Order of 2 June 1999

Document Number
105-19990602-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRETS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE À LA LICÉITÉ

DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSLAVIE c. BELGIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU 2 JUIN 1999

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING
LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA vBELGIUM)

REQUEST FOR THEMEASURESION OF PROVISIONAL

ORDER OF 2 JUNE 1999 Mode officielde citation

Limesures conservatoires, ordonnanceduin 1999,),
C.I.J. Recueil 1999, p. 124

Official cita:ion
LegalityofUseof Force (Yugoslaviv.Belgium),
Provisional Measures,der of 2 June 1999,
1C.J. Reports 1999, p. 124

ISSN 0074-4441 Node vente: 727 1
Sales nurnber
ISBN 92-1-070795-8 2 JUIN 1999

ORDONNANCE

LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE
(YOUGOSLAVIE c. BELGIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES

CONSERVATOIRES

LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA v.BELGIUM)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

2 JUNE 1999

ORDER INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1999 1999
2 June
2 June1999 GNo. 105List

CASE CONCERNING

LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA v.BELGIUM)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER

Present: Vice-PresicErntWEERAMANTRAYc,ting President; President
SCHWEBELJ;udges ODA, BEDJAOUI,GUILLAUMER , ANJEVA,
HERCZEGH,SHI. FLEISCHHAUER K,OROMAV , ERESHCHETIN,
HIGGINS,PARRA-ARANGUREN, KOOIJMANSJ;udges ad hoc

KRECAD , UINSLAEGERRe;gistru VALENCIA-OSPINA.

The International Court of Justice,
Composed asabove,

After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles3 and 74 of the Rules of Court,
Having regard to the Application by the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia (hereinafter "Yugoslavia") filed in the Registry of the Court on

29 April 1999,instituting proceedings against theof Belgium
(hereinafter "Belgium") "for violatione obligation not to use
force", Makes thefolloiving Order:
1. Whereas in that Application Yugoslavia defines the subject of the
dispute as follows:

"The subject-matter of the dispute are acts of the Kingdom of
Belgiumby which it has violated its international obligation banning
the use of force against another State, the obligation not to intervene
in the interna1 affairs of another State, the obligation not toviolate
the sovereignty of another State, the obligation to protect the civil-
ian population and civilian objects in wartime, the obligation to pro-
tect the environment, the obligation relating to free navigation on
international rivers, the obligation regarding fundamental human
rights and freedoms, the obligation not to use prohibited weapons,
the obligation not to deliberately inflict conditions of life calculated
to cause the physical destruction of a national group";

2. Whereas in the said Application Yugoslavia refers, as a basis for the
jurisdiction of the Court, to Article36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court and to Article IX of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish-
ment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by the General Assembly of
the United Nations on 9 December 1948(hereinafter the "Genocide Con-
vention");
3. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia states that the claims sub-
mitted by it to the Court are based upon the following facts:

"The Government of the Kingdom of Belgium, together with the
Governments of other Member States of NATO, took part in the
acts of use of force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by
taking part in bombing targets in the Federal Republic of Yugosla-
via. In bombing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia military and
civilian targets were attacked. Great number of people were killed,
including a great many civilians. Residential houses came under
attack. Numerous dwellings were destroyed. Enormous damage was
caused to schools, hospitals, radio and television stations, cultural
and health institutions and to places of worship. A large number of
bridges, roads and railway lines were destroyed. Attacks on oil refin-
eries and chemical plants have had serious environmental effects on
cities, towns and villagesin the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The
use of weapons containing depleted uranium is having far-reaching
consequences for human life. The above-mentioned acts are deliber-

ately creating conditions calculated at the physical destruction of an
ethnic group, in whole or in part. The Government of the Kingdom
of Belgium is taking part in the training, arming, financing, equip-
ping and supplying the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation Army' ";and whereas it further states that the said claims are based on the follow-
ing legal grounds:
"The above acts of the Government of Belgium represent a gross
violation of the obligation not to use force against another State. By
financing, arming, training and equipping the so-called 'Kosovo Lib-

eration Army', support is given to terrorist groups and the secession-
ist movement in the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
in breach of the obligation not to intervene in the interna1 affairs of
another State. In addition, the provisions of the Geneva Convention
of 1949and of the Additional Protocol No. 1of 1977on the protec-
tion of civilians and civilian objects in time of war have been vio-
lated. The obligation to protect the environment has also been
breached. The destruction of bridges on the Danube is in contraven-
tion of the provisions of Article 1 of the 1948 Convention on free
navigation on the Danube. The provisions of the International Cov-
enant on Civil and Political Rights and of the International Cov-

enant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 have also
been breached. Furthermore, the obligation contained in the Con-
vention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
not to impose deliberately on a national group conditions of life cal-
culated to bring about the physical destruction of the group has been
breached. Furthermore, the activities in which the Kingdom of Bel-
gium is taking part are contrary to Article 53, paragraph l, of the
Charter of the United Nations";

4. Whereas the claims of Yugoslavia are formulated as follows in the
Application :

"The Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia requests
the International Court of Justice to adjudge and declare:
- by taking part in the bombing of the territory of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, the Kingdom of Belgium has acted
against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obli-

gation not to use force against another State;

by taking part in the training, arming, financing, equipping and
supplying terrorist groups, i.e. the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation
Army', the Kingdom of Belgium has acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to inter-
vene in the affairs of another State;

- by taking part in attacks on civilian targets, the Kingdom of Bel-
gium has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in
breach of its obligation to spare the civilian population, civilians
and civilian objects ;

- by taking part in destroying or damaging monasteries, monu-ments of culture, the Kingdom of Belgium has acted against the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
commit any act of hostility directed against historical monu-
ments, works of art or places of worship which constitute cul-
tural or spiritual heritage of people;

by taking part in the use of cluster bombs, the Kingdom of Bel-
gium has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in
breach of its obligation not to use prohibited weapons, i.e. weap-
ons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering;

by taking part in the bombing of oil refineries and chemical
plants, the Kingdom of Belgium has acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to cause
considerable environmental damage;

by taking part in the use of weapons containing depleted ura-
nium, the Kingdom of Belgium has acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to use
prohibited weapons and not to cause far-reaching health and
environmental damage;
by taking part in killing civilians,destroying enterprises, commu-
nications, health and cultural institutions, theKingdom of Bel-
gium has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in

breach of its obligation to respect the right to life,the right to
work, the right to information, the right to healthcare as well as
other basic human rights;

by taking part in destroying bridges on international rivers, the
Kingdom of Belgium has acted against the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation to respect freedom of
navigation on international rivers;

by taking part in activities listed above, and in particular by
causing enormous environmental damage and by using depleted
uranium, the Kingdom of Belgiumhas acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to delib-
erately infiict on a national group conditions of lifecalculated to
bring about its physical destruction, in whole or in part;

the Kingdom of Belgium is responsible for the violation of the

above international obligations;
the Kingdom of Belgium is obliged to stop immediately the vio-
lation of theabove obligations vis-à-vis the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia ;
the Kingdom of Belgium is obliged to provide compensation for
the damage done to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and to
its citizens and juridical persons"; LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 128

and whereas, at the end of its Application, Yugoslavia reserves the right
to amend and supplement it;
5. Whereas on 29 April 1999,immediately after filing its Application,
Yugoslavia also submitted a request for the indication of provisional

measures pursuant to Article 73 of the Rules of Court; and whereas that
request was accompanied by a volume of photographic annexes pro-
duced as "evidence" ;
6. Whereas, in support of its request for the indication of provisional
measures, Yugoslavia contends inter dia that, since the onset of the
bombing of its territory, and as a result thereof, about 1,000 civilians,
including 19 children, have been killed and more than 4,500 have sus-
tained serious injuries; that the lives of three million children are endan-
gered; that hundreds of thousands of citizens have been exposed to poi-
sonous gases; that about one million citizens are short of water supply;
that about 500,000 workers have become jobless; that two million citi-
zens have no means of livelihood and are unable to ensure minimum
means of sustenance; and that the road and railway network has suffered
extensive destruction; whereas, in its request for the indication of provi-

sional measures, Yugoslavia also lists the targets alleged to have corne
under attack in the air strikes and describes in detail the damage alleged
to have been inflicted upon them (bridges, railway lines and stations,
roads and means of transport, airports, industry and trade, refineriesand
warehouses storing liquid raw materials and chemicals, agriculture, hos-
pitals and health care centres, schools, public buildings and housing
facilities, infrastructure, telecommunications, cultural-historical monu-
ments and religious shrines); and whereas Yugoslavia concludes from
this that:

"The acts described above caused death, physical and mental
harm to the population of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; huge
devastation; heavy pollution of the environment, so that the Yugo-
slav population is deliberately imposed conditions of life calculated
to bring about physical destruction of the group, in whole or in
part" ;

7. Whereas, at the end of its request for the indication of provisional
measures, Yugoslavia states that

"If the proposed measure were not to be adopted, there will be
new losses of human life, further physical and mental harm inflicted
on the population of the FR of Yugoslavia, further destruction of
civilian targets, heavy environmental pollution and further physical
destruction of the people of Yugoslavia";

and whereas, while reserving the right to amend and supplement its
request, Yugoslavia requests the Court to indicate the following measure:
"The Kingdom of Belgium shall cease immediately its acts of use of force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of force
against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

8. Whereas the request for the indication of provisional measures was
accompanied by a letter from the Agent of Yugoslavia, addressed to the
President and Members of the Court, which read as follows:

"1 have the honour to bring to the attention of the Court the latest
bombing of the central area of the town of Surdulica on 27 April
1999 at noon resulting in losses of lives of civilians, most of whom
were children and women, and to remind of killings of peoples in
Kursumlija, Aleksinac and Cuprija, as well as bombing of a refugee
convoy and the Radio and Television of Serbia, just to mention

some of the well-known atrocities. Therefore, 1would like to caution
the Court that there is a highest probability of further civilian and
military casualties.
Considering the power conferred upon the Court by Article 75,
paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court and having in mind the greatest
urgency caused by the circumstances described in the Requests for
provisional measure of protection 1kindly ask the Court to decide
on the submitted Requests proprio motu or to fixa date for a hearing
at earliest possible time";

9. Whereas on 29 April 1999,the day on which the Application and the
request for the indication of provisional measures werefiled in the Regis-
try, the Registrar sent to the Belgian Government signed copies of the
Application and of the request, in accordance with Article 38,paragraph 4,
and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and whereas he also
sent to that Government copies of the documents accompanying the
Application and the request for the indication of provisional measures;

10. Whereas on 29 April 1999the Registrar informed the Parties that

the Court had decided, pursuant to Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules
of Court, to hold hearings on 10and 11May 1999,where they would be
able to present their observations on the request for the indication of pro-
visional measures ;
11. Whereas, pending the notification under Article 40, paragraph 3,
of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by transmittal of the
printed bilingual text of the Application to the Members of the United
Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court, the Regis-
trar on 29 April 1999informed those States of the filing of the Applica-
tion and of its subject-matter, and of the filing of the request for the
indication of provisional measures;
12. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the bench no judge of
Yugoslav nationality, the Yugoslav Government has availed itself of the
provisions of Article 31 of the Statute of the Court to choose Mr.

Milenko Kreca to sit as judge ad hoc in the case; and whereas no objec- LEGALITYOF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 130

tion to that choice was raised within the time-limit fixed for the purpose
pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court; whereas,

since the Court includes upon the bench no judge of Belgian nationality.
the Belgian Government has availed itself of the provisions of Article 3 1
of the Statute of the Court to choose Mr. Patrick Duinslaeger to sit as
judge ad hoc in the case; whereas, within the time-limit fixed for the pur-
pose pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, Yugo-
slavia, referring to Article 31, paragraph 5, of the Statute, objected to
that choice; and whereas the Court, after due deljberation, found that the
nomination of a judge ad hoc by Belgium was justified in the present
phase of the case;
13. Whereas, at the public hearings held between 10and 12May 1999,
oral observations on the request for the indication of provisional meas-
ures were presented by the Parties:

On hehalf of Yugoslavia:

Mr. Rodoljub Etinski, Agent,
Mr. lan Brownlie,
Mr. Paul J. 1. M. de Waart,
Mr. Eric Suy,
Mr. Miodrag Mitii.,
Mr. Olivier Corten;

On hrhalf of'Belgium :

Mrs. Raymonde Foucart, Agent,
Mr. Rusen Ergec;
14. Whereas, by letter of 12 May 1999,the Agent of Yugoslavia sub-
mitted to the Court a "Supplement to the Application" of his Govern-

ment, which read as follows:
"Using the right reserved by the Application of the Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia against the Kingdom of Belgium for violation of
the obligation not to use force, filed to the International Court of
Justice on 29 April 1999, 1 supplement its part related to the grounds
of jurisdiction of the Court, which should now read as follows:

'TheGovernment of the Federal Republic of Yugoslaviainvokes
Article36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the International Court
of Justice aswell as Article IX of the Convention on the Preven-
tion and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and Article 4 of
the Convention of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitra-
tion between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Belgium, signed at
Belgradeon 25 March 1930and in force since3September 1930' ";

whereas, at the start of the afternoon session of the hearing of 12 May
1999,the Vice-President of the Court, acting President. made the follow-
ing statement : "In the light of the new bases of jurisdiction invoked today by
Yugoslavia . . .the Court wishes to inform the Parties that it will
give its consideration to any observations of Belgium . ..in regard
to the admissibility of the additional grounds invoked";

and whereas at the said afternoon session of 12 May 1999 Belgiummade
various observations on the admissibility of the Yugoslav "Supplement
to the Application", and on the new basis ofjurisdiction invoked therein;
15. Whereas, in this phase of the proceedings, the Parties presented the
following submissions :

On hehalf of' Yugoslavia:
"[Tlhe Court [is asked] to indicate the following provisional
measure :
[Tlhe Kingdom of Belgium .. .shall cease immediately the acts of

use of force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of force
against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

011 hehdf' of Belgiurn :

"For al1the reasons put forward . .., the Kingdom of Belgium
requests the Court, without prejudice to the merits of the case,

To declare the request for provisional measures submitted by the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia inadmissible on the ground that the
Court has no prima faciejurisdiction to hear the case,

and, in any event,
To find that it should not indicate provisional measures
on the ground, first,

Of the absence of any prima facie evidence which, according to
thejurisprudence of the Court and to the general principles of inter-
national law, could justify provisional measures
and, second,
Of the serious effects which such measures would have on the out-
come of the humanitarian crisis caused by the Federal Republic of

Yugoslavia in Kosovo and in neighbouring countries" ;

