-
tion to or for the purposes of the dispute in question;
(c) disputes in regard to which the other party or parties have
accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court less than

12 months prior to the filing of the application bringing the
dispute before the Court;
(d) disputes arising prior to the date on which this Declaration was
deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations or770 LICÉITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

pour qu'il en soit dépositaire ou relatifs à des faits ou des situa-
tions survenus avant cette date,quand bien mêmelesdits faits ou
situations continueraientà exister ou à produire des effets après
cette date.

2. Le Royaume d'Espagne pourra A tout moment compléter,
modifier ou retirer tout ou partie des réservesforn~uléesci-dessus ou
de toute autre réserve qu'ilpourrait formuler ultérieurement, moyen-
nant une notification adressée au Secrétaire généralde l'Organisa-

tion des Nations Unies. De telles modifications prendront effet à la
date de réception de ladite notification par le Secrétaire généradl e
l'Or"anisation des Nations Unies.
3. La présentedéclaration, qui est remise au Secrétairegénéralde
l'Organisation des Nations Unies conformément aux dispositions du
paragraphe 4 de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour internationale de
Justice pour qu'il en soit dépositaire, demeurera en vigueur tant

qu'elle n'aurapas étéretiréeGr le Gouvernement espagnol ou rem-
placéepar une autre déclaration dudit gouvernement.
Le retrait de la déclaration prendra effet à l'expiration d'un délai
de six mois à compter de la réception par le Secrétaire généraldes
Nations Unies de la notification à cet effet du Gouvernement espa-
gnol. Néanmoins, à l'égarddes Etats qui auraient fixéà moins de six

mois le délai séparant la date où le retrait de leur déclaration est
notifiéet celle où il prend effet, le retrait de la déclaration espagnole
prendra effet A I'expiration de ce délai plusbref));

23. Considérant que l'Espagne fait valoir que la compétence de la
Cour ne saurait être fondéesur le paragraphe 2de l'article 36 du Statut
de la Cour en l'espèce,eu égard aux réservesque sa déclaration contient;
qu'elle rappelle en particulier qu'aux termes de l'alinéa c) du para-
graphe 1 de cette déclaration, elle ne reconnaît pas la compétence de la

Cour en ce qui concerne
(c) les différendsdans lesquels l'autre partie ou les autres parties en

cause ont acceptéla juridiction obligatoire de la Cour moins de
douze mois avant la date de présentation de la requêteécrite
introduisant l'instance devant la Cour»;

qu'elle expose que (([clettelimitation a un caractère temporel bien concret
et non équivoque et ne devrait pas faire l'objet d'interprétation ni de
doute)) et que ((l'intention de l'Espagne en formulant sa déclaration ne
saurait êtreplus claire)); et qu'elle fait observer que douze mois ne se sont
manifestement pas écoulésentre la date a laquelle la Yougoslavie a
acceptéla juridiction de la Cour et celle du dépôt de sa requête;

24. Considérant que la Yougoslavie n'a présentéaucune argumenta-
tion à cet égard;
25. Considérant que, la Yougoslavie ayant déposésa déclaration
d'acceptation de lajuridiction obligatoire de la Cour auprès du Secrétaire relating to !:vents or situations which occurred prior to that
date, even ifsuch events or situations may continue to occur or
to have effects thereafter.

2. The Kingdcim of Spain may at any time, by means of a notifi-
cation addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,
add to, amend or withdraw, in whole or in part, the foregoing res-
ervations or any that may hereafter be added. These amendments
shall become effective on the date of their receipt by the Secretary-

General of the United Nations.

3. The present Declaration, which is deposited with the Secretary-
General of the United Nations in conformity with Article 36, para-
graph 4, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, shall
remain in force until such time as it has been withdrawn by the
Spanish Governrnent or superseded by another declaration by the

latter.
The withdrawal of the Declaration shall become effective after a
period of six months has elapsed from the date of receipt by the
Secretary-Genera~lof the United Nations of the relevant notification
by the Spanish (Jovernment. However, in respect of States which
have established a period of less than six months between notifica-

tion of the withdlrawal of their Declaration and its becoming effec-
tive, the withdrawal of the Spanish Declaration shall become effec-
tive after such sh~orterperiod has elapsed";

23. Whereas Spain contends that the Court's jurisdiction cannot be
founded upon Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court in this
case, in view of the reservations contained in its declaration; whereas
it observes in particiilar that, under the terms of paragraph 1 (c) of
that declaration, it does not recognize the jurisdiction of the Court in

respect of
"(c) disputes in regard to which the other party or parties have
accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court less than