16. Whereas the Court is deeply concerned with the human tragedy,
the loss of life, and the enormous suffering in Kosovo which form the

background of the present dispute, and with the continuing loss of life
and human suffering in al1parts of Yugoslavia; LEGALlTY OF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 132

17. Whereas the Court is profoundly concerned with the use of force
in Yugoslavia; whereas under the present circumstances such use raises

very serious issues of international law;
18. Whereas the Court is mindful of the purposes and principles of the
United Nations Charter and of its own responsibilities in the mainte-
nance of peace and security under the Charter and the Statute of the
Court;
19. Whereas the Court deems it necessary to emphasize that al1parties
appearing before it must act in conformity with their obligations under
the United Nations Charter and other rules of international law, includ-
ing humanitarian law ;

20. Whereas the Court, under its Statute, does not automatically have
jurisdiction over legal disputes between States parties to that Statute or
between other States to whom access to the Court has been granted;
whereas the Court has repeatedly stated "that one of the fundamental

principles of itsStatute is that it cannot decide a dispute between States
without the consent of those States to itsjurisdiction" (East Timor (Por-
tugal v. Austmlia), Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1995. p. 101,para. 26); and
whereas the Court can therefore exercisejurisdiction only between States
parties to a dispute who not only have access to the Court but also have
accepted the jurisdiction of the Court, either in general form or for the
individual dispute concerned ;
21. Whereas on a request for provisional measures the Court need not,
before deciding whether or not to indicate them, finally satisfy itself that
it has jurisdiction on the merits of the case, yet it ought not to indicate
such measures unless the provisions invoked by the applicant appear,
prima facie, to afford a basis on which thejurisdiction of the Court might

be established;

22. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the first place, to
found the jurisdiction of the Court upon Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute; whereas each of the two Parties has made a declaration recog-
nizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court pursuant to that provi-
sion; whereas Yugoslavia's declaration was deposited with the Secretary-
General of the United Nations on 26 April 1999,and that of Belgium on
17June 1958(together with the instrument of ratification);
23. Whereas Yugoslavia's declaration is formulated as follows:

"1 hereby declare that the Government of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia recognizes, in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, as compulsory ipsofacto and without special agreement, in relation to any other
State accepting the same obligation, that is on condition of recipro-
city, thejurisdiction of the said Court in al1disputes arising or which
may arise after the signature of the present Declaration, with regard
to the situations or facts subsequent to this signature, except in cases
where the parties have agreed or shall agree to have recourse to

another procedure or to another method of pacific settlement. The
present Declaration does not apply to disputes relating to questions
which, under international law, fa11exclusively within the jurisdic-
tion of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, as well as to territorial
disputes.
The aforesaid obligation is accepted until such time as notice may
be given to terminate the acceptance";
and whereas the declaration of Belgium reads as follows:

"1declare on behalf of the Belgian Government that 1recognize as
compulsory ipsofaclo and without special agreement, in relation to
any other State accepting the same obligation, thejurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice, in conformity with Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute of the Court, in legal disputes arising after
13July 1948concerning situations or facts subsequent to that date,
except those in regard to which the parties have agreed or may agree
to have recourse to another method of pacific settlement.
This declaration is made subject to ratification. It shall take effect
on the day of deposit of the instrument of ratification for a period of
five years. Upon the expiry of that period, it shall continue to have
effect until notice ofits termination is given";

24. Whereas, under the terms of its declaration, Yugoslavia limits
rrrtionetemporis its acceptance of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction to
"disputes arising or which may arise after the signature of the present
Declaration, with regard to the situations or facts subsequent to this sig-
nature"; whereas Belgium has based no argument on this provision; but
whereas the Court must nonetheless consider what effects it might have
prima facie upon its jurisdiction in this case;
25. Whereas, according to Yugoslavia, "[tlhe issue before the Court is
that of interpreting a unilateral declaration of acceptance of its jurisdic-
tion, and thus of ascertaining the meaning of the declaration on the basis
of the intention of itsauthor"; whereas Yugoslavia contends that the text
of its declaration "allows al1 disputes effectively arising after 25 April
1999 to be taken into account"; whereas, referring to bombing attacks

carried out by NATO member States on 28 April, 1 May, 7 May and
8 May 1999,Yugoslavia states that, "[iln each of these cases, which are
only examples, [it]denounced the flagrant violations of international law
of which it considered itself to have been the victim", and the "NATO
member States denied having violated any obligation under international
law"; whereas Yugoslavia asserts that "each of these events therefore
gave rise to 'adisagreement on a point of law or fact', a disagreement. . .the terms of which depend in each case on the specific features of the
attack" in question; whereas Yugoslavia accordingly concludes that,
since these events constitute "instantaneous wrongful acts", there exist "a
number of separate disputes which have arisen" between the Parties
"since 25 April relating to events subsequent to that date"; and whereas
Yugoslavia argues from this that "[tlhere is no reason to exclude prima
facie the Court's jurisdiction over disputes having effectively arisen after
25 April, as provided in the text of the declaration"; and whereas Yugo-
slavia adds that to exclude such disputes from the jurisdiction of the
Court "would run entirely counter to the manifest and clear intention of
Yugoslavia" to entrust the Court with the resolution of those disputes;

26. Whereas Yugoslavia has accepted the Court's jurisdiction ratione

temporis in respect only, on the one hand, of disputes arising or which
may arise after the signature of its declaration and,on the other hand, of
those concerning situations or facts subsequent to that signature (cf.
Right of Passage over Indiun Territory, Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1960, p. 34); whereas, in order to assess whether the Court has jurisdic-
tion in the case, it is sufficient to decide whether, in terms of the text of
the declaration, the dispute brought before the Court "arose" before or
after 25 April 1999,the date on which the declaration was signed;
27. Whereas Yugoslavia's Application is entitled "Application of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against the Kingdom of Belgium for
Violation of the Obligation Not to Use Force"; whereas in the Applica-
tion the "subject of the dispute" (emphasis added) is described in general
terms (see paragraph 1above); but whereas it can be seen both from the
statement of "facts upon which the claim is based" and from the manner
in which the "claims" themselves are formulated (see paragraphs 3 and 4
above) that the Application is directed, in essence, against the "bombing

of the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", to which the
Court is asked to put an end;

28. Whereas it is an established fact that the bombings in question
began on 24 March 1999and have been conducted continuously over a
period extending beyond 25 April 1999; and whereas the Court has no
doubt, in the light, interalia, of the discussions at the Security Council
meetings of 24 and 26 March 1999 (SIPV.3988 and 3989), that a "legal
dispute" (East Timor (Portugal v. Ausrrulia), 1C.J. Reports 1995, p. 100,
para. 22) "arose" between Yugoslavia and the Respondent, as it did also
with the other NATO member States, well before 25 April 1999concern-
ing the legality ofthose bombings as such, taken as a whole;
29. Whereas the fact that the bombings have continued after 25 April
1999and that the dispute concerning them has persisted sincethat date is
not such as to alter the date on which the dispute arose; whereas each
individual air attack could not have given rise to a separate subsequent
dispute; and whereas, at this stage of the proceedings. Yugoslavia has

not established that new disputes, distinct from the initial one, havearisen between the Parties since 25 April 1999 in respect of subsequent
situations or facts attributable to Belgium;
30. Whereas, as the Court recalled in its Judgment of 4 December
1998in the case concerning Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada),

"It is for each State, in formulating its declaration, to decide upon
the limits it places upon its acceptance of the jurisdiction of the
Court: '[tlhisjurisdiction only exists within the limits within which
it has been accepted' (Phosphates in Morocco, Judgment, 1938,
P.C.1.J., Series AIB, No. 74, p. 23)" (1C.J. Reports 1998, p. 453,
para. 44) ;

and whereas, as the Permanent Court held in its Judgment of 14 June
1938 in the Phosphutes in Morocco case (Preliminary Objections), "it is
recognized that, as a consequence of the condition of reciprocity stipu-
lated in paragraph 2 of Article 36 of the Statute of the Court", any limi-
tation rationr temporis attached by one of the Parties to its declaration of
acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction "holds good as between the Parties"
(Phosphates in Morocco, Judgment, 1938, P.C.I.J., Series AIB. No. 74.
p. 10); whereas, moreover, as the present Court noted in its Judgment of
11 June 1988 in the case concerning the Land und Maritime Boundary
hetbveen Cameroon and Nigeria (Cumeroon v. Nigeria), "[als early as
1952,it held in the case concerning Anglo-lranian Oil Co. that, when dec-
larations are made on condition of reciprocity, 'jurisdiction is conferred
on the Court only to the extent to which the two Declarations coincide in
conferring il' (1.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 103)" (1C.J. Reports 1998, p. 298,
para.43); and whereas it follows from the foregoing that the declarations
made by the Parties under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute do not

constitute a basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court could prima facie
be founded in this case;

31. Whereas Belgiumcontends that the Court's jurisdiction in this case
cannot in any event be based, even prima facie, on Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute, for, under this provision, only "States ... parties
to the . .. Statute" may subscribe to the optional clause for compulsory
jurisdiction contained therein; and whereas, referring to United Nations
General Assembly resolution 4711of 22 September 1992,it contends that
"the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is not the continuator State of the
former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" as regards membership
of the United Nations, and that, not having duly acceded to the Organi-
zation, Yugoslavia is in consequence not a party to the Statute of the
Court:

32. Whereas Yugoslavia, referring to the position of the Secretariat, as
expressed in a letter dated 29 September 1992from the Legal Counsel ofthe Organization (doc. Al47/485), and to the latter's subsequent practice,
contends for its part that General Assembly resolution 4711"[neither] ter-
minate[d] nor suspend[ed] Yugoslavia's membership in the Organiza-
tion", and that the said resolution did not take away from Yugoslavia
"[its] right to participate in the work of organs other than Assembly
bodies";
33. Whereas, in view of its finding in paragraph 30 above, the Court
need not consider this question for the purpose of deciding whether or
not it can indicate provisional measures in the present case;

34. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the second place,
to Soundthejurisdiction of the Court on Article IX of the Genocide Con-
vention, which provides :
"Disputes between the Contracting Parties r-elatingto the interpre-
tation, application or fulfilment ofthe present Convention, including
those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any
of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to

the dispute";
and whereas in its Application Yugoslavia states that the subject of the
dispute concerns inter alia"acts of the Kingdom of Belgium by which it
has violated its international obligation ... not to deliberately inflictcon-
ditions of life calculated to cause the physical destruction of a national
group"; whereas, in describing the facts on which the Application is
based, Yugoslavia states: "The above-mentioned acts are deliberately
creating conditions calculated at the physical destruction of an ethnic

group, in whole or in part"; whereas, in its statement of the legal grounds
on which the Application is based, Yugoslavia contends that "the obliga-
tion . ..not to impose deliberately on a national group conditions of life
calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the group has been
breached"; and whereas one of the claims on the merits set out in the
Application is formulated as follows:
"by taking part in activities listed above, and in particular by

causing enormous environmental damage and by using depleted
uranium, the Kingdom of Belgium has acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to deliber-
ately inflict on a national group conditions of life calculated to
bring about its physical destruction, in whole or in part";

35. Whereas Yugoslavia contends moreover that the sustained and
intensive bombing of the whole of its territory. including the most heavily
populated areas, constitutes "a serious violation of Article II of theGenocide Convention" ;whereas it argues that "the pollution of soil, air
and water, destroying the economy of the country, contaminating the
environment with depleted uranium, inflicts conditions of life on the
Yugoslav nation calculated to bring about its physical destruction";
whereas it asserts that it is the Yugoslav nation as a whole and as such
that is targeted; and whereas it stresses that the use of certain weapons
whose long-term hazards to health and the environment are already
known, and the destruction of the largest part of the country's power
supply system, with catastrophic consequences of which the Respondent
must be aware, "impl[y] the intent to destroy, in whole or in part", the
Yugoslav national group as such;

36. Whereas for its part Belgium contends that Article IX of the
Genocide Convention can be invoked only if "the issue raised concerns

the interpretation or application of that Convention"; whereas it argues
in particular that "the subject of the dispute must pertain to the scope of
the Convention"; and whereas it adds that the said scope "is determined
by the concept of 'genocide'" as defined in that Convention; whereas,
with reference to the definition of genocide contained in Article II of the
Convention, Belgium emphasizes the importance of "the intentional ele-
ment, the intent to destroy al1 or part of an ethnic, racial or religious
[group]"; and whereas it asserts that Yugoslavia cannot "produce the
slightest evidence ofsuch intention" on the part of Belgium in this case;
and whereas Belgium concludes that, since the allegations made by
Yugoslavia fa11"manifestly outside the scope of [the] Genocide Conven-
tion", the Court does not have jurisdiction to entertain the Application
on the basis of that Convention;

37. Whereas it is not disputed that both Yugoslavia and Belgium are
parties to the Genocide Convention without reservation; and whereas

Article IX of the Convention accordingly appears to constitute a basis on
which the jurisdiction of the Court might be founded to the extent that
the subject-matter of the dispute relates to "the interpretation, applica-
tion or fulfilment" of the Convention, including disputes "relating to the
responsibility of a State for genocide or for any of the other actsnumer-
ated in article III" of the said Convention;
38. Whereas, in order to determine, even prima facie, whether a dis-
pute within the meaning of Article IX of the Genocide Convention exists,
the Court cannot limit itself to noting that one of the Parties maintains
that the Convention applies, while the other denies it; and whereas in the
present case the Court must ascertain whether the breaches of the Con-
vention alleged by Yugoslavia are capable of falling within the provisions
of that instrument and whether. as a consequence, the dispute is one
which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain pursuant
to Article IX (cf. Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States
of America), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (Il),
p. 810, para. 16); 39. Whereas the definition of genocide set out in Article II of the

Genocide Convention reads as follows:
"In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following
actscommitted with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
ethnical, racial or religious group, assuch:

(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the
group ;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of lifecalculated
to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group";

40. Whereas it appears to the Court, from this definition, "that [the]
essential characteristic [of genocide] is the intended destruction of 'a
national, ethnical, racial or religious group'"(Application of the Conven-
tion on the Prevention und Punishment of the Crime qf Genocide, Provi-
sional Measures, Order of 13 Septemher 1993, 1. C.J. Reports 1993,
p. 345, para. 42); whereas the threat or use of force against a State can-
not in itself constitute an act of genocide within the meaning of Article II

of the Genocide Convention; and whereas, in the opinion of the Court, it
does not appear at the present stage of the proceedings that the bombings
which form the subject of the Yugoslav Application "indeed entai1 the
element of intent, towards a group as such, required by the provision
quoted above" (Legality of'the Threat or Use of Nucleur Weapons. Advi-
sory Opinion, 1.C. J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 240, para. 26);

41. Whereas the Court is therefore not in a position to find, at this
stage of the proceedings, that the acts imputed by Yugoslavia to the
Respondent are capable of coming within the provisions of the Genocide
Convention; and whereas Article IX of the Convention, invoked by

Yugoslavia, cannot accordingly constitute a basis on which the jurisdic-
tion of the Court could prima facie be founded in this case;

42. Whereas after it had filed its Application Yugoslavia further
invoked, as a basis for the Court's jurisdiction in this case, Article 4 of
the Convention of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitration,
between Belgiumand the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, signed in Belgrade on
25 March 1930; whereas Yugoslavia's "Supplement to the Application",
in which it invoked this new basis of jurisdiction, was presented to the
Court in the second round of oral argument (see paragraph 14 above);
and whereas Yugoslavia gave no explanation of its reasons for filing this
document at this stage of the proceedings; 43. Whereas Belgium, referring to Article 38, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court, argues as follows:

"lt follows clearly that it is unacceptable, as in this case, to intro-
duce a new ground in e~trenlis supplementing an essential point in
the arguments on the prima facie jurisdiction of the Court. More-
over, we may ask ourselves why the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,
which isdeemed to be aware of the treaties to which it claims now to
have succeeded, thought it unnecessary, contrary to the requirement
of the principle of the sound administration of justice and of the pro-
visions of Article 38 which 1 have just cited, to include this ground
when filing its Application";

and whereas Belgium accordingly asks the Court, "primurilj~,to strike
this ground from the proceedings"; whereas Belgium contends "in the
ulternutive" "that the Convention of 1930 confers jurisdiction not on
[the] Court, but on the Permanent Court of International Justice", and
whereas it contends that Article 37 of the Statute is without effect here:
and whereas Belgium states "in tlzefurther ultevnutiil. ..that, under the
terms of [the]Convention [of 19301,recourse to the Permanent Court of
International Justice is a subsidiary remedy", and whereas it points out
that Yugoslavia "has failed to exhaust the preliminary procedures whose
exhaustion is a necessary condition for seisin of the Permanent Court of

International Justice" :
44. Whereas the invocation by a party of a new basis ofjurisdiction in
the second round of oral argument on a request for the indication of pro-
visional measures has never before occurred in the Court's practice:
whereas such action at this late stage, when it is not accepted by the other
party, seriously jeopardizes the principle of procedural fairness and the
sound administration of justice; and whereas in consequence the Court
cannot, for the purpose of deciding whether it may or may not indicate
provisional measures in the present case, take into consideration the new
title ofjurisdiction which Yugoslavia sought to invoke on 12May 1999;

45. Whereas the Court has found above that it had no prima facie
jurisdiction to entertain Yugoslavia's Application, either on the basis of
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute or of Article IX of the Genocide
Convention; and whereas it has taken the view that it cannot, at this

stage of the proceedings, take account of the additional basis of jurisdic-
tion invoked by Yugoslavia; and whereas it follows that the Court can-
not indicate any provisional measure whatsoever in order to protect the
rights claimed by Yugoslavia in its Application.

46. Whereas, however, the findingsreached by the Court in the present
proceedings in no way prcjudge the question of the jurisdiction of the
Court to deal with the merits of the case or any questions relating to theadmissibility of the Application, or relating to the merits themselves; and

whereas they leave unaffected the right of the Governments of Yugosla-
via and Belgium to submit arguments in respect of those questions;

47. Whereas there is a fundamental distinction between the question
of the acceptance by a State of the Court's jurisdiction and the compat-
ibility of particular acts with international law; the former requires con-
sent; the latter questioncan only be reached when the Court deals with
the inerits after having established its jurisdiction and having heard full
legal arguments by both parties;
48. Whereas, whether or not States accept the jurisdiction of the
Court, they remain in any event responsible for acts attributable to them
that violate international law, including humanitarian law; whereas any
disputes relating to the legality ofuch acts are required to be resolved
by peaceful means, the choice of which, pursuant to Article 33 of the

Charter, is left to the parties;
49. Whereas in this context the parties should take care not to aggra-
vate or extend the dispute;
50. Whereas, when such a dispute gives rise to a threat to the peace,
breach of the peace or act of aggression, the SecurityCouilcil has special
responsibilities under Chapter VI1of the Charter;

51. For these reasons,

(1) By twelve votes to four,

Rejects the request for the indication of provisional measures submit-
ted by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 29 April 1999;
IN FAVOUR: President SchwebelJ;udgesOda, Bedjaoui,Guillaume,Ranjeva,
Herczegh, Fleischhauer,Koroma, Higgins,Parra-Aranguren,Kooijmans;
Judge ad hoc Duinslaeger;

AGAVereshchetin;Judge ad hoc KreCa;ry, Acting President; Judges Shi,

(2) By fifteen votes to one,

Reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision.
IN FAVOURV : ice-Plesident Weeramantry, Acting President; President
Schwebel;Judges Bedjaoui,Guillaume,Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi,Fleisch-
hauer, Koroma, Vereshchetin, Higgins,Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans;
Judgesad hoc Kreca, Duinslaeger;

AGAINSJT u:dge Oda Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this second day of June, one thousand nine
hundred and ninety-nine, in three copies, one of which will be placed in

the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government
of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Government of the King-
dom of Belgium, respectively.

(Signed) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY,
Vice-President.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.

Judge KOROMA appends a declaration to the Order of the Court.

Judges ODA, HIGGINS,PARRA-ARANGURa Ed KOOIJMANaSppend
separate opinions to the Order of the Court.

Vice-President WEERAMANTRA Y,ting President, Judges SHI and
VERESHCHETa nd, Judge ad hoc KRECAappend dissenting opinions to
the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) C.G.W.

(Initiulled) E.V.O.

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRETS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE À LA LICÉITÉ

DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSLAVIE c. BELGIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU 2 JUIN 1999

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING
LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA vBELGIUM)

REQUEST FOR THEMEASURESION OF PROVISIONAL

ORDER OF 2 JUNE 1999 Mode officielde citation

Limesures conservatoires, ordonnanceduin 1999,),
C.I.J. Recueil 1999, p. 124

Official cita:ion
LegalityofUseof Force (Yugoslaviv.Belgium),
Provisional Measures,der of 2 June 1999,
1C.J. Reports 1999, p. 124

ISSN 0074-4441 Node vente: 727 1
Sales nurnber
ISBN 92-1-070795-8 2 JUIN 1999

ORDONNANCE

LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE
(YOUGOSLAVIE c. BELGIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES

CONSERVATOIRES

LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA v.BELGIUM)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

2 JUNE 1999

ORDER COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

1999 ANNÉE 1999
2 juin
Rôle général
no 105 2 juin1999

AFFAIRE RELATIVE À LA LICÉITÉ

DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE

(YOUGOSLAVIE c. BELGIQUE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE

Présents: M. WEERAMANTRv Yi,e-prisident, ,faisant fonction de pré-
sidenten I'uffaire; M. SCHWEBELpr,ksidrnt de lu Cour;
MM. ODA, BEDJAOUIG , UILLAUMER, ANJEVA,HERCZEGH,
SHI, FLEISCHHA~EK R, ROMAV , ERESHCHETIMN, " HIGGINS,
MM. PARRA-ARANGURE KNO,OIJMANju,ges; MM. KRECA,
DUINSLAEGE jRg,es ad hoc; M. VALENCIA-OSPIgef,Jïer.

La Cour internationale de Justice,

Ainsi composée,
Aprèsdélibéré enhambre du conseil,

Vu les articles 41 etu Statut de la Cour et les articles 73 et 74 de
son Règlement,
Vu la requêtedéposéepar la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie (ci-
aprèsdénomméela «Yougoslavie») au Greffe de la Cour le 29 avril 1999,
par laquelle elle a introduit une instance contre le Royaume de Belgique
(ci-aprèsdénomméla «Belgique») «pour violation de l'obligation de ne
pas recourirl'emploi de la force». INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1999 1999
2 June
2 June1999 GNo. 105List

CASE CONCERNING

LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE

(YUGOSLAVIA v.BELGIUM)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER

Present: Vice-PresicErntWEERAMANTRAYc,ting President; President
SCHWEBELJ;udges ODA, BEDJAOUI,GUILLAUMER , ANJEVA,
HERCZEGH,SHI. FLEISCHHAUER K,OROMAV , ERESHCHETIN,
HIGGINS,PARRA-ARANGUREN, KOOIJMANSJ;udges ad hoc

KRECAD , UINSLAEGERRe;gistru VALENCIA-OSPINA.

The International Court of Justice,
Composed asabove,

After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles3 and 74 of the Rules of Court,
Having regard to the Application by the Federal Republic of Yugo-
slavia (hereinafter "Yugoslavia") filed in the Registry of the Court on

29 April 1999,instituting proceedings against theof Belgium
(hereinafter "Belgium") "for violatione obligation not to use
force", Rend l'ordonnance suivante
1. Considérant que, dans cette requête,la Yougoslavie définit l'objet

du différend ainsique suit:
«L'objet du différendporte sur les actes commis par le Royaume
de Belgique, en violation de son obligation internationale de ne pas
recourirà l'emploi de la force contre un autre Etat, de I'obligation
de ne pas s'immiscerdans les affaires intérieuresd'un autre Etat, de
I'obligation de ne pas porter atteinte la souveraineté d'un autre
Etat, de I'obligation de protégerles populations civileset lesbiens de
caractère civil en temps de guerre, de l'obligation de protéger l'envi-
ronnement, de I'obligation touchanta la libertéde navigation sur les
cours d'eau internationaux, de l'obligation concernant les droits et

libertésfondamentaux de la personne humaine, de I'obligation de ne
pas utiliser des armes interdites, de I'obligation de ne pas soumettre
intentionnellement un groupe national i des conditions d'existence
devant entraîner sa destruction physique));
2. Considérantque, dans ladite requête,la Yougoslavie, pour fonder la
compétencede la Cour, invoque le paragraphe 2 de l'article36du Statut de
la Cour et l'article de la convention pour la préventionet la répression
du crime de génocide,adoptéepar l'Assembléegénéraledes Nations Unies
le 9 décembre1948(ci-après dénommélea ((convention sur le génocide)));

3. Considérant que, dans sa requête, la Yougoslavie exposeque les
demandes qu'elle soumet à la Cour sont fondéessur les faits ci-après:
«Le Gouvernement du Royaume de Belgique,conjointement avec
les gouvernements d'autres Etats membres de l'OTAN. a recouru à
l'emploi dela force contre la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie en
prenant part au bombardement de cibles dans la République fédérale
de Yougoslavie. Lors des bombardements de la Républiquefédérale
de Yougoslavie, des cibles militaires et civiles ont étéattaquées.Un
grand nombre de personnes ont été tuéesd ,ont de très nombreux

civils. Des immeubles d'habitation ont subi des attaques. Un grand
nombre d'habitations ont étédétruites. D'énormesdégâts ont été
causésà des écoles, deshôpitaux, des stations de radiodiffusion et de
télévision, desstructures culturelles et sanitaires, ainsi qu'à des lieux
de culte. Nombre de ponts, routes et voies de chemin de fer ontété
détruits. Les attaques contre des raffineries de pétroleet des usines
chimiques ont eu de graves effets dommageables pour I'environne-
ment de villes et de villages de la Républiquefédéralede Yougosla-
vie. L'emploi d'armes contenant de l'uranium appauvri a de lourdes
conséquencespour la vie humaine. Les actes susmentionnésont pour
effet de soumettre intentionnellement un groupe ethniquedescondi-
tions devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle. Le
Gouvernement du Royaume de Belgiqueprend part àl'entraînement,
à l'armement, au financement, a l'équipementet à I'approvisionne-
ment de la prétendue«armée de libération duKosovo)); Makes thefolloiving Order:
1. Whereas in that Application Yugoslavia defines the subject of the
dispute as follows:

"The subject-matter of the dispute are acts of the Kingdom of
Belgiumby which it has violated its international obligation banning
the use of force against another State, the obligation not to intervene
in the interna1 affairs of another State, the obligation not toviolate
the sovereignty of another State, the obligation to protect the civil-
ian population and civilian objects in wartime, the obligation to pro-
tect the environment, the obligation relating to free navigation on
international rivers, the obligation regarding fundamental human
rights and freedoms, the obligation not to use prohibited weapons,
the obligation not to deliberately inflict conditions of life calculated
to cause the physical destruction of a national group";

2. Whereas in the said Application Yugoslavia refers, as a basis for the
jurisdiction of the Court, to Article36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court and to Article IX of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish-
ment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by the General Assembly of
the United Nations on 9 December 1948(hereinafter the "Genocide Con-
vention");
3. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia states that the claims sub-
mitted by it to the Court are based upon the following facts:

"The Government of the Kingdom of Belgium, together with the
Governments of other Member States of NATO, took part in the
acts of use of force against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by
taking part in bombing targets in the Federal Republic of Yugosla-
via. In bombing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia military and
civilian targets were attacked. Great number of people were killed,
including a great many civilians. Residential houses came under
attack. Numerous dwellings were destroyed. Enormous damage was
caused to schools, hospitals, radio and television stations, cultural
and health institutions and to places of worship. A large number of
bridges, roads and railway lines were destroyed. Attacks on oil refin-
eries and chemical plants have had serious environmental effects on
cities, towns and villagesin the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The
use of weapons containing depleted uranium is having far-reaching
consequences for human life. The above-mentioned acts are deliber-

ately creating conditions calculated at the physical destruction of an
ethnic group, in whole or in part. The Government of the Kingdom
of Belgium is taking part in the training, arming, financing, equip-
ping and supplying the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation Army' ";126 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD.2 VI 99)

et considérant qu'elle indique en outre que lesdites demandes reposent
sur les fondements juridiques suivants:

((Lesactes susmentionnésdu Gouvernement belge constituent une
violation flagrante de l'obligation de ne pas recourirl'emploide la
force contre un autre Etat. En finançant, armant, entraînant et équi-
pant la prétendue ((arméede libération du Kosovo)), le Gouverne-
ment belge apporte un appui à des groupes terroristes et au mouve-

ment sécessionnistesur le territoire de la République fédéralede
Yougoslavie, en violation de l'obligation de ne pas s'immiscer dans
les affaires intérieures d'un autre Etat. De surcroît, les dispositions
de la convention de Genèvede 1949et du protocole additionnel no 1
de 1977relatives à la protection des civils et des biens de caractère
civil en temps de guerre ont étéviolées. Ily a eu aussi violation de
l'obligation de protéger l'environnement. La destruction de ponts
sur le Danube enfreint les dispositions de l'articlee la convention
de 1948relative à la liberté de navigation sur le Danube. Les dispo-
sitions du pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques

et du pacte international relatif aux droits économiques,sociaux et
culturels de 1966 ont elles aussi été violéesE.n outre, l'obligation
énoncéedans la convention pour la prévention etla répressiondu
crime de génocidede ne pas soumettre intentionnellement un groupe
national àdes conditions d'existencedevant entraîner sa destruction
physique a été violéeD.e plus, lesactivités auxquellesle Royaume de
Belgique prend part sont contraires au paragraphe 1 de l'article 53
de la Charte des Nations Unies»;