12 months prior to the filing of the application bringing the
dispute before the Court";

whereas Spain argues that "this limitation is both specific and unequivo-
cal and should not be a matter for either interpretation or doubt" and
that "the intention of Spain in formulating its declaration could not have
been clearer"; and whereas it points out that 12 months have manifestly
not elapsed between i.hedate on which Yugoslavia accepted the jurisdic-
tion of the Court and that on which it filed its Application;

24. Whereas Yugoslavia submitted no argument on this point;

25. Whereas, given that Yugoslavia deposited itsdeclaration of accept-
ance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court with the Secretary-77 1 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD.2 VI 99)

généralle 26 avril 1999, et ayant soumis sa requête introductive d'ins-
tance à la Cour le 29 avril 1999,il ne fait aucun doute que les conditions
d'exclusion de la juridiction de la Cour spécifiéesà l'alinéac) du para-
graphe 1de la déclaration de l'Espagne sont remplies en l'espèce;considé-
rant que, comme la Cour l'a rappelédans son arrêtdu 4 décembre1998en
l'affaire de la Compétence en matière de pecheries (Espagne c. Cunuda),

((11appartient a chaque Etat, lorsqu'il formule sa déclaration, de
décider deslimites qu'il assigne à son acceptation de la juridiction de
la Cour: «la juridiction n'existe que dans les termes où elle a été

acceptée), (Pho.sphutz.s du Muroc, arrêt,1938, C. P.JI. série AIB
no 74, p. 23))) (C.J. Recueil 1998, p. 453, par. 44);

et que, comme elle l'a notédans son arrêtdu Il juin 1998en l'affaire de

la Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun ct le Nigéria(Came-
rour7c. Nigériu), «[d]ès 1952, elle a jugédans l'affaire de I'Arzglo-Iranian
Oil Co. que ... ((compétence est conférée A la Cour seulement dans la
mesure où [lesdéclarations faites] coïncident pour la lui conférer» (C.I.J.
Recueil 1952, p. 103))) (C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 298, par.43); et consi-
dérant que les déclarations faites par les Parties conformément au

paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut ne sauraient manifestement pas
constituer une base de compétence dans la présente affaire, même
prima facie ;

26. Considérant que, se référantà la résolution 777 (1992), en date du
19 septembre 1992, du Conseil de sécurité desNations Unies, et à la
résolution 4711, en date du 22 septembre 1992, de l'Assemblée géné-
rale des Nations Unies, l'Espagne soutient aussi que «la République

fédéralede Yougoslavie ne peut pas êtreconsidérée, commeelle le prétend,
comme 1'Etatcontinuateur de l'ancienne République fédérative socialiste
de Yougoslavie», et, qu'à défaut d'avoir dûment accédéà l'organi-
sation, elle n'est pas membre de celle-ci, n'est pas partie au Statut de la
Cour et ne saurait ester devant elle;
27. Considérant que la Yougoslavie, se référant à la position du Secré-

tariat, telle qu'expriméedans une lettre en date du 29 septembre 1992du
conseiller juridique de l'organisation (doc. Al471485). ainsi qu'A la pra-
tique ultérieure de celle-ci, soutient pour sa part que la résolution 4711
de l'Assemblée généraln e'a «pas [mis] fin à l'appartenance de la Yougo-
slavieà l'organisation et ne [l'a pas suspendue] non plus)), ladite réso-
lution n'ôtant pas à la Yougoslavie ((le droit de participer aux travaux
d'organes autres que ceux qui reléventde l'Assembléegénérale));

28. Considérant que, eu égard A la conclusion A laquelle elle est par-
venue au paragraphe 25 ci-dessus, la Cour n'a pas à examiner cette
question à l'effet de décider si elle peut ou non indiquer des mesures
conservatoires dans le cas d'espèce;General on 26 April 1099and filed its Application instituting proceedings
with the Court on 29 April 1999, there can be no doubt that the condi-
tions for the exclusiori of the Court's jurisdiction provided for in para-
graph 1 (c) of Spain's declaration are satisfied in this case; whereas, as
the Court recalled in its Judgment of 4 December 1998 in the Fisheries
Jurisdictio (Spain v. Cunada) case,

"It is for each State, in formulating its declaration, to decide upon
the limits it places upon its acceptance of the jurisdiction of the
Court: '[tlhisjurisdiction only exists within the limits within which it
has been accepted' (Phosphates in Morocco, Judgment, 1938,