4. Considérant que les demandes de la Yougoslavie sont ainsi formu-
léesdans la requête:

«Le Gouvernement de la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie prie
la Cour internationale de Justice de dire et juger:
- qu'en prenant part aux bombardements du territoire de la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie, le Royaume de Belgique a agi

contre la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de
son obligation de ne pas recouriràl'emploi de la force contre un
autre Etat:
- qu'en prenant part à l'entraînement, à l'armement, au finance-
ment, à l'équipement et àl'approvisionnement de groupes terro-
ristes, savoir la prétendue((arméede libérationdu Kosovo »,le
Royaume de Belgique a agi contre la République fédéralede
Yougoslavie, en violation de son obligation de ne pas s'immiscer
dans les affaires d'un autre Etat;
- qu'en prenant part à des attaques contre des cibles civiles, le

Royaume de Belgique a agi contre la République fédéralede
Yougoslavie, en violation de son obligation d'épargner la popu-
lation civile, les civilset les biens de caractère civil;
- qu'en prenant part à la destruction ou à l'endommagement deand whereas it further states that the said claims are based on the follow-
ing legal grounds:
"The above acts of the Government of Belgium represent a gross
violation of the obligation not to use force against another State. By
financing, arming, training and equipping the so-called 'Kosovo Lib-

eration Army', support is given to terrorist groups and the secession-
ist movement in the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
in breach of the obligation not to intervene in the interna1 affairs of
another State. In addition, the provisions of the Geneva Convention
of 1949and of the Additional Protocol No. 1of 1977on the protec-
tion of civilians and civilian objects in time of war have been vio-
lated. The obligation to protect the environment has also been
breached. The destruction of bridges on the Danube is in contraven-
tion of the provisions of Article 1 of the 1948 Convention on free
navigation on the Danube. The provisions of the International Cov-
enant on Civil and Political Rights and of the International Cov-

enant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 have also
been breached. Furthermore, the obligation contained in the Con-
vention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
not to impose deliberately on a national group conditions of life cal-
culated to bring about the physical destruction of the group has been
breached. Furthermore, the activities in which the Kingdom of Bel-
gium is taking part are contrary to Article 53, paragraph l, of the
Charter of the United Nations";

4. Whereas the claims of Yugoslavia are formulated as follows in the
Application :

"The Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia requests
the International Court of Justice to adjudge and declare:
- by taking part in the bombing of the territory of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia, the Kingdom of Belgium has acted
against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obli-

gation not to use force against another State;

by taking part in the training, arming, financing, equipping and
supplying terrorist groups, i.e. the so-called 'Kosovo Liberation
Army', the Kingdom of Belgium has acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to inter-
vene in the affairs of another State;

- by taking part in attacks on civilian targets, the Kingdom of Bel-
gium has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in
breach of its obligation to spare the civilian population, civilians
and civilian objects ;

- by taking part in destroying or damaging monasteries, monu- LICÉITÉDE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD.2 VI 99)

monastères, d'édifices culturels,le Royaume de Belgique a agi
contrela Républiquefédérale de Yougoslaviee ,n violation de son
obligation de ne pas commettre d'actes d'hostilitédirigéscontre
des monuments historiques, des ceuvresd'art ou des lieux de culte
constituant le patrimoine culturel ou spirituel d'un peuple;
- qu'en prenant part à l'utilisation de bombes en grappe, le
Royaume de Belgique a agi contre la République fédéralede

Yougoslavie, en violation de son obligation de ne pas utiliser des
armes interdites, c'est-à-dire des armes de nature à causer des
maux superflus ;
- qu'en prenant part aux bombardements de raffineries de pétrole
et d'usines chimiques, le Royaume de Belgique a agi contre la
République fédérale de Yougoslavie, en violation de son obliga-
tion de ne pas causer de dommages substantiels à l'environne-
ment ;
- qu'en recourant à l'utilisation d'armes contenant de l'uranium

appauvri, le Royaume de Belgique a agi contre la République
fédérale de Yougoslavie, en violation de son obligation de ne pas
utiliser des armes interdites et de ne pas causer de dommages de
grande ampleur à la santéet à I'environnement;
- qu'en prenant part au meurtre de civils, à la destruction d'entre-
prises, de moyens de communication et de structures sanitaires et
culturelles, le Royaume de Belgique a agi contre la République
fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de son obligation de res-

pecter le droità la vie, ledroit au travail, le dràil'information,
le droit aux soins de santéainsi que d'autres droits fondamen-
taux de la personne humaine;
- qu'en prenant part à la destruction de ponts situéssur des cours
d'eau internationaux, le Royaume de Belgique a agi contre la
République fédérale de Yougoslavie, en violation de son obliga-
tion de respecter la libertéde navigation sur lescours d'eau inter-
nationaux ;
- qu'en prenant part aux activités énumérée csi-dessus et en parti-

culier en causant des dommages énormes àI'environnement et en
utilisant de l'uranium appauvri, le Royaume de Belgique a agi
contre la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de
son obligation de ne pas soumettre intentionnellement un groupe
national à des conditions d'existencedevant entraîner sa destruc-
tion physique totale ou partielle;
- que le Royaume de Belgique porte la responsabilitéde la viola-
tion des obligations internationales susmentionnées;
- que le Royaume de Belgique est tenu de mettre fin immédiate-

ment à la violation des obligations susmentionnées à l'égardde
la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie;
- que le Royaume de Belgique doit réparation pour les préjudices
causés à la République fédéralede Yougoslavie ainsi qu'à ses
citoyens et personnes morales));ments of culture, the Kingdom of Belgium has acted against the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to
commit any act of hostility directed against historical monu-
ments, works of art or places of worship which constitute cul-
tural or spiritual heritage of people;

by taking part in the use of cluster bombs, the Kingdom of Bel-
gium has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in
breach of its obligation not to use prohibited weapons, i.e. weap-
ons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering;

by taking part in the bombing of oil refineries and chemical
plants, the Kingdom of Belgium has acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to cause
considerable environmental damage;

by taking part in the use of weapons containing depleted ura-
nium, the Kingdom of Belgium has acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to use
prohibited weapons and not to cause far-reaching health and
environmental damage;
by taking part in killing civilians,destroying enterprises, commu-
nications, health and cultural institutions, theKingdom of Bel-
gium has acted against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in

breach of its obligation to respect the right to life,the right to
work, the right to information, the right to healthcare as well as
other basic human rights;

by taking part in destroying bridges on international rivers, the
Kingdom of Belgium has acted against the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation to respect freedom of
navigation on international rivers;

by taking part in activities listed above, and in particular by
causing enormous environmental damage and by using depleted
uranium, the Kingdom of Belgiumhas acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to delib-
erately infiict on a national group conditions of lifecalculated to
bring about its physical destruction, in whole or in part;

the Kingdom of Belgium is responsible for the violation of the

above international obligations;
the Kingdom of Belgium is obliged to stop immediately the vio-
lation of theabove obligations vis-à-vis the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia ;
the Kingdom of Belgium is obliged to provide compensation for
the damage done to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and to
its citizens and juridical persons";et considérant qu'au terme de sa requêtela Yougoslavie se réservele

droit de modifier et de complétercelle-ci;
5. Considérant que, le 29 avril 1999,immédiatementaprèsle dépôtde
sa requête, la Yougoslavie aen outre présentéune demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires invoquant l'article 73 du Règlement de la
Cour; et que la demande était accompagnéed'un volume d'annexes pho-
tographiques produites a titre de «preuves »;
6. Considérant que, al'appui de sa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, la Yougoslavie soutient notamment que, depuis le début
des bombardements contre son territoire, et du fait de ceux-ci, environ
mille civils,dont dix-neuf enfants, ont éttuéset plus de quatre mille cinq
cents grièvement blessés;que la vie de trois millions d'enfants est mena-

cée;que des centaines de milliers de personnes ont étéexposées àdes gaz
toxiques; qu'environ un million de personnes sont privéesd'approvision-
nement en eau; qu'environ cinq cent mille travailleurs ont perdu leur
emploi; que deux millions de personnes sont sans ressources et dans
l'impossibilitéde se procurer le minimum vital; et que les réseauxrou-
tier et ferroviaire ont subi d'importants dégâts; considérant que, dans
sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires, la Yougoslavie
énumère par ailleurs les cibles qui auraient étéviséespar les attaques
aériennes et décriten détailles dommages qui leur auraient étéinfligés
(ponts, gares et lignes de chemins de fer, réseauroutier et moyens de
transport, aéroports, commerceetindustrie, raffinerieset entrepôts de ma-
tièrespremières liquides et de produits chimiques, agriculture, hôpitaux

et centres médicaux,écoles, édifices publics ehtabitations, infrastructures,
télécommunications,monuments historiques et culturels et édifices reli-
gieux); et considérant que la Yougoslavie en conclut ce qui suit:
«Les actes décritsci-dessus ont causédes morts ainsi que des at-

teintesà l'intégritphysique et mentale de la population de la Répu-
blique fédérale de Yougoslavie, de trimsportants dégâts, uneforte pol-
lution de I'environnement, de sorte que la population yougoslave se
trouve soumiseintentionnellement à desconditions d'existencedevant
entraîner la destruction physique totale ou partielle de cegroupe));

7. Considérant que, au terme de sa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires, la Yougoslavie préciseque
«Si les mesures demandéesne sont pas adoptées, il y aura de nou-

velles pertes en vies humaines, de nouvelles atteintes a l'intégrité
physique et mentale de la population de la République fédéralede
Yougoslavie, d'autres destructions de cibles civiles, une forte pollu-
tion de I'environnement et la poursuite de la destruction physique de
la population de Yougoslavie )>;

et considérant que, tout en se réservantle droit de modifier et de com-
plétersa demande, elle prie la Cour d'indiquer la mesure suivante:
«Le Royaume de Belgique doit cesser immédiatementde recourir LEGALITY OF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 128

and whereas, at the end of its Application, Yugoslavia reserves the right
to amend and supplement it;
5. Whereas on 29 April 1999,immediately after filing its Application,
Yugoslavia also submitted a request for the indication of provisional

measures pursuant to Article 73 of the Rules of Court; and whereas that
request was accompanied by a volume of photographic annexes pro-
duced as "evidence" ;
6. Whereas, in support of its request for the indication of provisional
measures, Yugoslavia contends inter dia that, since the onset of the
bombing of its territory, and as a result thereof, about 1,000 civilians,
including 19 children, have been killed and more than 4,500 have sus-
tained serious injuries; that the lives of three million children are endan-
gered; that hundreds of thousands of citizens have been exposed to poi-
sonous gases; that about one million citizens are short of water supply;
that about 500,000 workers have become jobless; that two million citi-
zens have no means of livelihood and are unable to ensure minimum
means of sustenance; and that the road and railway network has suffered
extensive destruction; whereas, in its request for the indication of provi-

sional measures, Yugoslavia also lists the targets alleged to have corne
under attack in the air strikes and describes in detail the damage alleged
to have been inflicted upon them (bridges, railway lines and stations,
roads and means of transport, airports, industry and trade, refineriesand
warehouses storing liquid raw materials and chemicals, agriculture, hos-
pitals and health care centres, schools, public buildings and housing
facilities, infrastructure, telecommunications, cultural-historical monu-
ments and religious shrines); and whereas Yugoslavia concludes from
this that:

"The acts described above caused death, physical and mental
harm to the population of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; huge
devastation; heavy pollution of the environment, so that the Yugo-
slav population is deliberately imposed conditions of life calculated
to bring about physical destruction of the group, in whole or in
part" ;

7. Whereas, at the end of its request for the indication of provisional
measures, Yugoslavia states that

"If the proposed measure were not to be adopted, there will be
new losses of human life, further physical and mental harm inflicted
on the population of the FR of Yugoslavia, further destruction of
civilian targets, heavy environmental pollution and further physical
destruction of the people of Yugoslavia";

and whereas, while reserving the right to amend and supplement its
request, Yugoslavia requests the Court to indicate the following measure:
"The Kingdom of Belgium shall cease immediately its acts of use129 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

a l'emploi de la force et doit s'abstenir de tout acte constituant une
menace de recours ou un recours à l'emploi de la force contre la

Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie»;
8. Considérant que la demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires était accompagnée d'une lettre de l'agent de la Yougoslavie,

adresséeau président etaux membres de la Cour, qui étaitainsi libellée:
«J'ai l'honneur d'appeler l'attention de la Cour sur le dernier
bombardement qui a frappé le centre de la ville de Surdulica le
27 avril 1999à midi et entraîné la mort de civils, pour la plupart des

enfants et des femmes, et de vous rappeler les morts de Kursumlija,
Aleksinac et Cuprija, ainsi que le bombardement d'un convoi de
réfugiéset de l'immeuble abritant la radio et la télévision serbes,
pour neciter que quelques exemplesdes atrocités quechacunconnaît.
Je tiens en conséquence a prévenir la Cour qu'il est fort probable
qu'il y aura encore d'autres victimes civiles et militaires.
Considérant le pouvoir conféré a la Cour aux termes du para-
graphe 1de l'article75de son Règlement, et comptetenu de l'extrême
urgence de la situation née descirconstances décritesdans les de-
mandes en indication de mesures conservatoires, je prie la Cour de
bien vouloir se prononcer d'officesur les demandes présentées oude
fixerune date pour la tenue d'une audience dans lesmeilleursdélais));

9. Considérant que le 29 avril 1999, date à laquelle la requête et la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires ont été déposéeasu
Greffe, le greffier a fait tenir au Gouvernement belge des copies signées

de la requêteet de la demande, conformément au paragraphe 4 de l'ar-
ticle38 et au paragraphe 2 de l'article 73 du Règlement de la Cour; et
qu'il a également fait teniraudit gouvernement une copie des documents
qui accompagnaient la requête etla demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires;
10. Considérant que le 29 avril 1999,le greffiera aviséles Parties que
la Cour avait décidé,conformément au paragraphe 3 de l'article 74 de
son RègL2ment. de tenir audience les 10 et 11 mai 1999 aux fins de les
entendre en leurs observations sur la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires :
11. Considérantqu'en attendant que la communication prévueau para-
graphe 3de l'article40 du Statut et à l'article42 du Règlementde la Cour

ait été effectuépear transmission du texte bilingue impriméde la requête
aux Membres des Nations Unies et aux autres Etats admis à ester devant
la Cour, le greffier a, le 29 avril 1999, informéces Etats du dépôt de la
requêteet de son objet, ainsi que du dépôt de la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires ;
12. Considérant que, la Cour ne comptant pas sur le siègede juge de
nationalitéyougoslave, le Gouvernement yougoslave a invoquélesdispo-
sitions de I'articledu Statut de la Cour et a désignéM. Milenko KreEa
pour siégeren qualité dejuge ad hoc en l'affaire; et qu'aucune objection of force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of force
against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

8. Whereas the request for the indication of provisional measures was
accompanied by a letter from the Agent of Yugoslavia, addressed to the
President and Members of the Court, which read as follows:

"1 have the honour to bring to the attention of the Court the latest
bombing of the central area of the town of Surdulica on 27 April
1999 at noon resulting in losses of lives of civilians, most of whom
were children and women, and to remind of killings of peoples in
Kursumlija, Aleksinac and Cuprija, as well as bombing of a refugee
convoy and the Radio and Television of Serbia, just to mention

some of the well-known atrocities. Therefore, 1would like to caution
the Court that there is a highest probability of further civilian and
military casualties.
Considering the power conferred upon the Court by Article 75,
paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court and having in mind the greatest
urgency caused by the circumstances described in the Requests for
provisional measure of protection 1kindly ask the Court to decide
on the submitted Requests proprio motu or to fixa date for a hearing
at earliest possible time";

9. Whereas on 29 April 1999,the day on which the Application and the
request for the indication of provisional measures werefiled in the Regis-
try, the Registrar sent to the Belgian Government signed copies of the
Application and of the request, in accordance with Article 38,paragraph 4,
and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; and whereas he also
sent to that Government copies of the documents accompanying the
Application and the request for the indication of provisional measures;

10. Whereas on 29 April 1999the Registrar informed the Parties that

the Court had decided, pursuant to Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules
of Court, to hold hearings on 10and 11May 1999,where they would be
able to present their observations on the request for the indication of pro-
visional measures ;
11. Whereas, pending the notification under Article 40, paragraph 3,
of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by transmittal of the
printed bilingual text of the Application to the Members of the United
Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court, the Regis-
trar on 29 April 1999informed those States of the filing of the Applica-
tion and of its subject-matter, and of the filing of the request for the
indication of provisional measures;
12. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the bench no judge of
Yugoslav nationality, the Yugoslav Government has availed itself of the
provisions of Article 31 of the Statute of the Court to choose Mr.

Milenko Kreca to sit as judge ad hoc in the case; and whereas no objec-130 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOIDE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

à cette désignation n'a étésoulevéedans le délaifixéa cet effet en vertu
du paragraphe 3 de l'article 35 du Règlement de la Cour; considérant

que, la Cour ne comptant pas sur le siègede juge de nationalité belge, le
Gouvernement belge a invoquéles dispositions de l'article 31 du Statut
de la Cour et a désignéM. Patrick Duinslaeger pour siéger enqualité de
juge ad hoc en l'affaire; que,dans le délaifixéàcet effet en vertu du para-
graphe 3de l'article 35du Règlement,la Yougoslavie, seréférantau para-
graphe 5 de l'article 31 du Statut, a fait objectioncette désignation: et
que la Cour, après délibération,est parvenue àla conclusion que la dési-
gnation d'un juge ad hoc par la Belgique se justifiait dans la présente
phase de l'affaire;
13. Considérant que, aux audiences publiques qui ont été tenuesentre
le 10et le 12mai 1999,des observations orales sur la demande en indica-
tion de mesures conservatoires ont étéprésentées:

au nom de ia Yougoslavie.

par M. Rodoljub Etinski, ugent,
M. Ian Brownlie,
M. Paul J. 1.M. de Waart,
M. Eric Suy,
M. Miodrag Mitic,
M. Olivier Corten;

au nom de lu Belgique:

par MmeRaymonde Foucart, ugent,
M. Rusen Ergec;
14. Considérant que, par lettre du 12mai 1999,l'agent de la Yougo-
slavie a soumis à la Cour un ((complément à la requête))de son Gouver-
nement, qui était ainsi libellé:

((Faisant usage du droit que la République fédérale deYougo-
slavie s'est réservédans la requêtedéposéele 29 avril 1999devant la
Cour internationale de Justice contre le Royaume de Belgique pour
violation de l'obligation de ne pas recourir l'emploi de la force,je
complète la partie de la requêteayant trait aux fondements de la

compétence dela Cour, qui doit maintenant se lire comme suit:
«Le Gouvernement de la République fédéralede Yougoslavie
invoque le paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice ainsi que l'article de la convention pour la
préventionet la répressiondu crime de génocide et l'article4 de la
convention de conciliation, de règlement judiciaire et d'arbitrage
entre le Royaume de Yougoslavie et la Belgique,signée à Belgrade
le 25 mars 1930et en vigueur depuis le 3 septembre 1930))>);

considérant que, à l'ouverture de l'audience du 12mai 1999(après-midi),
le vice-présidentde la Cour, faisant fonction de président, a indiquéce
qui suit: LEGALITYOF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 130

tion to that choice was raised within the time-limit fixed for the purpose
pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court; whereas,

since the Court includes upon the bench no judge of Belgian nationality.
the Belgian Government has availed itself of the provisions of Article 3 1
of the Statute of the Court to choose Mr. Patrick Duinslaeger to sit as
judge ad hoc in the case; whereas, within the time-limit fixed for the pur-
pose pursuant to Article 35, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, Yugo-
slavia, referring to Article 31, paragraph 5, of the Statute, objected to
that choice; and whereas the Court, after due deljberation, found that the
nomination of a judge ad hoc by Belgium was justified in the present
phase of the case;
13. Whereas, at the public hearings held between 10and 12May 1999,
oral observations on the request for the indication of provisional meas-
ures were presented by the Parties:

On hehalf of Yugoslavia:

Mr. Rodoljub Etinski, Agent,
Mr. lan Brownlie,
Mr. Paul J. 1. M. de Waart,
Mr. Eric Suy,
Mr. Miodrag Mitii.,
Mr. Olivier Corten;

On hrhalf of'Belgium :

Mrs. Raymonde Foucart, Agent,
Mr. Rusen Ergec;
14. Whereas, by letter of 12 May 1999,the Agent of Yugoslavia sub-
mitted to the Court a "Supplement to the Application" of his Govern-

ment, which read as follows:
"Using the right reserved by the Application of the Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia against the Kingdom of Belgium for violation of
the obligation not to use force, filed to the International Court of
Justice on 29 April 1999, 1 supplement its part related to the grounds
of jurisdiction of the Court, which should now read as follows:

'TheGovernment of the Federal Republic of Yugoslaviainvokes
Article36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the International Court
of Justice aswell as Article IX of the Convention on the Preven-
tion and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and Article 4 of
the Convention of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitra-
tion between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Belgium, signed at
Belgradeon 25 March 1930and in force since3September 1930' ";

whereas, at the start of the afternoon session of the hearing of 12 May
1999,the Vice-President of the Court, acting President. made the follow-
ing statement :131 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

«Eu égard aux nouvelles bases de compétence invoquées
aujourd'hui par la Yougoslavie ... la Cour informe les Parties qu'elle
prendra en considération toutes observations que la Belgique ..vou-
dr[ait] faire concernant la recevabilitédes moyens supplémentaires
invoqués ));

et considérantque, à l'audience du 12mai 1999(après-midi),la Belgiquea
formulé diverses observationsquant à la recevabilitédu ((complémenà t la
requête))yougoslave, ainsi qu'à la nouvelle basedejuridiction y invoquée;
15. Considérant que, dans cette phase de la procédure,les Parties ont
présentéles conclusions suivantes:

au nom de la Yougoslavie:
«[L]a Cour [est priée] d'indiquer la mesure conservatoire sui-
vante :

[L]e Royaume de Belgique ... doi[t] cesser immédiatement de
recourir à l'emploi de la force et doi[t] s'abstenir de tout acte cons-
tituant une menace de recours ou un recours à l'emploi de la force
contre la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie));
au nom de la Belgique:

«En raison de tous les motifs qui viennent d'être développé ..,le
Royaume de Belgique prie [la] Cour, sans aucune reconnaissance
préjudiciablequant au fond de l'affaire,

De déclarerla demande de mesures conservatoires formulée par la
République fédéralede Yougoslavie non recevable en raison de
l'absence de toute apparence de compétence de [la] Cour pour con-
naître de l'affaire,
et, en tout cas,
Dire qu'il n'y a lieu d'indiquer des mesures conservatoires

en raison, d'une part,
De l'absence de toute apparence d'éléments qui, selon la jurispru-
dence de la Cour et des principes générauxdu droit international,
sont de nature ijustifier des mesures conservatoires

et, d'autre part,
Des effets graves que de telles mesures auraient sur le dénouement
de la crise humanitaire causéepar la République fédéralede You-
goslavie au Kosovo et dans les pays voisins»;

16. Considérant que la Cour est profondément préoccupéepar le
drame humain, lespertes en vieshumaines et lesterribles souffrances que
connaît le Kosovo et qui constituent la toile de fond du présentdifférend,
ainsi que par les victimes et les souffrances humaines que l'on déplore de
façon continue dans l'ensemble de la Yougoslavie; "In the light of the new bases of jurisdiction invoked today by
Yugoslavia . . .the Court wishes to inform the Parties that it will
give its consideration to any observations of Belgium . ..in regard
to the admissibility of the additional grounds invoked";

and whereas at the said afternoon session of 12 May 1999 Belgiummade
various observations on the admissibility of the Yugoslav "Supplement
to the Application", and on the new basis ofjurisdiction invoked therein;
15. Whereas, in this phase of the proceedings, the Parties presented the
following submissions :

On hehalf of' Yugoslavia:
"[Tlhe Court [is asked] to indicate the following provisional
measure :
[Tlhe Kingdom of Belgium .. .shall cease immediately the acts of

use of force and shall refrain from any act of threat or use of force
against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia";

011 hehdf' of Belgiurn :

"For al1the reasons put forward . .., the Kingdom of Belgium
requests the Court, without prejudice to the merits of the case,

To declare the request for provisional measures submitted by the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia inadmissible on the ground that the
Court has no prima faciejurisdiction to hear the case,

and, in any event,
To find that it should not indicate provisional measures
on the ground, first,

Of the absence of any prima facie evidence which, according to
thejurisprudence of the Court and to the general principles of inter-
national law, could justify provisional measures
and, second,
Of the serious effects which such measures would have on the out-
come of the humanitarian crisis caused by the Federal Republic of

Yugoslavia in Kosovo and in neighbouring countries" ;

16. Whereas the Court is deeply concerned with the human tragedy,
the loss of life, and the enormous suffering in Kosovo which form the

background of the present dispute, and with the continuing loss of life
and human suffering in al1parts of Yugoslavia;132 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD. 2 VI 99)

17. Considérant que la Cour est fortement préoccupéepar l'emploide
la force en Yougoslavie; que, dans les circonstances actuelles, cet emploi
soulève des problèmes très graves de droit international;

18. Considérant que la Cour garde présents à l'esprit les buts et les
principes de la Charte des Nations Unies, ainsi que lesresponsabilités qui
lui incombent, en vertu de ladite Charte et du Statut de la Cour, dans le
maintien de la paix et de la sécurité;
19. Considérant que la Cour estime nécessairede souligner que toutes
les parties qui se présententdevant elledoivent agir conformément à leurs
obligations en vertu de la Charte des Nations Unies et des autres règles
du droit international,y compris du droit humanitaire;

20. Considérant qu'en vertu de son Statut la Cour n'a pas automati-
quement compétence pour connaître des différends juridiques entre les
Etats parties audit Statut ou entre les autres Etats qui ont étéadmis à
ester devant elle; que la Cour a déclaréà maintes reprises «que l'un des
principes fondamentaux de son Statut est qu'elle ne peuttrancher un dif-

férendentre des Etats sans que ceux-ci aient consenti à sa juridiction))
(Timor oriental (Portugal c. Australit), urretC.I.J. Recueil1995, p. 101,
par. 26); et que la Cour ne peut donc exercer sa compétence à l'égard
d'Etats partiesà un différendque si ces derniers ont non seulement accès
à la Cour, mais ont en outre accepté sacompétence, soit d'une manière
générale, soitpour le différend particulierdont il s'agit;
21. Considérant que, en présence d'une demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires, point n'est besoinpour la Cour, avant de décider
d'indiquer ou non de telles mesures, de s'assurer de manière définitive
qu'ellea compétencequant au fond de l'affaire, mais qu'elle ne peut indi-
quer ces mesures que si les dispositions invoquéespar le demandeur sem-
blent prima facie constituer une base sur laquelle la compétencede la

Cour pourrait êtrefondée;

22. Considérant que la Yougoslavie, dans sa requête, prétenden pre-
mier lieu fonder la compétence de la Cour sur le paragraphe 2 de I'ar-
ticle 36 du Statut; que chacune des deux Parties a fait une déclaration
reconnaissant la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour en vertu de cette dis-
position; que la déclaration de la Yougoslavie a été déposéaeuprès du
Secrétairegénéralde l'organisation des Nations Unies le 26 avril 1999,
et cellede la Belgique le 17juin 1958(avec l'instrument de ratification);
23. Considérantque la déclaration dela Yougoslavie est ainsi conçue:

[Traduction du Gre/jk]
«Je déclarepar la présenteque le Gouvernement de la République
fédéralede Yougoslavie, conformément au paragraphe 2 de l'ar-
ticle 36 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, reconnaît LEGALlTY OF USE OF FORCE (ORDER 2 VI 99) 132

17. Whereas the Court is profoundly concerned with the use of force
in Yugoslavia; whereas under the present circumstances such use raises

very serious issues of international law;
18. Whereas the Court is mindful of the purposes and principles of the
United Nations Charter and of its own responsibilities in the mainte-
nance of peace and security under the Charter and the Statute of the
Court;
19. Whereas the Court deems it necessary to emphasize that al1parties
appearing before it must act in conformity with their obligations under
the United Nations Charter and other rules of international law, includ-
ing humanitarian law ;