P.C.1.J., Series AIB, No. 74, p. 23)" (1. C1J. Reports 1998, p. 453,
para. 44);
and whereas, as the Court noted in its Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the
case concerning the Idand und Maritime Boundury het~tleenCameroon

and Nigeria (Curneroon v. Nigeriu), "[als early as 1952,it held in the case
concerning Anglo-lruiziun Oil Co. that . . . 'jurisdiction is conferred on
the Court only to the extent to which the [declarationsmade] coincide in
conferring it'(I.C.J. I;!eports1952, p. 103)" (1.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 298,
para. 43); and whereas the declarations made by the Parties under
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute manifestly cannot constitute a
basis of jurisdictionin the present case, even prima facie;

26. Whereas, referring to United Nations Security Council resolution
777 (1992) of 19September 1992and to United Nations General Assem-
bly resolution 4711of 22 September 1992, Spain also contends that "the
Federal Rep~iblicof Yugoslavia cannot be considered, as it claims, to be
the continuator State of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia", and that, not having duly acceded to the Organization, it is not a
Menlber thereof, is not a party to the Statute of the Court and cannot

appear before the latter;

27. Whereas Yugoslavia, referring to the position of the Secretariat, as
expressed in a letter dated 29 September 1992 from the Legal Counsel of
the Organization (doc. Al471485),and to the latter's subsequent practice,
contends for its part that General Assembly resolution 4711"[neither] ter-

minate[d] nor suspencd[ed] Yugoslavia's membership in the Organiza-
tion", and that the said resolution did not take away from Yugoslavia
"[its] right to participate in the work of organs other than Assembly
bodies" ;
28. Whereas, in view of its finding in paragraph 25 above, the Court
need not consider thi:; question for the purpose of deciding whether or
not it can indicate provisional measures in the present case;772 LICEITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD.2 VI 99)

29. Considérantque laYougoslavie, dans sa requête, prétend en second
lieu fonder la compétence de laCour sur I'article IXde la convention sur
le génocide,aux termes duquel :

«Les différendsentre les Parties contractantes relatifà I'interpré-
tation, l'application ou l'exécutionde la présenteconvention, y com-
pris ceux relatifsla responsabilité d'unEtat en matièrede génocide
ou de l'un quelconque des autres actes énumérés à I'articleIII, seront
soumis à la Cour internationale de Justice,à la requêted'une partie
au différend» ;

qu'il n'est pas contesté que tant la Yougoslavie que l'Espagne sont
parties àla convention sur le génocide;mais que l'instrument d'adhésion
de l'Espagne à la convention, déposéauprès du Secrétaire généralle
13 septembre 1968, comporte une réserve((touchant la totalité de l'ar-
ticle IX»;
30. Considérant que l'Espagne soutient que, cette réserven'ayant pas
donné lieu à objection de la part de la Yougoslavie, I'article IX de la
convention sur le génocide ((n'est pas applicable aux relations mutuelles
entre l'Espagne et la ...Yougoslavie» et que ledit article ne peut donc
fonder la compétencede la Cour en l'espèce,même primu,fucic; et consi-
dérantque l'Espagne fait en outre valoir que le différendporté devant la
Cour par la Yougoslavie n'est «pas ..compris dans le champ d'applica-
tion de la convention »;

31. Considérant que la Yougoslavie a contestél'interprétationdonnée
par l'Espagne à la convention sur le génocidemais n'a présenté aucune
argumentation concernant la réservede l'Espagne à I'article IX de la
convention;
32. Considérant que la convention sur le génociden'interdit pas les
réserves; que la Yougoslavie n'a pas présentéd'objection à la réserve
faite par l'Espagne a I'article IX; et que cette réservea eu pour effet
d'exclure cet articledes dispositions de la convention en vigueur entre les
Parties;
33. Considérant que I'article IX de la convention sur le génocidene
saurait en conséquencefonder la compétencede la Cour pour connaître
d'un différendentre la Yougoslavie et l'Espagne qui entrerait dans ses
prévisions; et que cette disposition ne constitue manifestement pas une
base de compétencedans la présente affaire,mêmeprima fucic.;

34. Considérant que l'Espagne préciseen outre qu'elle ((n'accepte pas
la compétencede la Cour selon les termes du paragraphe 5 de I'article 38

du Règlement));que cette disposition est ainsi libellée:
((5. Lorsque le demandeur entend fonder la compétence de la
Cour sur un consentement non encore donnéou manifestépar 1'Etat
contre lequel la requêteest formée,la requêteest transmise à cet
Etat. Toutefois elle n'est pas inscrite au rôle généralde la Cour et 29. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the second place,
to found the jurisdiction of the Courton Article IX of the Genocide Con-
vention, which providizs:

"Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpre-
tation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including
those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any
of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to
the dispute" ;

whereas it is not disputed that both Yugoslavia and Spain are parties to
theGenocide Convention; whereas, however, Spain's instrument of acces-
sion to the Convention, deposited with the Secretary-General on 13 Sep-

tember 1968, contairis a reservation "in respect of the whole of
Article IX";
30. Whereas Spain contends that, this reservation having given rise to
no objection by Yugoislavia, Article IX of the Genocide Convention "is
inapplicable to the mutual relations between Spain and . . . Yugoslavia",
and that the said Article cannot accordingly found the jurisdiction of the

Court in this case, eveii prima facie; and whereas Spain further contends
that the dispute submitted to the Court by Yugoslavia "does not . . .
come within the scope of the Convention";

31. Whereas Yugos:lavia disputed Spain's interpretation of the Geno-
cide Convention, but submitted no argument concerning Spain's reserva-

tion to Article IX of tlneConvention;

32. Whereas the Genocide Convention does not prohibit reservations;
whereas Yugoslavia did not object to Spain's reservation to Article IX:
and whereas the said reservation had the effect of excluding that Ar-
ticle from the provisioins of the Convention in force between the Parties:

33. Whereas in consequence Article IX of the Genocide Convention
cannot found the jurisdiction of the Court to entertain a dispute between
Yugoslavia and Spain alleged to faIl within its provisions; and whereas
that Article manifestly does not constitute a basis of jurisdiction in the
present case, even prima facie:

34. Whereas Spain lùrther states that it "does not accept the jurisdic-
tion of the Court under Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court";
whereas that provision reads as follows :

"5. When the applicant State proposes to found the jurisdiction
of the Court upoii a consent thereto yet to be given or manifested
by the State against which such application is made, the application
shall be transmitted to that State. It shall not however be entered in773 LICEITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

aucun acte de procédure n'est effectuétant que 1'Etat contre lequel

la requêteest forméen'a pas accepté la compétence de la Cour aux
fins de l'affaire));

et qu'il est manifeste que, en l'absence de consentement de l'Espagne
donné conformément au paragraphe 5 de l'article 38 du Règlement, la
Cour ne saurait avoir compétence dans la présente affaire. mêmeprinlu
fucit.;

35. Considérant qu'il résultede ce qui précèdeque la Cour n'a mani-
festement pas compétence pour connaître de la requêtede la Yougosla-
vie; qu'elle ne saurait dès lors indiquer quelque mesure conservatoire que
ce soit à l'effet de protéger les droits qui y sont invoqués; et que, dans un
systèmede juridiction consensuelle, maintenir au rôle général une affaire
sur laquelle il apparaît certain que la Cour ne pourra se prononcer au

fond ne participerait assurément pas d'une bonne administration de la
justice;

36. Considérant qu'il existe une distinction fondamentaleentre la ques-

tion de l'acceptation par un Etat de la juridiction de la Cour et la com-
patibilitéde certains actes avec le droit international; la compétenceexige
le consentement; la compatibilité ne peut êtreappréciéeque quand la
Cour examine le fond, après avoir établi sa compétence et entendu les
deux parties faire pleinement valoir leurs moyens en droit;
37. Considérant que les Etats, qu'ils acceptent ou non la juridiction
de la Cour, demeurent en tout état de cause responsables des actes

contraires au droit international, y compris au droit humanitaire, qui
leur seraient imputables; quetout différend relatia la licéitde tels actes
doit êtreréglépar des moyens pacifiques dont le choix est laisséaux par-
ties conformément à l'article 33 de la Charte;
38. Considérant que dans ce cadre les parties doivent veillerA ne pas
aggraver ni étendre le différend;
39. Considérant que. lorsqu'un tel différend susciteune menace contre

la paix. une rupture de la paix ou un acte d'agression, le Conseil de sécu-
ritéest investi de responsabilités spécialesen vertu du chapitreVI1 de la
Charte ;

40. Par ces motifs,
LA COUR,

1) Par quatorze voix contre deux. the General List, nor any action be taken in the proceedings, unless
and until the State against which such application is made consents
to the Clourt'sjurisdiction for the purposes of the case";

and whereas it is quite clear that, in the absence of consent by Spain,
given pursuant to Article 38,paragraph 5,of the Rules, the Court cannot
exercise jurisdiction in the present case, even prima facie;