20. Whereas the Court, under its Statute, does not automatically have
jurisdiction over legal disputes between States parties to that Statute or
between other States to whom access to the Court has been granted;
whereas the Court has repeatedly stated "that one of the fundamental

principles of itsStatute is that it cannot decide a dispute between States
without the consent of those States to itsjurisdiction" (East Timor (Por-
tugal v. Austmlia), Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1995. p. 101,para. 26); and
whereas the Court can therefore exercisejurisdiction only between States
parties to a dispute who not only have access to the Court but also have
accepted the jurisdiction of the Court, either in general form or for the
individual dispute concerned ;
21. Whereas on a request for provisional measures the Court need not,
before deciding whether or not to indicate them, finally satisfy itself that
it has jurisdiction on the merits of the case, yet it ought not to indicate
such measures unless the provisions invoked by the applicant appear,
prima facie, to afford a basis on which thejurisdiction of the Court might

be established;

22. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the first place, to
found the jurisdiction of the Court upon Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute; whereas each of the two Parties has made a declaration recog-
nizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court pursuant to that provi-
sion; whereas Yugoslavia's declaration was deposited with the Secretary-
General of the United Nations on 26 April 1999,and that of Belgium on
17June 1958(together with the instrument of ratification);
23. Whereas Yugoslavia's declaration is formulated as follows:

"1 hereby declare that the Government of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia recognizes, in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, as compulsory133 LICÉITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD.2 VI 99)

comme obligatoire de plein droit et sans convention spécialàl'égard
de tout autre Etat acceptant la mêmeobligation, c'est-à-dire sous

condition de réciprocité,lajuridiction de la Cour pour tous lesdiffé-
rends, surgissant ou pouvant surgir après la signature de la présente
déclaration, qui ont trait des situations ouà des faits postérieurà
ladite signatureàl'exception desaffairespour lesquelleslesparties ont
convenu ou conviendront d'avoir recours àune autre procédureou à
une autre méthode de règlement pacifique. La présentedéclaration
ne s'applique pas aux différends relatifsdes questions qui, en vertu
du droit international, relèvent exclusivementde la compétencedela
République fédéralede Yougoslavie, ni aux différendsterritoriaux.
L'obligation susmentionnée n'est acceptéeque pour une période
qui durera jusqu'à notification de I'intention d'ymettrefin));

et que la déclaration de la Belgique se lit comme suit:
«Au nom du Gouvernement belge, je déclarereconnaître comme
obligatoire de plein droit et sans convention spécialevis-à-visdetout
autre Etat acceptant la mêmeobligation, la juridiction de la Cour

internationale de Justice, conformément à l'article 36, paragraphe 2,
du Statut de la Cour, sur tous les différendsd'ordre juridique nés
aprèsle 13juillet 1948au sujet de situations ou de faits postérieurs
cette date, sauf le cas où les parties auraient convenu ou convien-
draient d'avoir recoursa un autre mode de règlement pacifique.
La présentedéclaration est faite sous réservede ratification. Elle
entrera en vigueur le jour du dépôt de l'instrument de ratification,
pour une périodede cinq ans. A l'expiration de cette période,elle
restera en vigueur jusqu'à notification de son abrogation));

24. Considérant que, aux termes de sa déclaration, la Yougoslavie
limiteratione temporis son acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour aux ((différends,surgissant ou pouvant surgir après la signature de
la présentedéclaration, qui ont traità des situations ou à des faits pos-
térieursà ladite signature));que la Belgiquen'a tiréaucun moyen de cette
clause; mais qu'il n'enincombe pas moins à la Cour d'examiner les effets
que celle-ci pourrait avoirrima fucir sur sa compétenceen l'espèce;
25. Considérant que, selon la Yougoslavie, «le problème poséici à la
Cour est d'interpréterune déclarationunilatéraled'acceptation de sajuri-
diction, et donc de dégagerle sens de cette déclaration sur la base de
l'intention de son auteur)); considérant que la Yougoslavie soutient que

le texte de sa déclaration «permet de prendre en compte tous les diffé-
rends qui ont effectivement surgi postérieurementau 25 avril1999));que,
se référant A des bombardements effectuéspar les Etats membres de
l'OTAN les 28 avril, 1" mai, 7 mai et 8 mai 1999, la Yougoslavie fait
valoir que,(([dlans chacun de cescas, qui ne sont que des exemples parmi
d'autres)),ellea ((dénoncéles violations flagrantes du droit international
dont elle estime avoir étéla victime)) et les(Etats membres de l'OTAN
ont niéavoir violéune quelconque obligation de droit international));
que la Yougoslavie affirme que ((chacun de ces événements a doncdonné ipsofacto and without special agreement, in relation to any other
State accepting the same obligation, that is on condition of recipro-
city, thejurisdiction of the said Court in al1disputes arising or which
may arise after the signature of the present Declaration, with regard
to the situations or facts subsequent to this signature, except in cases
where the parties have agreed or shall agree to have recourse to

another procedure or to another method of pacific settlement. The
present Declaration does not apply to disputes relating to questions
which, under international law, fa11exclusively within the jurisdic-
tion of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, as well as to territorial
disputes.
The aforesaid obligation is accepted until such time as notice may
be given to terminate the acceptance";
and whereas the declaration of Belgium reads as follows:

"1declare on behalf of the Belgian Government that 1recognize as
compulsory ipsofaclo and without special agreement, in relation to
any other State accepting the same obligation, thejurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice, in conformity with Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute of the Court, in legal disputes arising after
13July 1948concerning situations or facts subsequent to that date,
except those in regard to which the parties have agreed or may agree
to have recourse to another method of pacific settlement.
This declaration is made subject to ratification. It shall take effect
on the day of deposit of the instrument of ratification for a period of
five years. Upon the expiry of that period, it shall continue to have
effect until notice ofits termination is given";

24. Whereas, under the terms of its declaration, Yugoslavia limits
rrrtionetemporis its acceptance of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction to
"disputes arising or which may arise after the signature of the present
Declaration, with regard to the situations or facts subsequent to this sig-
nature"; whereas Belgium has based no argument on this provision; but
whereas the Court must nonetheless consider what effects it might have
prima facie upon its jurisdiction in this case;
25. Whereas, according to Yugoslavia, "[tlhe issue before the Court is
that of interpreting a unilateral declaration of acceptance of its jurisdic-
tion, and thus of ascertaining the meaning of the declaration on the basis
of the intention of itsauthor"; whereas Yugoslavia contends that the text
of its declaration "allows al1 disputes effectively arising after 25 April
1999 to be taken into account"; whereas, referring to bombing attacks

carried out by NATO member States on 28 April, 1 May, 7 May and
8 May 1999,Yugoslavia states that, "[iln each of these cases, which are
only examples, [it]denounced the flagrant violations of international law
of which it considered itself to have been the victim", and the "NATO
member States denied having violated any obligation under international
law"; whereas Yugoslavia asserts that "each of these events therefore
gave rise to 'adisagreement on a point of law or fact', a disagreement. . . 134 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD.2 VI 99)

lieu à un ((désaccordsur un point de droit ou de fait)), désaccorddont ...

les termes dépendent à chaque fois des spécificitédse l'attaque)) concer-
née;qu'elle endéduit que,ces événementsconstituant des ((délitsinstan-
tanés», il existe ((quantitéde différendsdistincts qui ont surgi))entre les
Parties((aprèsle 25 avril concernant des événementspostérieurs à cette
date»; et qu'elleen conclut qu'<<inl'existeaucune raison d'écarter,priwza
facie, la compétence dela Cour pour traiter des différends effectivement
survenus après le 25 avril, conformément au texte ...de la déclaration));
et considérant que la Yougoslavie ajoute qu'exclure ces différendsde la
juridiction de la Cour «serait en totale contradiction avec l'intention
manifeste et claire de la Yougoslavie))de confier à la Cour le règlement
desdits différends;
26. Considérant que la Yougoslavie n'a acceptéla juridiction de la

Cour ratione ternporisque pour ce qui est d'une part des différendssur-
gissant ou pouvant surgir après la signature de sa déclarationet d'autre
part de ceux qui concerneraient des situations ou des faits postérieursà
ladite signature (cf. Droit de passage .rur terrifoire indien, fond, arrêt,
C.1.J. Recueil 1960, p. 34); qu'aux fins d'apprécierla compétencede la
Cour en l'espèce,il suffit de déterminer si, conformément au texte de la
déclaration,le différendporté devantla Cour a «surgi» avant ou aprèsle
25 avril 1999,date à laquelle ladite déclaration a été signée;
27. Considérantque la requêtede la Yougoslavie est intitulée((Requête
de la République fédéralede Yougoslavie contre le Royaume de Bel-
gique pour violation de l'obligation de ne pas recourir à l'emploi de la
force»; que, dans la requête,I'«objet du différend» (les italiques sont de
la Cour) est décrit en termes généraux(voir paragraphe 1 ci-dessus);

mais qu'il ressort tant de l'exposé des«faits sur lesquels les demandes
sont fondées))que de la formulation de ces ((demandes)) elles-mêmes
(voir paragraphes 3 et 4 ci-dessus) que la requête est dirigéed,ans son
essence, contre les ((bombardements du territoire de la Républiquefédé-
rale de Yougoslavie», auxquels il est demandé A la Cour de mettre un
terme ;
28. Considérant qu'il est constant que les bombardements en cause
ont commencéle 24 mars 1999et se sont poursuivis, de façon continue,
au-delà du 25 avril 1999;et qu'il ne fait pas de doute pour la Cour,au vu
notamment des débats du Conseil de sécurité des24 et 26 mars 1999
(SIPV.3988et 3989),qu'un ((différendd'ordre juridique)) (Timor oriental
(Portugal c. Australie), C.1.J. Recueil 1995, p. 100, par. 22) a «surgi»

entre la Yougoslavie et 1'Etat défendeur, comme avec les autres Etats
membres de l'OTAN, bien avant le 25 avril 1999,au sujet de la licéitéde
ces bombardements comme tels, pris dans leur ensemble;
29. Considérant que la circonstance que ces bombardements se soient
poursuivis aprèsle 25 avril 1999et que le différendlesconcernant ait per-
sistédepuis lors n'est pas de nature àmodifier la date à laquelle le diffé-
rend avait surgi;que des différendsdistincts n'ont pu naître par la suità
l'occasion de chaque attaque aérienne; et qu'a ce stade de 1.procédure,
la Yougoslavie n'établit pasque des différendsnouveaux, distincts dudif-the terms of which depend in each case on the specific features of the
attack" in question; whereas Yugoslavia accordingly concludes that,
since these events constitute "instantaneous wrongful acts", there exist "a
number of separate disputes which have arisen" between the Parties
"since 25 April relating to events subsequent to that date"; and whereas
Yugoslavia argues from this that "[tlhere is no reason to exclude prima
facie the Court's jurisdiction over disputes having effectively arisen after
25 April, as provided in the text of the declaration"; and whereas Yugo-
slavia adds that to exclude such disputes from the jurisdiction of the
Court "would run entirely counter to the manifest and clear intention of
Yugoslavia" to entrust the Court with the resolution of those disputes;

26. Whereas Yugoslavia has accepted the Court's jurisdiction ratione

temporis in respect only, on the one hand, of disputes arising or which
may arise after the signature of its declaration and,on the other hand, of
those concerning situations or facts subsequent to that signature (cf.
Right of Passage over Indiun Territory, Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1960, p. 34); whereas, in order to assess whether the Court has jurisdic-
tion in the case, it is sufficient to decide whether, in terms of the text of
the declaration, the dispute brought before the Court "arose" before or
after 25 April 1999,the date on which the declaration was signed;
27. Whereas Yugoslavia's Application is entitled "Application of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against the Kingdom of Belgium for
Violation of the Obligation Not to Use Force"; whereas in the Applica-
tion the "subject of the dispute" (emphasis added) is described in general
terms (see paragraph 1above); but whereas it can be seen both from the
statement of "facts upon which the claim is based" and from the manner
in which the "claims" themselves are formulated (see paragraphs 3 and 4
above) that the Application is directed, in essence, against the "bombing

of the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia", to which the
Court is asked to put an end;

28. Whereas it is an established fact that the bombings in question
began on 24 March 1999and have been conducted continuously over a
period extending beyond 25 April 1999; and whereas the Court has no
doubt, in the light, interalia, of the discussions at the Security Council
meetings of 24 and 26 March 1999 (SIPV.3988 and 3989), that a "legal
dispute" (East Timor (Portugal v. Ausrrulia), 1C.J. Reports 1995, p. 100,
para. 22) "arose" between Yugoslavia and the Respondent, as it did also
with the other NATO member States, well before 25 April 1999concern-
ing the legality ofthose bombings as such, taken as a whole;
29. Whereas the fact that the bombings have continued after 25 April
1999and that the dispute concerning them has persisted sincethat date is
not such as to alter the date on which the dispute arose; whereas each
individual air attack could not have given rise to a separate subsequent
dispute; and whereas, at this stage of the proceedings. Yugoslavia has

not established that new disputes, distinct from the initial one, haveférend initial,aient surgi entre les Parties après le 25 avril 1999au sujet de
situations ou de faits postérieurs imputablesà la Belgique;
30. Considérant que, comme la Cour l'a rappelé dans son arrêt du
4 décembre 1998en I'affaire de la Compétenceen matière de pêcheries
(Espagne c. Canada),

«Il appartient à chaque Etat, lorsqu'il formule sa déclaration, de
décider des limites qu'il assigneson acceptation de lajuridiction de
la Cour: (<lajuridiction n'existe que dans les termes ou elle a été
acceptée)) (Phosphates du Maroc, arrêt,1938, C.P.J.I. sérieAIB
no 74, p. 23))) (C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 453, par. 44);

et que, comme la Cour permanente l'a relevédans son arrêt du 14juin
1938dans l'affaire des Phosphates du Maroc (exceptions préliminaires),
«il est reconnu que, par l'effet de la condition de réciprocité inscriteau
paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour)), toute limitation
ratione temporis apportéepar l'unedes parties à sa déclarationd'accepta-
tion de lajuridiction de la Cour« fait droit entre les parties)) (Phosphates
du Maroc, arrêt, 1938,C.P.J. I. sérieAIB no 74, p. 22); qu'en outre,
comme la présente Cour l'a noté dans son arrêt du Il juin 1998 en
l'affaire de laFrontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le
Nigéria(Cameroun c. Nigéria), «[d]és1952, ellea jugédans l'affaire de
1'Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. que, lorsque des déclarations sont faites sous

condition de réciprocité,((compétenceest conférée à la Cour seulement
dans la mesure où elles coïncident pour la lui conférer)) (C.I.J. Recueil
1952, p. 103)))(C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 298, par. 43); et considérantqu'il
découle de ce qui précèdeque les déclarations faites par les Parties
conformément au paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut ne constituent
pas une base sur laquelle la compétencede la Cour pourrait prima facie
être fondée dans le cas d'espèce;