35. Whereas it follows from what has been said above that the Court
manifestly lacks jurisdiction to entertain Yugoslavia's Application;
whereas it cannot therefore indicate any provisional measure whatsoever

in order to protect the rights invoked therein; and whereas, within a sys-
tem of consensual jurisdiction, to maintain on the General List a case
upon which it appears certain that the Court will not be able to adjudi-
cate on the merits would most assuredly not contribute to the sound
administration of justice;

36. Whereas there is a fundamental distinction between the question
of the acceptance by ;iState of the Court's jurisdiction and the compati-
bility of particular acts with international law: the former requires con-
sent; the latter question can only be reached when the Court deals with

the merits alter havinig established its jurisdiction and having heard full
legal arguments by bot11parties;
37. Whereas. whether or not States accept the jurisdiction of the
Court, they remain in any event responsible for acts attributable to them
that violate international law, including humanitarian law; whereas any
disputes relating to the legality of such acts are required to be resolved

by peaceful means, the choice of which. pursuant to Article 33 of the
Charter, is left to the parties;
35. Whereas in this context the parties should take care not to aggra-
vate or extend the dispute;
39. Whereas. when such a dispute gives rise to a threat to the peace,
bre~ichof the peace or act of aggression. the Security Council has special

responsibilities under Chapter VI1 of the Charter;

40. For these reasons,

THE CO~IRT,

(1) By fourteen vo'testo two, Rejerte la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires présentée
par la République fédéralede Yougoslavie le 29 avril 1999;
POLIRM: . Weeramantry, vice-président,,fuisunt fonction de présihnt en

I'afjuire; M. Schwebel, président dc lu Cour; MM. Oda, Bedjaoui,
Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Fleischhauer, Koroma, Mn" Higgins,
MM. Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans, juge.^:MM. Torres Bernardez,
Kreta, juges ad hoc;
CONTRF: MM. Shi, Vereshchetin,,juges;

2) Par treize voix contre trois,

Ordonne que l'affaire soit rayéedu rôle.
POUR: M. Weeramantry, vice-président,Jiiisunt Jbnction de président en
I'uJYuire;M. Schwebel, président de lu Cour; MM. Oda, Bedjaoui,
Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,Koroma, Mn" Higgins,
M. Kooijmans,juges; M. Torres Bernardez,,jugead hoc;

CONTRE M :M. Vereshchetin,Parra-Aranguren,ges; M. Kreca,juge ad hoc.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix,à La Haye, le deux juin mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-dix-neen,

trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et
les autres seront transmrespectivement au Gouvernement de la Répu-
blique fédérale de Yougoslavie et au Gouvernement du Royaume
d'Espagne.

Le vice-président,

(Signk) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY.

Le greffier,
(Signi.) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA.

MM. SHI,KOROMA et VERESHCHETIjN ug,es, joignent des déclarations à

l'ordonnance.

M. ODA, Mln' HIGGINS M~ M. PAKRA-ARANGURe EtNKOOIJMANjS u,ges,
et M. KKECA,juge ad hoc, joignent à l'ordonnance les exposés de leur

opinion individuelle.

IPuruphi.) C.G.W.
(PuruphP) E.V.O. Rejects the request for the indication of provisional measures submit-
ted by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 29 April 1999;

IN FAVOUR : Vice-President Weeramantry, Acting President ; Presider~t
Schwebel; Judgcs Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh,
Fleischhauer, Koroma, Higgins, Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans; Judges ad
hoc Torres Bernarclez,Kreca ;

AGAINSJ Tu:dges Shi, Vereshchet;n

(2) By thirteen voteisto three,

Orders that the case be removed from the List.
IN FAVOUR:Vice-Pr,~sident Weeramantry, Acting President; President
Schwebel; Judges Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh,

Shi, Fleischhauer, Koroma, Higgins, Kooijmans; Judge ad hoc Torres
Bernardez;
AGAINSJ Tu:dges Vereshchetin,Parra-Aranguren; Judge ad hoc KreCa.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this second day of June, one thousand nine
hundred and ninety-nine, in three copies, one of which will be placed in
the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government
of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Government of the King-
dom of Spain, respectively.

(Signed) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY,
Vice-President.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,

Registrar.

Judges SHI, KOROMAand VERESHCHETIaN ppend declarations to the
Order of the Court.

Judges ODA, HIGGIEISP ,ARRA-ARANGUaR ndN KOOIJMANaSnd Judge
ud hoc KRECAappend separate opinions to the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) C.G.W
(Initialled) E.V.O.

ICJ document subtitle

Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures (Removal from List)

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 2 June 1999

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