31. Considérantquela Belgiquesoutient quela compétencede la Cour
en l'espècene saurait en tout étatde cause êtrefondée, même primafacie,
sur le paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut car, aux termes de cette dis-
position, seuls«les Etats ...parties au...Statut)) peuvent souscrireà la

clause facultative de juridiction obligatoire quiest contenue; et que, se
référant à la résolution4711,en date du 22 septembre 1992de 1'Assem-
bléegénérale desNations Unies, elle fait valoir que «la Républiquefédé-
rale de Yougoslavie n'est pas le continuateur de l'ex-République socia-
liste fédérativede Yougoslavie», pour ce qui est de la qualité de Membre
de l'organisation des Nations Unies)), et que, à défaut d'avoir dûment
accédé à l'Organisation, la Yougoslavie n'est par suite pas partie au Sta-
tut de la Cour;
32. Considérantque la Yougoslavie, se référant à la position du Secré-
tariat, telle qu'expriméedans une lettre en date du 29 septembre 1992duarisen between the Parties since 25 April 1999 in respect of subsequent
situations or facts attributable to Belgium;
30. Whereas, as the Court recalled in its Judgment of 4 December
1998in the case concerning Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada),

"It is for each State, in formulating its declaration, to decide upon
the limits it places upon its acceptance of the jurisdiction of the
Court: '[tlhisjurisdiction only exists within the limits within which
it has been accepted' (Phosphates in Morocco, Judgment, 1938,
P.C.1.J., Series AIB, No. 74, p. 23)" (1C.J. Reports 1998, p. 453,
para. 44) ;

and whereas, as the Permanent Court held in its Judgment of 14 June
1938 in the Phosphutes in Morocco case (Preliminary Objections), "it is
recognized that, as a consequence of the condition of reciprocity stipu-
lated in paragraph 2 of Article 36 of the Statute of the Court", any limi-
tation rationr temporis attached by one of the Parties to its declaration of
acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction "holds good as between the Parties"
(Phosphates in Morocco, Judgment, 1938, P.C.I.J., Series AIB. No. 74.
p. 10); whereas, moreover, as the present Court noted in its Judgment of
11 June 1988 in the case concerning the Land und Maritime Boundary
hetbveen Cameroon and Nigeria (Cumeroon v. Nigeria), "[als early as
1952,it held in the case concerning Anglo-lranian Oil Co. that, when dec-
larations are made on condition of reciprocity, 'jurisdiction is conferred
on the Court only to the extent to which the two Declarations coincide in
conferring il' (1.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 103)" (1C.J. Reports 1998, p. 298,
para.43); and whereas it follows from the foregoing that the declarations
made by the Parties under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute do not

constitute a basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court could prima facie
be founded in this case;

31. Whereas Belgiumcontends that the Court's jurisdiction in this case
cannot in any event be based, even prima facie, on Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute, for, under this provision, only "States ... parties
to the . .. Statute" may subscribe to the optional clause for compulsory
jurisdiction contained therein; and whereas, referring to United Nations
General Assembly resolution 4711of 22 September 1992,it contends that
"the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is not the continuator State of the
former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" as regards membership
of the United Nations, and that, not having duly acceded to the Organi-
zation, Yugoslavia is in consequence not a party to the Statute of the
Court:

32. Whereas Yugoslavia, referring to the position of the Secretariat, as
expressed in a letter dated 29 September 1992from the Legal Counsel of136 LICEITEDE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD.2 VI 99)

Conseiller juridique de l'Organisation (doc. A1471485),ainsi qu'à la pra-
tique ultérieure de celle-ci, soutient pour sa part que la résolution4711
de l'Assemblée générale n'a ((pas [mis]fin a l'appartenance de la Yougo-
slavieà l'organisation et ne [l'a pas suspendue] non plus)), ladite réso-
lution n'ôtant pas à la Yougoslavie «le droit de participer aux travaux
d'organes autres que ceux qui relèventde l'Assembléegénérale));
33. Considérant que, eu égard à la conclusion à laquelle elle est
parvenue au paragraphe 30 ci-dessus, la Cour n'a pas a examiner cette
question à l'effet de décider si elle peut ou non indiquer des mesures
conservatoires dans le cas d'espèce;

34. Considérantque la Yougoslavie, dans sarequête, prétend en second
lieu fonder la compétencede la Cour sur l'articleIX de la convention sur
le génocide,aux termes duquel:
«Les différendsentre les Parties contractantes relatifa l'interpré-
tation, l'application ou l'exécutionde la présenteconvention, y com-
pris ceux relatifsla responsabilité d'unEtat en matièrede génocide
ou de l'un quelconque des autres actesénumérés 2l'article III, seront
soumis à la Cour internationale de Justice, a la requêted'une partie

au différend» ;
et considérantque, dans sa requête, laYougoslavie indique que l'objetdu
différendporte notammentsur «les actes commis par le Royaume de Bel-
gique, en violation de son obligation internationale ...de ne pas sou-
mettre intentionnellement un groupe national des conditions d'exis-
tence devant entraîner sa destruction physique)); qu'en décrivantles faits
sur lesquels la requêteest fondée,la Yougoslavie précise:«Les actes sus-

mentionnés ont pour effet de soumettre intentionnellement un groupe
ethnique à des conditionsdevant entraîner sa destruction physique totale
ou partielle)); qu'en exposant lesfondements juridiques de la requête,elle
soutient que «l'obligation ...de ne pas soumettre intentionnellement un
groupe national a des conditions d'existencedevant entrainer sa destruc-
tion physique a étéviolée));et que l'une des demandes au fond contenues
dans la requêteest ainsi formulée:
«qu'en prenant part aux activitésénuméréec si-dessus et en parti-

culier en causant des dommages énormes a l'environnement et en
utilisant de l'uranium appauvri, le Royaume de Belgiquea agi contre
la République fédéralede Yougoslavie, en violation de son obliga-
tion de ne pas soumettre intentionnellement un groupe national à
des conditions d'existence devant entraîner sa destruction physique
totale ou partielle))
35. Considérant que la Yougoslavie soutient en outre que le bombar-
dement constant et intensif de l'ensemble de son territoire, y compris les
zones lesplus peuplées,constitue «une violation grave de l'article II de lathe Organization (doc. Al47/485), and to the latter's subsequent practice,
contends for its part that General Assembly resolution 4711"[neither] ter-
minate[d] nor suspend[ed] Yugoslavia's membership in the Organiza-
tion", and that the said resolution did not take away from Yugoslavia
"[its] right to participate in the work of organs other than Assembly
bodies";
33. Whereas, in view of its finding in paragraph 30 above, the Court
need not consider this question for the purpose of deciding whether or
not it can indicate provisional measures in the present case;

34. Whereas in its Application Yugoslavia claims, in the second place,
to Soundthejurisdiction of the Court on Article IX of the Genocide Con-
vention, which provides :
"Disputes between the Contracting Parties r-elatingto the interpre-
tation, application or fulfilment ofthe present Convention, including
those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any
of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to

the dispute";
and whereas in its Application Yugoslavia states that the subject of the
dispute concerns inter alia"acts of the Kingdom of Belgium by which it
has violated its international obligation ... not to deliberately inflictcon-
ditions of life calculated to cause the physical destruction of a national
group"; whereas, in describing the facts on which the Application is
based, Yugoslavia states: "The above-mentioned acts are deliberately
creating conditions calculated at the physical destruction of an ethnic

group, in whole or in part"; whereas, in its statement of the legal grounds
on which the Application is based, Yugoslavia contends that "the obliga-
tion . ..not to impose deliberately on a national group conditions of life
calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the group has been
breached"; and whereas one of the claims on the merits set out in the
Application is formulated as follows:
"by taking part in activities listed above, and in particular by

causing enormous environmental damage and by using depleted
uranium, the Kingdom of Belgium has acted against the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia in breach of its obligation not to deliber-
ately inflict on a national group conditions of life calculated to
bring about its physical destruction, in whole or in part";

35. Whereas Yugoslavia contends moreover that the sustained and
intensive bombing of the whole of its territory. including the most heavily
populated areas, constitutes "a serious violation of Article II of theconvention sur le génocide));qu'elle fait valoir que «la pollution du sol,
de l'airet de l'eau, la destruction de l'économiedu pays, laontamination
de l'environnement par de l'uranium appauvri reviennent à soumettre la
nation yougoslave à des conditions d'existence devant entraîner sa des-
truction physique)); qu'elle affirme que c'est la nation yougoslave tout
entière,en tant que telle, qui est prise pour cible; et qu'elle souligneque
le recoursa certaines armes, dont on connaît par avance les conséquences
dommageables à long terme sur la santéet I'environnement, ou la des-
truction de la plus grande partie du réseaud'alimentation en électricité

du pays, dont on peut prévoird'avance lesconséquencescatastrophiques,
(témoigne[nt]implicitement de l'intention de détruire totalement ou par-
tiellement~ le groupe national yougoslave en tant que tel;
36. Considérant que la Belgique soutient pour sa part que l'article IX
de la convention sur le génocidene peut être invoqué quesi «la question
soulevée [a]trait à l'interprétation [ou à] l'application de cette conven-
tion»; qu'elle précisequ'«il faut que l'objet du différend touche au
champ d'application de la convention)); et qu'elle ajoute que ce champ
d'application «est déterminé ...par le concept de «génocide»)) tel que
définidans ladite convention; considérantque, se référant a la définition
du génocidecontenue iil'article IIde la convention, la Belgique souligne
l'importance de ((l'élément intentionnel,l'intention de détruire tout ou
partie d'[un groupe] ethnique, racia[l] ou religieu[x]»; et qu'elle affirme
que la Yougoslavie ne saurait capporter le moindre élémentde preuve

[d'une telle] intention)) de la Belgique en l'espèce;et considérant que la
Belgiqueconclut que, les griefs formuléspar la Yougoslavie étant ((mani-
festement [étrangersau] champ d'application de [la] convention sur le
génocide)),la Cour n'a pas compétencepour connaître de la requêtesur
la base de ladite convention;
37. Considérant qu'il n'est pas contesté quetant la Yougoslavie que la
Belgique sont parties à la convention sur le génocide,sans réserves;et
que l'article IX de la convention semble ainsi constituer une base sur
laquelle la compétence dela Cour pourrait êtrefondée,pour autant que
l'objet du différendait traità ((l'interprétation, l'application ou I'exécu-
tien» de la convention, y compris les différends((relatifs à la responsa-
bilitéd'un Etat en matière de génocideou de l'un quelconque des autres
actes énumérés à l'article III)) de ladite convention;
38. Considérant que, a l'effetd'établir,mêmeprimafacie, si un diffé-

rend au sens de I'article IX de la convention sur le génocide existe, la
Cour ne peut se borner à constater que l'une des parties soutient que la
convention s'applique alors que l'autre le nie; et que, au cas particulier,
elledoit rechercher silesviolations de la convention alléguéespar la You-
goslavie sont susceptibles d'entrer dans les prévisionsde cet instrument et
si, par suite, le différend estde ceux dont la Cour pourrait avoir compé-
tence pour connaître ratione materiae par application de l'article IX
(cf.Plates-formes pétrolières(Républiqueislamique d'Iran c. Etats-Unis
d'Amérique), exception préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II),
p. 810, par. 16);Genocide Convention" ;whereas it argues that "the pollution of soil, air
and water, destroying the economy of the country, contaminating the
environment with depleted uranium, inflicts conditions of life on the
Yugoslav nation calculated to bring about its physical destruction";
whereas it asserts that it is the Yugoslav nation as a whole and as such
that is targeted; and whereas it stresses that the use of certain weapons
whose long-term hazards to health and the environment are already
known, and the destruction of the largest part of the country's power
supply system, with catastrophic consequences of which the Respondent
must be aware, "impl[y] the intent to destroy, in whole or in part", the
Yugoslav national group as such;

36. Whereas for its part Belgium contends that Article IX of the
Genocide Convention can be invoked only if "the issue raised concerns

the interpretation or application of that Convention"; whereas it argues
in particular that "the subject of the dispute must pertain to the scope of
the Convention"; and whereas it adds that the said scope "is determined
by the concept of 'genocide'" as defined in that Convention; whereas,
with reference to the definition of genocide contained in Article II of the
Convention, Belgium emphasizes the importance of "the intentional ele-
ment, the intent to destroy al1 or part of an ethnic, racial or religious
[group]"; and whereas it asserts that Yugoslavia cannot "produce the
slightest evidence ofsuch intention" on the part of Belgium in this case;
and whereas Belgium concludes that, since the allegations made by
Yugoslavia fa11"manifestly outside the scope of [the] Genocide Conven-
tion", the Court does not have jurisdiction to entertain the Application
on the basis of that Convention;

37. Whereas it is not disputed that both Yugoslavia and Belgium are
parties to the Genocide Convention without reservation; and whereas

Article IX of the Convention accordingly appears to constitute a basis on
which the jurisdiction of the Court might be founded to the extent that
the subject-matter of the dispute relates to "the interpretation, applica-
tion or fulfilment" of the Convention, including disputes "relating to the
responsibility of a State for genocide or for any of the other actsnumer-
ated in article III" of the said Convention;
38. Whereas, in order to determine, even prima facie, whether a dis-
pute within the meaning of Article IX of the Genocide Convention exists,
the Court cannot limit itself to noting that one of the Parties maintains
that the Convention applies, while the other denies it; and whereas in the
present case the Court must ascertain whether the breaches of the Con-
vention alleged by Yugoslavia are capable of falling within the provisions
of that instrument and whether. as a consequence, the dispute is one
which the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain pursuant
to Article IX (cf. Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States
of America), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (Il),
p. 810, para. 16); 39. Considérant que la définitiondu génocide,figurant à l'article II de
la convention sur le génocide,se lit comme suit:

«Dans la présenteconvention le génocide s'entendde l'un quel-
conque des actes ci-après, commis dans l'intention de détruire, en
tout ou en partie, un groupe national, ethnique, racial ou religieux,
comme tel :
a) meurtre de membres du groupe;
b) atteinte grave à l'intégrité physiqueou mentale de membres du
groupe ;

c) soumission intentionnelle du groupe à des conditions d'existence
devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle;
d) mesures visant iientraver les naissances au sein du groupe;
e) transfert forcéd'enfants du groupe à un autre groupe));
40. Considérant qu'il apparaît à la Cour, d'aprèscette définition,«que
la caractéristique essentielle du génocide estla destruction intentionnelle

d'un ((groupe national, ethnique, racial ou religieux»» (Application de la
convention pour la préventionet la répressiondu crime de génocide,me-
sures conservatoires, ordonnance du 13 septetnbre 1993, C.I.J. Recueil
1993, p. 345, par. 42); que le recours ou la menace du recoursà l'emploi
de la force contre un Etat ne sauraient en soi constituer un acte de géno-
cide au sens de l'article II de la convention sur le génocide;et que, de
l'avis de la Cour, il n'apparaît pas au présentstade de la procédure que
les bombardements qui constituent l'objet de la requête yougoslave
«comporte[nt] effectivement l'élémentd'intentionnalité, dirigé contre
un groupe comme tel, que requiert la disposition sus-citée» (Licéitéde
la menace ou de ~'em~loid'armes nucléaires, avis consultat$ C.I.J.

Recueil 1996 (1), p. 240, par. 26;
41. Considérant que la Cour n'est dèslors pas en mesure de conclure,
à ce stade de la procédure, que les actes que la Yougoslavie impute au
défendeur seraient susceptibles d'entrer dans les prévisionsde la conven-
tion sur le génocide;et que l'articleX de la convention, invoqué par la
Yougoslavie, ne constitue partant pas une base sur laquelle la compé-
tence de la Cour pourrait prima facie être fondée dans le cas d'espèce;

42. Considérant quela Yougoslavie, aprèsle dépôtde sa requête,a en
outre invoqué, pour fonder la compétencede la Cour en l'espèce,l'ar-
ticle 4 de la convention de conciliation, de règlement judiciaire et d'arbi-
trage entre la Belgique et leoyaume de Yougoslavie, signée à Belgrade

le 25 mars 1930; que le ({complément a la requête))de la Yougoslavie,
dans lequel celle-ci s'est prévaluede cette nouvelle base de juridiction,
a étésoumis à la Cour lors du second tour de plaidoiries (voir para-
graphe 14ci-dessus); et que la Yougoslavie n'a pas fourni d'explication
sur les raisons qui l'avaient amenéeà déposerce document àce stade de
la procédure ; 39. Whereas the definition of genocide set out in Article II of the

Genocide Convention reads as follows:
"In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following
actscommitted with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
ethnical, racial or religious group, assuch:

(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the
group ;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of lifecalculated
to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group";

40. Whereas it appears to the Court, from this definition, "that [the]
essential characteristic [of genocide] is the intended destruction of 'a
national, ethnical, racial or religious group'"(Application of the Conven-
tion on the Prevention und Punishment of the Crime qf Genocide, Provi-
sional Measures, Order of 13 Septemher 1993, 1. C.J. Reports 1993,
p. 345, para. 42); whereas the threat or use of force against a State can-
not in itself constitute an act of genocide within the meaning of Article II

of the Genocide Convention; and whereas, in the opinion of the Court, it
does not appear at the present stage of the proceedings that the bombings
which form the subject of the Yugoslav Application "indeed entai1 the
element of intent, towards a group as such, required by the provision
quoted above" (Legality of'the Threat or Use of Nucleur Weapons. Advi-
sory Opinion, 1.C. J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 240, para. 26);

41. Whereas the Court is therefore not in a position to find, at this
stage of the proceedings, that the acts imputed by Yugoslavia to the
Respondent are capable of coming within the provisions of the Genocide
Convention; and whereas Article IX of the Convention, invoked by

Yugoslavia, cannot accordingly constitute a basis on which the jurisdic-
tion of the Court could prima facie be founded in this case;

42. Whereas after it had filed its Application Yugoslavia further
invoked, as a basis for the Court's jurisdiction in this case, Article 4 of
the Convention of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitration,
between Belgiumand the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, signed in Belgrade on
25 March 1930; whereas Yugoslavia's "Supplement to the Application",
in which it invoked this new basis of jurisdiction, was presented to the
Court in the second round of oral argument (see paragraph 14 above);
and whereas Yugoslavia gave no explanation of its reasons for filing this
document at this stage of the proceedings; 43. Considérant que la Belgique, se référant auparagraphe 2 de I'ar-
ticle 38 du Règlement, exposece qui suit:

«Il s'endéduitclairement qu'il est inadmissible,comme en l'espèce,
de compléter, sur un point essentiel, l'argumentation relative a la
compétence prir?la,Jack de [la] Cour, par un nouveau moyen pro-
posé in estremis. D'ailleurs, l'on peut se demander pourquoi la
République fédéralede Yougoslavie, qui est censéeconnaître les
traités auxquels elle prétend aujourd'hui avoir succédé, n'a pas cru
devoir, comme l'exigeait le principe de bonne administration de la
justice et l'article 38 précité,formuler ce moyen au stade de I'intro-

duction de sa requête));
et qu'elle prie dèslors la Cour, «en ordre principal, d'écarter ce moyen
des débats»; considérant que la Belgique soutient «[e]n ordre subsi-
diaire))«que la convention de 1930donne compétence.non à [la] Cour,
mais lila Cour permanente de Justice internationale)), et qu'elle fait
valoir que l'article 37 du Statut est inopérant en l'espèce; etconsidérant

que la Belgique soutient «[e]n ordrr tout ù fuit subsidiaire ... qu'aux
termes de [la] convention [de 19301le recours à la Cour permanente de
Justice internationale est subsidiaire)) et qu'elle observe que la Yougo-
slavie «n'a pas épuiséles voies procédurales préalablesdont seul I'épui-
sement peut donner lieu à une saisine de la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale));
44. Considérant que l'invocation par une partie d'une nouvelle base de
juridiction au stade du second tour de plaidoiries sur une demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires est sans précédentdans la pratique
de la Cour; qu'une démarcheaussi tardive, lorsqu'elle n'est pas acceptée
par l'autre partie, met gravement en pérille principe du contradictoire et
la bonne administration de lajustice; et que,par suite, la Cour ne saurait,
aux fins de décidersi elle peut ou non indiquer des mesures conserva-
toires dans le cas d'espèce,prendre en considération le nouveau chef de

compétencedont la Yougoslavie a entendu se prévaloirle 12 mai 1999:

45. Considérant que la Cour a conclu ci-dessus qu'elle n'avaitcompé-
tence prima fucie pour connaître de la requête dela Yougoslavie ni sur la
base du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut ni sur celle de l'article IX
de la convention sur le génocide;et qu'elle a estimé ne paspouvoir, a ce
stade de la procédure, prendre en considération la base de juridiction
additionnelle invoquée par la Yougoslavie; et considérant qu'il s'ensuit
que la Cour ne saurait indiquer quelque mesure conservatoire que ce soit
a l'effet de protéger les droits dont la Yougoslavie se prévaut dans sa
requête ;
46. Considérant toutefois que les conclusions auxquelles la Cour est

parvenue en la présenteprocédurene préjugenten rien la compétence de
la Cour pour connaître du fond de l'affaire, ni aucune question relative à 43. Whereas Belgium, referring to Article 38, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court, argues as follows:

"lt follows clearly that it is unacceptable, as in this case, to intro-
duce a new ground in e~trenlis supplementing an essential point in
the arguments on the prima facie jurisdiction of the Court. More-
over, we may ask ourselves why the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,
which isdeemed to be aware of the treaties to which it claims now to
have succeeded, thought it unnecessary, contrary to the requirement
of the principle of the sound administration of justice and of the pro-
visions of Article 38 which 1 have just cited, to include this ground
when filing its Application";

and whereas Belgium accordingly asks the Court, "primurilj~,to strike
this ground from the proceedings"; whereas Belgium contends "in the
ulternutive" "that the Convention of 1930 confers jurisdiction not on
[the] Court, but on the Permanent Court of International Justice", and
whereas it contends that Article 37 of the Statute is without effect here:
and whereas Belgium states "in tlzefurther ultevnutiil. ..that, under the
terms of [the]Convention [of 19301,recourse to the Permanent Court of
International Justice is a subsidiary remedy", and whereas it points out
that Yugoslavia "has failed to exhaust the preliminary procedures whose
exhaustion is a necessary condition for seisin of the Permanent Court of

International Justice" :
44. Whereas the invocation by a party of a new basis ofjurisdiction in
the second round of oral argument on a request for the indication of pro-
visional measures has never before occurred in the Court's practice:
whereas such action at this late stage, when it is not accepted by the other
party, seriously jeopardizes the principle of procedural fairness and the
sound administration of justice; and whereas in consequence the Court
cannot, for the purpose of deciding whether it may or may not indicate
provisional measures in the present case, take into consideration the new
title ofjurisdiction which Yugoslavia sought to invoke on 12May 1999;

45. Whereas the Court has found above that it had no prima facie
jurisdiction to entertain Yugoslavia's Application, either on the basis of
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute or of Article IX of the Genocide
Convention; and whereas it has taken the view that it cannot, at this

stage of the proceedings, take account of the additional basis of jurisdic-
tion invoked by Yugoslavia; and whereas it follows that the Court can-
not indicate any provisional measure whatsoever in order to protect the
rights claimed by Yugoslavia in its Application.

46. Whereas, however, the findingsreached by the Court in the present
proceedings in no way prcjudge the question of the jurisdiction of the
Court to deal with the merits of the case or any questions relating to the140 LICÉITÉ DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORCE (ORD.2 VI 99)

la recevabilitéde la requêteou au fond lui-même,et qu'elles laissent

intact le droit du Gouvernement yougoslave et du Gouvernement belge
de faire valoir leurs moyens en la matière;

47. Considérantqu'ilexisteune distinction fondamentaleentre la ques-
tion de l'acceptation par un Etat de la juridiction de la Cour et la com-
patibilitéde certains actes avec le droit international; la compétenceexige
le consentement; la compatibilité ne peut être appréciéq eue quand la
Cour examine le fond, après avoir établisa compétence etentendu les
deux parties faire pleinement valoir leurs moyens en droit;
48. Considérant que les Etats, qu'ils acceptent ou non la juridiction
de la Cour, demeurent en tout état de cause responsables des actes
contraires au droit international, y compris au droit humanitaire,

qui leur seraient imputables; que tout différend relatif la licéitde tels
actes doit êtreréglépar des moyens pacifiques dont le choix est laissé
aux parties conformément iil'article 33 de la Charte;
49. Considérant que dans ce cadre les parties doivent veiller a ne pas
aggraver ni étendrele différend;
50. Considérant que, lorsqu'un tel différend suscite une menacecontre
la paix, unerupturede la ou un acte d'agression, le Conseil de sécu-
ritéest investi de responsabilités spécialeen vertu du chapitre VI1de la
Charte;

51. Par ces motifs,

1) Par douze voix contre quatre,
Rejette la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires présentée
par la Républiquefédéralede Yougoslavie le 29 avril 1999;

POURM : . Schwebelprésident dela Cour; MM. Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume,
Ranjeva, Herczegh, Fleischhauer,Koroma, MmeHiggins, MM. Parra-
Aranguren, Kooijmans, juges;M. Duinslaeger, jugead hoc;
CONTRE M:. Weeramantry, vice-président,faisant jOnction de président en
l'affaireMM. Shi, Vereshchetin uges; M. KreEa, juge ad hoc;
2) Par quinze voix contre une,

R6.serve la suite de la procédure.
POUR:M. Weeramantry, vice-président. faisant fonction de président en
I'ajjuireM. Schwebel, président dela Cour; MM. Bedjaoui, Guillaume,
Ranjeva,Herczegh,Shi, FleischhauerK, oroma,Vereshchetin,Mm'Higgins,
MM. Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans, juges; MM. KreLa, Duinslaeger,
juges ad hoc;
CONTRE: M. Oda, juge.admissibility of the Application, or relating to the merits themselves; and

whereas they leave unaffected the right of the Governments of Yugosla-
via and Belgium to submit arguments in respect of those questions;

47. Whereas there is a fundamental distinction between the question
of the acceptance by a State of the Court's jurisdiction and the compat-
ibility of particular acts with international law; the former requires con-
sent; the latter questioncan only be reached when the Court deals with
the inerits after having established its jurisdiction and having heard full
legal arguments by both parties;
48. Whereas, whether or not States accept the jurisdiction of the
Court, they remain in any event responsible for acts attributable to them
that violate international law, including humanitarian law; whereas any
disputes relating to the legality ofuch acts are required to be resolved
by peaceful means, the choice of which, pursuant to Article 33 of the

Charter, is left to the parties;
49. Whereas in this context the parties should take care not to aggra-
vate or extend the dispute;
50. Whereas, when such a dispute gives rise to a threat to the peace,
breach of the peace or act of aggression, the SecurityCouilcil has special
responsibilities under Chapter VI1of the Charter;

51. For these reasons,

(1) By twelve votes to four,

Rejects the request for the indication of provisional measures submit-
ted by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 29 April 1999;
IN FAVOUR: President SchwebelJ;udgesOda, Bedjaoui,Guillaume,Ranjeva,
Herczegh, Fleischhauer,Koroma, Higgins,Parra-Aranguren,Kooijmans;
Judge ad hoc Duinslaeger;

AGAVereshchetin;Judge ad hoc KreCa;ry, Acting President; Judges Shi,

(2) By fifteen votes to one,

Reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision.
IN FAVOURV : ice-Plesident Weeramantry, Acting President; President
Schwebel;Judges Bedjaoui,Guillaume,Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi,Fleisch-
hauer, Koroma, Vereshchetin, Higgins,Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans;
Judgesad hoc Kreca, Duinslaeger;

AGAINSJT u:dge Oda 141 LICÉITE DE L'EMPLOI DE LA FORC(ORD.2 VI 99)

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de

la Paix,à La Haye, le deux juin mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-dix-neuf, en
trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et
les autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la Répu-
blique fédéralede Yougoslavie et au Gouvernement du Royaume de
Belgique.

Le vice-président,
(Signé) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY.

Le greffier,
(Signé) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA.

M. KOROMA j,ge, joint une déclaration a l'ordonnance.

M. ODA,Mm" HIGGINSe ,t MM. PARRA-ARANGURe EtNKOOIJMANS,
juges, joignent a l'ordonnance les exposésde leur opinion individuelle.

M. WEERAMANTRv Yi,e-président, faisant fonction de président en
l'affaire, MM. SHI et VERESHCHETjIuNg,es, et. KRECAj,uge ad hoc,
joignentà l'ordonnance les exposésde leur opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé) C.G.W.
(Paraphé) E.V.O. Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this second day of June, one thousand nine
hundred and ninety-nine, in three copies, one of which will be placed in

the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government
of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Government of the King-
dom of Belgium, respectively.

(Signed) Christopher G. WEERAMANTRY,
Vice-President.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.

Judge KOROMA appends a declaration to the Order of the Court.

Judges ODA, HIGGINS,PARRA-ARANGURa Ed KOOIJMANaSppend
separate opinions to the Order of the Court.

Vice-President WEERAMANTRA Y,ting President, Judges SHI and
VERESHCHETa nd, Judge ad hoc KRECAappend dissenting opinions to
the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) C.G.W.

(Initiulled) E.V.O.

ICJ document subtitle

Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 2 June 1999

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